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Ednacot EMQ, Nabhani A, Dinh DM, Morehouse BR. Pharmacological potential of cyclic nucleotide signaling in immunity. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 258:108653. [PMID: 38679204 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides are important signaling molecules that play many critical physiological roles including controlling cell fate and development, regulation of metabolic processes, and responding to changes in the environment. Cyclic nucleotides are also pivotal regulators in immune signaling, orchestrating intricate processes that maintain homeostasis and defend against pathogenic threats. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the pharmacological potential of cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways within the realm of immunity. Beginning with an overview of the fundamental roles of cAMP and cGMP as ubiquitous second messengers, this review delves into the complexities of their involvement in immune responses. Special attention is given to the challenges associated with modulating these signaling pathways for therapeutic purposes, emphasizing the necessity for achieving cell-type specificity to avert unintended consequences. A major focus of the review is on the recent paradigm-shifting discoveries regarding specialized cyclic nucleotide signals in the innate immune system, notably the cGAS-STING pathway. The significance of cyclic dinucleotides, exemplified by 2'3'-cGAMP, in controlling immune responses against pathogens and cancer, is explored. The evolutionarily conserved nature of cyclic dinucleotides as antiviral agents, spanning across diverse organisms, underscores their potential as targets for innovative immunotherapies. Findings from the last several years have revealed a striking diversity of novel bacterial cyclic nucleotide second messengers which are involved in antiviral responses. Knowledge of the existence and precise identity of these molecules coupled with accurate descriptions of their associated immune defense pathways will be essential to the future development of novel antibacterial therapeutic strategies. The insights presented herein may help researchers navigate the evolving landscape of immunopharmacology as it pertains to cyclic nucleotides and point toward new avenues or lines of thinking about development of therapeutics against the pathways they regulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirene Marie Q Ednacot
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ali Nabhani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - David M Dinh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Benjamin R Morehouse
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Stafuzza NB, Freitas ACD, Mioto MB, Silva RMDO, Fragomeni BDO, Pedrosa VB, Costa RLDD, Paz CCPD. Weighted single-step genome-wide association study and functional enrichment analyses for gastrointestinal nematode resistance traits in Santa Ines sheep. Vet Parasitol 2023; 323:110047. [PMID: 37857178 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify genomic regions, pathways, and putative candidate genes associated with resistance to gastrointestinal nematode in Santa Ines sheep. The phenotypic information comprised 5529 records from 1703 naturally infected animals. After genomic data quality control, 37,511 SNPs from 589 animals were available. The weighted single-step approach for genome-wide association study was performed to estimate the SNP effects and variances accounted by 10-SNP sliding windows. Confirming the polygenic nature of the studied traits, 20, 22, 21, and 19 genomic windows that explained more than 0.5% of the additive genetic variance were identified for fecal egg counts (FEC), Famacha© (FAM), packed cell volume (PCV), and total plasma protein (TPP), respectively. A total of 81, 122, 106, and 101 protein-coding genes were found in windows associated with FEC, FAM, PCV, and TPP, respectively. Several protein-coding genes related to the immune system and inflammatory response functions were identified within those genomic regions, such as ADCY9, ADRB2, BRAF, CADM1, CCL20, CD70, CREBBP, FNBP1, HTR4, IL16, IL22, IL26, MAPK8, NDFIP1, NLRC3, PAK5, PLCB1, PLCB4, ROCK1, TEK, TNFRSF12A, and VAV1. Functional enrichment analysis by DAVID tool also revealed many significant (P < 0.05) pathways and Gene Ontology terms that could be related to resistance to gastrointestinal nematode in Santa Ines sheep, such as chemokine signaling pathway (oas04062), cAMP signaling pathway (oas04024), cGMP-PKG signaling pathway (Oas04022), platelet activation (Oas04611), Rap1 signaling pathway (oas04015), and oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (GO:0016705). These results contribute to improving the knowledge of the genetic architecture of resistance to gastrointestinal nematode in Santa Ines sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedenia Bonvino Stafuzza
- Sustainable Livestock Research Center, Animal Science Institute, 15130-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Claudia de Freitas
- São Paulo Agency of Agribusiness and Technology, Animal Science Institute, 13380-011 Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil; Agricultural Research Agency of the State of Minas Gerais, 38709-899 Patos de Minas, MG, Brazil
| | - Marina B Mioto
- Sustainable Livestock Research Center, Animal Science Institute, 15130-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Victor Breno Pedrosa
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Ponta Grossa, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lopes Dias da Costa
- São Paulo Agency of Agribusiness and Technology, Animal Science Institute, 13380-011 Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil
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Giovannini I, Manfrin C, Greco S, Vincenzi J, Altiero T, Guidetti R, Giulianini P, Rebecchi L. Increasing temperature-driven changes in life history traits and gene expression of an Antarctic tardigrade species. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1258932. [PMID: 37766751 PMCID: PMC10520964 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1258932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Antarctic region has been experiencing some of the planet's strongest climatic changes, including an expected increase of the land temperature. The potential effects of this warming trend will lead ecosystems to a risk of losing biodiversity. Antarctic mosses and lichens host different microbial groups, micro-arthropods and meiofaunal organisms (e.g., tardigrades, rotifers). The eutardigrade Acutuncus antarcticus is considered a model animal to study the effect of increasing temperature due to global warming on Antarctic terrestrial communities. In this study, life history traits and fitness of this species are analyzed by rearing specimens at two different and increasing temperatures (5°C vs. 15°C). Moreover, the first transcriptome analysis on A. antarcticus is performed, exposing adult animals to a gradual increase of temperature (5°C, 10°C, 15°C, and 20°C) to find differentially expressed genes under short- (1 day) and long-term (15 days) heat stress. Acutuncus antarcticus specimens reared at 5°C live longer (maximum life span: 686 days), reach sexual maturity later, lay more eggs (which hatch in longer time and in lower percentage) compared with animals reared at 15°C. The fitness decreases in animals belonging to the second generation at both rearing temperatures. The short-term heat exposure leads to significant changes at transcriptomic level, with 67 differentially expressed genes. Of these, 23 upregulated genes suggest alterations of mitochondrial activity and oxido-reductive processes, and two intrinsically disordered protein genes confirm their role to cope with heat stress. The long-term exposure induces alterations limited to 14 genes, and only one annotated gene is upregulated in response to both heat stresses. The decline in transcriptomic response after a long-term exposure indicates that the changes observed in the short-term are likely due to an acclimation response. Therefore, A. antarcticus could be able to cope with increasing temperature over time, including the future conditions imposed by global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Giovannini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Manfrin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Samuele Greco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Joel Vincenzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tiziana Altiero
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Education and Humanities, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Roberto Guidetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Piero Giulianini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorena Rebecchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
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Bi Y, Ren D, Yuan F, Zhang Z, Zhou D, Yi X, Ji L, Li K, Yang F, Wu X, Li X, Xu Y, Liu Y, Wang P, Cai C, Liu C, Ma Q, He L, Shi Y, He G. TULP4, a novel E3 ligase gene, participates in neuronal migration as a candidate in schizophrenia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023. [PMID: 37650344 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TUB-like protein 4 (TULP4) is one of the distant members of tubby family proteins, whose function remains largely unknown. In the present study, we intend to identify the role of TULP4 in schizophrenia from human samples and animal models. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing was used to detect the four schizophrenia families collected. In different cell lines, the effects of identified variants in TULP4 gene on its expression and localization were analyzed. Knockdown models in utero and adult mice were employed to investigate the role of Tulp4 on neuronal migration and schizophrenia-related behavior. Subsequently, co-IP assays were used to search for proteins that interact with TULP4 and the effects of mutants on the molecular function of TULP4. RESULTS For the first time, we identified five rare variants in TULP4 from schizophrenia families, of which three significantly reduced TULP4 protein expression. Knockdown the expression of Tulp4 delayed neuronal migration during embryological development and consequently triggered abnormal behaviors in adult mice, including impaired sensorimotor gating and cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, we confirmed that TULP4 is involved in the formation of a novel E3 ligase through interaction with CUL5-ELOB/C-RNF7 and the three deleterious variants affected the binding amount of TULP4 and CUL5 to a certain extent. CONCLUSIONS Together, we believe TULP4 plays an important role in neurodevelopment and subsequent schizophrenic-related phenotypes through its E3 ubiquitin ligase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bi
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Decheng Ren
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yuan
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daizhan Zhou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Yi
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Ji
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Keyi Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengping Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingwang Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifeng Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Wuhu Fourth People's Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | | | - Chuanxin Liu
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Raj D, Kraish B, Martikainen J, Podraza-Farhanieh A, Kao G, Naredi P. Cisplatin toxicity is counteracted by the activation of the p38/ATF-7 signaling pathway in post-mitotic C. elegans. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2886. [PMID: 37210583 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin kills proliferating cells via DNA damage but also has profound effects on post-mitotic cells in tumors, kidneys, and neurons. However, the effects of cisplatin on post-mitotic cells are still poorly understood. Among model systems, C. elegans adults are unique in having completely post-mitotic somatic tissues. The p38 MAPK pathway controls ROS detoxification via SKN-1/NRF and immune responses via ATF-7/ATF2. Here, we show that p38 MAPK pathway mutants are sensitive to cisplatin, but while cisplatin exposure increases ROS levels, skn-1 mutants are resistant. Cisplatin exposure leads to phosphorylation of PMK-1/MAPK and ATF-7 and the IRE-1/TRF-1 signaling module functions upstream of the p38 MAPK pathway to activate signaling. We identify the response proteins whose increased abundance depends on IRE-1/p38 MAPK activity as well as cisplatin exposure. Four of these proteins are necessary for protection from cisplatin toxicity, which is characterized by necrotic death. We conclude that the p38 MAPK pathway-driven proteins are crucial for adult cisplatin resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Raj
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bashar Kraish
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jari Martikainen
- Bioinformatics and Data Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Agnieszka Podraza-Farhanieh
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gautam Kao
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Peter Naredi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Zhao Y, Hua X, Rui Q, Wang D. Exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes causes suppression in octopamine signal associated with transgenerational toxicity induction in C.elegans. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 318:137986. [PMID: 36716936 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), a kind of carbon-based nanomaterials, has been extensively utilized in a variety of fields. In Caenorhabditis elegans, MWCNT exposure can result in toxicity not only at parental generation (P0-G) but also in the offspring. However, the underlying mechanisms remain still largely unknown. DAF-12, a transcriptional factor (TF), was previously found to be activated and involved in transgenerational toxicity control after MWCNT exposure. In this study, we observed that exposure to 0.1-10 μg/L MWCNTs caused the significant decrease in expression of tbh-1 encoding a tyramine beta-hydroxylase with the function to govern the octopamine synthesis, suggesting the inhibition in octopamine signal. After exposure to 0.1 μg/L MWCNT, the decrease in tbh-1 expression could be also detected in F1-G and F2-G. Moreover, in germline cells, the TF DAF-12 regulated transgenerational MWCNT toxicity by suppressing expression and function of TBH-1. Meanwhile, exposure to 0.1-10 μg/L MWCNTs induced the increase in octr-1 expression and the decrease in ser-6 expression. After exposure to 0.1 μg/L MWCNT, the increased octr-1 expression and the decreased ser-6 expression were further observed in F1-G and F2-G. Germline TBH-1 controlled transgenerational MWCNT toxicity by regulating the activity of octopamine receptors (SER-6 and OCTR-1) in offspring. Furthermore, in the offspring, SER-6 and OCTR-1 affected the induction of MWCNT toxicity by upregulating or downregulating the level of ELT-2, a GATA TF. Taken together, these findings suggested possible link between alteration in octopamine related signals and MWCNT toxicity induction in offspring in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyue Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Hua
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Rui
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Dayong Wang
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Locke M, Lythe G, López-García M, Muñoz-Fontela C, Carroll M, Molina-París C. Quantification of Type I Interferon Inhibition by Viral Proteins: Ebola Virus as a Case Study. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122441. [PMID: 34960709 PMCID: PMC8705787 DOI: 10.3390/v13122441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are cytokines with both antiviral properties and protective roles in innate immune responses to viral infection. They induce an antiviral cellular state and link innate and adaptive immune responses. Yet, viruses have evolved different strategies to inhibit such host responses. One of them is the existence of viral proteins which subvert type I IFN responses to allow quick and successful viral replication, thus, sustaining the infection within a host. We propose mathematical models to characterise the intra-cellular mechanisms involved in viral protein antagonism of type I IFN responses, and compare three different molecular inhibition strategies. We study the Ebola viral protein, VP35, with this mathematical approach. Approximate Bayesian computation sequential Monte Carlo, together with experimental data and the mathematical models proposed, are used to perform model calibration, as well as model selection of the different hypotheses considered. Finally, we assess if model parameters are identifiable and discuss how such identifiability can be improved with new experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macauley Locke
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (M.L.); (G.L.); (M.L.-G.)
| | - Grant Lythe
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (M.L.); (G.L.); (M.L.-G.)
| | - Martín López-García
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (M.L.); (G.L.); (M.L.-G.)
| | - César Muñoz-Fontela
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Bernhard Nocht Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miles Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK;
| | - Carmen Molina-París
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (M.L.); (G.L.); (M.L.-G.)
- T-6, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
- Correspondence:
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Martell EM, González-Garcia M, Ständker L, Otero-González AJ. Host defense peptides as immunomodulators: The other side of the coin. Peptides 2021; 146:170644. [PMID: 34464592 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) exhibit a broad range of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. In this sense, both functions are like different sides of the same coin. The direct antimicrobial side was discovered first, and widely studied for the development of anti-infective therapies. In contrast, the immunomodulatory side was recognized later and in the last 20 years the interest in this field has been continuously growing. Different to their antimicrobial activities, the immunomodulatory activities of host defense peptides are more effective in vivo. They offer a great opportunity for new therapeutic applications in the fields of anti-infective therapy, chronic inflammatory diseases treatment, novel vaccine adjuvants development and anticancer immunotherapy. These immune related functions of HDPs includes chemoattraction of leukocytes, modulation of inflammation, enhancement of antigen presentation and polarization of adaptive immune responses. Our attempt with this review is to make a careful evaluation of different aspects of the less explored, but attractive immunomodulatory side of the HDP functional coin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto M Martell
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University, Cuba
| | | | - Ludger Ständker
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics (CFP), Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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9
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GABAergic synapses suppress intestinal innate immunity via insulin signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021063118. [PMID: 33972423 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021063118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic neurotransmission constitutes a major inhibitory signaling mechanism that plays crucial roles in central nervous system physiology and immune cell immunomodulation. However, its roles in innate immunity remain unclear. Here, we report that deficiency in the GABAergic neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of Caenorhabditis elegans results in enhanced resistance to pathogens, whereas pathogen infection enhances the strength of GABAergic transmission. GABAergic synapses control innate immunity in a manner dependent on the FOXO/DAF-16 but not the p38/PMK-1 pathway. Our data reveal that the insulin-like peptide INS-31 level was dramatically decreased in the GABAergic NMJ GABAAR-deficient unc-49 mutant compared with wild-type animals. C. elegans with ins-31 knockdown or loss of function exhibited enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 exposure. INS-31 may act downstream of GABAergic NMJs and in body wall muscle to control intestinal innate immunity in a cell-nonautonomous manner. Our results reveal a signaling axis of synapse-muscular insulin-intestinal innate immunity in vivo.
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10
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Garcia-Sanchez JA, Ewbank JJ, Visvikis O. Ubiquitin-related processes and innate immunity in C. elegans. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4305-4333. [PMID: 33630111 PMCID: PMC11072174 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03787-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is an evolutionary ancient defence strategy that serves to eliminate infectious agents while maintaining host health. It involves a complex network of sensors, signaling proteins and immune effectors that detect the danger, then relay and execute the immune programme. Post-translational modifications relying on conserved ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins are an integral part of the system. Studies using invertebrate models of infection, such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, have greatly contributed to our understanding of how ubiquitin-related processes act in immune sensing, regulate immune signaling pathways, and participate to host defence responses. This review highlights the interest of working with a genetically tractable model organism and illustrates how C. elegans has been used to identify ubiquitin-dependent immune mechanisms, discover novel ubiquitin-based resistance strategies that mediate pathogen clearance, and unravel the role of ubiquitin-related processes in tolerance, preserving host fitness during pathogen attack. Special emphasis is placed on processes that are conserved in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Garcia-Sanchez
- INSERM, C3M, Côte D'Azur University, Nice, France
- INSERM, CNRS, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Jonathan J Ewbank
- INSERM, CNRS, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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Peng J, Wang Y, Xie X, Yi Q, Li X, Wei Y, He X, Wang L. Chlorogenic Acid Inhibits LPS-Induced Mammary Epithelial Cell Inflammation in Mice by Targeting CD14 and MD-2. INT J PHARMACOL 2020. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2020.542.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Shao H, Wang D. Long-term and low-dose exposure to nanopolystyrene induces a protective strategy to maintain functional state of intestine barrier in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113649. [PMID: 31767235 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Functional state of intestinal barrier plays an important role for environmental animals in being against various toxicants. We investigated GATA transcriptional factor ELT-2-mediated intestinal response to nanopolystyrere in Caenorhabditis elegans. Prolonged exposure to nanopolystyrene (≥1 μg/L) induced an increase in expression of ELT-2, and intestinal RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of elt-2 caused enhancement in intestinal permeability. Meanwhile, mutation of elt-2 resulted in susceptibility to nanopolystyrene toxicity, and ELT-2 functioned in intestine to regulate the nanopolystyrene toxicity. ERM-1, CLEC-63, and CLEC-85 were identified as targets of ELT-2 in regulating the nanopolystyrene toxicity. ERM-1 was required for maintaining functional state in intestinal barrier, and functioned synergistically with CLEC-63 or CLEC-85 to regulate nanopolystyrene toxicity. Therefore, activation of intestinal ELT-2 by nanopolystyrere could mediate a protective strategy to maintain the functional state of intestinal barrier. During this process, intestinal ELT-2 activated two different molecular signals (ERM-1 signal and CLEC-63/85 signal) for nematodes against the nanopolystyrene toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Shao
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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13
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The chilling of adenylyl cyclase 9 and its translational potential. Cell Signal 2020; 70:109589. [PMID: 32105777 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A recent break-through paper has revealed for the first time the high-resolution, three-dimensional structure of a mammalian trans-membrane adenylyl cyclase (tmAC) obtained by cryo-electronmicroscopy (cryo-EM). Reporting the structure of adenylyl cyclase 9 (AC9) in complex with activated Gsα, the cryo-EM study revealed that AC9 has three functionally interlinked, yet structurally distinct domains. The array of the twelve transmembrane helices is connected to the cytosolic catalytic core by two helical segments that are stabilized through the formation of a parallel coiled-coil. Surprisingly, in the presence of Gsα, the isoform-specific carboxyl-terminal tail of AC9 occludes the forskolin- as well as the active substrate-sites, resulting in marked autoinhibition of the enzyme. As AC9 has the lowest primary sequence homology with the eight further mammalian tmAC paralogues, it appears to be the best candidate for selective pharmacologic targeting. This is now closer to reality as the structural insight provided by the cryo-EM study indicates that all of the three structural domains are potential targets for bioactive agents. The present paper summarizes for molecular physiologists and pharmacologists what is known about the biological role of AC9, considers the potential modes of physiologic regulation, as well as pharmacologic targeting on the basis of the high-resolution cryo-EM structure. The translational potential of AC9 is considered upon highlighting the current state of genome-wide association screens, and the corresponding experimental evidence. Overall, whilst the high- resolution structure presents unique opportunities for the full understanding of the control of AC9, the data on the biological role of the enzyme and its translational potential are far from complete, and require extensive further study.
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14
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Rautureau Y, Deschambault V, Higgins MÈ, Rivas D, Mecteau M, Geoffroy P, Miquel G, Uy K, Sanchez R, Lavoie V, Brand G, Nault A, Williams PM, Suarez ML, Merlet N, Lapointe L, Duquette N, Gillis MA, Samami S, Mayer G, Pouliot P, Raignault A, Maafi F, Brodeur MR, Levesque S, Guertin MC, Dubé MP, Thorin É, Rhainds D, Rhéaume É, Tardif JC. ADCY9 (Adenylate Cyclase Type 9) Inactivation Protects From Atherosclerosis Only in the Absence of CETP (Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein). Circulation 2019; 138:1677-1692. [PMID: 29674325 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.031134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacogenomic studies have shown that ADCY9 genotype determines the effects of the CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) inhibitor dalcetrapib on cardiovascular events and atherosclerosis imaging. The underlying mechanisms responsible for the interactions between ADCY9 and CETP activity have not yet been determined. METHODS Adcy9-inactivated ( Adcy9Gt/Gt) and wild-type (WT) mice, that were or not transgenic for the CETP gene (CETPtg Adcy9Gt/Gt and CETPtg Adcy9WT), were submitted to an atherogenic protocol (injection of an AAV8 [adeno-associated virus serotype 8] expressing a PCSK9 [proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9] gain-of-function variant and 0.75% cholesterol diet for 16 weeks). Atherosclerosis, vasorelaxation, telemetry, and adipose tissue magnetic resonance imaging were evaluated. RESULTS Adcy9Gt/Gt mice had a 65% reduction in aortic atherosclerosis compared to WT ( P<0.01). CD68 (cluster of differentiation 68)-positive macrophage accumulation and proliferation in plaques were reduced in Adcy9Gt/Gt mice compared to WT animals ( P<0.05 for both). Femoral artery endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation was improved in Adcy9Gt/Gt mice (versus WT, P<0.01). Selective pharmacological blockade showed that the nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase, and endothelial-dependent hyperpolarization pathways were all responsible for the improvement of vasodilatation in Adcy9Gt/Gt ( P<0.01 for all). Aortic endothelium from Adcy9Gt/Gt mice allowed significantly less adhesion of splenocytes compared to WT ( P<0.05). Adcy9Gt/Gt mice gained more weight than WT with the atherogenic diet; this was associated with an increase in whole body adipose tissue volume ( P<0.01 for both). Feed efficiency was increased in Adcy9Gt/Gt compared to WT mice ( P<0.01), which was accompanied by prolonged cardiac RR interval ( P<0.05) and improved nocturnal heart rate variability ( P=0.0572). Adcy9 inactivation-induced effects on atherosclerosis, endothelial function, weight gain, adipose tissue volume, and feed efficiency were lost in CETPtg Adcy9Gt/Gt mice ( P>0.05 versus CETPtg Adcy9WT). CONCLUSIONS Adcy9 inactivation protects against atherosclerosis, but only in the absence of CETP activity. This atheroprotection may be explained by decreased macrophage accumulation and proliferation in the arterial wall, and improved endothelial function and autonomic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Rautureau
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Vanessa Deschambault
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Marie-Ève Higgins
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Daniel Rivas
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Mélanie Mecteau
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Pascale Geoffroy
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Géraldine Miquel
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Kurunradeth Uy
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Rocio Sanchez
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Véronique Lavoie
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Geneviève Brand
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Audrey Nault
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Pierre-Marc Williams
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Maria Laura Suarez
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Nolwenn Merlet
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Line Lapointe
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Natacha Duquette
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Marc-Antoine Gillis
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Samaneh Samami
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Gaétan Mayer
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.).,Faculty of Pharmacy (G. Mayer), Université de Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Adeline Raignault
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Foued Maafi
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Mathieu R Brodeur
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Sylvie Levesque
- Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre, Montreal, Canada (S.L., M-C.G.)
| | - Marie-Claude Guertin
- Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre, Montreal, Canada (S.L., M-C.G.)
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Centre, Montreal, Canada (M-P.D.)
| | - Éric Thorin
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.).,Departments of Surgery (E.T.), Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - David Rhainds
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.)
| | - Éric Rhéaume
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.).,Medicine (E.R., J-C-.T.) of the Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, Canada (Y.R., V.D., M-E.H., D.R., M.M., P.G., G.Miquel, K.U., R.S., V.L., G.B., A.N., P-M.W., M.L.S., N.M., L.L., N.D., M-A.G., S.S., G.Mayer, A.R., F.M., M.R.B., E.T., D.R., E.R., J-C.T.).,Medicine (E.R., J-C-.T.) of the Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Canada
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Johnson DM, Andrew DJ. Role of tbc1 in Drosophila embryonic salivary glands. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:19. [PMID: 31242864 PMCID: PMC6595604 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-019-0198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CG4552/tbc1 was identified as a downstream target of Fork head (Fkh), the single Drosophila member of the FoxA family of transcription factors and a major player in salivary gland formation and homeostasis. Tbc1 and its orthologues have been implicated in phagocytosis, the innate immune response, border cell migration, cancer and an autosomal recessive form of non-degenerative Pontocerebellar hypoplasia. Recently, the mammalian Tbc1 orthologue, Tbc1d23, has been shown to bind both the conserved N-terminal domains of two Golgins (Golgin-97 and Golgin-245) and the WASH complex on endosome vesicles. Through this activity, Tbc1d23 has been proposed to link endosomally-derived vesicles to their appropriate target membrane in the trans Golgi (TGN). RESULTS In this paper, we provide an initial characterization of Drosophila orthologue, we call tbc1. We show that, like its mammalian orthologue, Tbc1 localizes to the trans Golgi. We show that it also colocalizes with a subset of Rabs associated with both early and recycling endosomes. Animals completely missing tbc1 survive, but females have fertility defects. Consistent with the human disease, loss of tbc1 reduces optic lobe size and increases response time to mechanical perturbation. Loss and overexpression of tbc1 in the embryonic salivary glands leads to secretion defects and apical membrane irregularities. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a role for tbc1 in endocytic/membrane trafficking, consistent with its activities in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy M Johnson
- The Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Deborah J Andrew
- The Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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16
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Aloor JJ, Azzam KM, Guardiola JJ, Gowdy KM, Madenspacher JH, Gabor KA, Mueller GA, Lin WC, Lowe JM, Gruzdev A, Henderson MW, Draper DW, Merrick BA, Fessler MB. Leucine-rich repeats and calponin homology containing 4 (Lrch4) regulates the innate immune response. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:1997-2008. [PMID: 30523158 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pathogen-recognition receptors that trigger the innate immune response. Recent reports have identified accessory proteins that provide essential support to TLR function through ligand delivery and receptor trafficking. Herein, we introduce leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and calponin homology containing 4 (Lrch4) as a novel TLR accessory protein. Lrch4 is a membrane protein with nine LRRs in its predicted ectodomain. It is widely expressed across murine tissues and has two expression variants that are both regulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Predictive modeling indicates that Lrch4 LRRs conform to the horseshoe-shaped structure typical of LRRs in pathogen-recognition receptors and that the best structural match in the protein database is to the variable lymphocyte receptor of the jawless vertebrate hagfish. Silencing Lrch4 attenuates cytokine induction by LPS and multiple other TLR ligands and dampens the in vivo innate immune response. Lrch4 promotes proper docking of LPS in lipid raft membrane microdomains. We provide evidence that this is through regulation of lipid rafts as Lrch4 silencing reduces cell surface gangliosides, a metric of raft abundance, as well as expression and surface display of CD14, a raft-resident LPS co-receptor. Taken together, we identify Lrch4 as a broad-spanning regulator of the innate immune response and a potential molecular target in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim J Aloor
- From the Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wan-Chi Lin
- From the Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory
| | - Julie M Lowe
- From the Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory
| | | | | | | | - B Alex Merrick
- National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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17
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Siswanto FM, Jawi IM, Kartiko BH. The role of E3 ubiquitin ligase seven in absentia homolog in the innate immune system: An overview. Vet World 2018; 11:1551-1557. [PMID: 30587887 PMCID: PMC6303497 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1551-1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system has been considered as an ancient system and less important than the adaptive immune system. However, the interest in innate immunity has grown significantly in the past few years marked by the identification of Toll-like receptors, a member of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The PRRs are crucial for the identification of self- and non-self-antigen and play a role in the initiation of signaling events that activate the effective immune response. These sensor signals through interweaving signaling cascades which result in the production of interferons and cytokines as the effector of immune system. Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifiers (UBLs) actively mediate the rapid and versatile regulatory processes that initiate the activation of the innate immune system cascade. The seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) is a potent RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase that is known to involve in several stress responses, including hypoxia, oxidative stress, DNA damage stress, and inflammation. In this review, the role of SIAH will be discussed as an E3 ubiquitin ligase on the regulation of innate immune.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferbian Milas Siswanto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Dhyana Pura University, Badung, Indonesia
| | - I Made Jawi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Hadi Kartiko
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Dhyana Pura University, Badung, Indonesia
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18
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Abstract
Numerous approaches have been taken in the hunt for human disease genes. The identification of such genes not only provides a great deal of information about the mechanism of disease development, but also provides potential avenues for better diagnosis and treatment. In this chapter, we review the use of the nonmammalian model organism C. elegans for the identification of human disease genes. Studies utilizing this relatively simple organism offer a good balance between the ability to recapitulate many aspects of human disease, while still offering an abundance of powerful cell biological, genetic, and genomic tools for disease gene discovery. C. elegans and other nonmammalian models have produced, and will continue to produce, key insights into human disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Apfeld
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Scott Alper
- Department of Biomedical Research, Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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19
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Schrom EC, Prada JM, Graham AL. Immune Signaling Networks: Sources of Robustness and Constrained Evolvability during Coevolution. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 35:676-687. [PMID: 29294066 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defense against infection incurs costs as well as benefits that are expected to shape the evolution of optimal defense strategies. In particular, many theoretical studies have investigated contexts favoring constitutive versus inducible defenses. However, even when one immune strategy is theoretically optimal, it may be evolutionarily unachievable. This is because evolution proceeds via mutational changes to the protein interaction networks underlying immune responses, not by changes to an immune strategy directly. Here, we use a theoretical simulation model to examine how underlying network architectures constrain the evolution of immune strategies, and how these network architectures account for desirable immune properties such as inducibility and robustness. We focus on immune signaling because signaling molecules are common targets of parasitic interference but are rarely studied in this context. We find that in the presence of a coevolving parasite that disrupts immune signaling, hosts evolve constitutive defenses even when inducible defenses are theoretically optimal. This occurs for two reasons. First, there are relatively few network architectures that produce immunity that is both inducible and also robust against targeted disruption. Second, evolution toward these few robust inducible network architectures often requires intermediate steps that are vulnerable to targeted disruption. The few networks that are both robust and inducible consist of many parallel pathways of immune signaling with few connections among them. In the context of relevant empirical literature, we discuss whether this is indeed the most evolutionarily accessible robust inducible network architecture in nature, and when it can evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Schrom
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
| | - Joaquín M Prada
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea L Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
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20
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Xiao Y, Liu F, Zhao PJ, Zou CG, Zhang KQ. PKA/KIN-1 mediates innate immune responses to bacterial pathogens in Caenorhabditis elegans. Innate Immun 2017; 23:656-666. [PMID: 28958206 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917732822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetically tractable organism Caenorhabditis elegans is a powerful model animal for the study of host innate immunity. Although the intestine and the epidermis of C. elegans that is in contact with pathogens are likely to function as sites for the immune function, recent studies indicate that the nervous system could control innate immunity in C. elegans. In this report, we demonstrated that protein kinase A (PKA)/KIN-1 in the neurons contributes to resistance against Salmonella enterica infection in C. elegans. Microarray analysis revealed that PKA/KIN-1 regulates the expression of a set of antimicrobial effectors in the non-neuron tissues, which are required for innate immune responses to S. enterica. Furthermore, PKA/KIN-1 regulated the expression of lysosomal genes during S. enterica infection. Our results suggest that the lysosomal signaling molecules are involved in autophagy by controlling autophagic flux, rather than formation of autophagosomes. As autophagy is crucial for host defense against S. enterica infection in a metazoan, the lysosomal pathway also acts as a downstream effector of the PKA/KIN-1 signaling for innate immunity. Our data indicate that the PKA pathway contributes to innate immunity in C. elegans by signaling from the nervous system to periphery tissues to protect the host against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiao
- State Key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, 12635 Yunnan University , Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, 12635 Yunnan University , Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Pei-Ji Zhao
- State Key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, 12635 Yunnan University , Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Cheng-Gang Zou
- State Key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, 12635 Yunnan University , Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, 12635 Yunnan University , Kunming, Yunnan, China
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21
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Kamaladevi A, Balamurugan K. Global Proteomics Revealed Klebsiella pneumoniae Induced Autophagy and Oxidative Stress in Caenorhabditis elegans by Inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway during Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:393. [PMID: 28932706 PMCID: PMC5592217 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The enterobacterium, Klebsiella pneumoniae invades the intestinal epithelium of humans by interfering with multiple host cell response. To uncover a system-level overview of host response during infection, we analyzed the global dynamics of protein profiling in Caenorhabditis elegans using quantitative proteomics approach. Comparison of protein samples of nematodes exposed to K. pneumoniae for 12, 24, and 36 h by 2DE revealed several changes in host proteome. A total of 266 host-encoded proteins were identified by 2DE MALDI-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS and the interacting partners of the identified proteins were predicted by STRING 10.0 analysis. In order to understand the interacting partners of regulatory proteins with similar or close pI ranges, a liquid IEF was performed and the isolated fractions containing proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS. Functional bioinformatics analysis on identified proteins deciphered that they were mostly related to the metabolism, dauer formation, apoptosis, endocytosis, signal transduction, translation, developmental, and reproduction process. Gene enrichment analysis suggested that the metabolic process as the most overrepresented pathway regulated against K. pneumoniae infection. The dauer-like formation in infected C. elegans along with intestinal atrophy and ROS during the physiological analysis indicated that the regulation of metabolic pathway is probably through the involvement of mTOR. Immunoblot analysis supported the above notion that the K. pneumoniae infection induced protein mis-folding in host by involving PI3Kinase/AKT-1/mTOR mediated pathway. Furthermore, the susceptibility of pdi-2, akt-1, and mTOR C. elegans mutants confirmed the role and involvement of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in mediating protein mis-folding which appear to be translating the vulnerability of host defense toward K. pneumoniae infection.
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22
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Fu R, Jiang X, Huang Z, Zhang H. The spectraplakins of Caenorhabditis elegans : Cytoskeletal crosslinkers and beyond. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Ren M, Zhao L, Lv X, Wang D. Antimicrobial proteins in the response to graphene oxide in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nanotoxicology 2017; 11:578-590. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1329954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Ren
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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24
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Tardif JC, Rhainds D, Rhéaume E, Dubé MP. CETP. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:396-400. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins are involved in reverse cholesterol transport and possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. Paradoxically, CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) inhibitors have been shown to increase inflammation as revealed by a raised plasma level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. CETP inhibitors did not improve clinical outcomes in large-scale clinical trials of unselected patients with coronary disease. Dalcetrapib is a CETP modulator for which effects on cardiovascular outcomes were demonstrated in the dal-OUTCOMES trial to be influenced by correlated polymorphisms in the
ADCY9
(adenylate cyclase type 9) gene (
P
=2.4×10
−8
for rs1967309). Patients with the AA genotype at rs1967309 had a relative reduction of 39% in the risk of presenting a cardiovascular event when treated with dalcetrapib compared with placebo (95% confidence interval, 0.41–0.92). In contrast, patients with the GG genotype had a 27% increase in risk, whereas heterozygotes (AG) presented a neutral result. Supporting evidence from the dal-PLAQUE-2 study using carotid ultrasonography revealed that the polymorphisms tested in the
ADCY9
linkage disequilibrium block were associated with disease regression for patients with the protective genotype, progression for the harmful genotype, and no effect in heterozygotes (
P
≤0.05 and ≤0.01 for 10 and 3 polymorphisms, respectively) when comparing dalcetrapib to placebo. Strikingly concordant and significant genotype-dependent effects of dalcetrapib were also obtained for changes in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and cholesterol efflux capacity. The Dal-GenE randomized trial is currently being conducted in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome bearing the AA genotype at rs1967309 in the
ADCY9
gene to confirm the effects of dalcetrapib on hard cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Tardif
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., E.R., M.-P.D.) and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (J.-C.T., E.R., M.-P.D.); and Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center, Quebec, Canada (M.-P.D.)
| | - David Rhainds
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., E.R., M.-P.D.) and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (J.-C.T., E.R., M.-P.D.); and Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center, Quebec, Canada (M.-P.D.)
| | - Eric Rhéaume
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., E.R., M.-P.D.) and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (J.-C.T., E.R., M.-P.D.); and Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center, Quebec, Canada (M.-P.D.)
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- From the Montreal Heart Institute (J.-C.T., D.R., E.R., M.-P.D.) and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada (J.-C.T., E.R., M.-P.D.); and Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Center, Quebec, Canada (M.-P.D.)
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25
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Regidor PA, Volko CD, Schindler AE, Rohr UD. The evolution of genomic stability to a mechanism in reproduction and psychiatry. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 29:1-11. [PMID: 27269896 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2016-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There are two forms of immune defense, the specific or adaptive immune defense and the unspecific innate immune defense. Vaccination is utilized against specific bacteria via the adaptive immune system. The innate immunity DNA stress defense is a non-toxic mechanism developed in yeasts and conserved in mammals and in plants. Although the steroidal hormone cascade has overtaken the stress response and allows superfast response via non-genomic receptors, the old innate immunity response is still mediated via the steroidal hormones cascade. The classical drug/receptor model has provided for many solutions, however, in antibiotics, cancer, and in severe mental diseases this model reaches to certain limits. The NIH/Department of Mental Health has developed a new model that shows severe mental diseases may be immune diseases that can be treated by replacing old diseased nerve cells by new healthy nerve cells, where the old innate immunity may be exploited. This means that severe mental diseases are physical diseases. A newly developed model, where modifications of the steroidal hormone cascade help to understand bipolarity, schizophrenia, and PTSD in men and women can be transferred to gynecological hormone modifications in women, where innate immunity is mediated via the same steroidal hormone cascade. Treatment via immune response via the DNA cascade should be developed in cancer, infections and severe mental disease, because foreign cells or diseased cells may be removed by the unspecific innate immunity.
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26
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Yi Q, Wang YK, Feng J, Wei YH, Wang L. Identification of two candidate innate immune genes by transcriptional profiling and RNA interference in mouse mammary gland epithelial cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2016; 38:423-431. [PMID: 27572054 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2016.1222618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammary epithelial cells (MECs) play an important role in immune responses and inflammatory diseases such as mastitis, which is mainly attributed to the activation of Toll-like receptors and the release of cytokines. However, the overall change of gene expression and biological pathways of MECs to microbial factors stimulation remains unknown. Here, we analyzed the gene expression profile in mouse MECs treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h. Microarray analysis revealed that about 1548 genes differentially expressed, these genes mainly involved in 346 gene ontology terms and 128 molecular pathways, and particularly, some innate immune-associated pathways were significant. By analyzing data for pathway relation network, we prioritized differentially expressed genes with respect to LPS. The importance of changes, indicating that RNA interference-mediated inhibition of two genes identified in this analysis, transforming growth factor beta 1 (Tgf-β1) and platelet-derived growth factor B (Pdgfb), reduced interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor α production respectively, in gene expression was verified. These findings delineate mouse MECs gene response patterns induced by LPS and identify Tgf-β1 and Pdgfb that have been closely related to innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yi
- a Biochemical Engineering Center of Guizhou Province , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China
| | - Yu-Kun Wang
- a Biochemical Engineering Center of Guizhou Province , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China.,b Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China
| | - Jiang Feng
- a Biochemical Engineering Center of Guizhou Province , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China.,b Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China
| | - Yu-Hao Wei
- a Biochemical Engineering Center of Guizhou Province , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China.,b Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China
| | - Lu Wang
- a Biochemical Engineering Center of Guizhou Province , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China
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27
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Novel Innate Immune Genes Regulating the Macrophage Response to Gram Positive Bacteria. Genetics 2016; 204:327-36. [PMID: 27356610 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.185314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Host variation in Toll-like receptors and other innate immune signaling molecules alters infection susceptibility. However, only a portion of the variability observed in the innate immune response is accounted for by known genes in these pathways. Thus, the identification of additional genes that regulate the response to Gram positive bacteria is warranted. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) from 43 inbred mouse strains were stimulated with lipotechoic acid (LTA), a major component of the Gram positive bacterial cell wall. Concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α were measured. In silico whole genome association (WGA) mapping was performed using cytokine responses followed by network analysis to prioritize candidate genes. To determine which candidate genes could be responsible for regulating the LTA response, candidate genes were inhibited using RNA interference (RNAi) and were overexpressed in RAW264.7 macrophages. BMMs from Bdkrb1-deficient mice were used to assess the effect of Bdkrb1 gene deletion on the response to LTA, heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae, and heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus WGA mapping identified 117 loci: IL-6 analysis yielded 20 loci (average locus size = 0.133 Mb; 18 genes), IL-12 analysis produced 5 loci (0.201 Mb average; 7 genes), and TNF-α analysis yielded 92 loci (0.464 Mb average; 186 genes of which 46 were prioritized by network analysis). The follow-up small interfering RNA screen of 71 target genes identified four genes (Bdkrb1, Blnk, Fbxo17, and Nkx6-1) whose inhibition resulted in significantly reduced cytokine production following LTA stimulation. Overexpression of these four genes resulted in significantly increased cytokine production in response to LTA. Bdkrb1-deficient macrophages were less responsive to LTA and heat-killed S. aureus, validating the genetic and RNAi approach to identify novel regulators of the response to LTA. We have identified four innate immune response genes that may contribute to Gram positive bacterial susceptibility.
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28
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van der Lee R, Feng Q, Langereis MA, ter Horst R, Szklarczyk R, Netea MG, Andeweg AC, van Kuppeveld FJM, Huynen MA. Integrative Genomics-Based Discovery of Novel Regulators of the Innate Antiviral Response. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004553. [PMID: 26485378 PMCID: PMC4618338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) pathway is essential for detecting cytosolic viral RNA to trigger the production of type I interferons (IFNα/β) that initiate an innate antiviral response. Through systematic assessment of a wide variety of genomics data, we discovered 10 molecular signatures of known RLR pathway components that collectively predict novel members. We demonstrate that RLR pathway genes, among others, tend to evolve rapidly, interact with viral proteins, contain a limited set of protein domains, are regulated by specific transcription factors, and form a tightly connected interaction network. Using a Bayesian approach to integrate these signatures, we propose likely novel RLR regulators. RNAi knockdown experiments revealed a high prediction accuracy, identifying 94 genes among 187 candidates tested (~50%) that affected viral RNA-induced production of IFNβ. The discovered antiviral regulators may participate in a wide range of processes that highlight the complexity of antiviral defense (e.g. MAP3K11, CDK11B, PSMA3, TRIM14, HSPA9B, CDC37, NUP98, G3BP1), and include uncharacterized factors (DDX17, C6orf58, C16orf57, PKN2, SNW1). Our validated RLR pathway list (http://rlr.cmbi.umcn.nl/), obtained using a combination of integrative genomics and experiments, is a new resource for innate antiviral immunity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin van der Lee
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Qian Feng
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A. Langereis
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob ter Horst
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Radek Szklarczyk
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arno C. Andeweg
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A. Huynen
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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29
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O’Connor BP, Danhorn T, De Arras L, Flatley BR, Marcus RA, Farias-Hesson E, Leach SM, Alper S. Regulation of toll-like receptor signaling by the SF3a mRNA splicing complex. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004932. [PMID: 25658809 PMCID: PMC4450051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response plays a key role in fighting infection by activating inflammation and stimulating the adaptive immune response. However, chronic activation of innate immunity can contribute to the pathogenesis of many diseases with an inflammatory component. Thus, various negatively acting factors turn off innate immunity subsequent to its activation to ensure that inflammation is self-limiting and to prevent inflammatory disease. These negatively acting pathways include the production of inhibitory acting alternate proteins encoded by alternative mRNA splice forms of genes in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways. We previously found that the SF3a mRNA splicing complex was required for a robust innate immune response; SF3a acts to promote inflammation in part by inhibiting the production of a negatively acting splice form of the TLR signaling adaptor MyD88. Here we inhibit SF3a1 using RNAi and subsequently perform an RNAseq study to identify the full complement of genes and splicing events regulated by SF3a in murine macrophages. Surprisingly, in macrophages, SF3a has significant preference for mRNA splicing events within innate immune signaling pathways compared with other biological pathways, thereby affecting the splicing of specific genes in the TLR signaling pathway to modulate the innate immune response. Within minutes after we are exposed to pathogens, our bodies react with a rapid response known as the “innate immune response.” This arm of the immune response regulates the process of inflammation, in which various immune cells are recruited to sites of infection and are activated to produce a host of antimicrobial compounds. This response is critical to fight infection. However, this response, if it is activated too strongly or if it becomes chronic, can do damage and can contribute to numerous very common diseases ranging from atherosclerosis to asthma to cancer. Thus it is essential that this response be tightly regulated, turned on when we have an infection, and turned off when not needed. We are investigating a mechanism that helps turn off this response, to ensure that inflammation is limited to prevent inflammatory disease. This mechanism involves the production of alternate forms of RNAs and proteins that control inflammation. We have discovered that a protein known as SF3a1 can regulate the expression of these alternate inhibitory RNA forms and are investigating how to use this knowledge to better control inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. O’Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas Danhorn
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lesly De Arras
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brenna R. Flatley
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Roland A. Marcus
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Eveline Farias-Hesson
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sonia M. Leach
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Scott Alper
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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López Hernández Y, Yero D, Pinos-Rodríguez JM, Gibert I. Animals devoid of pulmonary system as infection models in the study of lung bacterial pathogens. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:38. [PMID: 25699030 PMCID: PMC4316775 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological disease models can be difficult and costly to develop and use on a routine basis. Particularly, in vivo lung infection models performed to study lung pathologies use to be laborious, demand a great time and commonly are associated with ethical issues. When infections in experimental animals are used, they need to be refined, defined, and validated for their intended purpose. Therefore, alternative and easy to handle models of experimental infections are still needed to test the virulence of bacterial lung pathogens. Because non-mammalian models have less ethical and cost constraints as a subjects for experimentation, in some cases would be appropriated to include these models as valuable tools to explore host-pathogen interactions. Numerous scientific data have been argued to the more extensive use of several kinds of alternative models, such as, the vertebrate zebrafish (Danio rerio), and non-vertebrate insects and nematodes (e.g., Caenorhabditis elegans) in the study of diverse infectious agents that affect humans. Here, we review the use of these vertebrate and non-vertebrate models in the study of bacterial agents, which are considered the principal causes of lung injury. Curiously none of these animals have a respiratory system as in air-breathing vertebrates, where respiration takes place in lungs. Despite this fact, with the present review we sought to provide elements in favor of the use of these alternative animal models of infection to reveal the molecular signatures of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamilé López Hernández
- Centro de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis de Potosí, Mexico
| | - Daniel Yero
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan M Pinos-Rodríguez
- Centro de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis de Potosí, Mexico
| | - Isidre Gibert
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
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De Arras L, Guthrie BS, Alper S. Using RNA-interference to investigate the innate immune response in mouse macrophages. J Vis Exp 2014:e51306. [PMID: 25407484 DOI: 10.3791/51306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key phagocytic innate immune cells. When macrophages encounter a pathogen, they produce antimicrobial proteins and compounds to kill the pathogen, produce various cytokines and chemokines to recruit and stimulate other immune cells, and present antigens to stimulate the adaptive immune response. Thus, being able to efficiently manipulate macrophages with techniques such as RNA-interference (RNAi) is critical to our ability to investigate this important innate immune cell. However, macrophages can be technically challenging to transfect and can exhibit inefficient RNAi-induced gene knockdown. In this protocol, we describe methods to efficiently transfect two mouse macrophage cell lines (RAW264.7 and J774A.1) with siRNA using the Amaxa Nucleofector 96-well Shuttle System and describe procedures to maximize the effect of siRNA on gene knockdown. Moreover, the described methods are adapted to work in 96-well format, allowing for medium and high-throughput studies. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we describe experiments that utilize RNAi to inhibit genes that regulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesly De Arras
- Integrated Department of Immunology and Integrated Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Brandon S Guthrie
- Integrated Department of Immunology and Integrated Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Scott Alper
- Integrated Department of Immunology and Integrated Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine;
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Proksch A, Unterer S, Truyen U, Hartmann K. Efficacy of the paramunity inducer PIND-ORF in the treatment of canine parvovirus infection. Vet J 2014; 202:340-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Reshi ML, Wu JL, Wang HV, Hong JR. RNA interference technology used for the study of aquatic virus infections. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:14-23. [PMID: 24945574 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is one of the most important economic activities in Asia and is presently the fastest growing sector of food production in the world. Explosive increases in global fish farming have been accompanied by an increase in viral diseases. Viral infections are responsible for huge economic losses in fish farming, and control of these viral diseases in aquaculture remains a serious challenge. Recent advances in biotechnology have had a significant impact on disease reduction in aquaculture. RNAi is one of the most important technological breakthroughs in modern biology, allowing us to directly observe the effects of the loss of specific genes in living systems. RNA interference technology has emerged as a powerful tool for manipulating gene expression in the laboratory. This technology represents a new therapeutic approach for treating aquatic diseases, including viral infections. RNAi technology is based on a naturally occurring post-transcriptional gene silencing process mediated by the formation of dsRNA. RNAi has been proven widely effective for gene knockdown in mammalian cultured cells, but its utility in fish remains unexplored. This review aims to highlight the RNAi technology that has made significant contributions toward the improvement of aquatic animal health and will also summarize the current status and future strategies concerning the therapeutic applications of RNAi to combat viral disease in aquacultured organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Latif Reshi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Leih Wu
- Laboratory of Marine Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hao-Ven Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiann-Ruey Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan, ROC.
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De Arras L, Laws R, Leach SM, Pontis K, Freedman JH, Schwartz DA, Alper S. Comparative genomics RNAi screen identifies Eftud2 as a novel regulator of innate immunity. Genetics 2014; 197:485-96. [PMID: 24361939 PMCID: PMC4063909 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.113.160499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The extent of the innate immune response is regulated by many positively and negatively acting signaling proteins. This allows for proper activation of innate immunity to fight infection while ensuring that the response is limited to prevent unwanted complications. Thus mutations in innate immune regulators can lead to immune dysfunction or to inflammatory diseases such as arthritis or atherosclerosis. To identify novel innate immune regulators that could affect infectious or inflammatory disease, we have taken a comparative genomics RNAi screening approach in which we inhibit orthologous genes in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and murine macrophages, expecting that genes with evolutionarily conserved function also will regulate innate immunity in humans. Here we report the results of an RNAi screen of approximately half of the C. elegans genome, which led to the identification of many candidate genes that regulate innate immunity in C. elegans and mouse macrophages. One of these novel conserved regulators of innate immunity is the mRNA splicing regulator Eftud2, which we show controls the alternate splicing of the MyD88 innate immunity signaling adaptor to modulate the extent of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesly De Arras
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206 Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206
| | - Rebecca Laws
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Sonia M Leach
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206
| | - Kyle Pontis
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206 Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206
| | - Jonathan H Freedman
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - David A Schwartz
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Scott Alper
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206 Integrated Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206
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35
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Vieira AR, Albandar JM. Role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of aggressive periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2014; 65:92-106. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yingvilasprasert W, Supungul P, Tassanakajon A. PmTBC1D20, a Rab GTPase-activating protein from the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, is involved in white spot syndrome virus infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 42:302-310. [PMID: 24076066 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
TBC (TRE2/BUB2/CDC16) domain proteins contain an ≈ 200-amino-acid motif and function as Rab GTPase-activating proteins that are required for regulating the activity of Rab proteins, and so, in turn, endocytic membrane trafficking in cells. TBC domain family member 20 (TBC1D20) has recently been reported to mediate Hepatitis C virus replication. Herein, PmTBC1D20 identified from the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, was characterized and evaluated for its role in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. The full-length cDNA sequence of PmTBC1D20 contains 2003 bp with a predicted 1443 bp open reading frame encoding a deduced 480 amino acid protein. Its transcript levels were significantly up-regulated at 24 and 48 h by ≈ 2.3- and 2.1-fold, respectively, after systemic infection with WSSV. In addition, depletion of PmTBC1D20 transcript in shrimps by double stranded RNA interference led to a decrease in the level of transcripts of three WSSV genes (VP28, ie1 and wsv477). This suggests the importance of PmTBC1D20 in WSSV infection. This is the first report of TBC1D20 in a crustacean and reveals the possible mechanism used by WSSV to modulate the activity of the host protein, PmTBC1D20, for its benefit in viral trafficking and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchart Yingvilasprasert
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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De Arras L, Alper S. Limiting of the innate immune response by SF3A-dependent control of MyD88 alternative mRNA splicing. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003855. [PMID: 24204290 PMCID: PMC3812059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling infectious disease without inducing unwanted inflammatory disease requires proper regulation of the innate immune response. Thus, innate immunity needs to be activated when needed during an infection, but must be limited to prevent damage. To accomplish this, negative regulators of innate immunity limit the response. Here we investigate one such negative regulator encoded by an alternative splice form of MyD88. MyD88 mRNA exists in two alternative splice forms: MyD88L, a long form that encodes a protein that activates innate immunity by transducing Toll-like receptor (TLR) signals; and a short form that encodes a different protein, MyD88S, that inhibits the response. We find that MyD88S levels regulate the extent of inflammatory cytokine production in murine macrophages. MyD88S mRNA levels are regulated by the SF3A and SF3B mRNA splicing complexes, and these mRNA splicing complexes function with TLR signaling to regulate MyD88S production. Thus, the SF3A mRNA splicing complex controls production of a negative regulator of TLR signaling that limits the extent of innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesly De Arras
- Integrated Department of Immunology and Integrated Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Scott Alper
- Integrated Department of Immunology and Integrated Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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38
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Victorino F, Alper S. Identifying novel spatiotemporal regulators of innate immunity. Immunol Res 2013; 55:3-9. [PMID: 22926826 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response plays a critical role in pathogen clearance. However, dysregulation of innate immunity contributes to acute inflammatory diseases such as sepsis and many chronic inflammatory diseases including asthma, arthritis, and Crohn's disease. Pathogen recognition receptors including the Toll-like family of receptors play a pivotal role in the initiation of inflammation and in the pathogenesis of many diseases with an inflammatory component. Studies over the last 15 years have identified complex innate immune signal transduction pathways involved in inflammation that have provided many new potential therapeutic targets to treat disease. We are investigating several novel genes that exert spatial and in some cases temporal regulation on innate immunity signaling pathways. These novel genes include Tbc1d23, a RAB-GAP that inhibits innate immunity. In this review, we will discuss inflammation, the role of inflammation in disease, innate immune signal transduction pathways, and the use of spatiotemporal regulators of innate immunity as potential targets for discovery and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Victorino
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Cantacessi C, Hofmann A, Pickering D, Navarro S, Mitreva M, Loukas A. TIMPs of parasitic helminths - a large-scale analysis of high-throughput sequence datasets. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:156. [PMID: 23721526 PMCID: PMC3679795 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs) are a multifunctional family of proteins that orchestrate extracellular matrix turnover, tissue remodelling and other cellular processes. In parasitic helminths, such as hookworms, TIMPs have been proposed to play key roles in the host-parasite interplay, including invasion of and establishment in the vertebrate animal hosts. Currently, knowledge of helminth TIMPs is limited to a small number of studies on canine hookworms, whereas no information is available on the occurrence of TIMPs in other parasitic helminths causing neglected diseases. METHODS In the present study, we conducted a large-scale investigation of TIMP proteins of a range of neglected human parasites including the hookworm Necator americanus, the roundworm Ascaris suum, the liver flukes Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini, as well as the schistosome blood flukes. This entailed mining available transcriptomic and/or genomic sequence datasets for the presence of homologues of known TIMPs, predicting secondary structures of defined protein sequences, systematic phylogenetic analyses and assessment of differential expression of genes encoding putative TIMPs in the developmental stages of A. suum, N. americanus and Schistosoma haematobium which infect the mammalian hosts. RESULTS A total of 15 protein sequences with high homology to known eukaryotic TIMPs were predicted from the complement of sequence data available for parasitic helminths and subjected to in-depth bioinformatic analyses. CONCLUSIONS Supported by the availability of gene manipulation technologies such as RNA interference and/or transgenesis, this work provides a basis for future functional explorations of helminth TIMPs and, in particular, of their role/s in fundamental biological pathways linked to long-term establishment in the vertebrate hosts, with a view towards the development of novel approaches for the control of neglected helminthiases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cantacessi
- Center for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Structural Chemistry Program, Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Darren Pickering
- Center for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Severine Navarro
- Center for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alex Loukas
- Center for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
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De Arras L, Seng A, Lackford B, Keikhaee MR, Bowerman B, Freedman JH, Schwartz DA, Alper S. An evolutionarily conserved innate immunity protein interaction network. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:1967-78. [PMID: 23209288 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.407205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response plays a critical role in fighting infection; however, innate immunity also can affect the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, including sepsis, asthma, cancer, and atherosclerosis. To identify novel regulators of innate immunity, we performed comparative genomics RNA interference screens in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and mouse macrophages. These screens have uncovered many candidate regulators of the response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), several of which interact physically in multiple species to form an innate immunity protein interaction network. This protein interaction network contains several proteins in the canonical LPS-responsive TLR4 pathway as well as many novel interacting proteins. Using RNAi and overexpression studies, we show that almost every gene in this network can modulate the innate immune response in mouse cell lines. We validate the importance of this network in innate immunity regulation in vivo using available mutants in C. elegans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesly De Arras
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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Sinha A, Rae R, Iatsenko I, Sommer RJ. System wide analysis of the evolution of innate immunity in the nematode model species Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44255. [PMID: 23028509 PMCID: PMC3461006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of genetic mechanisms used to combat bacterial infections is critical for the survival of animals and plants, yet how these genes evolved to produce a robust defense system is poorly understood. Studies of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have uncovered a plethora of genetic regulators and effectors responsible for surviving pathogens. However, comparative studies utilizing other free-living nematodes and therefore providing an insight into the evolution of innate immunity have been lacking. Here, we take a systems biology approach and use whole genome microarrays to profile the transcriptional response of C. elegans and the necromenic nematode Pristionchus pacificus after exposure to the four different pathogens Serratia marcescens, Xenorhabdus nematophila, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus thuringiensis DB27. C. elegans is susceptible to all four pathogens whilst P. pacificus is only susceptible to S. marcescens and X. nematophila. We show an unexpected level of specificity in host responses to distinct pathogens within and across species, revealing an enormous complexity of effectors of innate immunity. Functional domains enriched in the transcriptomes on different pathogens are similar within a nematode species but different across them, suggesting differences in pathogen sensing and response networks. We find translation inhibition to be a potentially conserved response to gram-negative pathogens in both the nematodes. Further computational analysis indicates that both nematodes when fed on pathogens up-regulate genes known to be involved in other stress responses like heat shock, oxidative and osmotic stress, and genes regulated by DAF-16/FOXO and TGF-beta pathways. This study presents a platform for comparative systems analysis of two nematode model species, and a catalog of genes involved in the evolution of nematode immunity and identifies both pathogen specific and pan-pathogen responses. We discuss the potential effects of ecology on evolution of downstream effectors and upstream regulators on evolution of nematode innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sinha
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robbie Rae
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Igor Iatsenko
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralf J. Sommer
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Effects of psychological stress on innate immunity and metabolism in humans: a systematic analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43232. [PMID: 23028447 PMCID: PMC3446986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is perhaps easiest to conceptualize as a process which allows an organism to accommodate for the demands of its environment such that it can adapt to the prevailing set of conditions. Psychological stress is an important component with the potential to affect physiology adversely as has become evident from various studies in the area. Although these studies have established numerous effects of psychological stress on physiology, a global strategy for the correlation of these effects has yet to begin. Our comparative and systematic analysis of the published literature has unraveled certain interesting molecular mechanisms as clues to account for some of the observed effects of psychological stress on human physiology. In this study, we attempt to understand initial phase of the physiological response to psychological stress by analyzing interactions between innate immunity and metabolism at systems level by analyzing the data available in the literature. In light of our gene association-networks and enrichment analysis we have identified candidate genes and molecular systems which might have some associative role in affecting psychological stress response system or even producing some of the observed terminal effects (such as the associated physiological disorders). In addition to the already accepted role of psychological stress as a perturbation that can disrupt physiological homeostasis, we speculate that it is potentially capable of causing deviation of certain biological processes from their basal level activity after which they can return back to their basal tones once the effects of stress diminish. Based on the derived inferences of our comparative analysis, we have proposed a probabilistic mechanism for how psychological stress could affect physiology such that these adaptive deviations are sometimes not able to bounce back to their original basal tones, and thus increase physiological susceptibility to metabolic and immune imbalance.
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La Fauce K, Owens L. RNA interference with special reference to combating viruses of crustacea. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012; 23:226-43. [PMID: 23997446 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference has evolved from being a nuisance biological phenomenon to a valuable research tool to determine gene function and as a therapeutic agent. Since pioneering observations regarding RNA interference were first reported in the 1990s from the nematode worm, plants and Drosophila, the RNAi phenomenon has since been reported in all eukaryotic organisms investigated from protozoans, plants, arthropods, fish and mammals. The design of RNAi therapeutics has progressed rapidly to designing dsRNA that can specifically and effectively silence disease related genes. Such technology has demonstrated the effective use of short interfering as therapeutics. In the absence of a B cell lineage in arthropods, and hence no long term vaccination strategy being available, the introduction of using RNA interference in crustacea may serve as an effective control and preventative measure for viral diseases for application in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy La Fauce
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
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44
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Rae R, Sinha A, Sommer RJ. Genome-wide analysis of germline signaling genes regulating longevity and innate immunity in the nematode Pristionchus pacificus. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002864. [PMID: 22912581 PMCID: PMC3415453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Removal of the reproductive system of many animals including fish, flies, nematodes, mice and humans can increase lifespan through mechanisms largely unknown. The abrogation of the germline in Caenorhabditis elegans increases longevity by 60% due to a signal emitted from the somatic gonad. Apart from increased longevity, germline-less C. elegans is also resistant to other environmental stressors such as feeding on bacterial pathogens. However, the evolutionary conservation of this pathogen resistance, its genetic basis and an understanding of genes involved in producing this extraordinary survival phenotype are currently unknown. To study these evolutionary aspects we used the necromenic nematode Pristionchus pacificus, which is a genetic model system used in comparison to C. elegans. By ablation of germline precursor cells and subsequent feeding on the pathogen Serratia marcescens we discovered that P. pacificus shows remarkable resistance to bacterial pathogens and that this response is evolutionarily conserved across the Genus Pristionchus. To gain a mechanistic understanding of the increased resistance to bacterial pathogens and longevity in germline-ablated P. pacificus we used whole genome microarrays to profile the transcriptional response comparing germline ablated versus un-ablated animals when fed S. marcescens. We show that lipid metabolism, maintenance of the proteasome, insulin signaling and nuclear pore complexes are essential for germline deficient phenotypes with more than 3,300 genes being differentially expressed. In contrast, gene expression of germline-less P. pacificus on E. coli (longevity) and S. marcescens (immunity) is very similar with only 244 genes differentially expressed indicating that longevity is due to abundant gene expression also involved in immunity. By testing existing mutants of Ppa-DAF-16/FOXO and the nuclear hormone receptor Ppa-DAF-12 we show a conserved function of both genes in resistance to bacterial pathogens and longevity. This is the first study to show that the influence of the reproductive system on extending lifespan and innate immunity is conserved in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbie Rae
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Amit Sinha
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralf J. Sommer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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45
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De Arras L, Yang IV, Lackford B, Riches DWH, Prekeris R, Freedman JH, Schwartz DA, Alper S. Spatiotemporal inhibition of innate immunity signaling by the Tbc1d23 RAB-GAP. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2905-13. [PMID: 22312129 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified Tbc1d23 as a candidate novel regulator of innate immunity using comparative genomics RNA interference screens in Caenorhabditis elegans and mouse macrophages. Using Tbc1d23 knockout mice and macrophages engineered to overexpress Tbc1d23, we now show that Tbc1d23 is a general inhibitor of innate immunity signaling, strongly inhibiting multiple TLR and dectin-signaling pathways. Tbc1d23 likely acts downstream of the TLR-signaling adaptors MyD88 and Trif and upstream of the transcription factor XBP1. Importantly, like XBP1, Tbc1d23 affects the maintenance, but not the initiation, of inflammatory cytokine production induced by LPS. Tbc1d23 acts as a RAB-GAP to regulate innate immunity signaling. Thus, Tbc1d23 exerts its inhibitory effect on innate immunity signaling in a spatiotemporal fashion. The identification of a novel spatiotemporal regulator of innate immunity signaling validates the comparative genomics approach for innate immunity gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesly De Arras
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Caenorhabditis elegans, a model organism for investigating immunity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:2075-81. [PMID: 22286994 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07486-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been a powerful experimental organism for almost half a century. Over the past 10 years, researchers have begun to exploit the power of C. elegans to investigate the biology of a number of human pathogens. This work has uncovered mechanisms of host immunity and pathogen virulence that are analogous to those involved during pathogenesis in humans or other animal hosts, as well as novel immunity mechanisms which appear to be unique to the worm. More recently, these investigations have uncovered details of the natural pathogens of C. elegans, including the description of a novel intracellular microsporidian parasite as well as new nodaviruses, the first identification of viral infections of this nematode. In this review, we consider the application of C. elegans to human infectious disease research, as well as consider the nematode response to these natural pathogens.
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Abstract
The tubby mouse shows a tripartite syndrome characterized by maturity-onset obesity, blindness and deafness. The causative gene Tub is the founding member of a family of related proteins present throughout the animal and plant kingdoms, each characterized by a signature carboxy-terminal tubby domain. This domain consists of a β barrel enclosing a central α helix and binds selectively to specific membrane phosphoinositides. The vertebrate family of tubby-like proteins (TULPs) includes the founding member TUB and the related TULPs, TULP1 to TULP4. Tulp1 is expressed in the retina and mutations in TULP1 cause retinitis pigmentosa in humans; Tulp3 is expressed ubiquitously in the mouse embryo and is important in sonic hedgehog (Shh)-mediated dorso-ventral patterning of the spinal cord. The amino terminus of these proteins is diverse and directs distinct functions. In the best-characterized example, the TULP3 amino terminus binds to the IFT-A complex, a complex important in intraflagellar transport in the primary cilia, through a short conserved domain. Thus, the tubby family proteins seem to serve as bipartite bridges through their phosphoinositide-binding tubby and unique amino-terminal functional domains, coordinating multiple signaling pathways, including ciliary G-protein-coupled receptor trafficking and Shh signaling. Molecular studies on this functionally diverse protein family are beginning to provide us with remarkable insights into the tubby-mouse syndrome and other related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Regulation, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Pukkila-Worley R, Ausubel FM, Mylonakis E. Candida albicans infection of Caenorhabditis elegans induces antifungal immune defenses. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002074. [PMID: 21731485 PMCID: PMC3121877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans yeast cells are found in the intestine of most humans, yet this opportunist can invade host tissues and cause life-threatening infections in susceptible individuals. To better understand the host factors that underlie susceptibility to candidiasis, we developed a new model to study antifungal innate immunity. We demonstrate that the yeast form of C. albicans establishes an intestinal infection in Caenorhabditis elegans, whereas heat-killed yeast are avirulent. Genome-wide, transcription-profiling analysis of C. elegans infected with C. albicans yeast showed that exposure to C. albicans stimulated a rapid host response involving 313 genes (124 upregulated and 189 downregulated, ∼1.6% of the genome) many of which encode antimicrobial, secreted or detoxification proteins. Interestingly, the host genes affected by C. albicans exposure overlapped only to a small extent with the distinct transcriptional responses to the pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus, indicating that there is a high degree of immune specificity toward different bacterial species and C. albicans. Furthermore, genes induced by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were strongly over-represented among the genes downregulated during C. albicans infection, suggesting that in response to fungal pathogens, nematodes selectively repress the transcription of antibacterial immune effectors. A similar phenomenon is well known in the plant immune response, but has not been described previously in metazoans. Finally, 56% of the genes induced by live C. albicans were also upregulated by heat-killed yeast. These data suggest that a large part of the transcriptional response to C. albicans is mediated through “pattern recognition,” an ancient immune surveillance mechanism able to detect conserved microbial molecules (so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs). This study provides new information on the evolution and regulation of the innate immune response to divergent pathogens and demonstrates that nematodes selectively mount specific antifungal defenses at the expense of antibacterial responses. Despite being a part of the normal flora of healthy individuals, Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen of humans and can cause infections that are associated with staggeringly high mortality rates. Here we devise a model for the study of the host immune response to C. albicans infection using the nematode C. elegans. We found that infection with the yeast form of C. albicans induces rapid and robust transcriptional changes in C. elegans. Analyses of these differentially regulated genes indicate that the nematode mounts antifungal defenses that are remarkably distinct from the host responses to pathogenic bacteria and that the nematode recognizes components possessed by heat-killed C. albicans to initiate this response. Interestingly, during infection with a pathogenic fungus, the nematode downregulates antibacterial immune response genes, which may reflect an evolutionary tradeoff between bacterial and fungal defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Read Pukkila-Worley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Frederick M. Ausubel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FMA); (EM)
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FMA); (EM)
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Identification of novel innate immune genes by transcriptional profiling of macrophages stimulated with TLR ligands. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1886-95. [PMID: 21665277 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key receptors in innate immunity and trigger responses following interaction with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLR3, TLR4 and TLR9 recognize double stranded RNA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CpG DNA, respectively. These receptors differ importantly in downstream adaptor molecules. TLR4 signals through MyD88 and TRIF; in contrast, the TLR3 pathway involves only TRIF while TLR9 signals solely through MyD88. To determine how differences in downstream signaling could influence gene expression in innate immunity, gene expression patterns were determined for the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line stimulated with LPS, poly (I:C), or CpG DNA. Gene expression profiles 6 and 24h post-stimulation were analyzed to determine genes, pathways and transcriptional networks induced. As these experiments showed, the number and extent of genes expressed varied with stimulus. LPS and poly (I:C) induced an abundant array of genes in RAW264.7 cells at 6h and 24h following treatment while CpG DNA induced many fewer. By analyzing data for networks and pathways, we prioritized differentially expressed genes with respect to those common to the three TLR ligands as well as those shared by LPS and poly (I:C) but not CpG DNA. The importance of changes in gene expression was demonstrated by experiments indicating that RNA interference-mediated inhibition of two genes identified in this analysis, PLEC1 and TPST1, reduced IL-6 production by J774A.1 and RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS. Together, these findings delineate macrophage gene response patterns induced by different PAMPs and identify new genes that have not previously been implicated in innate immunity.
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Engelmann I, Griffon A, Tichit L, Montañana-Sanchis F, Wang G, Reinke V, Waterston RH, Hillier LW, Ewbank JJ. A comprehensive analysis of gene expression changes provoked by bacterial and fungal infection in C. elegans. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19055. [PMID: 21602919 PMCID: PMC3094335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While Caenorhabditis elegans specifically responds to infection by the up-regulation of certain genes, distinct pathogens trigger the expression of a common set of genes. We applied new methods to conduct a comprehensive and comparative study of the transcriptional response of C. elegans to bacterial and fungal infection. Using tiling arrays and/or RNA-sequencing, we have characterized the genome-wide transcriptional changes that underlie the host's response to infection by three bacterial (Serratia marcescens, Enterococcus faecalis and otorhabdus luminescens) and two fungal pathogens (Drechmeria coniospora and Harposporium sp.). We developed a flexible tool, the WormBase Converter (available at http://wormbasemanager.sourceforge.net/), to allow cross-study comparisons. The new data sets provided more extensive lists of differentially regulated genes than previous studies. Annotation analysis confirmed that genes commonly up-regulated by bacterial infections are related to stress responses. We found substantial overlaps between the genes regulated upon intestinal infection by the bacterial pathogens and Harposporium, and between those regulated by Harposporium and D. coniospora, which infects the epidermis. Among the fungus-regulated genes, there was a significant bias towards genes that are evolving rapidly and potentially encode small proteins. The results obtained using new methods reveal that the response to infection in C. elegans is determined by the nature of the pathogen, the site of infection and the physiological imbalance provoked by infection. They form the basis for future functional dissection of innate immune signaling. Finally, we also propose alternative methods to identify differentially regulated genes that take into account the greater variability in lowly expressed genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Engelmann
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélien Griffon
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | | | - Frédéric Montañana-Sanchis
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Guilin Wang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Valerie Reinke
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Waterston
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - LaDeana W. Hillier
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jonathan J. Ewbank
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- INSERM, U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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