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Gardner LL, Thompson SJ, O'Connor JD, McMahon SJ. Modelling radiobiology. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:18TR01. [PMID: 39159658 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad70f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Radiotherapy has played an essential role in cancer treatment for over a century, and remains one of the best-studied methods of cancer treatment. Because of its close links with the physical sciences, it has been the subject of extensive quantitative mathematical modelling, but a complete understanding of the mechanisms of radiotherapy has remained elusive. In part this is because of the complexity and range of scales involved in radiotherapy-from physical radiation interactions occurring over nanometres to evolution of patient responses over months and years. This review presents the current status and ongoing research in modelling radiotherapy responses across these scales, including basic physical mechanisms of DNA damage, the immediate biological responses this triggers, and genetic- and patient-level determinants of response. Finally, some of the major challenges in this field and potential avenues for future improvements are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia L Gardner
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
| | - Shannon J Thompson
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
| | - John D O'Connor
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
- Ulster University School of Engineering, York Street, Belfast BT15 1AP, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J McMahon
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
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2
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Lyng FM, Azzam EI. Abscopal Effects, Clastogenic Effects and Bystander Effects: 70 Years of Non-Targeted Effects of Radiation. Radiat Res 2024; 202:355-367. [PMID: 38986531 DOI: 10.1667/rade-24-00040.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo observations accumulated over several decades have firmly shown that the biological effects of ionizing radiation can spread from irradiated cells/tissues to non-targeted cells/tissues. Redox-modulated intercellular communication mechanisms that include a role for secreted factors and gap junctions, can mediate these non-targeted effects. Clearly, the expression of such effects and their transmission to progeny cells has implications for issues related to radiation protection. Their elucidation is also relevant towards enhancing the efficacy of cancer radiotherapy and reducing its impact on the development of normal tissue toxicities. In addition, the study of non-targeted effects is pertinent to our basic understanding of intercellular communications under conditions of oxidative stress. This review will trace the history of non-targeted effects of radiation starting with early reports of abscopal effects which described radiation induced effects in tissues distant from the site of radiation exposure. A related effect involved the production of clastogenic factors in plasma following irradiation which can induce chromosome damage in unirradiated cells. Despite these early reports suggesting non-targeted effects of radiation, the classical paradigm that a direct deposition of energy in the nucleus was required still dominated. This paradigm was challenged by papers describing radiation induced bystander effects. This review will cover mechanisms of radiation-induced bystander effects and the potential impacts on radiation protection and radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Lyng
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, FOCAS Research Institute
- School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Edouard I Azzam
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey
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3
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Mothersill C, Seymour C, Cocchetto A, Williams D. Factors Influencing Effects of Low-dose Radiation Exposure. HEALTH PHYSICS 2024; 126:296-308. [PMID: 38526248 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT It is now well accepted that the mechanisms induced by low-dose exposures to ionizing radiation (LDR) are different from those occurring after high-dose exposures. However, the downstream effects of these mechanisms are unclear as are the quantitative relationships between exposure, effect, harm, and risk. In this paper, we will discuss the mechanisms known to be important with an overall emphasis on how so-called "non-targeted effects" (NTE) communicate and coordinate responses to LDR. Targeted deposition of ionizing radiation energy in cells causing DNA damage is still regarded as the dominant trigger leading to all downstream events whether targeted or non-targeted. We regard this as an over-simplification dating back to formal target theory. It ignores that last 100 y of biological research into stress responses and signaling mechanisms in organisms exposed to toxic substances, including ionizing radiation. We will provide evidence for situations where energy deposition in cellular targets alone cannot be plausible as a mechanism for LDR effects. An example is where the energy deposition takes place in an organism not receiving the radiation dose. We will also discuss how effects after LDR depend more on dose rate and radiation quality rather than actual dose, which appears rather irrelevant. Finally, we will use recent evidence from studies of cataract and melanoma induction to suggest that after LDR, post-translational effects, such as protein misfolding or defects in energy metabolism or mitochondrial function, may dominate the etiology and progression of the disease. A focus on such novel pathways may open the way to successful prophylaxis and development of new biomarkers for better risk assessment after low dose exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Mothersill
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St., Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St., Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Alan Cocchetto
- The National CFIDS Foundation, 285 Beach Ave., Hull, MA 02045
| | - David Williams
- Cambridge University, The Old Schools, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
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4
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Wang L, Wang S, Zhang J, Peng J, Cheng B, Li H, Hu Q. Radiotherapy upregulated immune checkpoints contribute to the development of second primary OSCC. Oral Dis 2024; 30:2188-2201. [PMID: 37213085 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Radiation injury is common after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Radiotherapy can reshape the immune microenvironment and cause immunosuppression, including dysregulation of immune checkpoints (ICs). However, the relationship between oral ICs expression after radiation and the development of second primary tumors is unclear. METHODS Clinical specimens of second primary oral squamous cell carcinoma after radiotherapy (s-OSCC) and primary OSCC (p-OSCC) were collected. The expression and prognostic value of PD-1, VISTA, and TIM-3 were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. To further clarify the relationship between radiation and ICs alteration, a rat model was constructed to explore the spatiotemporal changes of ICs in the oral mucosa after radiation. RESULTS In carcinoma tissue, the expression of TIM-3 was higher in s-OSCC than in p-OSCC, while the expression of PD-1 and VISTA was similar between the groups. In para-carcinoma tissue, the expression of PD-1, VISTA, and TIM-3 was higher in s-OSCC. High ICs expression was associated with poor survival. In the rat model, ICs were locally upregulated in the irradiated tongue. Moreover, there was a bystander effect, in which the ICs were also upregulated in the unirradiated site. CONCLUSION Radiation may upregulate ICs expression in oral mucosa and contribute to the development of s-OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Peng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinchao Hu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Alvandi M, Javid RN, Shaghaghi Z, Farzipour S, Nosrati S. An In-depth Analysis of the Adverse Effects of Ionizing Radiation Exposure on Cardiac Catheterization Staffs. Curr Radiopharm 2024; 17:219-228. [PMID: 38314600 DOI: 10.2174/0118744710283181231229112417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Diagnostic and interventional angiograms are instrumental in the multidisciplinary approach to CAD management, enabling accurate diagnosis and effective targeted treatments that significantly enhance patient care and cardiovascular outcomes. However, cath lab staff, including interventional cardiologists, is consistently exposed to ionizing radiation, which poses inherent health risks. Radiation exposure in the cath lab primarily results from the use of fluoroscopy and cineangiography during diagnostic and interventional procedures. Understanding these risks and implementing effective radiation protection measurements are imperative to ensure the well-being of healthcare professionals while delivering high-quality cardiac care. Prolonged and repeated exposure can lead to both deterministic and stochastic effects. Deterministic effects, such as skin erythema and tissue damage, are more likely to occur at high radiation doses. Interventional cardiologists and staff may experience these effects when safety measures are not rigorously followed. In fact, while ionizing radiation is essential in the practice of radiation cardiology ward, cath lab staff faces inherent risks from radiation exposure. Stochastic effects, on the other hand, are characterized by a probabilistic relationship between radiation exposure and the likelihood of harm. These effects include the increased risk of cancer, particularly for those with long-term exposure. Interventional cardiologists, due to their frequent presence in the cath lab, face a higher lifetime cumulative radiation dose, potentially elevating their cancer risk. Protective measures, including the use of lead aprons, thyroid shields, and radiation monitoring devices, play a crucial role in reducing radiation exposure for cath lab personnel. Adherence to strict dose optimization protocols, such as minimizing fluoroscopy time and maximizing distance from the radiation source, is also essential in mitigating these risks. Ongoing research and advancements in radiation safety technology are essential in further for minimizing the adverse effects of ionizing radiation in the cath lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alvandi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Shaghaghi
- Cancer Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Soghra Farzipour
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Heshmat Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Guilan, Iran
| | - Sahar Nosrati
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16 Str, 03-195, Warsaw, Poland
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Yang D, Chen M, Yang S, Deng F, Guo X. Connexin hemichannels and pannexin channels in toxicity: Recent advances and mechanistic insights. Toxicology 2023; 488:153488. [PMID: 36918108 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Connexin hemichannels and pannexin channels are two types of transmembrane channels that allow autocrine/paracrine signalling through the exchange of ions and molecules between the intra- and extracellular compartments. However, owing to the poor selectivity of permeable ions and metabolites, the massive opening of these plasma membrane channels can lead to an excessive influx of toxic substances and an outflux of essential metabolites, such as adenosine triphosphate, glutathione, glutamate and ions, resulting in unbalanced cell homeostasis and impaired cell function. It is becoming increasingly clear that these channels can be activated in response to external stimuli and are involved in toxicity, yet their concrete mechanistic roles in the toxic effects induced by stress and various environmental changes remain poorly defined. This review provides an updated understanding of connexin hemichannels and pannexin channels in response to multiple extrinsic stressors and how these activated channels and their permeable messengers participate in toxicological pathways and processes, including inflammation, oxidative damage, intracellular calcium imbalance, bystander DNA damage and excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyuan Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Sijia Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Furong Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Xinbiao Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, China.
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Nakamura N. Radiation-induced increases in cancer mortality result from an earlier onset of the disease in mice and atomic bomb survivors. Int J Radiat Biol 2023:1-9. [PMID: 36525558 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2158246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has long been thought that the carcinogenic effect of radiation is due to the induction of oncogenic mutations, which means that a fraction of the irradiated individuals will be affected in a dose-dependent manner. This dogma was recently challenged because it was found that the model does not properly explain the life shortening effect of radiation which is seen as a parallel shift of mouse survival curves toward younger ages following an exposure to radiation. Specifically, according to the mutation induction theory, an irradiated mouse or human population evolves into two subpopulations with different mean lifespans, which would lead to a wider distribution of individual lifespans, and hence to a shallower slope in the survival curve, which is not what is observed. Instead, the parallel shift indicates that a large fraction of the irradiated mice are affected (but there are exceptions). Thus, it was thought important to pursue how the excess risk for cancer develops following an exposure to radiation. METHOD In the present study, cancer mortality data from mice and atomic-bomb survivors is presented to understand the increasing patterns of cancer risks. RESULTS In both species, it was found that cancer mortality starts to increase earlier in the exposed group. CONCLUSION The results are consistent with the notion that in many irradiated organs (but not all) radiation-induced tissue damage can lead to the development of an altered microenvironment (most probably inflammation), which is favorable to the growth of spontaneously arising tumor cells and can lead to an earlier onset of the diseases or to an apparently increased risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nori Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
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8
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Pazzaglia S, Eidemüller M, Lumniczky K, Mancuso M, Ramadan R, Stolarczyk L, Moertl S. Out-of-field effects: lessons learned from partial body exposure. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2022; 61:485-504. [PMID: 36001144 PMCID: PMC9722818 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-022-00988-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Partial body exposure and inhomogeneous dose delivery are features of the majority of medical and occupational exposure situations. However, mounting evidence indicates that the effects of partial body exposure are not limited to the irradiated area but also have systemic effects that are propagated outside the irradiated field. It was the aim of the "Partial body exposure" session within the MELODI workshop 2020 to discuss recent developments and insights into this field by covering clinical, epidemiological, dosimetric as well as mechanistic aspects. Especially the impact of out-of-field effects on dysfunctions of immune cells, cardiovascular diseases and effects on the brain were debated. The presentations at the workshop acknowledged the relevance of out-of-field effects as components of the cellular and organismal radiation response. Furthermore, their importance for the understanding of radiation-induced pathologies, for the discovery of early disease biomarkers and for the identification of high-risk organs after inhomogeneous exposure was emphasized. With the rapid advancement of clinical treatment modalities, including new dose rates and distributions a better understanding of individual health risk is urgently needed. To achieve this, a deeper mechanistic understanding of out-of-field effects in close connection to improved modelling was suggested as priorities for future research. This will support the amelioration of risk models and the personalization of risk assessments for cancer and non-cancer effects after partial body irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Pazzaglia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, ENEA CR-Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - M. Eidemüller
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - K. Lumniczky
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Unit of Radiation Medicine, National Public Health Centre, Albert Florian u. 2-6, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - M. Mancuso
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, ENEA CR-Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - R. Ramadan
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - L. Stolarczyk
- Danish Centre for Particle Therapy, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 25, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - S. Moertl
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
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Qin F, Chen G, Yu KN, Yang M, Cao W, Kong P, Peng S, Sun M, Nie L, Han W. Golgi Phosphoprotein 3 Mediates Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect via ERK/EGR1/TNF-α Signal Axis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2172. [PMID: 36358544 PMCID: PMC9686538 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE), an important non-targeted effect of radiation, has been proposed to be associated with irradiation-caused secondary cancers and reproductive damage beyond the irradiation-treated area after radiotherapy. However, the mechanisms for RIBE signal(s) regulation and transduction are not well understood. In the present work, we found that a Golgi protein, GOLPH3, was involved in RIBE transduction. Knocking down GOLPH3 in irradiated cells blocked the generation of the RIBE, whereas re-expression of GOLPH3 in knockdown cells rescued the RIBE. Furthermore, TNF-α was identified as an important intercellular signal molecule in the GOLPH3-mediated RIBE. A novel signal axis, GOLPH3/ERK/EGR1, was discovered to modulate the transcription of TNF-α and determine the level of released TNF-α. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of the RIBE and a potential target for RIBE modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Scinece Island Branch, Graduate School of USTC, Hefei 230026, China
- Institute of Sericultural, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230061, China
| | - Guodong Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Kwan Ngok Yu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Miaomiao Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Scinece Island Branch, Graduate School of USTC, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Scinece Island Branch, Graduate School of USTC, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Peizhong Kong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shengjie Peng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Scinece Island Branch, Graduate School of USTC, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mingyu Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Scinece Island Branch, Graduate School of USTC, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lili Nie
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Institute of Sericultural, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230061, China
| | - Wei Han
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Institute of Sericultural, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230061, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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10
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Tanno B, Novelli F, Leonardi S, Merla C, Babini G, Giardullo P, Kadhim M, Traynor D, Medipally DKR, Meade AD, Lyng FM, Tapio S, Marchetti L, Saran A, Pazzaglia S, Mancuso M. MiRNA-Mediated Fibrosis in the Out-of-Target Heart following Partial-Body Irradiation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143463. [PMID: 35884524 PMCID: PMC9323333 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have shown a link between radiation exposure and non-cancer diseases such as radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD). Radiation exposures are often inhomogeneous, and out-of-target effects have been studied in terms of cancer risk, but very few studies have been carried out for non-cancer diseases. Here, the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of RIHD was investigated. C57Bl/6J female mice were whole- (WBI) or partial-body-irradiated (PBI) with 2 Gy of X-rays or sham-irradiated (SI). In PBI exposure, the lower third of the mouse body was irradiated, while the upper two-thirds were shielded. From all groups, hearts were collected 15 days or 6 months post-irradiation. The MiRNome analysis at 15 days post-irradiation showed that miRNAs, belonging to the myomiR family, were highly differentially expressed in WBI and PBI mouse hearts compared with SI hearts. Raman spectral data collected 15 days and 6 months post-irradiation showed biochemical differences among SI, WBI and PBI mouse hearts. Fibrosis in WBI and PBI mouse hearts, indicated by the increased deposition of collagen and the overexpression of genes involved in myofibroblast activation, was found 6 months post-irradiation. Using an in vitro co-culture system, involving directly irradiated skeletal muscle and unirradiated ventricular cardiac human cells, we propose the role of miR-1/133a as mediators of the abscopal response, suggesting that miRNA-based strategies could be relevant for limiting tissue-dependent reactions in non-directly irradiated tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tanno
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (F.N.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (P.G.); (L.M.); (A.S.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (B.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Flavia Novelli
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (F.N.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (P.G.); (L.M.); (A.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Simona Leonardi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (F.N.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (P.G.); (L.M.); (A.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Caterina Merla
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (F.N.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (P.G.); (L.M.); (A.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Gabriele Babini
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paola Giardullo
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (F.N.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (P.G.); (L.M.); (A.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Munira Kadhim
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University (OBU), Oxford OX3 0BP, UK;
| | - Damien Traynor
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, Technological University Dublin, D02 HW71 Dublin, Ireland; (D.T.); (D.K.R.M.); (A.D.M.); (F.M.L.)
| | - Dinesh K. R. Medipally
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, Technological University Dublin, D02 HW71 Dublin, Ireland; (D.T.); (D.K.R.M.); (A.D.M.); (F.M.L.)
| | - Aidan D. Meade
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, Technological University Dublin, D02 HW71 Dublin, Ireland; (D.T.); (D.K.R.M.); (A.D.M.); (F.M.L.)
| | - Fiona M. Lyng
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, Technological University Dublin, D02 HW71 Dublin, Ireland; (D.T.); (D.K.R.M.); (A.D.M.); (F.M.L.)
| | - Soile Tapio
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Luca Marchetti
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (F.N.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (P.G.); (L.M.); (A.S.); (S.P.)
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Anna Saran
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (F.N.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (P.G.); (L.M.); (A.S.); (S.P.)
- Department of Radiation Physics, Guglielmo Marconi University, 00193 Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Pazzaglia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (F.N.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (P.G.); (L.M.); (A.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (F.N.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (P.G.); (L.M.); (A.S.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (B.T.); (M.M.)
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11
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Jokar S, Marques IA, Khazaei S, Martins-Marques T, Girao H, Laranjo M, Botelho MF. The Footprint of Exosomes in the Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9060243. [PMID: 35735486 PMCID: PMC9220715 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9060243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is widely used as the primary treatment option for several cancer types. However, radiation therapy is a nonspecific method and associated with significant challenges such as radioresistance and non-targeted effects. The radiation-induced non-targeted effects on nonirradiated cells nearby are known as bystander effects, while effects far from the ionising radiation-exposed cells are known as abscopal effects. These effects are presented as a consequence of intercellular communications. Therefore, a better understanding of the involved intercellular signals may bring promising new strategies for radiation risk assessment and potential targets for developing novel radiotherapy strategies. Recent studies indicate that radiation-derived extracellular vesicles, particularly exosomes, play a vital role in intercellular communications and may result in radioresistance and non-targeted effects. This review describes exosome biology, intercellular interactions, and response to different environmental stressors and diseases, and focuses on their role as functional mediators in inducing radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Safura Jokar
- Department of Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P94V+927, Iran;
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.A.M.); (M.L.)
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (T.M.-M.); (H.G.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês A. Marques
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.A.M.); (M.L.)
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (T.M.-M.); (H.G.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Saeedeh Khazaei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P94V+927, Iran;
| | - Tania Martins-Marques
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (T.M.-M.); (H.G.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical and Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girao
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (T.M.-M.); (H.G.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical and Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Laranjo
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.A.M.); (M.L.)
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (T.M.-M.); (H.G.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical and Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Filomena Botelho
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.A.M.); (M.L.)
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (T.M.-M.); (H.G.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical and Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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12
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Buonanno M, Gonon G, Pandey BN, Azzam EI. The intercellular communications mediating radiation-induced bystander effects and their relevance to environmental, occupational, and therapeutic exposures. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 99:964-982. [PMID: 35559659 PMCID: PMC9809126 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2078006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The assumption that traversal of the cell nucleus by ionizing radiation is a prerequisite to induce genetic damage, or other important biological responses, has been challenged by studies showing that oxidative alterations extend beyond the irradiated cells and occur also in neighboring bystander cells. Cells and tissues outside the radiation field experience significant biochemical and phenotypic changes that are often similar to those observed in the irradiated cells and tissues. With relevance to the assessment of long-term health risks of occupational, environmental and clinical exposures, measurable genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic changes have been also detected in the progeny of bystander cells. How the oxidative damage spreads from the irradiated cells to their neighboring bystander cells has been under intense investigation. Following a brief summary of the trends in radiobiology leading to this paradigm shift in the field, we review key findings of bystander effects induced by low and high doses of various types of radiation that differ in their biophysical characteristics. While notable mechanistic insights continue to emerge, here the focus is on the many means of intercellular communication that mediate these effects, namely junctional channels, secreted molecules and extracellular vesicles, and immune pathways. CONCLUSIONS The insights gained by studying radiation bystander effects are leading to a basic understanding of the intercellular communications that occur under mild and severe oxidative stress in both normal and cancerous tissues. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these communications will likely contribute to reducing the uncertainty of predicting adverse health effects following exposure to low dose/low fluence ionizing radiation, guide novel interventions that mitigate adverse out-of-field effects, and contribute to better outcomes of radiotherapeutic treatments of cancer. In this review, we highlight novel routes of intercellular communication for investigation, and raise the rationale for reconsidering classification of bystander responses, abscopal effects, and expression of genomic instability as non-targeted effects of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Buonanno
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Géraldine Gonon
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSESANTE/SERAMED/LRAcc, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Badri N. Pandey
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Edouard I. Azzam
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Isotopes, Radiobiology & Environment Directorate (IRED), Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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13
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Kovalchuk A, Mychasiuk R, Muhammad A, Hossain S, Ghose A, Kirkby C, Ghasroddashti E, Kovalchuk O, Kolb B. Complex housing partially mitigates low dose radiation-induced changes in brain and behavior in rats. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2022; 40:109-124. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-211216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: In recent years, much effort has been focused on developing new strategies for the prevention and mitigation of adverse radiation effects on healthy tissues and organs, including the brain. The brain is very sensitive to radiation effects, albeit as it is highly plastic. Hence, deleterious radiation effects may be potentially reversible. Because radiation exposure affects dendritic space, reduces the brain’s ability to produce new neurons, and alters behavior, mitigation efforts should focus on restoring these parameters. To that effect, environmental enrichment through complex housing (CH) and exercise may provide a plausible avenue for exploration of protection from brain irradiation. CH is a much broader concept than exercise alone, and constitutes exposure of animals to positive physical and social stimulation that is superior to their routine housing and care conditions. We hypothesized that CHs may lessen harmful neuroanatomical and behavioural effects of low dose radiation exposure. Methods: We analyzed and compared cerebral morphology in animals exposed to low dose head, bystander (liver), and scatter irradiation on rats housed in either the environmental enrichment condos or standard housing. Results: Enriched condo conditions ameliorated radiation-induced neuroanatomical changes. Moreover, irradiated animals that were kept in enriched CH condos displayed fewer radiation-induced behavioural deficits than those housed in standard conditions. Conclusions: Animal model-based environmental enrichment strategies, such as CH, are excellent surrogate models for occupational and exercise therapy in humans, and consequently have significant translational possibility. Our study may thus serve as a roadmap for the development of new, easy, safe and cost-effective methods to prevent and mitigate low-dose radiation effects on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna. Kovalchuk
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | | | - Arif. Muhammad
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Shakhawat. Hossain
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Abhijit. Ghose
- Jack Ady Cancer Center, Alberta Health Services, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Charles. Kirkby
- Jack Ady Cancer Center, Alberta Health Services, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Esmaeel. Ghasroddashti
- Jack Ady Cancer Center, Alberta Health Services, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Olga. Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Bryan. Kolb
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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14
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Non-Targeted Effects of Synchrotron Radiation: Lessons from Experiments at the Australian and European Synchrotrons. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12042079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Studies have been conducted at synchrotron facilities in Europe and Australia to explore a variety of applications of synchrotron X-rays in medicine and biology. We discuss the major technical aspects of the synchrotron irradiation setups, paying specific attention to the Australian Synchrotron (AS) and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) as those best configured for a wide range of biomedical research involving animals and future cancer patients. Due to ultra-high dose rates, treatment doses can be delivered within milliseconds, abiding by FLASH radiotherapy principles. In addition, a homogeneous radiation field can be spatially fractionated into a geometric pattern called microbeam radiotherapy (MRT); a coplanar array of thin beams of microscopic dimensions. Both are clinically promising radiotherapy modalities because they trigger a cascade of biological effects that improve tumor control, while increasing normal tissue tolerance compared to conventional radiation. Synchrotrons can deliver high doses to a very small volume with low beam divergence, thus facilitating the study of non-targeted effects of these novel radiation modalities in both in-vitro and in-vivo models. Non-targeted radiation effects studied at the AS and ESRF include monitoring cell–cell communication after partial irradiation of a cell population (radiation-induced bystander effect, RIBE), the response of tissues outside the irradiated field (radiation-induced abscopal effect, RIAE), and the influence of irradiated animals on non-irradiated ones in close proximity (inter-animal RIBE). Here we provide a summary of these experiments and perspectives on their implications for non-targeted effects in biomedical fields.
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15
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Pazzaglia S, Tanno B, De Stefano I, Giardullo P, Leonardi S, Merla C, Babini G, Tuncay Cagatay S, Mayah A, Kadhim M, Lyng FM, von Toerne C, Khan ZN, Subedi P, Tapio S, Saran A, Mancuso M. Micro-RNA and Proteomic Profiles of Plasma-Derived Exosomes from Irradiated Mice Reveal Molecular Changes Preventing Apoptosis in Neonatal Cerebellum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042169. [PMID: 35216284 PMCID: PMC8878539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell communication via exosomes is capable of influencing cell fate in stress situations such as exposure to ionizing radiation. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that exosomes might play a role in out-of-target radiation effects by carrying molecular signaling mediators of radiation damage, as well as opposite protective functions resulting in resistance to radiotherapy. However, a global understanding of exosomes and their radiation-induced regulation, especially within the context of an intact mammalian organism, has been lacking. In this in vivo study, we demonstrate that, compared to sham-irradiated (SI) mice, a distinct pattern of proteins and miRNAs is found packaged into circulating plasma exosomes after whole-body and partial-body irradiation (WBI and PBI) with 2 Gy X-rays. A high number of deregulated proteins (59% of WBI and 67% of PBI) was found in the exosomes of irradiated mice. In total, 57 and 13 miRNAs were deregulated in WBI and PBI groups, respectively, suggesting that the miRNA cargo is influenced by the tissue volume exposed to radiation. In addition, five miRNAs (miR-99b-3p, miR-200a-3p, miR-200a, miR-182-5p, miR-182) were commonly overexpressed in the exosomes from the WBI and PBI groups. In this study, particular emphasis was also given to the determination of the in vivo effect of exosome transfer by intracranial injection in the highly radiosensitive neonatal cerebellum at postnatal day 3. In accordance with a major overall anti-apoptotic function of the commonly deregulated miRNAs, here, we report that exosomes from the plasma of irradiated mice, especially in the case of WBI, prevent radiation-induced apoptosis, thus holding promise for exosome-based future therapeutic applications against radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Pazzaglia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (I.D.S.); (P.G.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Barbara Tanno
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (I.D.S.); (P.G.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Ilaria De Stefano
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (I.D.S.); (P.G.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Paola Giardullo
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (I.D.S.); (P.G.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Simona Leonardi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (I.D.S.); (P.G.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Caterina Merla
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (I.D.S.); (P.G.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Gabriele Babini
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Seda Tuncay Cagatay
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (S.T.C.); (A.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Ammar Mayah
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (S.T.C.); (A.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Munira Kadhim
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (S.T.C.); (A.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Fiona M. Lyng
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin), D07 EWV4 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Christine von Toerne
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), Institute of Radiation Biology, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; (C.v.T.); (Z.N.K.); (P.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Zohaib N. Khan
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), Institute of Radiation Biology, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; (C.v.T.); (Z.N.K.); (P.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Prabal Subedi
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), Institute of Radiation Biology, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; (C.v.T.); (Z.N.K.); (P.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Soile Tapio
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), Institute of Radiation Biology, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; (C.v.T.); (Z.N.K.); (P.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Anna Saran
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (I.D.S.); (P.G.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (I.D.S.); (P.G.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (M.M.)
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16
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He D, Zhao Z, Fu B, Li X, Zhao L, Chen Y, Liu L, Liu R, Li J. Exosomes Participate in the Radiotherapy Resistance of Cancers. Radiat Res 2022; 197:559-565. [PMID: 35588472 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00115.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan He
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China
| | | | - Bo Fu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China
| | - Long Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China
| | - Yongbin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sich
| | - Jingyi Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China
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17
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Lico C, Tanno B, Marchetti L, Novelli F, Giardullo P, Arcangeli C, Pazzaglia S, Podda MS, Santi L, Bernini R, Baschieri S, Mancuso M. Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus Nanoparticles as a Platform for Drug Delivery to Shh-Dependent Medulloblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10523. [PMID: 34638864 PMCID: PMC8509062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a primary central nervous system tumor affecting mainly young children. New strategies of drug delivery are urgent to treat MB and, in particular, the SHH-dependent subtype-the most common in infants-in whom radiotherapy is precluded due to the severe neurological side effects. Plant virus nanoparticles (NPs) represent an innovative solution for this challenge. Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) was functionally characterized as a carrier for drug targeted delivery to a murine model of Shh-MB. The TBSV NPs surface was genetically engineered with peptides for brain cancer cell targeting, and the modified particles were produced on a large scale using Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Tests on primary cultures of Shh-MB cells allowed us to define the most efficient peptides able to induce specific uptake of TBSV. Immunofluorescence and molecular dynamics simulations supported the hypothesis that the specific targeting of the NPs was mediated by the interaction of the peptides with their natural partners and reinforced by the presentation in association with the virus. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the delivery of Doxorubicin through the chimeric TBSV allowed reducing the dose of the chemotherapeutic agent necessary to induce a significant decrease in tumor cells viability. Moreover, the systemic administration of TBSV NPs in MB symptomatic mice, independently of sex, confirmed the ability of the virus to reach the tumor in a specific manner. A significant advantage in the recognition of the target appeared when TBSV NPs were functionalized with the CooP peptide. Overall, these results open new perspectives for the use of TBSV as a vehicle for the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics to MB in order to reduce early and late toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lico
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy;
| | - Barbara Tanno
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (L.M.); (F.N.); (P.G.); (S.P.)
| | - Luca Marchetti
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (L.M.); (F.N.); (P.G.); (S.P.)
| | - Flavia Novelli
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (L.M.); (F.N.); (P.G.); (S.P.)
| | - Paola Giardullo
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (L.M.); (F.N.); (P.G.); (S.P.)
| | - Caterina Arcangeli
- Laboratory of Health and Environment, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (M.S.P.)
| | - Simonetta Pazzaglia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (L.M.); (F.N.); (P.G.); (S.P.)
| | - Maurizio S. Podda
- Laboratory of Health and Environment, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (M.S.P.)
| | - Luca Santi
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Roberta Bernini
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Selene Baschieri
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy; (B.T.); (L.M.); (F.N.); (P.G.); (S.P.)
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18
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Song Y, Hu S, Zhang J, Zhu L, Zhao X, Chen Q, Zhang J, Bai Y, Pan Y, Shao C. Fractionated Irradiation of Right Thorax Induces Abscopal Damage on Bone Marrow Cells via TNF-α and SAA. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9964. [PMID: 34576128 PMCID: PMC8468747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced abscopal effect (RIAE) outside of radiation field is becoming more attractive. However, the underlying mechanisms are still obscure. This work investigated the deleterious effect of thoracic irradiation (Th-IR) on distant bone marrow and associated signaling factors by irradiating the right thorax of mice with fractionated doses (8 Gy × 3). It was found that this localized Th-IR increased apoptosis of bone marrow cells and micronucleus formation of bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes after irradiation. Tandem mass tagging (TMT) analysis and ELISA assay showed that the concentrations of TNF-α and serum amyloid A (SAA) in the mice were significantly increased after Th-IR. An immunohistochemistry assay revealed a robust increase in SAA expression in the liver rather than in the lungs after Th-IR. In vitro experiments demonstrated that TNF-α induced SAA expression in mouse hepatoma Hepa1-6 cells, and these two signaling factors induced DNA damage in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS). On the other hand, injection with TNF-α inhibitor before Th-IR reduced the secretion of SAA and attenuated the abscopal damage in bone marrow. ROS scavenger NAC could also mitigated Th-IR/SAA-induced bone marrow damage in mice. Our findings indicated that Th-IR triggered TNF-α release from lung, which further promoted SAA secretion from liver in a manner of cascade reaction. Consequently, these signaling factors resulted in induction of abscopal damage on bone marrow of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yan Pan
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (Y.S.); (S.H.); (J.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.B.)
| | - Chunlin Shao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (Y.S.); (S.H.); (J.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.); (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.B.)
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19
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Rasheed S, Rehman K, Akash MSH. An insight into the risk factors of brain tumors and their therapeutic interventions. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112119. [PMID: 34474351 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are an abnormal growth of cells in the brain, also known as multifactorial groups of neoplasm. Incidence rates of brain tumors increase rapidly, and it has become a leading cause of tumor related deaths globally. Several factors have potential risks for intracranial neoplasm. To date, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified the ionizing radiation and the N-nitroso compounds as established carcinogens and probable carcinogens respectively. Diagnosis of brain tumors is based on histopathology and suitable imaging techniques. Labeled amino acids and fluorodeoxyglucose with or without contrast-enhanced MRI are used for the evaluation of tumor traces. T2-weighted MRI is an advanced diagnostic implementation, used for the detection of low-grade gliomas. Treatment decisions are based on tumor size, location, type, patient's age and health status. Conventional therapeutic approaches for tumor treatment are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. While the novel strategies may include targeted therapy, electric field treatments and vaccine therapy. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors is an attractive tumor mitigation strategy for advanced-stage cancers; in the future, it may prove to be a useful targeted therapy. The blood-brain barrier poses a major hurdle in the transport of therapeutics towards brain tissues. Moreover, nanomedicine has gained a vital role in cancer therapy. Nano drug delivery system such as liposomal drug delivery has been widely used in the cancer treatment. Liposome encapsulated drugs have improved therapeutic efficacy than free drugs. Numerous treatment therapies for brain tumors are in advanced clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumbal Rasheed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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20
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Out-of-Field Hippocampus from Partial-Body Irradiated Mice Displays Changes in Multi-Omics Profile and Defects in Neurogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084290. [PMID: 33924260 PMCID: PMC8074756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain undergoes ionizing radiation exposure in many clinical situations, particularly during radiotherapy for brain tumors. The critical role of the hippocampus in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced neurocognitive dysfunction is well recognized. The goal of this study is to test the potential contribution of non-targeted effects in the detrimental response of the hippocampus to irradiation and to elucidate the mechanisms involved. C57Bl/6 mice were whole body (WBI) or partial body (PBI) irradiated with 0.1 or 2.0 Gy of X-rays or sham irradiated. PBI consisted of the exposure of the lower third of the mouse body, whilst the upper two thirds were shielded. Hippocampi were collected 15 days or 6 months post-irradiation and a multi-omics approach was adopted to assess the molecular changes in non-coding RNAs, proteins and metabolic levels, as well as histological changes in the rate of hippocampal neurogenesis. Notably, at 2.0 Gy the pattern of early molecular and histopathological changes induced in the hippocampus at 15 days following PBI were similar in quality and quantity to the effects induced by WBI, thus providing a proof of principle of the existence of out-of-target radiation response in the hippocampus of conventional mice. We detected major alterations in DAG/IP3 and TGF-β signaling pathways as well as in the expression of proteins involved in the regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity and synapse organization, coupled with defects in neural stem cells self-renewal in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. However, compared to the persistence of the WBI effects, most of the PBI effects were only transient and tended to decrease at 6 months post-irradiation, indicating important mechanistic difference. On the contrary, at low dose we identified a progressive accumulation of molecular defects that tended to manifest at later post-irradiation times. These data, indicating that both targeted and non-targeted radiation effects might contribute to the pathogenesis of hippocampal radiation-damage, have general implications for human health.
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21
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Mukherjee S, Dutta A, Chakraborty A. External modulators and redox homeostasis: Scenario in radiation-induced bystander cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 787:108368. [PMID: 34083032 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Redox homeostasis is imperative to maintain normal physiologic and metabolic functions. Radiotherapy disturbs this balance and induces genomic instability in diseased cells. However, radiation-induced effects propagate beyond the targeted cells, affecting the adjacent non-targeted cells (bystander effects). The cellular impact of radiation, thus, encompasses both targeted and non-targeted effects. Use of external modulators along with radiation can increase radio-therapeutic efficiency. The modulators' classification as protectors or sensitizers depends on interactions with damaged DNA molecules. Thus, it is necessary to realize the functions of various radio-sensitizers or radio-protectors in both irradiated and bystander cells. This review focuses on some modulators of radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBE) and their action mechanisms. Knowledge about the underlying signaling cross-talk may promote selective sensitization of radiation-targeted cells and protection of bystander cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmi Mukherjee
- Stress Biology Lab, UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, India
| | - Anindita Dutta
- Stress Biology Lab, UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, India
| | - Anindita Chakraborty
- Stress Biology Lab, UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, India.
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22
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The role of connexin proteins and their channels in radiation-induced atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3087-3103. [PMID: 33388835 PMCID: PMC8038956 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03716-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an effective treatment for breast cancer and other thoracic tumors. However, while high-energy radiotherapy treatment successfully kills cancer cells, radiation exposure of the heart and large arteries cannot always be avoided, resulting in secondary cardiovascular disease in cancer survivors. Radiation-induced changes in the cardiac vasculature may thereby lead to coronary artery atherosclerosis, which is a major cardiovascular complication nowadays in thoracic radiotherapy-treated patients. The underlying biological and molecular mechanisms of radiation-induced atherosclerosis are complex and still not fully understood, resulting in potentially improper radiation protection. Ionizing radiation (IR) exposure may damage the vascular endothelium by inducing DNA damage, oxidative stress, premature cellular senescence, cell death and inflammation, which act to promote the atherosclerotic process. Intercellular communication mediated by connexin (Cx)-based gap junctions and hemichannels may modulate IR-induced responses and thereby the atherosclerotic process. However, the role of endothelial Cxs and their channels in atherosclerotic development after IR exposure is still poorly defined. A better understanding of the underlying biological pathways involved in secondary cardiovascular toxicity after radiotherapy would facilitate the development of effective strategies that prevent or mitigate these adverse effects. Here, we review the possible roles of intercellular Cx driven signaling and communication in radiation-induced atherosclerosis.
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23
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Belli M, Indovina L. The Response of Living Organisms to Low Radiation Environment and Its Implications in Radiation Protection. Front Public Health 2020; 8:601711. [PMID: 33384980 PMCID: PMC7770185 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.601711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Life has evolved on Earth for about 4 billion years in the presence of the natural background of ionizing radiation. It is extremely likely that it contributed, and still contributes, to shaping present form of life. Today the natural background radiation is extremely small (few mSv/y), however it may be significant enough for living organisms to respond to it, perhaps keeping memory of this exposure. A better understanding of this response is relevant not only for improving our knowledge on life evolution, but also for assessing the robustness of the present radiation protection system at low doses, such as those typically encountered in everyday life. Given the large uncertainties in epidemiological data below 100 mSv, quantitative evaluation of these health risk is currently obtained with the aid of radiobiological models. These predict a health detriment, caused by radiation-induced genetic mutations, linearly related to the dose. However a number of studies challenged this paradigm by demonstrating the occurrence of non-linear responses at low doses, and of radioinduced epigenetic effects, i.e., heritable changes in genes expression not related to changes in DNA sequence. This review is focused on the role that epigenetic mechanisms, besides the genetic ones, can have in the responses to low dose and protracted exposures, particularly to natural background radiation. Many lines of evidence show that epigenetic modifications are involved in non-linear responses relevant to low doses, such as non-targeted effects and adaptive response, and that genetic and epigenetic effects share, in part, a common origin: the reactive oxygen species generated by ionizing radiation. Cell response to low doses of ionizing radiation appears more complex than that assumed for radiation protection purposes and that it is not always detrimental. Experiments conducted in underground laboratories with very low background radiation have even suggested positive effects of this background. Studying the changes occurring in various living organisms at reduced radiation background, besides giving information on the life evolution, have opened a new avenue to answer whether low doses are detrimental or beneficial, and to understand the relevance of radiobiological results to radiation protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Indovina
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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24
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Current and Future Perspectives of the Use of Organoids in Radiobiology. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122649. [PMID: 33317153 PMCID: PMC7764598 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of cancer patients will be treated with radiotherapy, either alone or together with chemotherapy and/or surgery. Optimising the balance between tumour control and the probability of normal tissue side effects is the primary goal of radiation treatment. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the effects that irradiation will have on both normal and cancer tissue. The more classical lab models of immortal cell lines and in vivo animal models have been fundamental to radiobiological studies to date. However, each of these comes with their own limitations and new complementary models are required to fill the gaps left by these traditional models. In this review, we discuss how organoids, three-dimensional tissue-resembling structures derived from tissue-resident, embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells, overcome the limitations of these models and thus have a growing importance in the field of radiation biology research. The roles of organoids in understanding radiation-induced tissue responses and in moving towards precision medicine are examined. Finally, the limitations of organoids in radiobiology and the steps being made to overcome these limitations are considered.
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25
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Exosomes and exosomal microRNA in non-targeted radiation bystander and abscopal effects in the central nervous system. Cancer Lett 2020; 499:73-84. [PMID: 33160002 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Localized cranial radiotherapy is a dominant treatment for brain cancers. After being subjected to radiation, the central nervous system (CNS) exhibits targeted effects as well as non-targeted radiation bystander effects (RIBE) and abscopal effects (RIAE). Radiation-induced targeted effects in the CNS include autophagy and various changes in tumor cells due to radiation sensitivity, which can be regulated by microRNAs. Non-targeted radiation effects are mainly induced by gap junctional communication between cells, exosomes containing microRNAs can be transduced by intracellular endocytosis to regulate RIBE and RIAE. In this review, we discuss the involvement of microRNAs in radiation-induced targeted effects, as well as exosomes and/or exosomal microRNAs in non-targeted radiation effects in the CNS. As a target pathway, we also discuss the Akt pathway which is regulated by microRNAs, exosomes, and/or exosomal microRNAs in radiation-induced targeted effects and RIBE in CNS tumor cells. As the CNS-derived exosomes can cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) into the bloodstream and be isolated from peripheral blood, exosomes and exosomal microRNAs can emerge as promising minimally invasive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for radiation-induced targeted and non-targeted effects in the CNS.
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26
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Ionizing Radiation-Induced Epigenetic Modifications and Their Relevance to Radiation Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175993. [PMID: 32825382 PMCID: PMC7503247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present system of radiation protection assumes that exposure at low doses and/or low dose-rates leads to health risks linearly related to the dose. They are evaluated by a combination of epidemiological data and radiobiological models. The latter imply that radiation induces deleterious effects via genetic mutation caused by DNA damage with a linear dose-dependence. This picture is challenged by the observation of radiation-induced epigenetic effects (changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence) and of non-linear responses, such as non-targeted and adaptive responses, that in turn can be controlled by gene expression networks. Here, we review important aspects of the biological response to ionizing radiation in which epigenetic mechanisms are, or could be, involved, focusing on the possible implications to the low dose issue in radiation protection. We examine in particular radiation-induced cancer, non-cancer diseases and transgenerational (hereditary) effects. We conclude that more realistic models of radiation-induced cancer should include epigenetic contribution, particularly in the initiation and progression phases, while the impact on hereditary risk evaluation is expected to be low. Epigenetic effects are also relevant in the dispute about possible "beneficial" effects at low dose and/or low dose-rate exposures, including those given by the natural background radiation.
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27
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Brook I. Late side effects of radiation treatment for head and neck cancer. Radiat Oncol J 2020; 38:84-92. [PMID: 33012151 PMCID: PMC7533405 DOI: 10.3857/roj.2020.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients undergoing radiation therapy for head and neck cancer (HNC) experience significant early and long-term side effects. The likelihood and severity of complications depends on a number of factors, including the total dose of radiation delivered, over what time it was delivered and what parts of the head and neck received radiation. Late side effects include: permanent loss of saliva; osteoradionecrosis; radiation recall myositis, pharyngoesophageal stenosis; dental caries; oral cavity necrosis; fibrosis; impaired wound healing; skin changes and skin cancer; lymphedema; hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, lightheadedness, dizziness and headaches; secondary cancer; and eye, ear, neurological and neck structures damage. Patients who undergo radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma tend to suffer from chronic sinusitis. These side effects present difficult challenges to the patients and their caregivers and require life-long strategies to alleviate their deleterious effect on basic life functions and on the quality of life. This review presents these side effects and their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzhak Brook
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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28
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Hu S, Shao C. Research progress of radiation induced bystander and abscopal effects in normal tissue. RADIATION MEDICINE AND PROTECTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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29
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Martin OA, Martin RF. Cancer Radiotherapy: Understanding the Price of Tumor Eradication. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:261. [PMID: 32391355 PMCID: PMC7193305 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Martin
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roger F Martin
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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30
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Low doses of ionizing radiation enhance angiogenesis and consequently accelerate post-embryonic development but not regeneration in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3137. [PMID: 32081879 PMCID: PMC7035379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Low doses of ionizing radiation (LDIR) activate endothelial cells inducing angiogenesis. In zebrafish, LDIR induce vessel formation in the sub-intestinal vessels during post-embryonic development and enhance the inter-ray vessel density in adult fin regeneration. Since angiogenesis is a crucial process involved in both post-embryonic development and regeneration, herein we aimed to understand whether LDIR accelerate these physiological conditions. Our data show that LDIR upregulate the gene expression of several pro-angiogenic molecules, such as flt1, kdr, angpt2a, tgfb2, fgf2 and cyr61in sorted endothelial cells from zebrafish larvae and this effect was abrogated by using a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Irradiated zebrafish present normal indicators of developmental progress but, importantly LDIR accelerate post-embryonic development in a VEGFR-2 dependent signaling. Furthermore, our data show that LDIR do not accelerate regeneration after caudal fin amputation and the gene expression of the early stages markers of regeneration are not modulated by LDIR. Even though regeneration is considered as a recapitulation of embryonic development and LDIR induce angiogenesis in both conditions, our findings show that LDIR accelerate post-embryonic development but not regeneration. This highlights the importance of the physiological context for a specific phenotype promoted by LDIR.
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31
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Enhancement of DNA damage repair potential in germ cells of Caenorhabditis elegans by a volatile signal from their irradiated partners. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 86:102755. [PMID: 31812126 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced bystander effects have been demonstrated within organisms. Recently, it is found that the organisms can also signal irradiation cues to their co-cultured partners in a waterborne manner. In contrast, there is a limited understanding of radiation-induced airborne signaling between individuals, especially on the aspect of DNA damage responses (DDR). Here, we establish a co-culture experimental system using Caenorhabdis elegans in a top-bottom layout, where communication between "top" and "bottom" worms is airborne. The radiation response of top worms is evaluated using radio-adaptive response (RAR) of embryonic lethality (F1), which reflects an enhancement in repair potential of germ cells to subsequent DNA damage. It is shown that gamma-irradiation of bottom worms alleviates the embryonic lethality of top worms caused by 25 Gy of subsequent gamma-irradiation, i.e. RAR, indicating that a volatile signal might play an essential role in radiation-induced inter-worm communication. The RAR is absent in the top worms impaired in DNA damage checkpoint, nucleotide excision repair, and olfactory sensory neurons, respectively. The induction of RAR is restricted to the mitotic zone of the female germline of hermaphrodites. These results indicate that the top worms sense the volatile signal through cephalic sensory neurons, and the neural stimulation distantly modulates the DDR in germ mitotic cells, leading to the enhancement of DNA damage repair potential. The volatile signal is produced specifically by the L3-stage bottom worms and functionally distinct from the known sex pheromone. Its production and/or release are regulated by water-soluble ascaroside pheromones in a population-dependent manner.
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32
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Zhang J, Yao D, Song Y, Pan Y, Zhu L, Bai Y, Xu Y, Zhang J, Shao C. Fractionated irradiation of right thorax induces abscopal damage on testes leading to decline in fertility. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15221. [PMID: 31645625 PMCID: PMC6811594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51772-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced abscopal effect (RIAE) may influence radiotherapy efficiency. However, it is unknown whether RIAE triggers abnormal genetic consequence. We present a novel evidence that, when mice were given fractionated irradiation on right thorax, the ultrastructure of blood-testis barrier was damaged in company with apoptosis induction in testes, and the sperm number and vitality were drastically decreased so that both the fertility and the survival of their offspring were reduced. Protein microarray assay and hormone detection showed that some cytokines especially TNF-α, TGF-β and estradiol in the serum of irradiated mice increased to higher levels in consistent with abscopal damage, and this conditioned serum had toxic effect on TM4 cells in vitro. When the mice were fed with cimetidine, the above abscopal responses were significantly attenuated. This study demonstrates in the first time that the thoracic irradiation (Th-IR) induces structural and functional damage in the distal testes and further cause fertility decline of irradiated male mice, which may have important implications in the strategy development of radiotherapy in avoiding abnormal genetic consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Zhang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dan Yao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yimeng Song
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanwu Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianghong Zhang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Chunlin Shao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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33
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Heeran AB, Berrigan HP, O'Sullivan J. The Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect (RIBE) and its Connections with the Hallmarks of Cancer. Radiat Res 2019; 192:668-679. [PMID: 31618121 DOI: 10.1667/rr15489.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the pillars of cancer treatment, with approximately one half of all cancer patients receiving it as part of their standard of care. Emerging evidence indicates that the biological effects of radiation are not limited to targeted cells. The radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) refers to the plethora of biological phenomena occurring in nonirradiated cells as a result of signal transmission from an irradiated cell. Experimental evidence has linked RIBE to numerous hallmarks of cancer including resisting cell death, tumor immune evasion, genomic instability, deregulated cellular energetics, tumor-promoting inflammation and sustained proliferative signaling as well as enhanced radioresistance, thus highlighting the potential role of RIBE events in patient treatment response. The mechanisms underlying RIBE events in vivo are poorly understood. However, elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in their manifestation may reveal novel therapeutic targets to improve radiation response in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling B Heeran
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Helen P Berrigan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Jacintha O'Sullivan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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34
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Marques FG, Poli E, Rino J, Pinto MT, Diegues I, Pina F, Rosa Santos SC. Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation Enhance the Angiogenic Potential of Adipocyte Conditioned Medium. Radiat Res 2019; 192:517-526. [PMID: 31442107 DOI: 10.1667/rr15438.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
At low doses, ionizing radiation activates endothelial cells and promotes angiogenesis. However, it is still unknown if other cells may contribute to this process. In this study, the effect of low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) in modulating the pro-angiogenic potential of adipocytes was investigated. Adipocytes are known to secrete multiple angiogenic factors and adipokines that induce angiogenesis. In this work, a confluent monolayer of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes was exposed to low doses (0.1 and 0.3 Gy) and to higher doses (0.5, 0.8 and 1.0 Gy), as control. Our data show that the adipocyte-conditioned media (A-CM) from mature adipocytes differentiated from low-dose irradiated pre-adipocytes presented a higher angiogenic potential, compared to mature adipocytes differentiated from sham-irradiated control preadipocytes. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A levels were significantly increased in A-CM from the 0.1 Gy (P < 0.05) and 0.3 Gy (P < 0.01) experimental conditions and a significant increase was found in response to 0.3 Gy dose of radiation for VEGF-C, angiopoietin-2 (ANG-2) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Moreover, 0.3 Gy dose of radiation significantly increased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 active forms. In vitro, the A-CM from the 0.1 and 0.3 Gy doses experimental conditions significantly accelerated endothelial cell migration after an in vitro wound healing assay. Importantly, in vivo, the A-CM corresponding to the 0.3 Gy experimental condition significantly induced the growth of more blood vessels towards the inoculation area in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). In conclusion, this work reveals a new mechanism by which low-dose radiation might promote angiogenesis, enhancing the angiogenic potential of A-CM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esmeralda Poli
- Radiotherapy Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Rino
- Bioimaging Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Teixeira Pinto
- i3S - Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Instituto Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Diegues
- Radiotherapy Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filomena Pina
- Radiotherapy Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
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TGF-β mediates thoracic radiation-induced abscopal effects of testis injury in rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:678-683. [PMID: 31078269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the thoracic irradiation induced abscopal effect on distal testes and the underlying inflammatory factors, the rats were irradiated on right thorax with fractionated doses. It was found the testes structures were damaged including disorder of spermatogenic cell arrangement and decrease of sperm number. Moreover, the expressions of caspase-3 and caspase-8 in testis tissue were enhanced, and the concentrations of TGF-β and TNF-α in the rat serum were increased. When TM4 cells were treated with the conditioned medium (CS) collected from irradiated rat, the cellular ROS and apoptosis was significantly increased. When the CS was neutralized with anti-TGF-β, its toxic effects were reduced. These results suggest that the thoracic irradiation-induced TGF-β was involved in the above abscopal damage of testes, which reinforces the necessity of new prevention strategy development of radiotherapy in avoiding any abnormal genetic consequence.
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Bryll A, Krzyściak W, Jurczak A, Chrzan R, Lizoń A, Urbanik A. Changes in the Selected Antioxidant Defense Parameters in the Blood of Patients after High Resolution Computed Tomography. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16091476. [PMID: 31027322 PMCID: PMC6539922 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation generated during high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scanning may have an indirect effect on the mechanisms regulating the oxidative-antioxidant balance in the human body, which is one of the necessary factors ensuring the maintenance of its homeostasis. The aim of the study was to analyze the response of antioxidant systems through the determination of the antioxidant markers in the blood of patients exposed to oxidative stress resulting from the routine HRCT examination of the chest. Blood of 35 people aged 60.77 ± 10.81 taken before and at four time points after the examination constituted the test material. The determination of the total antioxidant capacity expressed as ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and ferric reducing antioxidant activity and ascorbic acid concentration (FRASC) were performed together with an examination of catalase activity and the concentration of the reduced glutathione. The organism’s response to ionizing radiation was associated with a significant decrease in the antioxidant markers’ levels at all time-points and showed a significant negative correlation depending on the radiation dose. Visible down-regulation of these markers is a response to increased oxidative stress. In light of the obtained results, the measurement of the selected markers of antioxidant defense may be a useful parameter of oxidative stress caused by ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Bryll
- Department of Radiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 19, 31-501 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Wirginia Krzyściak
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Anna Jurczak
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Robert Chrzan
- Department of Radiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 19, 31-501 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Anna Lizoń
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Urbanik
- Department of Radiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 19, 31-501 Krakow, Poland.
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Morita-Takemura S, Nakahara K, Hasegawa-Ishii S, Isonishi A, Tatsumi K, Okuda H, Tanaka T, Kitabatake M, Ito T, Wanaka A. Responses of perivascular macrophages to circulating lipopolysaccharides in the subfornical organ with special reference to endotoxin tolerance. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:39. [PMID: 30764851 PMCID: PMC6375194 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating endotoxins including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) cause brain responses such as fever and decrease of food and water intake, while pre-injection of endotoxins attenuates these responses. This phenomenon is called endotoxin tolerance, but the mechanisms underlying it remain unclear. The subfornical organ (SFO) rapidly produces proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in response to peripherally injected LPS, and repeated LPS injection attenuates IL-1β production in the SFO, indicating that the SFO is involved in endotoxin tolerance. The purpose of this study is to investigate features of the IL-1β source cells in the SFO of LPS-non-tolerant and LPS-tolerant mice. METHODS We first established the endotoxin-tolerant mouse model by injecting LPS into adult male mice (C57BL/6J). Immunohistochemistry was performed to characterize IL-1β-expressing cells, which were perivascular macrophages in the SFO. We depleted perivascular macrophages using clodronate liposomes to confirm the contribution of IL-1β production. To assess the effect of LPS pre-injection on perivascular macrophages, we transferred bone marrow-derived cells obtained from male mice (C57BL/6-Tg (CAG-EGFP)) to male recipient mice (C57BL/6N). Finally, we examined the effect of a second LPS injection on IL-1β expression in the SFO perivascular macrophages. RESULTS We report that perivascular macrophages but not parenchymal microglia rapidly produced the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β in response to LPS. We found that peripherally injected LPS localized in the SFO perivascular space. Depletion of macrophages by injection of clodronate liposomes attenuated LPS-induced IL-1β expression in the SFO. When tolerance developed to LPS-induced sickness behavior in mice, the SFO perivascular macrophages ceased producing IL-1β, although bone marrow-derived perivascular macrophages increased in number in the SFO and peripherally injected LPS reached the SFO perivascular space. CONCLUSIONS The current data indicate that perivascular macrophages enable the SFO to produce IL-1β in response to circulating LPS and that its hyporesponsiveness may be the cause of endotoxin tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Morita-Takemura
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Nakahara
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | | | - Ayami Isonishi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kouko Tatsumi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okuda
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuhide Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Akio Wanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
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Barazzuol L, Hopkins SR, Ju L, Jeggo PA. Distinct response of adult neural stem cells to low versus high dose ionising radiation. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 76:70-75. [PMID: 30822688 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Radiosusceptibility is the sensitivity of a biological organism to ionising radiation (IR)-induced carcinogenesis, an outcome of IR exposure relevant following low doses. The tissue response is strongly influenced by the DNA damage response (DDR) activated in stem and progenitor cells. We previously reported that in vivo exposure to 2 Gy X-rays activates apoptosis, proliferation arrest and premature differentiation in neural progenitor cells (transit amplifying cells and neuroblasts) but not in neural stem cells (NSCs) of the largest neurogenic region of the adult brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ). These responses promote adult quiescent NSC (qNSC) activation after 2 Gy. In contrast, neonatal (P5) SVZ neural progenitors continue proliferating and do not activate qNSCs. Significantly, the human and mouse neonatal brain is radiosusceptible. Here, we examine the response of stem and progenitor cells in the SVZ to low IR doses (50-500 mGy). We observe a linear dose-response for apoptosis but, in contrast, proliferation arrest and neuroblast differentiation require a threshold dose of 200 or 500 mGy, respectively. Importantly, qNSCs were not activated at doses below 500 mGy. Thus, full DDR activation in the neural stem cell compartment in vivo necessitates a threshold dose, which can be considered of significance when evaluating IR-induced cancer risk and dose extrapolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Barazzuol
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands.
| | - Suzanna R Hopkins
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Limei Ju
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Penelope A Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
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McMahon SJ. The linear quadratic model: usage, interpretation and challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 64:01TR01. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaf26a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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40
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Lobachevsky PN, Ventura J, Giannakandropoulou L, Forrester H, Palazzolo JS, Haynes NM, Stevenson AW, Hall CJ, Mason J, Pollakis G, Pateras IS, Gorgoulis V, Terzoudi GI, Hamilton JA, Sprung CN, Georgakilas AG, Martin OA. A Functional Immune System Is Required for the Systemic Genotoxic Effects of Localized Irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 103:1184-1193. [PMID: 30529375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nontargeted effects of ionizing radiation, by which unirradiated cells and tissues are also damaged, are a relatively new paradigm in radiobiology. We recently reported radiation-induced abscopal effects (RIAEs) in normal tissues; namely, DNA damage, apoptosis, and activation of the local and systemic immune responses in C57BL6/J mice after irradiation of a small region of the body. High-dose-rate, synchrotron-generated broad beam or multiplanar x-ray microbeam radiation therapy was used with various field sizes and doses. This study explores components of the immune system involved in the generation of these abscopal effects. METHODS AND MATERIALS The following mice with various immune deficiencies were irradiated with the microbeam radiation therapy beam: (1) SCID/IL2γR-/- (NOD SCID gamma, NSG) mice, (2) wild-type C57BL6/J mice treated with an antibody-blocking macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor, which depletes and alters the function of macrophages, and (3) chemokine ligand 2/monocyte chemotactic protein 1 null mice. Complex DNA damage (ie, DNA double-strand breaks), oxidatively induced clustered DNA lesions, and apoptotic cells in tissues distant from the irradiation site were measured as RIAE endpoints and compared with those in wild-type C57BL6/J mice. RESULTS Wild-type mice accumulated double-strand breaks, oxidatively induced clustered DNA lesions, and apoptosis, enforcing our RIAE model. However, these effects were completely or partially abrogated in mice with immune disruption, highlighting the pivotal role of the immune system in propagation of systemic genotoxic effects after localized irradiation. CONCLUSIONS These results underline the importance of not only delineating the best strategies for tumor control but also mitigating systemic radiation toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel N Lobachevsky
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica Ventura
- University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Royal Women's Hospital
| | - Lina Giannakandropoulou
- School of Applied Mathematical & Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Forrester
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason S Palazzolo
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole M Haynes
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew W Stevenson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Joel Mason
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gerasimos Pollakis
- School of Applied Mathematical & Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Pateras
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Institute for Cancer Sciences and Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia I Terzoudi
- Laboratory of Health Physics, Radiobiology & Cytogenetics, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Athens, Greece
| | - John A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carl N Sprung
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- School of Applied Mathematical & Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga A Martin
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Yahyapour R, Salajegheh A, Safari A, Amini P, Rezaeyan A, Amraee A, Najafi M. Radiation-induced Non-targeted Effect and Carcinogenesis; Implications in Clinical Radiotherapy. J Biomed Phys Eng 2018; 8:435-446. [PMID: 30568933 PMCID: PMC6280111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bystander or non-targeted effect is known to be an interesting phenomenon in radiobiology. The genetic consequences of bystander effect on non-irradiated cells have shown that this phenomenon can be considered as one of the most important factors involved in secondary cancer after exposure to ionizing radiation. Every year, millions of people around the world undergo radiotherapy in order to cure different types of cancers. The most crucial aim of radiotherapy is to improve treatment efficiency by reducing early and late effects of exposure to clinical doses of radiation. Secondary cancer induction resulted from exposure to high doses of radiation during treatment can reduce the effectiveness of this modality for cancer treatment. The perception of carcinogenesis risk of bystander effects and factors involved in this phenomenon might help reduce secondary cancer incidence years after radiotherapy. Different modalities such as radiation LET, dose and dose rate, fractionation, types of tissue, gender of patients, etc. may be involved in carcinogenesis risk of bystander effects. Therefore, selecting an appropriate treatment modality may improve cost-effectiveness of radiation therapy as well as the quality of life in survived patients. In this review, we first focus on the carcinogenesis evidence of non-targeted effects in radiotherapy and then review physical and biological factors that may influence the risk of secondary cancer induced by this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Yahyapour
- School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - A. Salajegheh
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A. Safari
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - P. Amini
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Rezaeyan
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Amraee
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M. Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
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Dos Santos M, Kereselidze D, Gloaguen C, Benadjaoud MA, Tack K, Lestaevel P, Durand C. Development of whole brain versus targeted dentate gyrus irradiation model to explain low to moderate doses of exposure effects in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17262. [PMID: 30467388 PMCID: PMC6250717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of the consequences of low to moderate doses of ionizing radiation (IR) remains a societal challenge, especially for children exposed to CT scans. Appropriate experimental models are needed to improve scientific understanding of how exposure of the postnatal brain to IR affects behavioral functions and their related pathophysiological mechanisms, considering brain complex functional organization. In the brain, the dorsal and ventral hippocampal dentate gyrus can be involved in distinct major behavioral functions. To study the long term behavioral effects of brain exposure at low to moderate doses of IR (doses range 0.25–1 Gy), we developed three new experimental models in 10-day-old mice: a model of brain irradiation and two targeted irradiation models of the dorsal and ventral dentate gyrus. We used the technological properties of the SARRP coupled with MR imaging. Our irradiation strategy has been twofold endorsed. The millimetric ballistic specificity of our models was first validated by measuring gamma-H2AX increase after irradiation. We then demonstrated higher anxiety/depressive-like behavior, preferentially mediate by the ventral part of the dentate gyrus, in mice after brain and ventral dentate gyrus IR exposure. This work provides new tools to enhance scientific understanding of how to protect children exposed to IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dos Santos
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Research department of RAdiobiology and regenerative MEDicine (SERAMED), Laboratory of Radiobiology of Accidental exposures (LRAcc), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - D Kereselidze
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Research department on the Biological and Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation (SESANE), Laboratory of experimental Radiotoxicology and Radiobiology (LRTOX), Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - C Gloaguen
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Research department on the Biological and Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation (SESANE), Laboratory of experimental Radiotoxicology and Radiobiology (LRTOX), Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - M A Benadjaoud
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Research department of RAdiobiology and regenerative MEDicine (SERAMED), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - K Tack
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Research department on the Biological and Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation (SESANE), Laboratory of experimental Radiotoxicology and Radiobiology (LRTOX), Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - P Lestaevel
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Research department on the Biological and Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation (SESANE), Laboratory of experimental Radiotoxicology and Radiobiology (LRTOX), Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - C Durand
- Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Research department on the Biological and Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation (SESANE), Laboratory of experimental Radiotoxicology and Radiobiology (LRTOX), Fontenay aux Roses, France.
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Kirolikar S, Prasannan P, Raghuram GV, Pancholi N, Saha T, Tidke P, Chaudhari P, Shaikh A, Rane B, Pandey R, Wani H, Khare NK, Siddiqui S, D'souza J, Prasad R, Shinde S, Parab S, Nair NK, Pal K, Mittra I. Prevention of radiation-induced bystander effects by agents that inactivate cell-free chromatin released from irradiated dying cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1142. [PMID: 30442925 PMCID: PMC6238009 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) is a poorly understood phenomenon wherein non-targeted cells exhibit effects of radiation. We have reported that cell-free chromatin (cfCh) particles that are released from dying cells can integrate into genomes of surrounding healthy cells to induce DNA damage and inflammation. This raised the possibility that RIBE might be induced by cfCh released from irradiated dying cells. When conditioned media from BrdU-labeled irradiated cells were passed through filters of pore size 0.22 µm and incubated with unexposed cells, BrdU-labeled cfCh particles could be seen to readily enter their nuclei to activate H2AX, active Caspase-3, NFκB, and IL-6. A direct relationship was observed with respect to activation of RIBE biomarkers and radiation dose in the range of 0.1-0 Gy. We confirmed by FISH and cytogenetic analysis that cfCh had stably integrated into chromosomes of bystander cells and had led to extensive chromosomal instability. The above RIBE effects could be abrogated when conditioned media were pre-treated with agents that inactivate cfCh, namely, anti-histone antibody complexed nanoparticles (CNPs), DNase I and a novel DNA degrading agent Resveratrol-copper (R-Cu). Lower hemi-body irradiation with γ-rays (0.1-50 Gy) led to activation of H2AX, active Caspase-3, NFκB, and IL-6 in brain cells in a dose-dependent manner. Activation of these RIBE biomarkers could be abrogated by concurrent treatment with CNPs, DNase I and R-Cu indicating that activation of RIBE was not due to radiation scatter to the brain. RIBE activation was seen even when mini-beam radiation was delivered to the umbilical region of mice wherein radiation scatter to brain was negligible and could be abrogated by cfCh inactivating agents. These results indicate that cfCh released from radiation-induced dying cells are activators of RIBE and that it can be prevented by treatment with appropriate cfCh inactivating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kirolikar
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Preeti Prasannan
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Gorantla V Raghuram
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Namrata Pancholi
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Tannishtha Saha
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Pritishkumar Tidke
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Pradip Chaudhari
- Comparative Oncology Program and Small Animal Imaging Facility, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Alfina Shaikh
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Bhagyeshri Rane
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Richa Pandey
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Harshada Wani
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Naveen K Khare
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Sophiya Siddiqui
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Jenevieve D'souza
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Ratnam Prasad
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Sushma Shinde
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Sailee Parab
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Naveen K Nair
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Kavita Pal
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Indraneel Mittra
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India.
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Bright
- Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Munira Kadhim
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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45
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Averbeck D, Salomaa S, Bouffler S, Ottolenghi A, Smyth V, Sabatier L. Progress in low dose health risk research. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 776:46-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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46
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Tanno B, Babini G, Leonardi S, Giardullo P, De Stefano I, Pasquali E, Ottolenghi A, Atkinson MJ, Saran A, Mancuso M. Ex vivo miRNome analysis in Ptch1+/- cerebellum granule cells reveals a subset of miRNAs involved in radiation-induced medulloblastoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:68253-68269. [PMID: 27626168 PMCID: PMC5356552 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has historically been accepted that incorrectly repaired DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are the principal lesions of importance regarding mutagenesis, and long-term biological effects associated with ionizing radiation. However, radiation may also cause dysregulation of epigenetic processes that can lead to altered gene function and malignant transformation, and epigenetic alterations are important causes of miRNAs dysregulation in cancer. Patched1 heterozygous (Ptch1+/−) mice, characterized by aberrant activation of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, are a well-known murine model of spontaneous and radiation-induced medulloblastoma (MB), a common pediatric brain tumor originating from neural granule cell progenitors (GCPs). The high sensitivity of neonatal Ptch1+/− mice to radiogenic MB is dependent on deregulation of the Ptch1 gene function. Ptch1 activates a growth and differentiation programme that is a strong candidate for regulation through the non-coding genome. Therefore we carried out miRNA next generation sequencing in ex vivo irradiated and control GCPs, isolated and purified from cerebella of neonatal WT and Ptch1+/− mice. We identified a subset of miRNAs, namely let-7 family and miR-17∼92 cluster members, whose expression is altered in GCPs by radiation alone, or by synergistic interaction of radiation with Shh-deregulation. The same miRNAs were further validated in spontaneous and radiation-induced MBs from Ptch1+/− mice, confirming persistent deregulation of these miRNAs in the pathogenesis of MB. Our results support the hypothesis that miRNAs dysregulation is associated with radiosensitivity of GCPs and their neoplastic transformation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tanno
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Simona Leonardi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Giardullo
- Department of Radiation Physics, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy.,Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria De Stefano
- Department of Radiation Physics, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pasquali
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Michael J Atkinson
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Saran
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
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47
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Babini G, Morini J, Barbieri S, Baiocco G, Ivaldi GB, Liotta M, Tabarelli de Fatis P, Ottolenghi A. A Co-culture Method to Investigate the Crosstalk Between X-ray Irradiated Caco-2 Cells and PBMC. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29443050 PMCID: PMC5912320 DOI: 10.3791/56908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The protocol adopted in this work aims at unraveling how X-rays perturb the functioning of the intestinal barrier, focusing on the interplay between colorectal tumor cells and the immune system. Colorectal carcinoma is among the most common type of cancer, typically treated by surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Advantages of radiotherapy in targeting the tumor are well known. However, even limited exposures of healthy tissues are of great concern, particularly regarding the effects on the intestinal barrier and the immune system. The adopted setup allows to study the interplay between two cell populations in a condition more similar to the physiological one, when compared to normal cell cultures. For this purpose, we resort to different techniques and we used an in vitro co-culture model, based on Caco-2 cells differentiated as a monolayer and PBMC, sharing the same culture medium. This protocol has been developed to focus on both macroscopic effects, i.e. cell viability and Trans-Epithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER), and, through western blot, molecular alterations, i.e. the activation of inflammatory pathway in immune cells and the tight junction protein expression in Caco-2 cells. Initial evaluation of radiation effects on Caco-2 cell viability was assessed via the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Trypan blue assays, while TEER was measured at fixed time intervals through an ohmmeter specifically designed for co-culture systems. In this way, the effects due to radiation, the presence of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC), and eventually their synergistic effect, can be demonstrated. Through these complementary techniques, we observed a high radio-resistance of Caco-2 within the range of 2 - 10 Gy of X-rays and an increased Caco-2 monolayer permeability when PBMCs were added. In particular, PBMC presence was found to be associated with the variation in the tight junction scaffold proteins expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacopo Morini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Pavia
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48
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Mothersill C, Rusin A, Fernandez-Palomo C, Seymour C. History of bystander effects research 1905-present; what is in a name? Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 94:696-707. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1398436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrej Rusin
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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49
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Piotrowski I, Kulcenty K, Suchorska WM, Skrobała A, Skórska M, Kruszyna-Mochalska M, Kowalik A, Jackowiak W, Malicki J. Carcinogenesis Induced by Low-dose Radiation. Radiol Oncol 2017; 51:369-377. [PMID: 29333114 PMCID: PMC5765312 DOI: 10.1515/raon-2017-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the effects of high dose radiation on human cells and tissues are relatively well defined, there is no consensus regarding the effects of low and very low radiation doses on the organism. Ionizing radiation has been shown to induce gene mutations and chromosome aberrations which are known to be involved in the process of carcinogenesis. The induction of secondary cancers is a challenging long-term side effect in oncologic patients treated with radiation. Medical sources of radiation like intensity modulated radiotherapy used in cancer treatment and computed tomography used in diagnostics, deliver very low doses of radiation to large volumes of healthy tissue, which might contribute to increased cancer rates in long surviving patients and in the general population. Research shows that because of the phenomena characteristic for low dose radiation the risk of cancer induction from exposure of healthy tissues to low dose radiation can be greater than the risk calculated from linear no-threshold model. Epidemiological data collected from radiation workers and atomic bomb survivors confirms that exposure to low dose radiation can contribute to increased cancer risk and also that the risk might correlate with the age at exposure. Conclusions Understanding the molecular mechanisms of response to low dose radiation is crucial for the proper evaluation of risks and benefits that stem from these exposures and should be considered in the radiotherapy treatment planning and in determining the allowed occupational exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Piotrowski
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15 Street, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kulcenty
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15 Street, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Electroradiology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Maria Suchorska
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15 Street, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Electroradiology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Skrobała
- Department of Electroradiology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Skórska
- Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marta Kruszyna-Mochalska
- Department of Electroradiology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Kowalik
- Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Julian Malicki
- Department of Electroradiology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznań, Poland
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50
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Thompson HF, Butterworth KT, McMahon SJ, Ghita M, Hounsell AR, Prise KM. The Impact of Hypoxia on Out-of-Field Cell Survival after Exposure to Modulated Radiation Fields. Radiat Res 2017; 188:636-644. [PMID: 29019742 DOI: 10.1667/rr14836.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Advanced radiotherapy techniques such as intensity modulated radiation therapy achieve highly conformal dose distributions within target tumor volumes through the sequential delivery of multiple spatially and temporally modulated radiation fields and have been shown to influence radiobiological response. The goals of this study were to determine the effect of hypoxia on the cell survival responses of different cell models (H460, DU145, A549, MDA231 and FADU) to modulated fields and to characterize the time dependency of signaling under oxic conditions, following reoxygenation and after prolonged hypoxia. Hypoxia was induced by incubating cells at 95% nitrogen and 5% carbon dioxide for 4 h prior to irradiation. The out-of-field response in MDA231 cells was oxygen dependent and therefore selected for co-culture studies to determine the signaling kinetics at different time intervals after irradiation under oxic and hypoxic conditions. Under both oxic and hypoxic conditions, significant increases in cell survival were observed in-field with significant decreases in survival observed out-of-field (P < 0.05), which were dependent on intercellular communication. The in-field response of MDA231 cells showed no significant time dependency up to 24 h postirradiation, while out-of-field survival decreased significantly during the first 6 h postirradiation (P < 0.05). While in-field responses were oxygen dependent, out-of-field effects were observed to be independent of oxygen, with similar or greater cell killing under hypoxic conditions. This study provides further understanding of intercellular signaling under hypoxic conditions and highlights the need for further refinement of established radiobiological models for future applications in advanced radiotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah F Thompson
- a Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; and
| | - Karl T Butterworth
- a Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; and
| | - Stephen J McMahon
- a Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mihaela Ghita
- a Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alan R Hounsell
- b Radiotherapy Physics, Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M Prise
- a Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; and
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