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Vaishnavi A, Juan J, Jacob M, Stehn C, Gardner EE, Scherzer MT, Schuman S, Van Veen JE, Murphy B, Hackett CS, Dupuy AJ, Chmura SA, van der Weyden L, Newberg JY, Liu A, Mann K, Rust AG, Weiss WA, Kinsey CG, Adams DJ, Grossmann A, Mann MB, McMahon M. Transposon Mutagenesis Reveals RBMS3 Silencing as a Promoter of Malignant Progression of BRAFV600E-Driven Lung Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2022; 82:4261-4273. [PMID: 36112789 PMCID: PMC9664136 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mutationally activated BRAF is detected in approximately 7% of human lung adenocarcinomas, with BRAFT1799A serving as a predictive biomarker for treatment of patients with FDA-approved inhibitors of BRAFV600E oncoprotein signaling. In genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models, expression of BRAFV600E in the lung epithelium initiates growth of benign lung tumors that, without additional genetic alterations, rarely progress to malignant lung adenocarcinoma. To identify genes that cooperate with BRAFV600E for malignant progression, we used Sleeping Beauty-mediated transposon mutagenesis, which dramatically accelerated the emergence of lethal lung cancers. Among the genes identified was Rbms3, which encodes an RNA-binding protein previously implicated as a putative tumor suppressor. Silencing of RBMS3 via CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing promoted growth of BRAFV600E lung organoids and promoted development of malignant lung cancers with a distinct micropapillary architecture in BRAFV600E and EGFRL858R GEM models. BRAFV600E/RBMS3Null lung tumors displayed elevated expression of Ctnnb1, Ccnd1, Axin2, Lgr5, and c-Myc mRNAs, suggesting that RBMS3 silencing elevates signaling through the WNT/β-catenin signaling axis. Although RBMS3 silencing rendered BRAFV600E-driven lung tumors resistant to the effects of dabrafenib plus trametinib, the tumors were sensitive to inhibition of porcupine, an acyltransferase of WNT ligands necessary for their secretion. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas patient samples revealed that chromosome 3p24, which encompasses RBMS3, is frequently lost in non-small cell lung cancer and correlates with poor prognosis. Collectively, these data reveal the role of RBMS3 as a lung cancer suppressor and suggest that RBMS3 silencing may contribute to malignant NSCLC progression. SIGNIFICANCE Loss of RBMS3 cooperates with BRAFV600E to induce lung tumorigenesis, providing a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying mutant BRAF-driven lung cancer and potential strategies to more effectively target this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Vaishnavi
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Joseph Juan
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Maebh Jacob
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Eric E. Gardner
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York
- Palo Alto Wellness, Menlo Park, California
| | - Michael T. Scherzer
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sophia Schuman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - J. Edward Van Veen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Brandon Murphy
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Christopher S. Hackett
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Adam J. Dupuy
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Steven A. Chmura
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York
- Palo Alto Wellness, Menlo Park, California
| | - Louise van der Weyden
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Y. Newberg
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Annie Liu
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Karen Mann
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Alistair G. Rust
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William A. Weiss
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Conan G. Kinsey
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - David J. Adams
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Allie Grossmann
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Michael B. Mann
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Martin McMahon
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Chew SK, Lu D, Campos LS, Scott KL, Saci A, Wang J, Collinson A, Raine K, Hinton J, Teague JW, Jones D, Menzies A, Butler AP, Gamble J, O'Meara S, McLaren S, Chin L, Liu P, Futreal PA. Polygenic in vivo validation of cancer mutations using transposons. Genome Biol 2014; 15:455. [PMID: 25260652 PMCID: PMC4210617 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vivo validation of cancer mutations and genes identified in cancer genomics is resource-intensive because of the low throughput of animal experiments. We describe a mouse model that allows multiple cancer mutations to be validated in each animal line. Animal lines are generated with multiple candidate cancer mutations using transposons. The candidate cancer genes are tagged and randomly expressed in somatic cells, allowing easy identification of the cancer genes involved in the generated tumours. This system presents a useful, generalised and efficient means for animal validation of cancer genes.
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Gene transfer and mutagenesis mediated by Sleeping Beauty transposon in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Transgenic Res 2013; 22:913-24. [PMID: 23417791 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9693-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The success of gene transfer has been demonstrated in many of vertebrate species, whereas the efficiency of producing transgenic animals remains pretty low due to the random integration of foreign genes into a recipient genome. The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon is able to improve the efficiency of gene transfer in zebrafish and mouse, but its activity in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) has yet to be characterized. Herein, we demonstrate the potential of using the SB transposon system as an effective tool for gene transfer and insertional mutagenesis in tilapia. A transgenic construct pT2/tiHsp70-SB11 was generated by subcloning the promoter of tilapia heat shock protein 70 (tiHsp70) gene, the SB11 transposase gene and the carp β-actin gene polyadenylation signal into the second generation of SB transposon. Transgenic tilapia was produced by microinjection of this construct with in vitro synthesized capped SB11 mRNA. SB11 transposon was detected in 28.89 % of founders, 12.9 % of F1 and 43.75 % of F2. Analysis of genomic sequences flanking integrated transposons indicates that this transgenic tilapia line carries two copies of SB transposon, which landed into two different endogenous genes. Induced expression of SB11 gene after heat shock was detected using reverse transcription PCR in F2 transgenic individuals. In addition, the Cre/loxP system was introduced to delete the SB11 cassette for stabilization of gene interruption and bio-safety. These findings suggest that the SB transposon system is active and can be used for efficient gene transfer and insertional mutagenesis in tilapia.
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Yergeau DA, Kelley CM, Zhu H, Kuliyev E, Mead PE. Forward genetic screens in Xenopus using transposon-mediated insertional mutagenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 917:111-127. [PMID: 22956084 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-992-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The class II DNA "cut-and-paste" transposons have been used to efficiently modify the Xenopus genome for transgenesis applications. Once integrated, the transposon is an effective substrate for excision and re-integration (remobilization) elsewhere in the genome by simply supplying the transposase enzyme in trans. We have used two methods to remobilize transposons resident in the frog genome: micro-injection of transposase mRNA at the one-cell stage and expression of the enzyme in the germline from a transgene. Double-transgenic frogs (hoppers) that harbor transgenes for both the substrate transposon and the transposase enzyme are outcrossed to wild-type animals and the progeny are scored for changes in reporter gene expression. Although both methods work effectively to remobilize transposons, the breeding-mediated strategy eliminates the time-consuming micro-injection step; novel integration events are produced by simply outcrossing the hopper frogs. As each outcross of Xenopus tropicalis typically produces 2,000, or more, progeny, this method can be used to perform large-scale insertional mutagenesis screens in this highly tractable developmental model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Yergeau
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Huang X, Haley K, Wong M, Guo H, Lu C, Wilber A, Zhou X. Unexpectedly high copy number of random integration but low frequency of persistent expression of the Sleeping Beauty transposase after trans delivery in primary human T cells. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:1577-90. [PMID: 20528476 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system can mediate stable expression of both reporter and therapeutic genes in human primary T cells and that trans delivery (i.e., transposon and transposase are on separate plasmids) is at least 3-fold more efficient than cis delivery. One concern about trans delivery is the potential for integration of the transposase-encoding sequence into the cell genome with the possibility of continued expression, transposon remobilization, and insertional mutagenesis. To address this concern, human peripheral blood lymphocytes were nucleofected with transposase plasmid and a DsRed transposon. Eighty-eight stable DsRed(+) T cell clones were generated and found to be negative for the transposase-encoding sequence by PCR analysis of genomic DNA. Genomic PCR was positive for transposase in 5 of 15 bulk T cell populations that were similarly transfected and selected for transgene expression where copy numbers were unexpectedly high (0.007-0.047 per cell) by quantitative PCR. Transposase-positive bulk T cells lacked transposase plasmid demonstrated by Hirt (episomal) extracted DNA and showed no detectable transposase by Southern hybridization, Western blot, and quantitative RT-PCR analyses. Cytogenetic and array comparative genomic hybridization analyses of the only identified transposase-positive clone (O56; 0.867 copies per cell) showed no chromosomal abnormality or tumor formation in nude mice although transposon remobilization was detected. Our data suggest that SB delivery via plasmid in T cells should be carried out with caution because of unexpectedly high copy numbers of randomly integrated SB transposase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Fisher EMC, Lana-Elola E, Watson SD, Vassiliou G, Tybulewicz VLJ. New approaches for modelling sporadic genetic disease in the mouse. Dis Model Mech 2010; 2:446-53. [PMID: 19726804 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.001644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic diseases, which occur as single, scattered cases, are among the commonest causes of human morbidity and death. They result in a variety of diseases, including many cancers, premature aging, neurodegeneration and skeletal defects. They are often pathogenetically complex, involving a mosaic distribution of affected cells, and are difficult to model in the mouse. Faithful models of sporadic diseases require innovative forms of genetic manipulation to accurately recreate their initiation and pathogenesis. Such modelling is crucial to understanding these diseases and, by extension, to the development of therapeutic approaches to treat them. This article focuses on sporadic diseases with a genetic aetiology, the challenges they pose to biomedical researchers, and the different current and developing approaches used to model such disorders in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M C Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N3BG, UK.
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Copeland NG, Jenkins NA. Deciphering the genetic landscape of cancer--from genes to pathways. Trends Genet 2009; 25:455-62. [PMID: 19818523 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 08/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genomic technologies have made it possible to screen the entire cancer genome for mutations, leading to a better understanding of the genetic landscape of cancer. Emerging results suggest that the cancer genome is composed of a few commonly mutated genes and many infrequently mutated genes. Although the number of mutated genes in any one tumor is limited, there is much heterogeneity in the genes mutated in two tumors of even the same class because of the large number of infrequently mutated genes. This could explain the wide variation in tumor behavior to chemotherapeutic intervention. Pathway analysis suggests this large collection of cancer genes functions in a few signaling pathways, providing a simplifying picture of cancer, and indicating the possibility of treating cancer using target-based therapeutics directed against the deregulated signaling pathways themselves rather than the individually mutated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal G Copeland
- Genomics and Genetics Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673.
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Kool J, Berns A. High-throughput insertional mutagenesis screens in mice to identify oncogenic networks. Nat Rev Cancer 2009; 9:389-99. [PMID: 19461666 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Retroviral insertional mutagenesis screens have been used for many years as a tool for cancer gene discovery. In recent years, completion of the mouse genome sequence as well as improved technologies for cloning and sequencing of retroviral insertions have greatly facilitated the retrieval of more complete data sets from these screens. The concomitant increase of the size of the screens allows researchers to address new questions about the genes and signalling networks involved in tumour development. In addition, the development of new insertional mutagenesis tools such as DNA transposons enables screens for cancer genes in tissues that previously could not be analysed by retroviral insertional mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Kool
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Cancer Genomics Centre, The Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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