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Sun M, Fu L, Chen T, Dong N. Extracellular production of antifungal peptides from oxidative endotoxin-free E. coli and application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:56. [PMID: 38175241 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Antifungal peptides (AFPs) can be used as novel preservatives, but achieving large-scale production and application remains a long-term challenge. In this study, we developed a hybrid peptide MD (metchnikowin-drosomycin fusion) secreted into Escherichia coli supernatant, demonstrating strong inhibitory activity against Aspergillus flavus and Botrytis cinerea. The fusion tag did not impact its activity. Moreover, an endotoxin-free and oxidative leaky strain was developed by knocking out the trxB, gor, and lpp genes of endotoxin-free E. coli ClearColi-BL21(DE3). This strain facilitates the proper folding of multi-disulfide bond proteins and promotes the extracellular production of recombinant bioactive AFP MD, achieving efficient production of endotoxin-free MD. In addition, temperature control replaces chemical inducers to further reduce production costs and circumvent the toxicity of inducers. This extracellularly produced MD exhibited favorable effectiveness in inhibiting fruit mold growth, and its safety was preliminarily established by gavage testing in mice, suggesting that it can be developed into a green and sustainable fruit fungicide. In conclusion, this study provides novel approaches and systematic concepts for producing extracellularly active proteins or peptides with industrial significance. KEY POINTS: • First report of extracellular production of bioactive antifungal peptide in Escherichia coli. • The hybrid antifungal peptide MD showed strong inhibitory activity against Aspergillus flavus and Botrytis cinerea, and the activity was not affected by the fusion tag. • Endotoxin-free oxidative Escherichia coli suitable for the expression of multi-disulfide bond proteins was constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengning Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Linglong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Castillo-Corujo A, Uchida Y, Saaranen MJ, Ruddock LW. Escherichia coli Cytoplasmic Expression of Disulfide-Bonded Proteins: Side-by-Side Comparison between Two Competing Strategies. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:1126-1134. [PMID: 38563095 PMCID: PMC11180911 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2311.11025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The production of disulfide bond-containing recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli has traditionally been done by either refolding from inclusion bodies or by targeting the protein to the periplasm. However, both approaches have limitations. Two broad strategies were developed to allow the production of proteins with disulfide bonds in the cytoplasm of E. coli: i) engineered strains with deletions in the disulfide reduction pathways, e.g. SHuffle, and ii) the co-expression of oxidative folding catalysts, e.g. CyDisCo. However, to our knowledge, the relative effectiveness of these strategies has not been properly evaluated. Here, we systematically compare the purified yields of 14 different proteins of interest (POI) that contain disulfide bonds in their native state when expressed in both systems. We also compared the effects of different background strains, commonly used promoters, and two media types: defined and rich autoinduction. In rich autoinduction media, POI which can be produced in a soluble (non-native) state without a system for disulfide bond formation were produced in higher purified yields from SHuffle, whereas all other proteins were produced in higher purified yields using CyDisCo. In chemically defined media, purified yields were at least 10x higher in all cases using CyDisCo. In addition, the quality of the three POI tested was superior when produced using CyDisCo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Castillo-Corujo
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Mirva J. Saaranen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Lloyd W. Ruddock
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
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3
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Pillay CS, John N. Can thiol-based redox systems be utilized as parts for synthetic biology applications? Redox Rep 2021; 26:147-159. [PMID: 34378494 PMCID: PMC8366655 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2021.1966183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Synthetic biology has emerged from molecular biology and engineering approaches and aims to develop novel, biologically-inspired systems for industrial and basic research applications ranging from biocomputing to drug production. Surprisingly, redoxin (thioredoxin, glutaredoxin, peroxiredoxin) and other thiol-based redox systems have not been widely utilized in many of these synthetic biology applications. METHODS We reviewed thiol-based redox systems and the development of synthetic biology applications that have used thiol-dependent parts. RESULTS The development of circuits to facilitate cytoplasmic disulfide bonding, biocomputing and the treatment of intestinal bowel disease are amongst the applications that have used thiol-based parts. We propose that genetically encoded redox sensors, thiol-based biomaterials and intracellular hydrogen peroxide generators may also be valuable components for synthetic biology applications. DISCUSSION Thiol-based systems play multiple roles in cellular redox metabolism, antioxidant defense and signaling and could therefore offer a vast and diverse portfolio of components, parts and devices for synthetic biology applications. However, factors limiting the adoption of redoxin systems for synthetic biology applications include the orthogonality of thiol-based components, limitations in the methods to characterize thiol-based systems and an incomplete understanding of the design principles of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ché S. Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Nolyn John
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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4
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Wang S, Tsao CY, Motabar D, Li J, Payne GF, Bentley WE. A Redox-Based Autoinduction Strategy to Facilitate Expression of 5xCys-Tagged Proteins for Electrobiofabrication. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:675729. [PMID: 34220759 PMCID: PMC8250426 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.675729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofabrication utilizes biological materials and biological means, or mimics thereof, for assembly. When interfaced with microelectronics, electrobiofabricated assemblies enable exquisite sensing and reporting capabilities. We recently demonstrated that thiolated polyethylene glycol (PEG-SH) could be oxidatively assembled into a thin disulfide crosslinked hydrogel at an electrode surface; with sufficient oxidation, extra sulfenic acid groups are made available for covalent, disulfide coupling to sulfhydryl groups of proteins or peptides. We intentionally introduced a polycysteine tag (5xCys-tag) consisting of five consecutive cysteine residues at the C-terminus of a Streptococcal protein G to enable its covalent coupling to an electroassembled PEG-SH film. We found, however, that its expression and purification from E. coli was difficult, owing to the extra cysteine residues. We developed a redox-based autoinduction methodology that greatly enhanced the yield, especially in the soluble fraction of E. coli extracts. The redox component involved the deletion of oxyRS, a global regulator of the oxidative stress response and the autoinduction component integrated a quorum sensing (QS) switch that keys the secreted QS autoinducer-2 to induction. Interestingly, both methods helped when independently employed and further, when used in combination (i.e., autodinduced oxyRS mutant) the results were best—we found the highest total yield and highest yield in the soluble fraction. We hypothesize that the production host was less prone to severe metabolic perturbations that might reduce yield or drive sequestration of the -tagged protein into inclusion bodies. We expect this methodology will be useful for the expression of many such Cys-tagged proteins, ultimately enabling a diverse array of functionalized devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Wang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Chen-Yu Tsao
- Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Dana Motabar
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Jinyang Li
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Gregory F Payne
- Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - William E Bentley
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
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5
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Wan F, Feng X, Yin J, Gao H. Distinct H 2O 2-Scavenging System in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis: KatG and AhpC Act Together to Scavenge Endogenous Hydrogen Peroxide. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:626874. [PMID: 34025596 PMCID: PMC8139631 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.626874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To colonize in the digestive tract of animals and humans, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis has to deal with reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by host cells and microbiota. However, an understanding of the ROS-scavenging systems and their regulation in this bacterium remains largely elusive. In this study, we identified OxyR as the master transcriptional regulator mediating cellular responses to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in Y. pseudotuberculosis through genomics and transcriptomics analyses. OxyR activates transcription of diverse genes, especially the core members of its regulon, including those encoding catalases, peroxidases, and thiol reductases. The data also suggest that sulfur species and manganese may play a particular role in the oxidative stress response of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Among the three H2O2-scavenging systems in Y. pseudotuberculosis, catalase/peroxidase KatE functions as the primary scavenger for high levels of H2O2; NADH peroxidase alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (AhpR) and catalase KatG together are responsible for removing low levels of H2O2. The simultaneous loss of both AhpC (the peroxidatic component of AhpR) and KatG results in activation of OxyR. Moreover, we found that AhpC, unlike its well-characterized Escherichia coli counterpart, has little effect on protecting cells against toxicity of organic peroxides. These findings provide not only novel insights into the structural and functional diversity of bacterial H2O2-scavenging systems but also a basic understanding of how Y. pseudotuberculosis copes with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Wan
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Institute of Microbiology and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Yin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhenjiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haichun Gao
- Institute of Microbiology and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Feng X, Guo K, Gao H. Plasticity of the peroxidase AhpC links multiple substrates to diverse disulfide-reducing pathways in Shewanella oneidensis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11118-11130. [PMID: 32532818 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AhpC is a bacterial representative of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prxs) with broad substrate specificity and functional plasticity. However, details underpinning these two important attributes of AhpC remain unclear. Here, we studied the functions and mechanisms of regulation of AhpC in the facultative Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Shewanella oneidensis, in which AhpC's physiological roles can be conveniently assessed through its suppression of a plating defect due to the genetic loss of a major catalase. We show that successful suppression can be achieved only when AhpC is produced in a dose- and time-dependent manner through a complex mechanism involving activation of the transcriptional regulator OxyR, transcription attenuation, and translation reduction. By analyzing AhpC truncation variants, we demonstrate that reactivity with organic peroxides (OPs) rather than H2O2 is resilient to mutagenesis, implying that OP reduction is the core catalytic function of AhpC. Intact AhpC could be recycled only by its cognate reductase AhpF, and AhpC variants lacking the Prx domain or the extreme C-terminal five residues became promiscuous electron acceptors from the thioredoxin reductase TrxR and the GSH reductase Gor in addition to AhpF, implicating an additional dimension to functional plasticity of AhpC. Finally, we show that the activity of S. oneidensis AhpC is less affected by mutations than that of its Escherichia coli counterpart. These findings suggest that the physiological roles of bacterial AhpCs are adapted to different oxidative challenges, depending on the organism, and that its functional plasticity is even more extensive than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kailun Guo
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haichun Gao
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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7
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Engineering Biology to Construct Microbial Chassis for the Production of Difficult-to-Express Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030990. [PMID: 32024292 PMCID: PMC7037952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A large proportion of the recombinant proteins manufactured today rely on microbe-based expression systems owing to their relatively simple and cost-effective production schemes. However, several issues in microbial protein expression, including formation of insoluble aggregates, low protein yield, and cell death are still highly recursive and tricky to optimize. These obstacles are usually rooted in the metabolic capacity of the expression host, limitation of cellular translational machineries, or genetic instability. To this end, several microbial strains having precisely designed genomes have been suggested as a way around the recurrent problems in recombinant protein expression. Already, a growing number of prokaryotic chassis strains have been genome-streamlined to attain superior cellular fitness, recombinant protein yield, and stability of the exogenous expression pathways. In this review, we outline challenges associated with heterologous protein expression, some examples of microbial chassis engineered for the production of recombinant proteins, and emerging tools to optimize the expression of heterologous proteins. In particular, we discuss the synthetic biology approaches to design and build and test genome-reduced microbial chassis that carry desirable characteristics for heterologous protein expression.
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8
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Farshdari F, Ahmadzadeh M, Nematollahi L, Mohit E. The improvement of anti-HER2 scFv soluble expression in Escherichia coli. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000317861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Farshdari
- Islamic Azad University, Iran; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | | | - Elham Mohit
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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9
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Lauber J, Handrick R, Leptihn S, Dürre P, Gaisser S. Expression of the functional recombinant human glycosyltransferase GalNAcT2 in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:3. [PMID: 25582753 PMCID: PMC4299809 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant protein-based therapeutics have become indispensable for the treatment of many diseases. They are produced using well-established expression systems based on bacteria, yeast, insect and mammalian cells. The majority of therapeutic proteins are glycoproteins and therefore the post-translational attachment of sugar residues is required. The development of an engineered Escherichia coli-based expression system for production of human glycoproteins could potentially lead to increased yields, as well as significant decreases in processing time and costs. RESULTS This work describes the expression of functional human-derived glycosyltransferase UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (GalNAcT2) in a recombinant E. coli strain. For expression, a codon-optimised gene encoding amino acids 52-571 of GalNAcT2 lacking the transmembrane N-terminal domain was inserted into a pET-23 derived vector encoding a polyhistidine-tag which was translationally fused to the N-terminus of the glycosyltransferase (HisDapGalNAcT2). The glycosyltransferase was produced in E. coli using a recently published expression system. Soluble HisDapGalNAcT2 produced in SHuffle® T7 host cells was purified using nickel affinity chromatography and was subsequently analysed by size exclusion chromatography coupled to multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS) and circular dichroism spectroscopy to determine molecular mass, folding state and thermal transitions of the protein. The activity of purified HisDapGalNAcT2 was monitored using a colorimetric assay based on the release of phosphate during transfer of glycosyl residues to a model acceptor peptide or, alternatively, to the granulocyte-colony stimulating growth factor (G-CSF). Modifications were assessed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry analysis (MALDI-TOF-MS) and Electrospray Mass Spectrometry analysis (ESI-MS). The results clearly indicate the glycosylation of the acceptor peptide and of G-CSF. CONCLUSION In the present work, we isolated a human-derived glycosyltransferase by expressing soluble HisDapGalNAcT2 in E. coli. The functional activity of the enzyme was shown in vitro. Further investigations are needed to assess the potential of in vivo glycosylation in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lauber
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Biberach, Germany.
| | - René Handrick
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Leptihn
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Peter Dürre
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Sabine Gaisser
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Biberach, Germany.
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10
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Zhang W, Zheng W, Mao M, Yang Y. Highly efficient folding of multi-disulfide proteins in superoxidizingEscherichia colicytoplasm. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:2520-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyao Zhang
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology; School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Wenyun Zheng
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology; School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Miaowei Mao
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology; School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yi Yang
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology; School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 China
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11
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Korneeva VA, Trubetskov MM, Korshunova AV, Lushchekina SV, Kolyadko VN, Sergienko OV, Lunin VG, Panteleev MA, Ataullakhanov FI. Interactions outside the proteinase-binding loop contribute significantly to the inhibition of activated coagulation factor XII by its canonical inhibitor from corn. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14109-20. [PMID: 24706752 PMCID: PMC4022879 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.553735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated factor XII (FXIIa) is selectively inhibited by corn Hageman factor inhibitor (CHFI) among other plasma proteases. CHFI is considered a canonical serine protease inhibitor that interacts with FXIIa through its protease-binding loop. Here we examined whether the protease-binding loop alone is sufficient for the selective inhibition of serine proteases or whether other regions of a canonical inhibitor are involved. Six CHFI mutants lacking different N- and C-terminal portions were generated. CHFI-234, which lacks the first and fifth disulfide bonds and 11 and 19 amino acid residues at the N and C termini, respectively, exhibited no significant changes in FXIIa inhibition (Ki = 3.2 ± 0.4 nm). CHFI-123, which lacks 34 amino acid residues at the C terminus and the fourth and fifth disulfide bridges, inhibited FXIIa with a Ki of 116 ± 16 nm. To exclude interactions outside the FXIIa active site, a synthetic cyclic peptide was tested. The peptide contained residues 20–45 (Protein Data Bank code 1BEA), and a C29D substitution was included to avoid unwanted disulfide bond formation between unpaired cysteines. Surprisingly, the isolated protease-binding loop failed to inhibit FXIIa but retained partial inhibition of trypsin (Ki = 11.7 ± 1.2 μm) and activated factor XI (Ki = 94 ± 11 μm). Full-length CHFI inhibited trypsin with a Ki of 1.3 ± 0.2 nm and activated factor XI with a Ki of 5.4 ± 0.2 μm. Our results suggest that the protease-binding loop is not sufficient for the interaction between FXIIa and CHFI; other regions of the inhibitor also contribute to specific inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera A Korneeva
- From the Laboratory of the Molecular Mechanisms of Hemostasis, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail M Trubetskov
- From the Laboratory of the Molecular Mechanisms of Hemostasis, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia, the Department of Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | | | - Sofya V Lushchekina
- the Laboratory of Computer Modeling of Biomolecular Systems and Nanomaterials, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Kolyadko
- From the Laboratory of the Molecular Mechanisms of Hemostasis, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Olga V Sergienko
- the Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Genetic Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology of Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Moscow 127550, Russia
| | - Vladimir G Lunin
- the Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Genetic Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology of Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Moscow 127550, Russia, the Laboratory of Biologically Active Nanostructures, Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Russian Federation Ministry of Health and Social Development, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Panteleev
- From the Laboratory of the Molecular Mechanisms of Hemostasis, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia, the Department of Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia, the Research Department, HemaCore LLC, Moscow 125319, Russia, the Research Division, Scientific Clinical Centre of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology Named after Dmitry Rogachev of Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia, and the Department of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | - Fazoil I Ataullakhanov
- From the Laboratory of the Molecular Mechanisms of Hemostasis, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia, the Department of Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia, the Research Department, HemaCore LLC, Moscow 125319, Russia, the Research Division, Scientific Clinical Centre of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology Named after Dmitry Rogachev of Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia, and the Department of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
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12
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Matos CFRO, Robinson C, Alanen HI, Prus P, Uchida Y, Ruddock LW, Freedman RB, Keshavarz-Moore E. Efficient export of prefolded, disulfide-bonded recombinant proteins to the periplasm by the Tat pathway in Escherichia coli CyDisCo strains. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:281-90. [PMID: 24376243 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Numerous high-value therapeutic proteins are produced in Escherichia coli and exported to the periplasm, as this approach simplifies downstream processing and enables disulfide bond formation. Most recombinant proteins are exported by the Sec pathway, which transports substrates across the plasma membrane in an unfolded state. The Tat system also exports proteins to the periplasm, but transports them in a folded state. This system has attracted interest because of its tendency to transport correctly folded proteins, but this trait renders it unable to export proteins containing disulfide bonds since these are normally acquired only in the periplasm; reduced substrates tend to be recognized as incorrectly folded and rejected. In this study we have used a series of novel strains (termed CyDisCo) which oxidise disulfide bonds in the cytoplasm, and we show that these cells efficiently export a range of disulfide-containing proteins when a Tat signal peptide is attached. These test proteins include alkaline phosphatase (PhoA), a phytase containing four disulfide bonds (AppA), an antiinterleukin 1β scFv and human growth hormone. No export of PhoA or AppA is observed in wild-type cells lacking the CyDisCo factors. The PhoA, AppA and scFv proteins were exported in an active form by Tat in the CyDisCo strain, and mass spectrometry showed that the vast majority of the scFv protein was disulfide-bonded and correctly processed. The evidence indicates that this combination of Tat + CyDisCo offers a novel means of exporting active, correctly folded disulfide bonded proteins to the periplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina F R O Matos
- Centre for Molecular Processing, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, U.K
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13
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Glutathione and γ-glutamylcysteine in the antioxidant and survival functions of mitochondria. Biochem Soc Trans 2013; 41:106-10. [PMID: 23356267 DOI: 10.1042/bst20120252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are both the main producers and targets of ROS (reactive oxygen species). Among the battery of antioxidants that protect mitochondria from ROS, GSH is thought to be essential for the organelle antioxidant function. However, mitochondria cannot synthesize GSH de novo, thus depending on an efficient transport from the cytosol to maintain their redox status. In the present article, we review recent data suggesting that the cellular redox control might not be the main function of GSH, and that its immediate precursor, γGC (γ-glutamylcysteine), can take over the antioxidant role of GSH and protect the mitochondria from excess ROS. Together, GSH and γGC may thus represent an as yet unrecognized defence system relevant for degenerative processes associated with the imbalance in the cellular redox control.
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Nozach H, Fruchart-Gaillard C, Fenaille F, Beau F, Ramos OHP, Douzi B, Saez NJ, Moutiez M, Servent D, Gondry M, Thaï R, Cuniasse P, Vincentelli R, Dive V. High throughput screening identifies disulfide isomerase DsbC as a very efficient partner for recombinant expression of small disulfide-rich proteins in E. coli. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:37. [PMID: 23607455 PMCID: PMC3668227 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disulfide-rich proteins or DRPs are versatile bioactive compounds that encompass a wide variety of pharmacological, therapeutic, and/or biotechnological applications. Still, the production of DRPs in sufficient quantities is a major bottleneck for their complete structural or functional characterization. Recombinant expression of such small proteins containing multiple disulfide bonds in the bacteria E. coli is considered difficult and general methods and protocols, particularly on a high throughput scale, are limited. Results Here we report a high throughput screening approach that allowed the systematic investigation of the solubilizing and folding influence of twelve cytoplasmic partners on 28 DRPs in the strains BL21 (DE3) pLysS, Origami B (DE3) pLysS and SHuffle® T7 Express lysY (1008 conditions). The screening identified the conditions leading to the successful soluble expression of the 28 DRPs selected for the study. Amongst 336 conditions tested per bacterial strain, soluble expression was detected in 196 conditions using the strain BL21 (DE3) pLysS, whereas only 44 and 50 conditions for soluble expression were identified for the strains Origami B (DE3) pLysS and SHuffle® T7 Express lysY respectively. To assess the redox states of the DRPs, the solubility screen was coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) to determine the exact masses of the produced DRPs or fusion proteins. To validate the results obtained at analytical scale, several examples of proteins expressed and purified to a larger scale are presented along with their MS and functional characterization. Conclusions Our results show that the production of soluble and functional DRPs with cytoplasmic partners is possible in E. coli. In spite of its reducing cytoplasm, BL21 (DE3) pLysS is more efficient than the Origami B (DE3) pLysS and SHuffle® T7 Express lysY trxB-/gor- strains for the production of DRPs in fusion with solubilizing partners. However, our data suggest that oxidation of the proteins occurs ex vivo. Our protocols allow the production of a large diversity of DRPs using DsbC as a fusion partner, leading to pure active DRPs at milligram scale in many cases. These results open up new possibilities for the study and development of DRPs with therapeutic or biotechnological interest whose production was previously a limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Nozach
- CEA, iBiTec-S, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette F-91191, France.
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15
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Abbas A, Plattner S, Shah KH, Bohlmann H. Comparison of periplasmic and intracellular expression of Arabidopsis thionin proproteins in E. coli. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 35:1085-91. [PMID: 23515894 PMCID: PMC3677976 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thionins are antimicrobial plant peptides produced as preproproteins consisting of a signal peptide, the thionin domain, and a so-called acidic domain. Only thionin itself has been isolated from plants. To study the processing of the precursor, it has to be produced in a heterologous system. Since both domains contain several cysteines and, due to the known antimicrobial activity of the thionin, we tested the expression of all four Arabidopsis proproteins as fusion proteins. Periplasmic expression as fusion with maltose binding protein was not successful but cytoplasmic expression as His-tagged TRX fusion proteins with a TEV recognition sequence resulted in proteins of correct size. Use of the SHuffle strain C3030 further improved the expression. Fusion proteins inhibited growth of Escherichia coli. They could be cleaved by TEV protease, releasing authentic proproteins without any additional amino acid at the N-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Abbas
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Stephan Plattner
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Kausar Hussain Shah
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Holger Bohlmann
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Quintana-Cabrera R, Bolaños JP. Glutathione and γ-glutamylcysteine in hydrogen peroxide detoxification. Methods Enzymol 2013; 527:129-44. [PMID: 23830629 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405882-8.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important regulator of cell redox status and signaling pathways. However, if produced in excess, it can trigger oxidative damage, which can be counteracted by the antioxidant systems. Amongst these, the glutathione (GSH) precursor, γ-glutamylcysteine (γGC), has recently been shown to detoxify H2O2 in a glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx1)-dependent fashion. To analyze how both γGC and GSH reduce H2O2, we have taken advantage of a colorimetric assay that allows simple and reliable quantification of H2O2 in the micromolar range. Whereas most assays rely on coupled enzymatic reactions, this method determines the formation of a ferric thiocyanate derivative after direct Fe(2+) oxidation by H2O2. Here, we detail the procedure and considerations to determine H2O2 reduction by both γGC and GSH, either from cell samples or in vitro reactions with purified enzymes from GSH metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Quintana-Cabrera
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
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17
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AhpC is required for optimal production of enterobactin by Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:6748-57. [PMID: 23042987 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01574-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit C (AhpC) is a peroxiredoxin that detoxifies peroxides. Here we show an additional role for AhpC in cellular iron metabolism of E. coli. Deletion of ahpC resulted in reduced growth and reduced accumulation of iron by cells grown in low-iron media. Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) analysis of culture supernatants showed that the ahpC mutant secreted much less enterobactin, the siderophore that chelates and transports ferric iron under iron-limiting conditions, than wild-type E. coli did. The ahpC mutant produced less 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, the intermediate in the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway, and providing 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate restored wild-type growth of the ahpC mutant. These data indicated that the defect was in an early step in enterobactin biosynthesis. Providing additional copies of entC, which functions in the first dedicated step of enterobactin biosynthesis, but not of other enterobactin biosynthesis genes, suppressed the mutant phenotype. Additionally, providing either shikimate or a mixture of para-aminobenzoate, tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, which, like enterobactin, are synthesized from the precursor chorismate, also suppressed the mutant phenotype. These data suggested that AhpC affected the activity of EntC or the availability of the chorismate substrate.
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18
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Schippers JHM, Nguyen HM, Lu D, Schmidt R, Mueller-Roeber B. ROS homeostasis during development: an evolutionary conserved strategy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3245-57. [PMID: 22842779 PMCID: PMC11114851 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The balance between cellular proliferation and differentiation is a key aspect of development in multicellular organisms. Recent studies on Arabidopsis roots revealed distinct roles for different reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these processes. Modulation of the balance between ROS in proliferating cells and elongating cells is controlled at least in part at the transcriptional level. The effect of ROS on proliferation and differentiation is not specific for plants but appears to be conserved between prokaryotic and eukaryotic life forms. The ways in which ROS is received and how it affects cellular functioning is discussed from an evolutionary point of view. The different redox-sensing mechanisms that evolved ultimately result in the activation of gene regulatory networks that control cellular fate and decision-making. This review highlights the potential common origin of ROS sensing, indicating that organisms evolved similar strategies for utilizing ROS during development, and discusses ROS as an ancient universal developmental regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos H. M. Schippers
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Hung M. Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Dandan Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Romy Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Benyamina SM, Baldacci-Cresp F, Couturier J, Chibani K, Hopkins J, Bekki A, de Lajudie P, Rouhier N, Jacquot JP, Alloing G, Puppo A, Frendo P. TwoSinorhizobium melilotiglutaredoxins regulate iron metabolism and symbiotic bacteroid differentiation. Environ Microbiol 2012; 15:795-810. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Lobstein J, Emrich CA, Jeans C, Faulkner M, Riggs P, Berkmen M. SHuffle, a novel Escherichia coli protein expression strain capable of correctly folding disulfide bonded proteins in its cytoplasm. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:56. [PMID: 22569138 PMCID: PMC3526497 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Production of correctly disulfide bonded proteins to high yields remains a challenge. Recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli is the popular choice, especially within the research community. While there is an ever growing demand for new expression strains, few strains are dedicated to post-translational modifications, such as disulfide bond formation. Thus, new protein expression strains must be engineered and the parameters involved in producing disulfide bonded proteins must be understood. RESULTS We have engineered a new E. coli protein expression strain named SHuffle, dedicated to producing correctly disulfide bonded active proteins to high yields within its cytoplasm. This strain is based on the trxB gor suppressor strain SMG96 where its cytoplasmic reductive pathways have been diminished, allowing for the formation of disulfide bonds in the cytoplasm. We have further engineered a major improvement by integrating into its chromosome a signal sequenceless disulfide bond isomerase, DsbC. We probed the redox state of DsbC in the oxidizing cytoplasm and evaluated its role in assisting the formation of correctly folded multi-disulfide bonded proteins. We optimized protein expression conditions, varying temperature, induction conditions, strain background and the co-expression of various helper proteins. We found that temperature has the biggest impact on improving yields and that the E. coli B strain background of this strain was superior to the K12 version. We also discovered that auto-expression of substrate target proteins using this strain resulted in higher yields of active pure protein. Finally, we found that co-expression of mutant thioredoxins and PDI homologs improved yields of various substrate proteins. CONCLUSIONS This work is the first extensive characterization of the trxB gor suppressor strain. The results presented should help researchers design the appropriate protein expression conditions using SHuffle strains.
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21
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Makino T, Skretas G, Georgiou G. Strain engineering for improved expression of recombinant proteins in bacteria. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:32. [PMID: 21569582 PMCID: PMC3120638 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein expression in Escherichia coli represents the most facile approach for the preparation of non-glycosylated proteins for analytical and preparative purposes. So far, the optimization of recombinant expression has largely remained a matter of trial and error and has relied upon varying parameters, such as expression vector, media composition, growth temperature and chaperone co-expression. Recently several new approaches for the genome-scale engineering of E. coli to enhance recombinant protein expression have been developed. These methodologies now enable the generation of optimized E. coli expression strains in a manner analogous to metabolic engineering for the synthesis of low-molecular-weight compounds. In this review, we provide an overview of strain engineering approaches useful for enhancing the expression of hard-to-produce proteins, including heterologous membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Makino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712, USA
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22
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Salinas G, Pellizza L, Margenat M, Fló M, Fernández C. Tuned Escherichia coli as a host for the expression of disulfide-rich proteins. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:686-99. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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23
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Repurposing lipoic acid changes electron flow in two important metabolic pathways of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:7991-6. [PMID: 21521794 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1105429108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In bacteria, cysteines of cytoplasmic proteins, including the essential enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), are maintained in the reduced state by the thioredoxin and glutathione/glutaredoxin pathways. An Escherichia coli mutant lacking both glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase cannot grow because RNR is disulfide bonded and nonfunctional. Here we report that suppressor mutations in the lpdA gene, which encodes the oxidative enzyme lipoamide dehydrogenase required for tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle functioning, restore growth to this redox-defective mutant. The suppressor mutations reduce LpdA activity, causing the accumulation of dihydrolipoamide, the reduced protein-bound form of lipoic acid. Dihydrolipoamide can then provide electrons for the reactivation of RNR through reduction of glutaredoxins. Dihydrolipoamide is oxidized in the process, restoring function to the TCA cycle. Thus, two electron transfer pathways are rewired to meet both oxidative and reductive needs of the cell: dihydrolipoamide functionally replaces glutathione, and the glutaredoxins replace LpdA. Both lipoic acid and glutaredoxins act in the reverse manner from their normal cellular functions. Bioinformatic analysis suggests that such activities may also function in other bacteria.
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Nguyen VD, Hatahet F, Salo KEH, Enlund E, Zhang C, Ruddock LW. Pre-expression of a sulfhydryl oxidase significantly increases the yields of eukaryotic disulfide bond containing proteins expressed in the cytoplasm of E.coli. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:1. [PMID: 21211066 PMCID: PMC3022669 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disulfide bonds are one of the most common post-translational modifications found in proteins. The production of proteins that contain native disulfide bonds is challenging, especially on a large scale. Either the protein needs to be targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes or to the prokaryotic periplasm. These compartments that are specialised for disulfide bond formation have an active catalyst for their formation, along with catalysts for isomerization to the native state. We have recently shown that it is possible to produce large amounts of prokaryotic disulfide bond containing proteins in the cytoplasm of wild-type bacteria such as E. coli by the introduction of catalysts for both of these processes. Results Here we show that the introduction of Erv1p, a sulfhydryl oxidase and a disulfide isomerase allows the efficient formation of natively folded eukaryotic proteins with multiple disulfide bonds in the cytoplasm of E. coli. The production of disulfide bonded proteins was also aided by the use of an appropriate fusion protein to keep the folding intermediates soluble and by choice of media. By combining the pre-expression of a sulfhydryl oxidase and a disulfide isomerase with these other factors, high level expression of even complex disulfide bonded eukaryotic proteins is possible Conclusions Our results show that the production of eukaryotic proteins with multiple disulfide bonds in the cytoplasm of E. coli is possible. The required exogenous components can be put onto a single plasmid vector allowing facile transfer between different prokaryotic strains. These results open up new avenues for the use of E. coli as a microbial cell factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Dat Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Linnanmaa Campus, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
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25
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Veeravalli K, Boyd D, Iverson BL, Beckwith J, Georgiou G. Laboratory evolution of glutathione biosynthesis reveals natural compensatory pathways. Nat Chem Biol 2010; 7:101-5. [PMID: 21186348 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The first and highly conserved step in glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis is formation of γ-glutamyl cysteine by the enzyme glutamate-cysteine ligase (GshA). However, bioinformatic analysis revealed that many prokaryotic species that encode GSH-dependent proteins lack the gene for this enzyme. To understand how bacteria cope without gshA, we isolated Escherichia coli ΔgshA multigenic suppressors that accumulated physiological levels of GSH. Mutations in both proB and proA, the first two genes in L-proline biosynthesis, provided a new pathway for γ-glutamyl cysteine formation via the selective interception of ProB-bound γ-glutamyl phosphate by amino acid thiols, likely through an S-to-N acyl shift mechanism. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that the L-proline biosynthetic pathway may have a second role in γ-glutamyl cysteine formation in prokaryotes. Also, we showed that this mechanism could be exploited to generate cytoplasmic redox buffers bioorthogonal to GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Veeravalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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26
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Makino T, Skretas G, Kang TH, Georgiou G. Comprehensive engineering of Escherichia coli for enhanced expression of IgG antibodies. Metab Eng 2010; 13:241-51. [PMID: 21130896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The expression of IgG antibodies in Escherichia coli is of increasing interest for analytical and therapeutic applications. In this work, we describe a comprehensive and systematic approach to the development of a dicistronic expression system for enhanced IgG expression in E. coli encompassing: (i) random mutagenesis and high-throughput screening for the isolation of over-expressing strains using flow cytometry and (ii) optimization of translation initiation via the screening of libraries of synonymous codons in the 5' region of the second cistron (heavy chain). The effects of different promoters and co-expression of molecular chaperones on full-length IgG production were also investigated. The optimized system resulted in reliable expression of fully assembled IgG at yields between 1 and 4 mg/L of shake flask culture for different antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Makino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0231, USA
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Parsonage D, Newton GL, Holder RC, Wallace BD, Paige C, Hamilton CJ, Dos Santos PC, Redinbo MR, Reid SD, Claiborne A. Characterization of the N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl l-malate synthase and deacetylase functions for bacillithiol biosynthesis in Bacillus anthracis . Biochemistry 2010; 49:8398-414. [PMID: 20799687 DOI: 10.1021/bi100698n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacillithiol (Cys-GlcN-malate, BSH) has recently been identified as a novel low-molecular weight thiol in Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococcus aureus, and several other Gram-positive bacteria lacking glutathione and mycothiol. We have now characterized the first two enzymes for the BSH biosynthetic pathway in B. anthracis, which combine to produce α-d-glucosaminyl l-malate (GlcN-malate) from UDP-GlcNAc and l-malate. The structure of the GlcNAc-malate intermediate has been determined, as have the kinetic parameters for the BaBshA glycosyltransferase (→GlcNAc-malate) and the BaBshB deacetylase (→GlcN-malate). BSH is one of only two natural products reported to contain a malyl glycoside, and the crystal structure of the BaBshA-UDP-malate ternary complex, determined in this work at 3.3 Å resolution, identifies several active-site interactions important for the specific recognition of l-malate, but not other α-hydroxy acids, as the acceptor substrate. In sharp contrast to the structures reported for the GlcNAc-1-d-myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase (MshA) apo and ternary complex forms, there is no major conformational change observed in the structures of the corresponding BaBshA forms. A mutant strain of B. anthracis deficient in the BshA glycosyltransferase fails to produce BSH, as predicted. This B. anthracis bshA locus (BA1558) has been identified in a transposon-site hybridization study as required for growth, sporulation, or germination [Day, W. A., Jr., Rasmussen, S. L., Carpenter, B. M., Peterson, S. N., and Friedlander, A. M. (2007) J. Bacteriol. 189, 3296-3301], suggesting that the biosynthesis of BSH could represent a target for the development of novel antimicrobials with broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive pathogens like B. anthracis. The metabolites that function in thiol redox buffering and homeostasis in Bacillus are not well understood, and we present a composite picture based on this and other recent work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Parsonage
- Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine,Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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Hatahet F, Nguyen VD, Salo KEH, Ruddock LW. Disruption of reducing pathways is not essential for efficient disulfide bond formation in the cytoplasm of E. coli. Microb Cell Fact 2010; 9:67. [PMID: 20836848 PMCID: PMC2946281 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-9-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The formation of native disulfide bonds is a complex and essential post-translational modification for many proteins. The large scale production of these proteins can be difficult and depends on targeting the protein to a compartment in which disulfide bond formation naturally occurs, usually the endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotes or the periplasm of prokaryotes. It is currently thought to be impossible to produce large amounts of disulfide bond containing protein in the cytoplasm of wild-type bacteria such as E. coli due to the presence of multiple pathways for their reduction. Results Here we show that the introduction of Erv1p, a sulfhydryl oxidase and FAD-dependent catalyst of disulfide bond formation found in the inter membrane space of mitochondria, allows the efficient formation of native disulfide bonds in heterologously expressed proteins in the cytoplasm of E. coli even without the disruption of genes involved in disulfide bond reduction, for example trxB and/or gor. Indeed yields of active disulfide bonded proteins were higher in BL21 (DE3) pLysSRARE, an E. coli strain with the reducing pathways intact, than in the commercial Δgor ΔtrxB strain rosetta-gami upon co-expression of Erv1p. Conclusions Our results refute the current paradigm in the field that disruption of at least one of the reducing pathways is essential for the efficient production of disulfide bond containing proteins in the cytoplasm of E. coli and open up new possibilities for the use of E. coli as a microbial cell factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras Hatahet
- Department of Biochemistry, Linnanmaa Campus, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
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Meyer Y, Buchanan BB, Vignols F, Reichheld JP. Thioredoxins and glutaredoxins: unifying elements in redox biology. Annu Rev Genet 2009; 43:335-67. [PMID: 19691428 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-102108-134201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery as a substrate for ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), the role of thioredoxin (Trx) and glutaredoxin (Grx) has been largely extended through their regulatory function. Both proteins act by changing the structure and activity of a broad spectrum of target proteins, typically by modifying redox status. Trx and Grx are members of families with multiple and partially redundant genes. The number of genes clearly increased with the appearance of multicellular organisms, in part because of new types of Trx and Grx with orthologs throughout the animal and plant kingdoms. The function of Trx and Grx also broadened as cells achieved increased complexity, especially in the regulation arena. In view of these progressive changes, the ubiquitous distribution of Trx and the wide occurrence of Grx enable these proteins to serve as indicators of the evolutionary history of redox regulation. In so doing, they add a unifying element that links the diverse forms of life to one another in an uninterrupted continuum. It is anticipated that future research will embellish this continuum and further elucidate the properties of these proteins and their impact on biology. The new information will be important not only to our understanding of the role of Trx and Grx in fundamental cell processes but also to future societal benefits as the proteins find new applications in a range of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Meyer
- Université de Perpignan, Génome et dévelopement des plantes, CNRS-UP-IRD UMR 5096, F 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France.
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Skretas G, Carroll S, DeFrees S, Schwartz MF, Johnson KF, Georgiou G. Expression of active human sialyltransferase ST6GalNAcI in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2009; 8:50. [PMID: 19788761 PMCID: PMC2762462 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of terminal, surface-exposed sialic acid moieties can greatly enhance the in vivo half-life of glycosylated biopharmaceuticals and improve their therapeutic efficacy. Complete and homogeneous sialylation of glycoproteins can be efficiently performed enzymically in vitro but this process requires large amounts of catalytically active sialyltransferases. Furthermore, standard microbial hosts used for large-scale production of recombinant enzymes can only produce small quantities of glycosyltransferases of animal origin, which lack catalytic activity. Results and conclusion In this work, we have expressed the human sialyltransferase ST6GalNAc I (ST6), an enzyme that sialylates O-linked glycoproteins, in Escherichia coli cells. We observed that wild-type bacterial cells are able to produce only very small amounts of soluble ST6 enzyme. We have found, however, that engineered bacterial strains which possess certain types of oxidative cytoplasm or which co-express the molecular chaperones/co-chaperones trigger factor, DnaK/DnaJ, GroEL/GroES, and Skp, can produce greatly enhanced amounts of soluble ST6. Furthermore, we have developed a novel high-throughput assay for the detection of sialyltransferase activity and used it to demonstrate that the bacterially expressed ST6 enzyme is active and able to transfer sialic acid onto a desialylated O-glycoprotein, bovine submaxillary mucin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of expression of active human sialyltransferase in bacteria. This system may be used as a starting point for the evolution of sialyltransferases with better expression characteristics or altered donor/acceptor specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Skretas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Transcriptional regulation of the Escherichia coli gene rraB, encoding a protein inhibitor of RNase E. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:6665-74. [PMID: 19717586 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00344-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Escherichia coli RNA degradosome is a protein complex that plays a critical role in the turnover of numerous RNAs. The key component of the degradosome complex is the endoribonuclease RNase E, a multidomain protein composed of an N-terminal catalytic region and a C-terminal region that organizes the other protein components of the degradosome. Previously, the RNase E inhibitors RraA and RraB were identified genetically and shown to bind to the C-terminal region of RNase E, thus affecting both the protein composition of the degradosome and the endonucleolytic activity of RNase E. In the present work, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of rraB. rraB was shown to be transcribed constitutively from its own promoter, PrraB. Transposon mutagenesis and screening for increased beta-galactosidase activity from a chromosomal PrraB-lacZ transcriptional fusion resulted in the isolation of a transposon insertion in glmS, encoding the essential enzyme glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase that catalyzes the first committed step of the uridine 5'-diphospho-N-acetyl-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) pathway, which provides intermediates for peptidoglycan biogenesis. The glmS852::Tn5 allele resulted in an approximately 50% lower intracellular concentration of UDP-GlcNAc and conferred a fivefold increase in the level of rraB mRNA. This allele also mediated a twofold increase in beta-galactosidase activity from a chromosomal fusion of the 5' untranslated region of the rne gene to lacZ, suggesting that a reduction in cellular concentration of UDP-GlcNAc and the resulting increased expression of RraB might modulate the action of RNase E.
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Wadington MC, Ladner JE, Stourman NV, Harp JM, Armstrong RN. Analysis of the structure and function of YfcG from Escherichia coli reveals an efficient and unique disulfide bond reductase. Biochemistry 2009; 48:6559-61. [PMID: 19537707 DOI: 10.1021/bi9008825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
YfcG is one of eight glutathione (GSH) transferase homologues encoded in the Escherichia coli genome. The protein exhibits low or no GSH transferase activity toward a panel of electrophilic substrates. In contrast, it has a very robust disulfide-bond reductase activity toward 2-hydroxyethyldisulfide on par with mammalian and bacterial glutaredoxins. The structure of YfcG at 2.3 A-resolution from crystals grown in the presence of GSH reveals a molecule of glutathione disulfide in the active site. The crystallographic results and the lack of functional cysteine residues in the active site of YfcG suggests that the reductase activity is unique in that no sulfhydryl groups in the YfcG protein are covalently involved in the redox chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Wadington
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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de Marco A. Strategies for successful recombinant expression of disulfide bond-dependent proteins in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2009; 8:26. [PMID: 19442264 PMCID: PMC2689190 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are simple and cost effective hosts for producing recombinant proteins. However, their physiological features may limit their use for obtaining in native form proteins of some specific structural classes, such as for instance polypeptides that undergo extensive post-translational modifications. To some extent, also the production of proteins that depending on disulfide bridges for their stability has been considered difficult in E. coli. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms keep their cytoplasm reduced and, consequently, disulfide bond formation is impaired in this subcellular compartment. Disulfide bridges can stabilize protein structure and are often present in high abundance in secreted proteins. In eukaryotic cells such bonds are formed in the oxidizing environment of endoplasmic reticulum during the export process. Bacteria do not possess a similar specialized subcellular compartment, but they have both export systems and enzymatic activities aimed at the formation and at the quality control of disulfide bonds in the oxidizing periplasm. This article reviews the available strategies for exploiting the physiological mechanisms of bactera to produce properly folded disulfide-bonded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ario de Marco
- Cogentech, IFOM-IEO Campus for Oncogenomic, via Adamello, 16 - 20139, Milano, Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Beckwith
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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