1
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Ahmad EM, Abdelsamad A, El-Shabrawi HM, El-Awady MAM, Aly MAM, El-Soda M. In-silico identification of putatively functional intergenic small open reading frames in the cucumber genome and their predicted response to biotic and abiotic stresses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 39189930 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
The availability of high-throughput sequencing technologies increased our understanding of different genomes. However, the genomes of all living organisms still have many unidentified coding sequences. The increased number of missing small open reading frames (sORFs) is due to the length threshold used in most gene identification tools, which is true in the genic and, more importantly and surprisingly, in the intergenic regions. Scanning the cucumber genome intergenic regions revealed 420 723 sORF. We excluded 3850 sORF with similarities to annotated cucumber proteins. To propose the functionality of the remaining 416 873 sORF, we calculated their codon adaptation index (CAI). We found 398 937 novel sORF (nsORF) with CAI ≥ 0.7 that were further used for downstream analysis. Searching against the Rfam database revealed 109 nsORFs similar to multiple RNA families. Using SignalP-5.0 and NLS, identified 11 592 signal peptides. Five predicted proteins interacting with Meloidogyne incognita and Powdery mildew proteins were selected using published transcriptome data of host-pathogen interactions. Gene ontology enrichment interpreted the function of those proteins, illustrating that nsORFs' expression could contribute to the cucumber's response to biotic and abiotic stresses. This research highlights the importance of previously overlooked nsORFs in the cucumber genome and provides novel insights into their potential functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa M Ahmad
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelsamad
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hattem M El-Shabrawi
- Plant Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology Division, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Mohammed A M Aly
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Soda
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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2
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Jones RM, Reynolds-Winczura A, Gambus A. A Decade of Discovery-Eukaryotic Replisome Disassembly at Replication Termination. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:233. [PMID: 38666845 PMCID: PMC11048390 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The eukaryotic replicative helicase (CMG complex) is assembled during DNA replication initiation in a highly regulated manner, which is described in depth by other manuscripts in this Issue. During DNA replication, the replicative helicase moves through the chromatin, unwinding DNA and facilitating nascent DNA synthesis by polymerases. Once the duplication of a replicon is complete, the CMG helicase and the remaining components of the replisome need to be removed from the chromatin. Research carried out over the last ten years has produced a breakthrough in our understanding, revealing that replication termination, and more specifically replisome disassembly, is indeed a highly regulated process. This review brings together our current understanding of these processes and highlights elements of the mechanism that are conserved or have undergone divergence throughout evolution. Finally, we discuss events beyond the classic termination of DNA replication in S-phase and go over the known mechanisms of replicative helicase removal from chromatin in these particular situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Jones
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.M.J.); (A.R.-W.)
- School of Biosciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Alicja Reynolds-Winczura
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.M.J.); (A.R.-W.)
| | - Agnieszka Gambus
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.M.J.); (A.R.-W.)
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3
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Yu G, Bai Y, Zhang ZY. Valosin-Containing Protein (VCP)/p97 Oligomerization. Subcell Biochem 2024; 104:485-501. [PMID: 38963497 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Valosin-containing protein (VCP), also known as p97, is an evolutionarily conserved AAA+ ATPase essential for cellular homeostasis. Cooperating with different sets of cofactors, VCP is involved in multiple cellular processes through either the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) or the autophagy/lysosomal route. Pathogenic mutations frequently found at the interface between the NTD domain and D1 ATPase domain have been shown to cause malfunction of VCP, leading to degenerative disorders including the inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and cancers. Therefore, VCP has been considered as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegeneration and cancer. Most of previous studies found VCP predominantly exists and functions as a hexamer, which unfolds and extracts ubiquitinated substrates from protein complexes for degradation. However, recent studies have characterized a new VCP dodecameric state and revealed a controlling mechanism of VCP oligomeric states mediated by the D2 domain nucleotide occupancy. Here, we summarize our recent knowledge on VCP oligomerization, regulation, and potential implications of VCP in cellular function and pathogenic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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4
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Mah-Som AY, Daw J, Huynh D, Wu M, Creekmore BC, Burns W, Skinner SA, Holla ØL, Smeland MF, Planes M, Uguen K, Redon S, Bierhals T, Scholz T, Denecke J, Mensah MA, Sczakiel HL, Tichy H, Verheyen S, Blatterer J, Schreiner E, Thies J, Lam C, Spaeth CG, Pena L, Ramsey K, Narayanan V, Seaver LH, Rodriguez D, Afenjar A, Burglen L, Lee EB, Chou TF, Weihl CC, Shinawi MS. An autosomal-dominant childhood-onset disorder associated with pathogenic variants in VCP. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:1959-1975. [PMID: 37883978 PMCID: PMC10645565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Valosin-containing protein (VCP) is an AAA+ ATPase that plays critical roles in multiple ubiquitin-dependent cellular processes. Dominant pathogenic variants in VCP are associated with adult-onset multisystem proteinopathy (MSP), which manifests as myopathy, bone disease, dementia, and/or motor neuron disease. Through GeneMatcher, we identified 13 unrelated individuals who harbor heterozygous VCP variants (12 de novo and 1 inherited) associated with a childhood-onset disorder characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, and macrocephaly. Trio exome sequencing or a multigene panel identified nine missense variants, two in-frame deletions, one frameshift, and one splicing variant. We performed in vitro functional studies and in silico modeling to investigate the impact of these variants on protein function. In contrast to MSP variants, most missense variants had decreased ATPase activity, and one caused hyperactivation. Other variants were predicted to cause haploinsufficiency, suggesting a loss-of-function mechanism. This cohort expands the spectrum of VCP-related disease to include neurodevelopmental disease presenting in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Y Mah-Som
- Genetics Training Program, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jil Daw
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Diana Huynh
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Mengcheng Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Benjamin C Creekmore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Øystein L Holla
- Department of Medical Genetics, Telemark Hospital, 3710 Skien, Norway
| | - Marie F Smeland
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, University Hospital of North Norway and the Arctic, University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marc Planes
- Service de Génétique Médicale et Biologie de la Reproduction, and Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles, Service de Pédiatrie, CHU de Brest, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Kevin Uguen
- Service de Génétique Médicale et Biologie de la Reproduction, and Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles, Service de Pédiatrie, CHU de Brest, 29200 Brest, France; University Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Sylvia Redon
- Service de Génétique Médicale et Biologie de la Reproduction, and Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles, Service de Pédiatrie, CHU de Brest, 29200 Brest, France; University Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Tatjana Bierhals
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tasja Scholz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Denecke
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin A Mensah
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; RG Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrike L Sczakiel
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; RG Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidelis Tichy
- Institute of Human Genetics, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sarah Verheyen
- Institute of Human Genetics, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jasmin Blatterer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Schreiner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jenny Thies
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Christina Lam
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Christine G Spaeth
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Loren Pena
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Keri Ramsey
- Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Vinodh Narayanan
- Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Laurie H Seaver
- Corewell Health Helen Devos Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Diana Rodriguez
- Departement of Pediatric Neurology & Reference Centre for Congenital Malformations and Diseases of the Cerebellum, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université - Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Afenjar
- Cerebellar Malformations and Congenital Diseases Reference Center and Neurogenetics Lab, Department of Genetics, Armand Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Lydie Burglen
- Cerebellar Malformations and Congenital Diseases Reference Center and Neurogenetics Lab, Department of Genetics, Armand Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Edward B Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tsui-Fen Chou
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Conrad C Weihl
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Marwan S Shinawi
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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5
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Körner M, Meyer SR, Marincola G, Kern MJ, Grimm C, Schuelein-Voelk C, Fischer U, Hofmann K, Buchberger A. The FAM104 proteins VCF1/2 promote the nuclear localization of p97/VCP. eLife 2023; 12:e92409. [PMID: 37713320 PMCID: PMC10541173 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The ATPase p97 (also known as VCP, Cdc48) has crucial functions in a variety of important cellular processes such as protein quality control, organellar homeostasis, and DNA damage repair, and its de-regulation is linked to neuromuscular diseases and cancer. p97 is tightly controlled by numerous regulatory cofactors, but the full range and function of the p97-cofactor network is unknown. Here, we identify the hitherto uncharacterized FAM104 proteins as a conserved family of p97 interactors. The two human family members VCP nuclear cofactor family member 1 and 2 (VCF1/2) bind p97 directly via a novel, alpha-helical motif and associate with p97-UFD1-NPL4 and p97-UBXN2B complexes in cells. VCF1/2 localize to the nucleus and promote the nuclear import of p97. Loss of VCF1/2 results in reduced nuclear p97 levels, slow growth, and hypersensitivity to chemical inhibition of p97 in the absence and presence of DNA damage, suggesting that FAM104 proteins are critical regulators of nuclear p97 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Körner
- University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Chair of Biochemistry IWürzburgGermany
| | - Susanne R Meyer
- University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Chair of Biochemistry IWürzburgGermany
| | | | - Maximilian J Kern
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Clemens Grimm
- University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Chair of Biochemistry IWürzburgGermany
| | | | - Utz Fischer
- University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Chair of Biochemistry IWürzburgGermany
| | - Kay Hofmann
- Institute of Genetics, University of CologneCologneGermany
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6
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Noireterre A, Serbyn N, Bagdiul I, Stutz F. Ubx5-Cdc48 assists the protease Wss1 at DNA-protein crosslink sites in yeast. EMBO J 2023:e113609. [PMID: 37144685 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) pose a serious threat to genome stability. The yeast proteases Wss1, 26S proteasome, and Ddi1 are safeguards of genome integrity by acting on a plethora of DNA-bound proteins in different cellular contexts. The AAA ATPase Cdc48/p97 is known to assist Wss1/SPRTN in clearing DNA-bound complexes; however, its contribution to DPC proteolysis remains unclear. Here, we show that the Cdc48 adaptor Ubx5 is detrimental in yeast mutants defective in DPC processing. Using an inducible site-specific crosslink, we show that Ubx5 accumulates at persistent DPC lesions in the absence of Wss1, which prevents their efficient removal from the DNA. Abolishing Cdc48 binding or complete loss of Ubx5 suppresses sensitivity of wss1∆ cells to DPC-inducing agents by favoring alternate repair pathways. We provide evidence for cooperation of Ubx5-Cdc48 and Wss1 in the genotoxin-induced degradation of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), a described candidate substrate of Wss1. We propose that Ubx5-Cdc48 assists Wss1 for proteolysis of a subset of DNA-bound proteins. Together, our findings reveal a central role for Ubx5 in DPC clearance and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Noireterre
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nataliia Serbyn
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ivona Bagdiul
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Françoise Stutz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Wang F, Li S, Wang TY, Lopez GA, Antoshechkin I, Chou TF. P97/VCP ATPase inhibitors can rescue p97 mutation-linked motor neuron degeneration. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac176. [PMID: 35865348 PMCID: PMC9294923 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in p97/VCP cause two motor neuron diseases: inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. How p97 mutations lead to motor neuron degeneration is, however, unknown. Here we used patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells to generate p97 mutant motor neurons. We reduced the genetic background variation by comparing mutant motor neurons to its isogenic wild type lines. Proteomic analysis reveals that p97R155H/+ motor neurons upregulate several cell cycle proteins at Day 14, but this effect diminishes by Day 20. Molecular changes linked to delayed cell cycle exit are observed in p97 mutant motor neurons. We also find that two p97 inhibitors, CB-5083 and NMS-873, restore some dysregulated protein levels. In addition, two p97 inhibitors and a food and drug administration-approved cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor, Abemaciclib, can rescue motor neuron death. Overall, we successfully used iPSC-derived motor neurons, identified dysregulated proteome and transcriptome and showed that p97 inhibitors rescue phenotypes in this disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - S Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - T Y Wang
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - G A Lopez
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - I Antoshechkin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - T F Chou
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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8
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Liu Y, Guan X, Wang M, Wang N, Chen Y, Li B, Xu Z, Fu F, Zheng Z, Du C. Disulfiram/Copper induces antitumor activity against gastric cancer via the ROS/MAPK and NPL4 pathways. Bioengineered 2022; 13:6579-6589. [PMID: 35290151 PMCID: PMC9278967 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2038434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfiram (DSF) is an anti-alcoholism medication with superior antitumor activity and clinical safety; its antitumor mechanisms in gastric cancer (GC) have not been fully explored. In the present work, low nontoxic concentrations of copper (Cu) ions substantially enhanced DSF’s antitumor activity, inhibiting the proliferation and growth of GC cell lines. DSF/Cu elevated the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis was induced in an ROS-dependent manner. This process might involve primary inhibition GC by DSF/Cu through induction of apoptosis via the ROS/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Disordering transportation of ubiquitinated protein may also fuel the process. In summary, we found that DSF exerts antitumor effects on GC. DSF/Cu should be considered as adjunctive therapy for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Dalian Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Xin Guan
- Department of Oncology, Northeast International Hospital, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Meiling Wang
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Naixue Wang
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Jinzhou Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Yutong Chen
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Baolei Li
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Jinzhou Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Zhuxuan Xu
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Dalian Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Fangwei Fu
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | | | - Cheng Du
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, P. R. China
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9
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Krzewska M, Dubas E, Gołębiowska G, Nowicka A, Janas A, Zieliński K, Surówka E, Kopeć P, Mielczarek P, Żur I. Comparative proteomic analysis provides new insights into regulation of microspore embryogenesis induction in winter triticale (× Triticosecale Wittm.) after 5-azacytidine treatment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22215. [PMID: 34782682 PMCID: PMC8593058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01671-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective microspore embryogenesis (ME) requires substantial modifications in gene expression pattern, followed by changes in the cell proteome and its metabolism. Recent studies have awakened also interest in the role of epigenetic factors in microspore de-differentiation and reprogramming. Therefore, demethylating agent (2.5-10 μM 5-azacytidine, AC) together with low temperature (3 weeks at 4 °C) were used as ME-inducing tiller treatment in two doubled haploid (DH) lines of triticale and its effect was analyzed in respect of anther protein profiles, expression of selected genes (TAPETUM DETERMINANT1 (TaTPD1-like), SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE 2 (SERK2) and GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE (GSTF2)) and ME efficiency. Tiller treatment with 5.0 µM AC was the most effective in ME induction; it was associated with (1) suppression of intensive anabolic processes-mainly photosynthesis and light-dependent reactions, (2) transition to effective catabolism and mobilization of carbohydrate reserve to meet the high energy demand of cells during microspore reprograming and (3) effective defense against stress-inducing treatment, i.e. protection of proper folding during protein biosynthesis and effective degradation of dysfunctional or damaged proteins. Additionally, 5.0 µM AC enhanced the expression of all genes previously identified as being associated with embryogenic potential of microspores (TaTPD1-like, SERK and GSTF2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Krzewska
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ewa Dubas
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Gabriela Gołębiowska
- Chair of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 31-084, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Nowicka
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Agnieszka Janas
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Zieliński
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Surówka
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Przemysław Kopeć
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Przemysław Mielczarek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 ave., 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Iwona Żur
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland.
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10
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Franz A, Valledor P, Ubieto-Capella P, Pilger D, Galarreta A, Lafarga V, Fernández-Llorente A, de la Vega-Barranco G, den Brave F, Hoppe T, Fernandez-Capetillo O, Lecona E. USP7 and VCP FAF1 define the SUMO/Ubiquitin landscape at the DNA replication fork. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109819. [PMID: 34644576 PMCID: PMC8527565 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The AAA+ ATPase VCP regulates the extraction of SUMO and ubiquitin-modified DNA replication factors from chromatin. We have previously described that active DNA synthesis is associated with a SUMO-high/ubiquitin-low environment governed by the deubiquitylase USP7. Here, we unveil a functional cooperation between USP7 and VCP in DNA replication, which is conserved from Caenorhabditis elegans to mammals. The role of VCP in chromatin is defined by its cofactor FAF1, which facilitates the extraction of SUMOylated and ubiquitylated proteins that accumulate after the block of DNA replication in the absence of USP7. The inactivation of USP7 and FAF1 is synthetically lethal both in C. elegans and mammalian cells. In addition, USP7 and VCP inhibitors display synergistic toxicity supporting a functional link between deubiquitylation and extraction of chromatin-bound proteins. Our results suggest that USP7 and VCPFAF1 facilitate DNA replication by controlling the balance of SUMO/Ubiquitin-modified DNA replication factors on chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Franz
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Pablo Valledor
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Patricia Ubieto-Capella
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Domenic Pilger
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Antonio Galarreta
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Vanesa Lafarga
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Alejandro Fernández-Llorente
- Chromatin, Cancer and the Ubiquitin System lab, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), Department of Genome Dynamics and Function, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Guillermo de la Vega-Barranco
- Chromatin, Cancer and the Ubiquitin System lab, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), Department of Genome Dynamics and Function, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Fabian den Brave
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoppe
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Oscar Fernandez-Capetillo
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain; Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Emilio Lecona
- Chromatin, Cancer and the Ubiquitin System lab, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), Department of Genome Dynamics and Function, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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11
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Valosin-Containing Protein (VCP)/p97: A Prognostic Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810177. [PMID: 34576340 PMCID: PMC8469696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Valosin-containing protein (VCP)/p97, a member of the AAA+ ATPase family, is a molecular chaperone recruited to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane by binding to membrane adapters (nuclear protein localization protein 4 (NPL4), p47 and ubiquitin regulatory X (UBX) domain-containing protein 1 (UBXD1)), where it is involved in ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). However, VCP/p97 interacts with many cofactors to participate in different cellular processes that are critical for cancer cell survival and aggressiveness. Indeed, VCP/p97 is reported to be overexpressed in many cancer types and is considered a potential cancer biomarker and therapeutic target. This review summarizes the role of VCP/p97 in different cancers and the advances in the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors with therapeutic potential, focusing on the challenges associated with cancer-related VCP mutations in the mechanisms of resistance to inhibitors.
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12
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Fielden J, Wiseman K, Torrecilla I, Li S, Hume S, Chiang SC, Ruggiano A, Narayan Singh A, Freire R, Hassanieh S, Domingo E, Vendrell I, Fischer R, Kessler BM, Maughan TS, El-Khamisy SF, Ramadan K. TEX264 coordinates p97- and SPRTN-mediated resolution of topoisomerase 1-DNA adducts. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1274. [PMID: 32152270 PMCID: PMC7062751 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15000-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) regulates DNA topology to ensure efficient DNA replication and transcription. TOP1 is also a major driver of endogenous genome instability, particularly when its catalytic intermediate-a covalent TOP1-DNA adduct known as a TOP1 cleavage complex (TOP1cc)-is stabilised. TOP1ccs are highly cytotoxic and a failure to resolve them underlies the pathology of neurological disorders but is also exploited in cancer therapy where TOP1ccs are the target of widely used frontline anti-cancer drugs. A critical enzyme for TOP1cc resolution is the tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase (TDP1), which hydrolyses the bond that links a tyrosine in the active site of TOP1 to a 3' phosphate group on a single-stranded (ss)DNA break. However, TDP1 can only process small peptide fragments from ssDNA ends, raising the question of how the ~90 kDa TOP1 protein is processed upstream of TDP1. Here we find that TEX264 fulfils this role by forming a complex with the p97 ATPase and the SPRTN metalloprotease. We show that TEX264 recognises both unmodified and SUMO1-modifed TOP1 and initiates TOP1cc repair by recruiting p97 and SPRTN. TEX264 localises to the nuclear periphery, associates with DNA replication forks, and counteracts TOP1ccs during DNA replication. Altogether, our study elucidates the existence of a specialised repair complex required for upstream proteolysis of TOP1ccs and their subsequent resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Fielden
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Katherine Wiseman
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ignacio Torrecilla
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Shudong Li
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Samuel Hume
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Shih-Chieh Chiang
- The University of Sheffield Neuroscience Institute and the Healthy Lifespan Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, Sheffield, UK
| | - Annamaria Ruggiano
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Abhay Narayan Singh
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Ofra s/n, La Cuesta, 38320, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, 35450, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Sylvana Hassanieh
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Enric Domingo
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Iolanda Vendrell
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- TDI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roman Fischer
- TDI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- TDI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy S Maughan
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sherif F El-Khamisy
- The University of Sheffield Neuroscience Institute and the Healthy Lifespan Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kristijan Ramadan
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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13
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Sui X, Pan M, Li YM. Insights into the Design of p97-targeting Small Molecules from Structural Studies on p97 Functional Mechanism. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:298-316. [PMID: 31584361 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191004162411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
p97, also known as valosin-containing protein or CDC48, is a member of the AAA+ protein family that is highly conserved in eukaryotes. It binds to various cofactors in the body to perform its protein-unfolding function and participates in DNA repair, degradation of subcellular membrane proteins, and protein quality control pathways, among other processes. Its malfunction can lead to many diseases, such as inclusion body myopathy, associated with Paget's disease of bone and/or frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease, and others. In recent years, many small-molecule inhibitors have been deployed against p97, including bis (diethyldithiocarbamate)- copper and CB-5083, which entered the first phase of clinical tests but failed. One bottleneck in the design of p97 drugs is that its molecular mechanism remains unclear. This paper summarizes recent studies on the molecular mechanisms of p97, which may lead to insight into how the next generation of small molecules targeting p97 can be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sui
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Man Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
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14
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Abstract
Faithful duplication of the genome is critical for the survival of an organism and prevention of malignant transformation. Accurate replication of a large amount of genetic information in a timely manner is one of the most challenging cellular processes and is often perturbed by intrinsic and extrinsic barriers to DNA replication fork progression, a phenomenon referred to as DNA replication stress. Elevated DNA replication stress is a primary source of genomic instability and one of the key hallmarks of cancer. Therefore, targeting DNA replication stress is an emerging concept for cancer therapy. The replication machinery associated with PCNA and other regulatory factors coordinates the synthesis and repair of DNA strands at the replication fork. The dynamic interaction of replication protein complexes with DNA is essential for sensing and responding to various signaling events relevant to DNA replication and damage. Thus, the disruption of the spatiotemporal regulation of protein homeostasis at the replication fork impairs genome integrity, which often involves the deregulation of ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic signaling. Notably, emerging evidence has highlighted the role of the AAA+ATPase VCP/p97 in extracting ubiquitinated protein substrates from the chromatin and facilitating the turnover of genome surveillance factors during DNA replication and repair. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of chromatin-associated degradation pathways at the replication fork and the implication of these findings for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Rageul
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Alexandra S Weinheimer
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology graduate program, Stony Brook University, New York 11794, USA
| | - Jennifer J Park
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Hyungjin Kim
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA; Stony Brook Cancer Center, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA.
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15
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Zhang H, Liu J, He Y, Xie Z, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Lin L, Liu S, Wang D. Quantitative proteomics reveals the key molecular events occurring at different cell cycle phases of the in situ blooming dinoflagellate cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 676:62-71. [PMID: 31029901 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellate blooms are the results of rapid cell proliferation governed by cell cycle, a highly-ordered series of events that culminates in cell division. However, little is known about cell cycle progression of the in situ bloom cells. Here, we compared proteomes of the in situ blooming cells of a dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense collected at different cell cycle phases. The blooming P. donghaiense cells completed a cell cycle within 24 h with a high synchronization rate of 82.7%. Proteins associated with photosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll synthesis, carbon, nitrogen and amino acid metabolisms exhibited high expressions at the G1 phase; DNA replication and mismatch repair related proteins were more abundant at the S phase; while protein synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation were highly enriched at the G2/M phase. Cell cycle proteins presented similar periodic diel patterns to other eukaryotic cells, and higher expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin dependent kinase 2 at the S phase ensured the smooth S-G2/M transition. Strikingly, four histones were first identified in P. donghaiense and highly expressed at the G2/M phase, indicating their potential roles in regulating cell cycle. This study presents the first quantitative survey, to our knowledge, of proteome changes at different cell cycle phases of the in situ blooming cells in natural environment and provides insights into cell cycle regulation of the blooming dinoflagellate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, 361005, China
| | - Jiuling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, 361005, China; Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yanbin He
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone 11th building, Yantian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Zhangxian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, 361005, China
| | - Shufei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, 361005, China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, 361005, China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, 361005, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone 11th building, Yantian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Dazhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, 361005, China.
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16
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Shi L, Zhang XB, Shi YF, Xu X, He Y, Shao G, Huang QN, Wu JL. OsCDC48/48E complex is required for plant survival in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:163-179. [PMID: 30937701 PMCID: PMC6513905 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00851-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the C-terminus of OsCDC48 is essential for maintaining its full ATPase activity and OsCDC48/48E interaction is required to modulate cellular processes and plant survival in rice. Cell division cycle 48 (CDC48) belongs to the superfamily protein of ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA). We previously isolated a rice CDC48 mutant (psd128) displaying premature senescence and death phenotype. Here, we showed that OsCDC48 (Os03g0151800) interacted with OsCDC48E (Os10g0442600), a homologue of OsCDC48, to control plant survival in rice. OsCDC48E knockout plants exhibited similar behavior to psd128 with premature senescence and plant death. Removal of the C-terminus of OsCDC48 caused altered expression of cell cycle-related genes, changed the percentage of cells in G1 and G2/M phases, and abolished the interaction between OsCDC48 itself and between OsCDC48 and OsCDC48E, respectively. Furthermore, the truncated OsCDC48-PSD128 protein lacking the C-terminal 27 amino acid residues showed a decreased level of ATPase activity. Overexpression of OsCDC48-psd128 resulted in differential expression of AAA-ATPase associated genes leading to increased total ATPase activity, accumulation of reactive oxygen species and decreased plant tiller numbers while overexpression of OsCDC48 also resulted in differential expression of AAA-ATPase associated genes leading to increased total ATPase activity, but increased plant tiller numbers and grain yield, indicating its potential utilization for yield improvement. Our results demonstrated that the C-terminal region of OsCDC48 was essential for maintaining the full ATPase activity and OsCDC48/48E complex might function in form of heteromultimers to modulate cellular processes and plant survival in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yong-Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yuqing He
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guosheng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Qi-Na Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Jian-Li Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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17
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Proteome Stability as a Key Factor of Genome Integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102036. [PMID: 28937603 PMCID: PMC5666718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage is constantly produced by both endogenous and exogenous factors; DNA lesions then trigger the so-called DNA damaged response (DDR). This is a highly synchronized pathway that involves recognition, signaling and repair of the damage. Failure to eliminate DNA lesions is associated with genome instability, a driving force in tumorigenesis. Proteins carry out the vast majority of cellular functions and thus proteome quality control (PQC) is critical for the maintenance of cellular functionality. PQC is assured by the proteostasis network (PN), which under conditions of proteome instability address the triage decision of protein fold, hold, or degrade. Key components of the PN are the protein synthesis modules, the molecular chaperones and the two main degradation machineries, namely the autophagy-lysosome and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathways; also, part of the PN are a number of stress-responsive cellular sensors including (among others) heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1) and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Nevertheless, the lifestyle- and/or ageing-associated gradual accumulation of stressors results in increasingly damaged and unstable proteome due to accumulation of misfolded proteins and/or protein aggregates. This outcome may then increase genomic instability due to reduced fidelity in processes like DNA replication or repair leading to various age-related diseases including cancer. Herein, we review the role of proteostatic machineries in nuclear genome integrity and stability, as well as on DDR responses.
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18
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Gambus A. Termination of Eukaryotic Replication Forks. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1042:163-187. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6955-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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RNAi-Based Suppressor Screens Reveal Genetic Interactions Between the CRL2LRR-1 E3-Ligase and the DNA Replication Machinery in Caenorhabditis elegans. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:3431-3442. [PMID: 27543292 PMCID: PMC5068962 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.033043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cullin-RING E3-Ligases (CRLs), the largest family of E3 ubiquitin-Ligases, regulate diverse cellular processes by promoting ubiquitination of target proteins. The evolutionarily conserved Leucine Rich Repeat protein 1 (LRR-1) is a substrate-recognition subunit of a CRL2LRR-1 E3-ligase. Here we provide genetic evidence supporting a role of this E3-enzyme in the maintenance of DNA replication integrity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Through RNAi-based suppressor screens of lrr-1(0) and cul-2(or209ts) mutants, we identified two genes encoding components of the GINS complex, which is part of the Cdc45-MCM-GINS (CMG) replicative helicase, as well as CDC-7 and MUS-101, which drives the assembly of the CMG helicase during DNA replication. In addition, we identified the core components of the ATR/ATL-1 DNA replication checkpoint pathway (MUS-101, ATL-1, CLSP-1, CHK-1). These results suggest that the CRL2LRR-1 E3-ligase acts to modify or degrade factor(s) that would otherwise misregulate the replisome, eventually leading to the activation of the DNA replication checkpoint.
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20
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Papadopoulou T, Richly H. On-site remodeling at chromatin: How multiprotein complexes are rebuilt during DNA repair and transcriptional activation. Bioessays 2016; 38:1130-1140. [PMID: 27599465 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss a novel on-site remodeling function that is mediated by the H2A-ubiquitin binding protein ZRF1. ZRF1 facilitates the remodeling of multiprotein complexes at chromatin and lies at the heart of signaling processes that occur at DNA damage sites and during transcriptional activation. In nucleotide excision repair ZRF1 remodels E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes at the damage site. During embryonic stem cell differentiation, it contributes to retinoic acid-mediated gene activation by altering the subunit composition of the Mediator complex. We postulate that ZRF1 operates in conjunction with cellular remodeling machines and suggest that on-site remodeling might be a hallmark of many chromatin-associated signaling pathways. We discuss yet unexplored functions of ZRF1-mediated remodeling in replication and double strand break repair. In conclusion, we postulate that on-site remodeling of multiprotein complexes is essential for the timing of chromatin signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaleia Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Richly
- Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany.
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21
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Franz A, Ackermann L, Hoppe T. Ring of Change: CDC48/p97 Drives Protein Dynamics at Chromatin. Front Genet 2016; 7:73. [PMID: 27200082 PMCID: PMC4853748 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic composition of proteins associated with nuclear DNA is a fundamental property of chromosome biology. In the chromatin compartment dedicated protein complexes govern the accurate synthesis and repair of the genomic information and define the state of DNA compaction in vital cellular processes such as chromosome segregation or transcription. Unscheduled or faulty association of protein complexes with DNA has detrimental consequences on genome integrity. Consequently, the association of protein complexes with DNA is remarkably dynamic and can respond rapidly to cellular signaling events, which requires tight spatiotemporal control. In this context, the ring-like AAA+ ATPase CDC48/p97 emerges as a key regulator of protein complexes that are marked with ubiquitin or SUMO. Mechanistically, CDC48/p97 functions as a segregase facilitating the extraction of substrate proteins from the chromatin. As such, CDC48/p97 drives molecular reactions either by directed disassembly or rearrangement of chromatin-bound protein complexes. The importance of this mechanism is reflected by human pathologies linked to p97 mutations, including neurodegenerative disorders, oncogenesis, and premature aging. This review focuses on the recent insights into molecular mechanisms that determine CDC48/p97 function in the chromatin environment, which is particularly relevant for cancer and aging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Franz
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Leena Ackermann
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoppe
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
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22
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Abstract
Cdc48 (alias p97, VCP) is an important motor and regulator for the turnover of ubiquitylated proteins, both in proteasomal degradation and in nonproteolytic pathways. The diverse cellular tasks of Cdc48 are controlled by a large number of cofactors. Substrate-recruiting cofactors mediate the specific recognition of ubiquitylated target proteins, whereas substrate-processing cofactors often exhibit ubiquitin ligase or deubiquitylating activities that enable them to modulate the ubiquitylation state of substrates. This chapter introduces the major groups of Cdc48 cofactors and discusses the versatile options of substrate-processing cofactors to control the fate of Cdc48 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Buchberger
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany,
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23
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Ramadan K, Halder S, Wiseman K, Vaz B. Strategic role of the ubiquitin-dependent segregase p97 (VCP or Cdc48) in DNA replication. Chromosoma 2016; 126:17-32. [PMID: 27086594 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-016-0587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genome amplification (DNA synthesis) is one of the most demanding cellular processes in all proliferative cells. The DNA replication machinery (also known as the replisome) orchestrates genome amplification during S-phase of the cell cycle. Genetic material is particularly vulnerable to various events that can challenge the replisome during its assembly, activation (firing), progression (elongation) and disassembly from chromatin (termination). Any disturbance of the replisome leads to stalling of the DNA replication fork and firing of dormant replication origins, a process known as DNA replication stress. DNA replication stress is considered to be one of the main causes of sporadic cancers and other pathologies related to tissue degeneration and ageing. The mechanisms of replisome assembly and elongation during DNA synthesis are well understood. However, once DNA synthesis is complete, the process of replisome disassembly, and its removal from chromatin, remains unclear. In recent years, a growing body of evidence has alluded to a central role in replisome regulation for the ubiquitin-dependent protein segregase p97, also known as valosin-containing protein (VCP) in metazoans and Cdc48 in lower eukaryotes. By orchestrating the spatiotemporal turnover of the replisome, p97 plays an essential role in DNA replication. In this review, we will summarise our current knowledge about how p97 controls the replisome from replication initiation, to elongation and finally termination. We will also further examine the more recent findings concerning the role of p97 and how mutations in p97 cofactors, also known as adaptors, cause DNA replication stress induced genomic instability that leads to cancer and accelerated ageing. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review concerning the mechanisms involved in the regulation of DNA replication by p97.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristijan Ramadan
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Swagata Halder
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Katherine Wiseman
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Bruno Vaz
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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Franz A, Pirson PA, Pilger D, Halder S, Achuthankutty D, Kashkar H, Ramadan K, Hoppe T. Chromatin-associated degradation is defined by UBXN-3/FAF1 to safeguard DNA replication fork progression. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10612. [PMID: 26842564 PMCID: PMC4743000 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordinated activity of DNA replication factors is a highly dynamic process that involves ubiquitin-dependent regulation. In this context, the ubiquitin-directed ATPase CDC-48/p97 recently emerged as a key regulator of chromatin-associated degradation in several of the DNA metabolic pathways that assure genome integrity. However, the spatiotemporal control of distinct CDC-48/p97 substrates in the chromatin environment remained unclear. Here, we report that progression of the DNA replication fork is coordinated by UBXN-3/FAF1. UBXN-3/FAF1 binds to the licensing factor CDT-1 and additional ubiquitylated proteins, thus promoting CDC-48/p97-dependent turnover and disassembly of DNA replication factor complexes. Consequently, inactivation of UBXN-3/FAF1 stabilizes CDT-1 and CDC-45/GINS on chromatin, causing severe defects in replication fork dynamics accompanied by pronounced replication stress and eventually resulting in genome instability. Our work identifies a critical substrate selection module of CDC-48/p97 required for chromatin-associated protein degradation in both Caenorhabditis elegans and humans, which is relevant to oncogenesis and aging. Cdc48/p97 is a key component of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, acting as a ubiquitin-directed segregase to regulate multiple cellular functions. Here the authors identify UBXN-3/FAF1 as a crucial regulator of chromatin-associated protein degradation that recruits Cdc48/p97 to DNA replication forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Franz
- Institute for Genetics and CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul A Pirson
- Institute for Genetics and CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Domenic Pilger
- Institute for Genetics and CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council Oxford, Institute for Radiation Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX3 7DQ Oxford, UK
| | - Swagata Halder
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council Oxford, Institute for Radiation Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX3 7DQ Oxford, UK
| | - Divya Achuthankutty
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council Oxford, Institute for Radiation Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX3 7DQ Oxford, UK
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene at CECAD Research Center, University Hospital of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristijan Ramadan
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council Oxford, Institute for Radiation Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX3 7DQ Oxford, UK
| | - Thorsten Hoppe
- Institute for Genetics and CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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25
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Huang QN, Shi YF, Zhang XB, Song LX, Feng BH, Wang HM, Xu X, Li XH, Guo D, Wu JL. Single base substitution in OsCDC48 is responsible for premature senescence and death phenotype in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:12-28. [PMID: 26040493 PMCID: PMC5049647 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A premature senescence and death 128 (psd128) mutant was isolated from an ethyl methane sulfonate-induced rice IR64 mutant bank. The premature senescence phenotype appeared at the six-leaf stage and the plant died at the early heading stage. psd128 exhibited impaired chloroplast development with significantly reduced photosynthetic ability, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, root vigor, soluble protein content and increased malonaldehyde content. Furthermore, the expression of senescence-related genes was significantly altered in psd128. The mutant trait was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. Using map-based strategy, the mutation Oryza sativa cell division cycle 48 (OsCDC48) was isolated and predicted to encode a putative AAA-type ATPase with 809 amino-acid residuals. A single base substitution at position C2347T in psd128 resulted in a premature stop codon. Functional complementation could rescue the mutant phenotype. In addition, RNA interference resulted in the premature senescence and death phenotype. OsCDC48 was expressed constitutively in the root, stem, leaf and panicle. Subcellular analysis indicated that OsCDC48:YFP fusion proteins were located both in the cytoplasm and nucleus. OsCDC48 was highly conserved with more than 90% identity in the protein levels among plant species. Our results indicated that the impaired function of OsCDC48 was responsible for the premature senescence and death phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Na Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yong-Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Li-Xin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Bao-Hua Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Hui-Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Dan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jian-Li Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
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26
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Hao Q, Jiao S, Shi Z, Li C, Meng X, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Song X, Wang W, Zhang R, Zhao Y, Wong CCL, Zhou Z. A non-canonical role of the p97 complex in RIG-I antiviral signaling. EMBO J 2015; 34:2903-20. [PMID: 26471729 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
RIG-I is a well-studied sensor of viral RNA that plays a key role in innate immunity. p97 regulates a variety of cellular events such as protein quality control, membrane reassembly, DNA repair, and the cell cycle. Here, we report a new role for p97 with Npl4-Ufd1 as its cofactor in reducing antiviral innate immune responses by facilitating proteasomal degradation of RIG-I. The p97 complex is able to directly bind both non-ubiquitinated RIG-I and the E3 ligase RNF125, promoting K48-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I at residue K181. Viral infection significantly strengthens the interaction between RIG-I and the p97 complex by a conformational change of RIG-I that exposes the CARDs and through K63-linked ubiquitination of these CARDs. Disruption of the p97 complex enhances RIG-I antiviral signaling. Consistently, administration of compounds targeting p97 ATPase activity was shown to inhibit viral replication and protect mice from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection. Overall, our study uncovered a previously unrecognized role for the p97 complex in protein ubiquitination and revealed the p97 complex as a potential drug target in antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hao
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Jiao
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhubing Shi
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanchuan Li
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Meng
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomin Song
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Catherine C L Wong
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaocai Zhou
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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27
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Abstract
To ensure duplication of the entire genome, eukaryotic DNA replication initiates from thousands of replication origins. The replication forks move through the chromatin until they encounter forks from neighboring origins. During replication fork termination forks converge, the replisomes disassemble and topoisomerase II resolves the daughter DNA molecules. If not resolved efficiently, terminating forks result in genomic instability through the formation of pathogenic structures. Our recent findings shed light onto the mechanism of replisome disassembly upon replication fork termination. We have shown that termination-specific polyubiquitylation of the replicative helicase component – Mcm7, leads to dissolution of the active helicase in a process dependent on the p97/VCP/Cdc48 segregase. The inhibition of terminating helicase disassembly resulted in a replication termination defect. In this extended view we present hypothetical models of replication fork termination and discuss remaining and emerging questions in the DNA replication termination field.
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Key Words
- CMG, Cdc45, Mcm2–7, GINS complex
- CRL, cullin-RING ligase
- D loop, displacement loop
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DNA replication
- DSB, double strand break
- DUB, deubiquitylating enzyme
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERAD, endoplasmic reticulum associated protein degradation
- GINS, Go-Ichi-Ni-San, complex made of Sld5, Psf1, Psf2, Psf3
- ICL, intra-strand crosslink
- MCM, Minichromosome maintenance
- Mcm2–7
- OriC, chromosomal replication origin
- R loop, RNA:DNA hybrid
- RING, really interesting gene
- RPC, Replisome Progression Complex
- Ter, termination site
- Tus-Ter, terminus utilisation substance - termination
- Xenopus
- p97 segregase
- replication termination
- replicative helicase
- replisome
- ubiquitin
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Bailey
- a School of Cancer Sciences; University of Birmingham ; Birmingham , UK
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28
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Moreno SP, Bailey R, Campion N, Herron S, Gambus A. Polyubiquitylation drives replisome disassembly at the termination of DNA replication. Science 2014; 346:477-81. [PMID: 25342805 DOI: 10.1126/science.1253585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Resolution of replication forks during termination of DNA replication is essential for accurate duplication of eukaryotic genomes. Here we present evidence consistent with the idea that polyubiquitylation of a replisome component (Mcm7) leads to its disassembly at the converging terminating forks because of the action of the p97/VCP/Cdc48 protein remodeler. Using Xenopus laevis egg extract, we have shown that blocking polyubiquitylation results in the prolonged association of the active helicase with replicating chromatin. The Mcm7 subunit is the only component of the active helicase that we find polyubiquitylated during replication termination. The observed polyubiquitylation is followed by disassembly of the active helicase dependent on p97/VCP/Cdc48. Altogether, our data provide insight into the mechanism of replisome disassembly during eukaryotic DNA replication termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Priego Moreno
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Rachael Bailey
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nicholas Campion
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Suzanne Herron
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Agnieszka Gambus
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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29
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Maric M, Maculins T, De Piccoli G, Labib K. Cdc48 and a ubiquitin ligase drive disassembly of the CMG helicase at the end of DNA replication. Science 2014; 346:1253596. [PMID: 25342810 PMCID: PMC4300516 DOI: 10.1126/science.1253596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome replication is initiated by a universal mechanism in eukaryotic cells, involving the assembly and activation at replication origins of the CMG (Cdc45-MCM-GINS) DNA helicase, which is essential for the progression of replication forks. Disassembly of CMG is likely to be a key regulated step at the end of chromosome replication, but the mechanism was unknown until now. Here we show that the ubiquitin ligase known as SCF(Dia2) promotes ubiquitylation of CMG during the final stages of chromosome replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Cdc48/p97 segregase then associates with ubiquitylated CMG, leading rapidly to helicase disassembly. These findings indicate that the end of chromosome replication in eukaryotes is controlled in a similarly complex fashion to the much-better-characterized initiation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Maric
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Timurs Maculins
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Giacomo De Piccoli
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Karim Labib
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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30
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Autophagy protects C. elegans against necrosis during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:12480-5. [PMID: 25114220 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1405032111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a conserved pathway that delivers intracellular materials into lysosomes for degradation, is involved in development, aging, and a variety of diseases. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that autophagy plays a protective role against infectious diseases by diminishing intracellular pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. However, the mechanism by which autophagy regulates innate immunity remains largely unknown. Here, we show that autophagy is involved in host defense against a pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans. P. aeruginosa infection induces autophagy via a conserved extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Intriguingly, impairment of autophagy does not influence the intestinal accumulation of P. aeruginosa, but instead induces intestinal necrosis. Inhibition of necrosis results in the survival of autophagy-deficient worms after P. aeruginosa infection. These findings reveal a previously unidentified role for autophagy in protection against necrosis triggered by pathogenic bacteria in C. elegans and implicate that such a function of autophagy may be conserved through the inflammatory response in diverse organisms.
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31
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Riemer A, Dobrynin G, Dressler A, Bremer S, Soni A, Iliakis G, Meyer H. The p97-Ufd1-Npl4 ATPase complex ensures robustness of the G2/M checkpoint by facilitating CDC25A degradation. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:919-27. [PMID: 24429874 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The p97-Ufd1-Npl4 ATPase complex is associated with the response to DNA damage and replication stress, but how its inactivation leads to manifestation of chromosome instability is unclear. Here, we show that p97-Ufd1-Npl4 has an additional direct role in the G2/M checkpoint. Upon DNA damage, p97-Ufd1-Npl4 binds CDC25A downstream of ubiquitination by the SCF-βTrCP ligase and facilitates its proteasomal degradation. Depletion of Ufd1-Npl4 leads to G2/M checkpoint failure due to persistent CDC25 activity and propagation of DNA damage into mitosis with deleterious effects on chromosome segregation. Thus, p97-Ufd1-Npl4 is an integral part of G2/M checkpoint signaling and thereby suppresses chromosome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Riemer
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology; Faculty of Biology; University of Duisburg - Essen; Essen, Germany
| | - Grzegorz Dobrynin
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology; Faculty of Biology; University of Duisburg - Essen; Essen, Germany
| | - Alina Dressler
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology; Faculty of Biology; University of Duisburg - Essen; Essen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bremer
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology; Faculty of Biology; University of Duisburg - Essen; Essen, Germany
| | - Aashish Soni
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology; University of Duisburg - Essen; Essen, Germany
| | - George Iliakis
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology; University of Duisburg - Essen; Essen, Germany
| | - Hemmo Meyer
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology; Faculty of Biology; University of Duisburg - Essen; Essen, Germany
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32
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Køhler JB, Jørgensen MLM, Beinoraité G, Thorsen M, Thon G. Concerted action of the ubiquitin-fusion degradation protein 1 (Ufd1) and Sumo-targeted ubiquitin ligases (STUbLs) in the DNA-damage response. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80442. [PMID: 24265825 PMCID: PMC3827193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes many players in the DNA-damage response (DDR) catalyze protein sumoylation or ubiquitylation. Emphasis has been placed on how these modifications orchestrate the sequential recruitment of repair factors to sites of DNA damage or stalled replication forks. Here, we shed light on a pathway in which sumoylated factors are eliminated through the coupled action of Sumo-targeted ubiquitin ligases (STUbLs) and the ubiquitin-fusion degradation protein 1 (Ufd1). Ufd1 is a subunit of the Cdc48-Ufd1-Npl4 complex implicated in the sorting of ubiquitylated substrates for degradation by the proteasome. We find that in fission yeast, Ufd1 interacts physically and functionally with the Sumo-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL) Rfp1, homologous to human RNF4, and with the Sumo E3 ligase Pli1, homologous to human PIAS1. Deleting a C-terminal domain of Ufd1 that mediates the interaction of Ufd1 with Rfp1, Pli1, and Sumo (ufd1ΔCt213-342) lead to an accumulation of high-molecular-weight Sumo conjugates and caused severe genomic instabilities. The spectrum of sensitivity of ufd1ΔCt213-342 cells to genotoxins, the epistatic relationships of ufd1ΔCt213-342 with mutations in DNA repair factors, and the localization of the repair factor Rad22 in ufd1ΔCt213-342 cells point to ufd1ΔCt213-342 cells accumulating aberrant structures during replication that require homologous recombination (HR) for their repair. We present evidence that HR is however often not successful in ufd1ΔCt213-342 cells and we identify Rad22 as one of the high-molecular-weight conjugates accumulating in the ufd1ΔCt213-342 mutant consistent with Rad22 being a STUbL/Ufd1 substrate. Suggesting a direct role of Ufd1 in the processing of Sumo-conjugates, Ufd1 formed nuclear foci colocalizing with Sumo during the DDR, and Sumo-conjugates accumulated in foci in the ufd1ΔCt213-342 mutant. Broader functional relationships between Ufd1 and STUbLs conceivably affect numerous cellular processes beyond the DDR.
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33
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Zhao X, Yang N, Wang T. Comparative proteomic analysis of generative and sperm cells reveals molecular characteristics associated with sperm development and function specialization. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5058-71. [PMID: 23879389 DOI: 10.1021/pr400291p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, two sperm cells (SCs) are generated from a generative cell (GC) in the developing pollen grain or growing pollen tube and are then delivered to the embryo sac to initiate double fertilization. SC development and function specialization involve the strict control of the protein (gene) expression program and coordination of diverse cellular processes. However, because methods for collecting a large amount of highly purified GCs and SCs for proteomic and transcriptomic studies from a plant are not available, molecular information about the program and the interconnections is lacking. Here, we describe a method for obtaining a large quantity of highly purified GCs and SCs from just-germinated lily pollen grains and growing pollen tubes for proteomic analysis. Our observation showed that SCs had less condensed chromatin and more vacuole-like structures than GCs and that mature SCs were arrested at the G2 phase. Comparison of SC and GC proteomes revealed 101 proteins differentially expressed in the two proteomes. These proteins are involved in diverse cellular and metabolic processes, with preferential involvement in metabolism, the cell cycle, signaling, the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway, and chromatin remodeling. Impressively, almost all proteins in SCF complex-mediated proteolysis and the cell cycle were up-regulated in SCs, whereas those in chromatin remodeling and stress response were down-regulated. Our data also reveal the coordination of SCF complex-mediated proteolysis, cell cycle progression, and DNA repair in SC development and function specialization. This study revealed for the first time a difference in protein profiles between GCs and SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences and National Center for Plant Gene Research , Beijing 100093, China
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34
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Covalent and allosteric inhibitors of the ATPase VCP/p97 induce cancer cell death. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:548-56. [PMID: 23892893 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
VCP (also known as p97 or Cdc48p in yeast) is an AAA(+) ATPase regulating endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. After high-throughput screening, we developed compounds that inhibit VCP via different mechanisms, including covalent modification of an active site cysteine and a new allosteric mechanism. Using photoaffinity labeling, structural analysis and mutagenesis, we mapped the binding site of allosteric inhibitors to a region spanning the D1 and D2 domains of adjacent protomers encompassing elements important for nucleotide-state sensing and ATP hydrolysis. These compounds induced an increased affinity for nucleotides. Interference with nucleotide turnover in individual subunits and distortion of interprotomer communication cooperated to impair VCP enzymatic activity. Chemical expansion of this allosteric class identified NMS-873, the most potent and specific VCP inhibitor described to date, which activated the unfolded protein response, interfered with autophagy and induced cancer cell death. The consistent pattern of cancer cell killing by covalent and allosteric inhibitors provided critical validation of VCP as a cancer target.
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35
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Kress E, Schwager F, Holtackers R, Seiler J, Prodon F, Zanin E, Eiteneuer A, Toya M, Sugimoto A, Meyer H, Meraldi P, Gotta M. The UBXN-2/p37/p47 adaptors of CDC-48/p97 regulate mitosis by limiting the centrosomal recruitment of Aurora A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:559-75. [PMID: 23649807 PMCID: PMC3653362 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201209107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UBXN-2, a substrate adaptor of the AAA ATPase CDC-48/p97, is required to coordinate centrosome maturation timing with mitosis. Coordination of cell cycle events in space and time is crucial to achieve a successful cell division. Here, we demonstrate that UBXN-2, a substrate adaptor of the AAA ATPase Cdc48/p97, is required to coordinate centrosome maturation timing with mitosis. In UBXN-2–depleted Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, centrosomes recruited more AIR-1 (Aurora A), matured precociously, and alignment of the mitotic spindle with the axis of polarity was impaired. UBXN-2 and CDC-48 coimmunoprecipitated with AIR-1 and the spindle alignment defect was partially rescued by co-depleting AIR-1, indicating that UBXN-2 controls these processes via AIR-1. Similarly, depletion in human cells of the UBXN-2 orthologues p37/p47 resulted in an accumulation of Aurora A at centrosomes and a delay in centrosome separation. The latter defect was also rescued by inhibiting Aurora A. We therefore postulate that the role of this adaptor in cell cycle regulation is conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Kress
- Department of Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Abstract
Conjugation of ubiquitin (ubiquitination) to substrate proteins is a widespread modification that ensures fidelity of many cellular processes. During mitosis, different dynamic morphological transitions have to be coordinated in a temporal and spatial manner to allow for precise partitioning of the genetic material into two daughter cells, and ubiquitination of key mitotic factors is believed to provide both directionality and fidelity to this process. While directionality can be achieved by a proteolytic type of ubiquitination signal, the fidelity is often determined by various types of ubiquitin conjugation that does not target substrates for proteolysis by the proteasome. An additional level of complexity is provided by various ubiquitin-interacting proteins that act downstream of the ubiquitinated substrate and can serve as "decoders" for the ubiquitin signal. They may, specifically reverse ubiquitin attachment (deubiquitinating enzymes, DUBs) or, act as a receptor for transfer of the ubiquitinated substrate toward downstream signaling components and/or subcellular compartments (ubiquitin-binding proteins, UBPs). In this review, we aim at summarizing the knowledge and emerging concepts about the role of ubiquitin decoders, DUBs, and UBPs that contribute to faithful regulation of mitotic division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadek Fournane
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
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Vaz B, Halder S, Ramadan K. Role of p97/VCP (Cdc48) in genome stability. Front Genet 2013; 4:60. [PMID: 23641252 PMCID: PMC3639377 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-dependent molecular chaperone p97, also known as valosin-containing protein (VCP) or Cdc48, is an AAA ATPase involved in protein turnover and degradation. p97 converts its own ATPase hydrolysis into remodeling activity on a myriad of ubiquitinated substrates from different cellular locations and pathways. In this way, p97 mediates extraction of targeted protein from cellular compartments or protein complexes. p97-dependent protein extraction from various cellular environments maintains cellular protein homeostasis. In recent years, p97-dependent protein extraction from chromatin has emerged as an essential evolutionarily conserved process for maintaining genome stability. Inactivation of p97 segregase activity leads to accumulation of ubiquitinated substrates on chromatin, consequently leading to protein-induced chromatin stress (PICHROS). PICHROS directly and negatively affects multiple DNA metabolic processes, including replication, damage responses, mitosis, and transcription, leading to genotoxic stress and genome instability. By summarizing and critically evaluating recent data on p97 function in various chromatin-associated protein degradation processes, we propose establishing p97 as a genome caretaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vaz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Zürich-Vetsuisse Zürich, Switzerland ; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
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Bergink S, Ammon T, Kern M, Schermelleh L, Leonhardt H, Jentsch S. Role of Cdc48/p97 as a SUMO-targeted segregase curbing Rad51-Rad52 interaction. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:526-32. [PMID: 23624404 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cdc48 (also known as p97), a conserved chaperone-like ATPase, plays a strategic role in the ubiquitin system. Empowered by ATP-driven conformational changes, Cdc48 acts as a segregase by dislodging ubiquitylated proteins from their environment. Ufd1, a known co-factor of Cdc48, also binds SUMO (ref. 6), but whether SUMOylated proteins are subject to the segregase activity of Cdc48 as well and what these substrates are remains unknown. Here we show that Cdc48 with its co-factor Ufd1 is SUMO-targeted to proteins involved in DNA double-strand break repair. Cdc48 associates with SUMOylated Rad52, a factor that assembles the Rad51 recombinase on chromatin. By acting on the Rad52-Rad51 complex, Cdc48 curbs their physical interaction and displaces the proteins from DNA. Genetically interfering with SUMO-targeting or segregase activity leads to an increase in spontaneous recombination rates, accompanied by aberrant in vivo Rad51 foci formation in yeast and mammalian cells. Our data thus suggest that SUMO-targeted Cdc48 restricts the recombinase Rad51 by counterbalancing the activity of Rad52. We propose that Cdc48, through its ability to associate with co-factors that have affinities for ubiquitin and SUMO, connects the two modification pathways for protein degradation or other regulatory purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Bergink
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Franz A, Ackermann L, Hoppe T. Create and preserve: proteostasis in development and aging is governed by Cdc48/p97/VCP. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1843:205-15. [PMID: 23583830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The AAA-ATPase Cdc48 (also called p97 or VCP) acts as a key regulator in proteolytic pathways, coordinating recruitment and targeting of substrate proteins to the 26S proteasome or lysosomal degradation. However, in contrast to the well-known function in ubiquitin-dependent cellular processes, the physiological relevance of Cdc48 in organismic development and maintenance of protein homeostasis is less understood. Therefore, studies on multicellular model organisms help to decipher how Cdc48-dependent proteolysis is regulated in time and space to meet developmental requirements. Given the importance of developmental regulation and tissue maintenance, defects in Cdc48 activity have been linked to several human pathologies including protein aggregation diseases. Thus, addressing the underlying disease mechanisms not only contributes to our understanding on the organism-wide function of Cdc48 but also facilitates the design of specific medical therapies. In this review, we will portray the role of Cdc48 in the context of multicellular organisms, pointing out its importance for developmental processes, tissue surveillance, and disease prevention. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Ubiquitin-Proteasome System. Guest Editors: Thomas Sommer and Dieter H. Wolf.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Franz
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47a, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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Basel-Vanagaite L, Dallapiccola B, Ramirez-Solis R, Segref A, Thiele H, Edwards A, Arends M, Miró X, White J, Désir J, Abramowicz M, Dentici M, Lepri F, Hofmann K, Har-Zahav A, Ryder E, Karp N, Estabel J, Gerdin AK, Podrini C, Ingham N, Altmüller J, Nürnberg G, Frommolt P, Abdelhak S, Pasmanik-Chor M, Konen O, Kelley R, Shohat M, Nürnberg P, Flint J, Steel K, Hoppe T, Kubisch C, Adams D, Borck G. Deficiency for the ubiquitin ligase UBE3B in a blepharophimosis-ptosis-intellectual-disability syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2012. [PMID: 23200864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination plays a crucial role in neurodevelopment as exemplified by Angelman syndrome, which is caused by genetic alterations of the ubiquitin ligase-encoding UBE3A gene. Although the function of UBE3A has been widely studied, little is known about its paralog UBE3B. By using exome and capillary sequencing, we here identify biallelic UBE3B mutations in four patients from three unrelated families presenting an autosomal-recessive blepharophimosis-ptosis-intellectual-disability syndrome characterized by developmental delay, growth retardation with a small head circumference, facial dysmorphisms, and low cholesterol levels. UBE3B encodes an uncharacterized E3 ubiquitin ligase. The identified UBE3B variants include one frameshift and two splice-site mutations as well as a missense substitution affecting the highly conserved HECT domain. Disruption of mouse Ube3b leads to reduced viability and recapitulates key aspects of the human disorder, such as reduced weight and brain size and a downregulation of cholesterol synthesis. We establish that the probable Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of UBE3B, oxi-1, functions in the ubiquitin/proteasome system in vivo and is especially required under oxidative stress conditions. Our data reveal the pleiotropic effects of UBE3B deficiency and reinforce the physiological importance of ubiquitination in neuronal development and function in mammals.
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DVC1 (C1orf124) is a DNA damage-targeting p97 adaptor that promotes ubiquitin-dependent responses to replication blocks. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2012; 19:1084-92. [PMID: 23042605 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-mediated processes orchestrate critical DNA-damage signaling and repair pathways. We identify human DVC1 (C1orf124; Spartan) as a cell cycle-regulated anaphase-promoting complex (APC) substrate that accumulates at stalled replication forks. DVC1 recruitment to sites of replication stress requires its ubiquitin-binding UBZ domain and PCNA-binding PIP box motif but is independent of RAD18-mediated PCNA monoubiquitylation. Via a conserved SHP box, DVC1 recruits the ubiquitin-selective chaperone p97 to blocked replication forks, which may facilitate p97-dependent removal of translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerase η (Pol η) from monoubiquitylated PCNA. DVC1 knockdown enhances UV light-induced mutagenesis, and depletion of human DVC1 or the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog DVC-1 causes hypersensitivity to replication stress-inducing agents. Our findings establish DVC1 as a DNA damage-targeting p97 adaptor that protects cells from deleterious consequences of replication blocks and suggest an important role of p97 in ubiquitin-dependent regulation of TLS.
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42
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Dantuma NP, Hoppe T. Growing sphere of influence: Cdc48/p97 orchestrates ubiquitin-dependent extraction from chromatin. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 22:483-91. [PMID: 22818974 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The AAA (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) family member Cdc48/p97 is best known for its role in ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of aberrant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins, a process known as ER-associated degradation (ERAD). However, recent studies have also defined Cdc48/p97 as a central player in various chromatin-associated processes linked to cell cycle progression, DNA replication, transcription, and the DNA damage response. Notwithstanding the apparent differences in location and function, the role of Cdc48/p97 in ubiquitin-dependent extraction from chromatin (UDEC) bears striking similarities with its action in ERAD. Here, we discuss recent data that expand our current model of the role of Cdc48/p97 as a ubiquitin-selective segregase in the nuclear chromatin environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico P Dantuma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 3, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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43
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Abstract
BACKGROUND p53 induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells and negatively regulates glycolysis via TIGAR. Glycolysis is crucial for cancer progression although TIGAR provides protection from reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. The relation between TIGAR-mediated inhibition of glycolysis and p53 tumour-suppressor activity is unknown. METHODS RT-PCR, western blot, luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were used to study TIGAR gene regulation. Co-IPP was used to determine the role of TIGAR protein in regulating the protein-protein interaction between retinoblastoma (RB) and E2F1. MCF-7 tumour xenografts were utilised to study the role of TIGAR in tumour regression. RESULTS Our study shows that TIGAR promotes p21-independent, p53-mediated G1-phase arrest in cancer cells. p53 activates the TIGAR promoter only in cells exposed to repairable doses of stress. TIGAR regulates the expression of genes involved in cell-cycle progression; suppresses synthesis of CDK-2, CDK-4, CDK-6, Cyclin D, Cyclin E and promotes de-phosphorylation of RB protein. RB de-phosphorylation stabilises the complex between RB and E2F1 thus inhibiting the entry of cell cycle from G1 phase to S phase. CONCLUSION TIGAR mediates de-phosphorylation of RB and stabilisation of RB-E2F1 complex thus delaying the entry of cells in S phase of the cell cycle. Thus, TIGAR inhibits proliferation of cancer cells and increases drug-mediated tumour regression by promoting p53-mediated cell-cycle arrest.
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Sasazawa Y, Kanagaki S, Tashiro E, Nogawa T, Muroi M, Kondoh Y, Osada H, Imoto M. Xanthohumol impairs autophagosome maturation through direct inhibition of valosin-containing protein. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:892-900. [PMID: 22360440 DOI: 10.1021/cb200492h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a bulk, nonspecific protein degradation pathway that is involved in the pathogenesis of cancer and neurodegenerative disease. Here, we observed that xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated chalcone present in hops (Humulus lupulus L.) and beer, modulates autophagy. By using XN-immobilized beads, valosin-containing protein (VCP) was identified as a XN-binding protein. VCP has been reported to be an essential protein for autophagosome maturation. Using an in vitro pull down assay, we showed that XN bound directly to the N domain, which is known to mediate cofactor and substrate binding to VCP. These data indicated that XN inhibited the function of VCP, thereby allowing the impairment of autophagosome maturation and resulting in the accumulation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II). This is the first report demonstrating XN as a VCP inhibitor that binds directly to the N domain of VCP. Our finding that XN bound to and inactivated VCP not only reveals the molecular mechanism of XN-modulated autophagy but may also explain how XN exhibits various biological activities that have been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Sasazawa
- Faculty of Science and Technology,
Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kanagaki
- Faculty of Science and Technology,
Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Etsu Tashiro
- Faculty of Science and Technology,
Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Nogawa
- Chemical Biology Core Facility,
Chemical Biology Department, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Makoto Muroi
- Chemical Biology Core Facility,
Chemical Biology Department, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Kondoh
- Chemical Biology Core Facility,
Chemical Biology Department, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Core Facility,
Chemical Biology Department, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masaya Imoto
- Faculty of Science and Technology,
Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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45
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Emerging functions of the VCP/p97 AAA-ATPase in the ubiquitin system. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:117-23. [PMID: 22298039 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 635] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-driven chaperone valosin-containing protein (VCP)/p97 governs critical steps in ubiquitin-dependent protein quality control and intracellular signalling pathways. It cooperates with diverse partner proteins to help process ubiquitin-labelled proteins for recycling or degradation by the proteasome in many cellular contexts. Recent studies have uncovered unexpected cellular functions for p97 in autophagy, endosomal sorting and regulating protein degradation at the outer mitochondrial membrane, and elucidated a role for p97 in key chromatin-associated processes. These findings extend the functional relevance of p97 to lysosomal degradation and reveal a surprising dual role in protecting cells from protein stress and ensuring genome stability during proliferation.
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46
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Bebeacua C, Förster A, McKeown C, Meyer HH, Zhang X, Freemont PS. Distinct conformations of the protein complex p97-Ufd1-Npl4 revealed by electron cryomicroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:1098-103. [PMID: 22232657 PMCID: PMC3268311 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1114341109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
p97 is a key regulator of numerous cellular pathways and associates with ubiquitin-binding adaptors to remodel ubiquitin-modified substrate proteins. How adaptor binding to p97 is coordinated and how adaptors contribute to substrate remodeling is unclear. Here we present the 3D electron cryomicroscopy reconstructions of the major Ufd1-Npl4 adaptor in complex with p97. Our reconstructions show that p97-Ufd1-Npl4 is highly dynamic and that Ufd1-Npl4 assumes distinct positions relative to the p97 ring upon addition of nucleotide. Our results suggest a model for substrate remodeling by p97 and also explains how p97-Ufd1-Npl4 could form other complexes in a hierarchical model of p97-cofactor assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bebeacua
- Centre for Structural Biology and Centre for Biomolecular Electron Microscopy, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andreas Förster
- Centre for Structural Biology and Centre for Biomolecular Electron Microscopy, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ciarán McKeown
- Centre for Structural Biology and Centre for Biomolecular Electron Microscopy, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Hemmo H. Meyer
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Centre of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Centre for Structural Biology and Centre for Biomolecular Electron Microscopy, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Paul S. Freemont
- Centre for Structural Biology and Centre for Biomolecular Electron Microscopy, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; and
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Kuo CY, Shieh C, Cai F, Ann DK. Coordinate to guard: crosstalk of phosphorylation, sumoylation, and ubiquitylation in DNA damage response. Front Oncol 2012; 1:61. [PMID: 22649771 PMCID: PMC3355946 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2011.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier-1/2/3 (SUMO-1/2/3) and ubiquitin share similar structure and utilize analogous machinery for protein lysine conjugation. Although sumoylation and ubiquitylation have distinct functions, they are often tightly associated with each other to fine-tune protein fate in transducing signals to regulate a wide variety of cellular functions, including DNA damage response, cell proliferation, DNA replication, embryonic development, and cell differentiation. In this Perspective, we specifically highlight the role of sumoylation and ubiquitylation in ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) signaling in response to DNA double-strand breaks and hypothesize that ATM-induced phosphorylation is a unique node in regulating SUMO-targeted ubiquitylation in mammalian cells to combat DNA damage and to maintain genome integrity. A potential role for the coordination of three types of post-translational modification in dictating the tempo and extent of cellular response to genotoxic stress is speculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ying Kuo
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Duarte, CA, USA
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48
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Acs K, Luijsterburg MS, Ackermann L, Salomons FA, Hoppe T, Dantuma NP. The AAA-ATPase VCP/p97 promotes 53BP1 recruitment by removing L3MBTL1 from DNA double-strand breaks. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2011; 18:1345-50. [PMID: 22120668 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of the human tumor suppressor 53BP1 at DNA damage sites requires the ubiquitin ligases RNF8 and RNF168. As 53BP1 recognizes dimethylated Lys20 in histone H4 (H4K20me2), the requirement for RNF8- and RNF168-mediated ubiquitylation has been unclear. Here we show that RNF8-mediated ubiquitylation facilitates the recruitment of the AAA-ATPase valosin-containing protein (VCP, also known as p97) and its cofactor NPL4 to sites of double-strand breaks. RIDDLE cells, which lack functional RNF168, also show impaired recruitment of VCP to DNA damage. The ATPase activity of VCP promotes the release of the Polycomb protein L3MBTL1 from chromatin, which also binds the H4K20me2 histone mark, thereby facilitating 53BP1 recruitment. Consistent with this, nematodes lacking the VCP orthologs CDC-48.1 or CDC-48.2, or cofactors UFD-1 or NPL-4, are highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. Our data suggest that human RNF8 and RNF168 promote VCP-mediated displacement of L3MBTL1 to unmask 53BP1 chromatin binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Acs
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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49
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The ubiquitin-selective segregase VCP/p97 orchestrates the response to DNA double-strand breaks. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13:1376-82. [PMID: 22020440 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) cause genetic instability that leads to malignant transformation or cell death. Cells respond to DSBs with the ordered recruitment of signalling and repair proteins to the site of lesion. Protein modification with ubiquitin is crucial for the signalling cascade, but how ubiquitylation coordinates the dynamic assembly of these complexes is poorly understood. Here, we show that the human ubiquitin-selective protein segregase p97 (also known as VCP; valosin-containing protein) cooperates with the ubiquitin ligase RNF8 to orchestrate assembly of signalling complexes and efficient DSB repair after exposure to ionizing radiation. p97 is recruited to DNA lesions by its ubiquitin adaptor UFD1-NPL4 and Lys-48-linked ubiquitin (K48-Ub) chains, whose formation is regulated by RNF8. p97 subsequently removes K48-Ub conjugates from sites of DNA damage to orchestrate proper association of 53BP1, BRCA1 and RAD51, three factors critical for DNA repair and genome surveillance mechanisms. Impairment of p97 activity decreases the level of DSB repair and cell survival after exposure to ionizing radiation. These findings identify the p97-UFD1-NPL4 complex as an essential factor in ubiquitin-governed DNA-damage response, highlighting its importance in guarding genome stability.
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50
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Abstract
In this issue of Molecular Cell, Raman et al. (2011) and Franz et al. (2011) establish the AAA ATPase CDC-48/p97 as an essential regulator of eukaryotic DNA replication that coordinates the release of chromatin-bound CDT1 with its degradation by the proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish N Ramanathan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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