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Wang Q, Wang X, Liu B, Ma S, Zhang F, Sun S, Jing Y, Fan Y, Ding Y, Xiong M, Li J, Zhai Q, Zheng Y, Liu C, Xu G, Yang J, Wang S, Ye J, Izpisua Belmonte JC, Qu J, Liu GH, Zhang W. Aging induces region-specific dysregulation of hormone synthesis in the primate adrenal gland. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:396-413. [PMID: 38503993 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Adrenal glands, vital for steroid secretion and the regulation of metabolism, stress responses and immune activation, experience age-related decline, impacting systemic health. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying adrenal aging remain largely uninvestigated. Here we established a single-nucleus transcriptomic atlas of both young and aged primate suprarenal glands, identifying lipid metabolism and steroidogenic pathways as core processes impacted by aging. We found dysregulation in centripetal adrenocortical differentiation in aged adrenal tissues and cells in the zona reticularis region, responsible for producing dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), were highly susceptible to aging, reflected by senescence, exhaustion and disturbed hormone production. Remarkably, LDLR was downregulated in all cell types of the outer cortex, and its targeted inactivation in human adrenal cells compromised cholesterol uptake and secretion of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, as observed in aged primate adrenal glands. Our study provides crucial insights into endocrine physiology, holding therapeutic promise for addressing aging-related adrenal insufficiency and delaying systemic aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoran Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuebao Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou, China
- The Joint Innovation Center for Engineering in Medicine, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou, China
| | - Shuhui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaobin Jing
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- International Center for Aging and Cancer, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yanling Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muzhao Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaocheng Zhai
- Division of Endocrinology, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou, China
- The Joint Innovation Center for Engineering in Medicine, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou, China
| | - Yandong Zheng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyu Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Liver Transplant Center, Organ Transplant Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayin Yang
- Liver Transplant Center, Organ Transplant Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si Wang
- Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- Aging Biomarker Consortium, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlin Ye
- The Joint Innovation Center for Engineering in Medicine, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou, China
| | | | - Jing Qu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.
- Aging Biomarker Consortium, Beijing, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- International Center for Aging and Cancer, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.
- Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Aging Biomarker Consortium, Beijing, China.
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Aging Biomarker Consortium, Beijing, China.
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Protective Effects of a Novel Probiotic Bifidobacterium pseudolongum on the Intestinal Barrier of Colitis Mice via Modulating the Pparγ/STAT3 Pathway and Intestinal Microbiota. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111551. [PMID: 35681301 PMCID: PMC9180506 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colitis has become a major health concern worldwide. The objective of the present study was to determine the probiotic influence of different strains of B. pseudolongum (Bp7 and Bp8) on alleviating colitis and to explore its possible potential mechanisms. Our results displayed that Bp7 and Bp8 intervention effectively reduced dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-caused body weight loss and the release of several pro-inflammatory factors (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)) and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (T-AOC, SOD, and GSH) and the concentrations of tight junction proteins (occludin, claudin-1, and ZO-1). Moreover, Bp7 and Bp8 intervention drastically down-regulated the expression of colonic MyD88, NF-κB, iNOS and COX2 and drastically elevated the expression of colonic STAT3, Nrf2, and PPARγ. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results revealed that the cecal levels of isobutyric, butyric, and isovaleric acids were drastically increased in colitis mice intervened with Bp7 and Bp8. Moreover, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that Bp7 and Bp8 intervention modulated the intestinal microbiota structure, particularly by enhancing the proportion of Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group, Marvinbryantia, Enterorhabdus, Faecalibaculum, Coriobacteriaceae UCG 002, Alistipes, and Bifidobacterium, which are relevant to the levels of cecal isobutyric acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid, and inflammatory cytokines. Collectively, these findings suggest that Bp7 and Bp8 intervention alleviates the intestinal barrier function, possibly by blocking the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, maintaining the intestinal physical barrier integrity, activating the PPARγ/STAT3 pathway, and modulating intestinal microbiota composition. Our study also suggested that B. pseudolongum is a promising probiotic for colitis treatment.
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Reddy S, Krogvold L, Martin C, Sun KX, Martin O, Al-Ani A, Dahl-Jørgensen K. Expression of immunoreactive inducible nitric oxide synthase in pancreatic islet cells from newly diagnosed and long-term type 1 diabetic donors is heterogeneous and not disease-associated. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:655-674. [PMID: 33427953 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of isolated human islets to proinflammatory cytokines leads to up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), raised NO, and beta cell toxicity. These findings have led to increasing interest in the clinical utility of iNOS blockade to mitigate beta cell destruction in human type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, recent studies show that iNOS-derived NO may also confer beta cell protection. To investigate this dichotomy, we compared islet cell distributions and intensity of iNOS immunostaining in pancreatic sections, co-stained for insulin and glucagon, from new-onset T1D donors (group 1), with non-diabetic autoantibody-negative (group 2), non-diabetic autoantibody-positive (group 3) and long-term diabetic donors (group 4). The cellular origins of iNOS, its frequency and graded intensities in islets and number in peri-islet, intra-islet and exocrine regions were determined. All donors showed iNOS positivity, irrespective of disease and presence of beta cells, had variable labelling intensities, without significant differences in the frequency of iNOS-positive islets among study groups. iNOS was co-localised in selective beta, alpha and other endocrine cells, and in beta cell-negative islets of diabetic donors. The number of peri- and intra-islet iNOS cells was low, being significantly higher in the peri-islet area. Exocrine iNOS cells also remained low, but were much lower in group 1. We demonstrate that iNOS expression in islet cells is variable, heterogeneous and independent of co-existing beta cells. Its distribution and staining intensities in islets and extra-islet areas do not correlate with T1D or its duration. Interventions to inactivate the enzyme to alleviate disease are currently not justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Reddy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Lars Krogvold
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charlton Martin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Xueying Sun
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Owen Martin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Aamenah Al-Ani
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Uda M, Yoshihara T, Ichinoseki-Sekine N, Baba T, Yoshioka T. Potential roles of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and the PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin pathway for mitochondrial protein degradation in disuse-induced soleus muscle atrophy in adult rats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243660. [PMID: 33296434 PMCID: PMC7725317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive nitric oxide (NO) production and mitochondrial dysfunction can activate protein degradation in disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. However, the increase in NO production in atrophied muscles remains controversial. In addition, although several studies have investigated the PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin pathway, a mitophagy pathway, in atrophied muscle, the involvement of this pathway in soleus muscle atrophy is unclear. In this study, we investigated the involvement of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and the PINK1/Parkin pathway in soleus muscle atrophy induced by 14 days of hindlimb unloading (HU) in adult rats. HU lowered the weight of the soleus muscles. nNOS expression showed an increase in atrophied soleus muscles. Although HU increased malondialdehyde as oxidative modification of the protein, it decreased 6-nitrotryptophan, a marker of protein nitration. Additionally, the nitrosocysteine content and S-nitrosylated Parkin were not altered, suggesting the absence of excessive nitrosative stress after HU. The expression of PINK1 and Parkin was also unchanged, whereas the expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), which is required for Parkin activity, was reduced in atrophied soleus muscles. Moreover, we observed accumulation and reduced ubiquitination of high molecular weight mitofusin 2, which is a target of Parkin, in atrophied soleus muscles. These results indicate that excessive NO is not produced in atrophied soleus muscles despite nNOS accumulation, suggesting that excessive NO dose not mediate in soleus muscle atrophy at least after 14 days of HU. Furthermore, the PINK1/Parkin pathway may not play a role in mitophagy at this time point. In contrast, the activity of Parkin may be downregulated because of reduced HSP70 expression, which may contribute to attenuated degradation of target proteins in the atrophied soleus muscles after 14 days of HU. The present study provides new insights into the roles of nNOS and a protein degradation pathway in soleus muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehiro Uda
- School of Nursing, Hirosaki Gakuin University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Toshinori Yoshihara
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Noriko Ichinoseki-Sekine
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
- Faculty of Liberal Arts, The Open University of Japan, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Baba
- School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
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Li T, Zhu Y, Cheng F, Lu C, Jung JU, Gao SJ. Oncogenic Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Upregulates Argininosuccinate Synthase 1, a Rate-Limiting Enzyme of the Citrulline-Nitric Oxide Cycle, To Activate the STAT3 Pathway and Promote Growth Transformation. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01599-18. [PMID: 30463977 PMCID: PMC6364034 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01599-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are required to rewire existing metabolic pathways to support their abnormal proliferation. We have previously shown that, unlike glucose-addicted cancers, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-transformed cells depend on glutamine rather than glucose for energy production and amino acid and nucleotide syntheses. High-level consumption of glutamine is tightly regulated and often coupled with the citrulline-nitric oxide (NO) cycle. We have found that KSHV infection accelerates nitrogen efflux by upregulating the expression of argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1), a key enzyme in the citrulline-NO cycle. KSHV utilizes multiple microRNAs to upregulate ASS1 expression. Depletion of either ASS1 or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in KSHV-transformed cells suppresses growth proliferation, abolishes colony formation in soft agar, and decreases NO generation. Furthermore, by maintaining intracellular NO levels, ASS1 expression facilitates KSHV-mediated activation of the STAT3 pathway, which is critical for virus-induced transformation. These results illustrate a novel mechanism by which an oncogenic virus hijacks a key metabolic pathway to promote growth transformation and reveal a potential novel therapeutic target for KSHV-induced malignancies.IMPORTANCE We have previously shown that Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-transformed cells depend on glutamine rather than glucose for energy production and amino acid and nucleotide syntheses. In this study, we have further examined how the KSHV-reprogramed metabolic pathways are regulated and discovered that KSHV hijacks the citrulline-nitric oxide (NO) cycle to promote growth proliferation and transformation. Multiple KSHV-encoded microRNAs upregulate argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1), a key enzyme in the citrulline-NO cycle. ASS1 is required for KSHV-induced proliferation, colony formation in soft agar, and NO generation of KSHV-transformed cells, which also depends on inducible nitric oxide synthase. By maintaining intracellular NO levels, ASS1 mediates KSHV activation of the STAT3 pathway, which is essential for KSHV-induced abnormal cell proliferation and transformation. These results illustrate a novel mechanism by which an oncogenic virus hijacks a key metabolic pathway to promote growth transformation and reveal a potential novel therapeutic target for KSHV-induced malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chun Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiansu, China
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiansu, China
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Wang T, Luo S, Qin H, Xia Y. Hsp90 inhibition renders iNOS aggregation and the clearance of iNOS aggregates by proteasomes requires SPSB2. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 117:90-98. [PMID: 29367003 PMCID: PMC5845837 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays important roles in cell injury and host defense. Our early study demonstrated that heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) interacts with iNOS and this interaction enhances iNOS function. Recently, we reported that Hsp90 is also essential for iNOS gene transactivation. In the present study, we investigate the role of Hsp90 in controlling iNOS protein stability. In mouse macrophages, Hsp90 inhibition dissociated Hsp90 from iNOS and the latter subsequently formed aggregates. Aggregation deactivated iNOS. iNOS aggregates were cleared by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) inside cells. CHIP, an Hsp90-dependent E3 ligase, was previously implicated in iNOS turnover. However, CHIP knockdown had little effect on iNOS degradation in Hsp90-inhibited cells, indicating that other E3 ligases accounted for the clearance of iNOS aggregates. Further studies revealed that the SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein 2 (SPSB2), an E3 ligase-recruiting protein, was essential for the ubiquitination of iNOS aggregates. SPSB2 knockdown or deleting the SPSB2-interacting domain on iNOS prevented the clearance of iNOS aggregates in Hsp90-inhibited cells. Thus, besides modulating iNOS function and gene transcription, Hsp90 is also essential for the protein stability of iNOS. Hsp90 blockade induces iNOS aggregation and SPSB2 is required for UPS degradation of iNOS aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, the Ohio State University College of Medicine, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Suxin Luo
- Division of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Honghua Qin
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, the Ohio State University College of Medicine, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yong Xia
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, the Ohio State University College of Medicine, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Division of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Combination therapy of chitosan, gynostemma, and motherwort alleviates the progression of experimental rat chronic renal failure by inhibiting STAT1 activation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:15498-15511. [PMID: 29643988 PMCID: PMC5884643 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of single and combination therapy using chitosan (K), gynostemma (J), and motherwort (Y) on an experimental rat model of chronic renal failure (CRF) induced by adenine and the underlying mechanisms. CRF rats were treated with individual or combinational therapy with two or three of these agents. Biochemical indicators showed that the levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid decreased and the levels of albumin and hemoglobin increased by single or combination therapy of these drugs. Drug treatment also decreased oxidative stress damage of renal tissues in CRF rats. Histopathological lesions were attenuated in each drug treatment group by various degrees. Additionally, drug treatment affected the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins including plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, collagen I, matrix metalloprotease-1, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1. In particular, the combination therapy of K, J, and Y was superior to the respective monotherapy, which supported the prescription of KJY combination. We further studied the inhibitory effect of KJY on LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages. The results showed that KJY inhibited LPS-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines (Interferon-gamma, Interleukin-1 Beta, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10, cyclooxygenase-2 and Tumor necrosis factor-α in RAW264.7 macrophages. Combination therapy of KJY suppressed the protein expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in vivo and in vitro. Further study indicated that KJY inhibited STAT1 activation by down regulating p-STAT1 to exert anti-inflammatory effect and improve renal function in rats with chronic renal failure.
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Continual renewal and replication of persistent Leishmania major parasites in concomitantly immune hosts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E801-E810. [PMID: 28096392 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619265114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In most natural infections or after recovery, small numbers of Leishmania parasites remain indefinitely in the host. Persistent parasites play a vital role in protective immunity against disease pathology upon reinfection through the process of concomitant immunity, as well as in transmission and reactivation, yet are poorly understood. A key question is whether persistent parasites undergo replication, and we devised several approaches to probe the small numbers in persistent infections. We find two populations of persistent Leishmania major: one rapidly replicating, similar to parasites in acute infections, and another showing little evidence of replication. Persistent Leishmania were not found in "safe" immunoprivileged cell types, instead residing in macrophages and DCs, ∼60% of which expressed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Remarkably, parasites within iNOS+ cells showed normal morphology and genome integrity and labeled comparably with BrdU to parasites within iNOS- cells, suggesting that these parasites may be unexpectedly resistant to NO. Nonetheless, because persistent parasite numbers remain roughly constant over time, their replication implies that ongoing destruction likewise occurs. Similar results were obtained with the attenuated lpg2- mutant, a convenient model that rapidly enters a persistent state without inducing pathology due to loss of the Golgi GDP mannose transporter. These data shed light on Leishmania persistence and concomitant immunity, suggesting a model wherein a parasite reservoir repopulates itself indefinitely, whereas some progeny are terminated in antigen-presenting cells, thereby stimulating immunity. This model may be relevant to understanding immunity to other persistent pathogen infections.
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Bogdan C. Nitric oxide synthase in innate and adaptive immunity: an update. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:161-78. [PMID: 25687683 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thirty years after the discovery of its production by activated macrophages, our appreciation of the diverse roles of nitric oxide (NO) continues to grow. Recent findings have not only expanded our understanding of the mechanisms controlling the expression of NO synthases (NOS) in innate and adaptive immune cells, but have also revealed new functions and modes of action of NO in the control and escape of infectious pathogens, in T and B cell differentiation, and in tumor defense. I discuss these findings, in the context of a comprehensive overview of the various sources and multiple reaction partners of NO, and of the regulation of NOS2 by micromilieu factors, antisense RNAs, and 'unexpected' cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie, und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Sierra A, Navascués J, Cuadros MA, Calvente R, Martín-Oliva D, Ferrer-Martín RM, Martín-Estebané M, Carrasco MC, Marín-Teva JL. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in microglia of the developing quail retina. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106048. [PMID: 25170849 PMCID: PMC4149512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which produce large amounts of nitric oxide (NO), is induced in macrophages and microglia in response to inflammatory mediators such as LPS and cytokines. Although iNOS is mainly expressed by microglia that become activated in different pathological and experimental situations, it was recently reported that undifferentiated amoeboid microglia can also express iNOS during normal development. The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of iNOS expression in microglial cells during normal development and after their activation with LPS by using the quail retina as model. iNOS expression was analyzed by iNOS immunolabeling, western-blot, and RT-PCR. NO production was determined by using DAR-4M AM, a reliable fluorescent indicator of subcellular NO production by iNOS. Embryonic, postnatal, and adult in situ quail retinas were used to analyze the pattern of iNOS expression in microglial cells during normal development. iNOS expression and NO production in LPS-treated microglial cells were investigated by an in vitro approach based on organotypic cultures of E8 retinas, in which microglial cell behavior is similar to that of the in situ retina, as previously demonstrated in our laboratory. We show here that amoeboid microglia in the quail retina express iNOS during normal development. This expression is stronger in microglial cells migrating tangentially in the vitreal part of the retina and is downregulated, albeit maintained, when microglia differentiate and become ramified. LPS treatment of retina explants also induces changes in the morphology of amoeboid microglia compatible with their activation, increasing their lysosomal compartment and upregulating iNOS expression with a concomitant production of NO. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that immature microglial cells express iNOS during normal development, suggesting a certain degree of activation. Furthermore, LPS treatment induces overactivation of amoeboid microglia, resulting in a significant iNOS upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sierra
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Julio Navascués
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Cuadros
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ruth Calvente
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David Martín-Oliva
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Ferrer-Martín
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María Martín-Estebané
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María-Carmen Carrasco
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José L. Marín-Teva
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
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11
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Padrão JDC, Cabral GRDA, da Silva MDFS, Seabra SH, DaMatta RA. Toxoplasma gondii infection of activated J774-A1 macrophages causes inducible nitric oxide synthase degradation by the proteasome pathway. Parasitol Int 2014; 63:659-63. [PMID: 24845536 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Classically activated macrophages produce nitric oxide (NO), which is a potent microbicidal agent. NO production is catalyzed by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which uses arginine as substrate producing NO and citruline. However, it has been demonstrated that NO production is inhibited after macrophage infection of Toxoplasma gondii, the agent of toxoplasmosis, due to iNOS degradation. Three possible iNOS degradation pathways have been described in activated macrophages: proteasome, calpain and lysosomal. To identify the iNOS degradation pathway after T. gondii infection, J774-A1 macrophage cell line was activated with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma for 24 h, treated with the following inhibitors, lactacystin (proteasome), calpeptin (calpain), or concanamycin A (lysosomal), and infected with the parasite. NO production and iNOS expression were evaluated after 2 and 6 h of infection. iNOS was degraded in J774-A1 macrophages infected with T. gondii. However, treatment with lactacystin maintained iNOS expression in J774-A1 macrophages infected for 2 h by T. gondii, and after 6 h iNOS was localized in aggresomes. iNOS was degraded after parasite infection of J774-A1 macrophages treated with calpeptin or concanamycin A. NO production confirmed iNOS expression profiles. These results indicate that T. gondii infection of J774-A1 macrophages caused iNOS degradation by the proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana da Cruz Padrão
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rabello de Abreu Cabral
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Sarro da Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sergio Henrique Seabra
- Laboratório de Tecnologia em Bioquímica e Microscopia, Setor Laboratorial, Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste, Avenida Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203, Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, 21070-200 RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato Augusto DaMatta
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.
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12
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Antonios JK, Yao Z, Li C, Rao AJ, Goodman SB. Macrophage polarization in response to wear particles in vitro. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:471-82. [PMID: 24013843 PMCID: PMC3818297 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Total joint replacement is a highly successful surgical procedure for treatment of patients with disabling arthritis and joint dysfunction. However, over time, with high levels of activity and usage of the joint, implant wear particles are generated from the articulating surfaces. These wear particles can lead to activation of an inflammatory reaction, and subsequent bone resorption around the implant (periprosthetic osteolysis). Cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage orchestrate this chronic inflammatory response, which is dominated by a pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophage phenotype rather than an anti-inflammatory pro-tissue healing (M2) macrophage phenotype. While it has been shown that interleukin-4 (IL-4) selectively polarizes macrophages towards an M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype which promotes bone healing, rather than inflammation, little is known about the time course in which this occurs or conditions in which repolarization through IL-4 is most effective. The goal of this work was to study the time course of murine macrophage polarization and cytokine release in response to challenge with combinations of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) particles, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL-4 in vitro. Treatment of particle-challenged monocyte/macrophages with IL-4 led to an initial suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) production and subsequent polarization into an M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype. This result was optimized when IL-4 was delivered before PMMA particle challenge, to an M1 phenotype rather than to uncommitted (M0) macrophages. The effects of this polarization were sustained over a 5-day time course. Polarization of M1 macrophages into an M2 phenotype may be a strategy to mitigate wear particle associated periprosthetic osteolysis.
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13
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Inducible nitric oxide synthase aggresome formation is mediated by nitric oxide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 426:386-9. [PMID: 22960179 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) generated by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) contributes critically to inflammatory injury and host defense. While previously thought as a soluble protein, iNOS was recently reported to form aggresomes inside cells. But what causes iNOS aggresome formation is unknown. Here we provide evidence demonstrating that iNOS aggresome formation is mediated by its own product NO. Exposure to inflammatory stimuli (lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ) induced robust iNOS expression in mouse macrophages. While initially existing as a soluble protein, iNOS progressively formed protein aggregates as a function of time. Aggregated iNOS was inactive. Treating the cells with the NOS inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) blocked NO production from iNOS without affecting iNOS expression. However, iNOS aggregation in cells was prevented by L-NAME. The preventing effect of NO blockade on iNOS aggresome formation was directly observed in GFP-iNOS-transfected cells by fluorescence imaging. Moreover, iNOS aggresome formation could be recaptured by adding exogenous NO to L-NAME-treated cells. These studies demonstrate that iNOS aggresome formation is caused by NO. The finding that NO induces iNOS aggregation and inactivation suggests aggresome formation as a feedback inhibition mechanism in iNOS regulation.
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14
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SCaMC-1Like a member of the mitochondrial carrier (MC) family preferentially expressed in testis and localized in mitochondria and chromatoid body. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40470. [PMID: 22792342 PMCID: PMC3391283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial carriers (MC) form a highly conserved family involved in
solute transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes. In
mammals, ATP-Mg/Pi carriers, SCaMCs, form the most complex subgroup with four
paralogs, SCaMC-1, -2, -3 and -3L, and several splicing variants. Here, we
report the tissue distribution and subcellular localization of a mammalian-specific
SCaMC paralog, 4930443G12Rik/SCaMC-1Like (SCaMC-1L),
which displays unanticipated new features. SCaMC-1L proteins show higher amino
acid substitution rates than its closest paralog SCaMC-1. In mouse, SCaMC-1L
expression is restricted to male germ cells and regulated during spermatogenesis
but unexpectedly its localization is not limited to mitochondrial structures.
In mature spermatids SCaMC-1L is detected in the mitochondrial sheath but
in previous differentiation stages appears associated to cytosolic granules
which colocalize with specific markers of the chromatoid body (CB) in post-meiotic
round spermatids and inter-mitochondrial cement (IMC) in spermatocytes. The
origin of this atypical distribution was further investigated by transient
expression in cell lines. Similarly to male germ cells, in addition to mitochondrial
and cytosolic distribution, a fraction of SCaMC-1L-expressing COS-7 cells
display cytosolic SCaMC-1L-aggregates which exhibit aggresomal-like features
as the CB. Our results indicate that different regions of SCaMC-1L hinder
its import into mitochondria and this apparently favours the formation of
cytosolic aggregates in COS-7 cells. This mechanism could be also operational
in male germ cells and explain the incorporation of SCaMC-1L into germinal
granules.
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15
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Nakamura T, Cho DH, Lipton SA. Redox regulation of protein misfolding, mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic damage, and cell death in neurodegenerative diseases. Exp Neurol 2012; 238:12-21. [PMID: 22771760 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The loss or injury of neurons associated with oxidative and nitrosative redox stress plays an important role in the onset of various neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, nitric oxide (NO), can affect neuronal survival through a process called S-nitrosylation, by which the NO group undergoes a redox reaction with specific protein thiols. This in turn can lead to the accumulation of misfolded proteins, which generally form aggregates in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and other neurodegenerative diseases. Evidence suggests that S-nitrosylation can also impair mitochondrial function and lead to excessive fission of mitochondria and consequent bioenergetic compromise via effects on the activity of the fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1). This insult leads to synaptic dysfunction and loss. Additionally, high levels of NO can S-nitrosylate a number of aberrant targets involved in neuronal survival pathways, including the antiapoptotic protein XIAP, inhibiting its ability to prevent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nakamura
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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16
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Liu XD, Ko S, Xu Y, Fattah EA, Xiang Q, Jagannath C, Ishii T, Komatsu M, Eissa NT. Transient aggregation of ubiquitinated proteins is a cytosolic unfolded protein response to inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:19687-98. [PMID: 22518844 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.350934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure to maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis) leads to accumulation of unfolded proteins and contributes to the pathogenesis of many human diseases. Accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) elicits unfolded protein response (UPR) that serves to attenuate protein translation, and increase protein refolding or degradation. In contrast to UPR in the ER, the regulatory molecules operative in cytosolic responses and their potential relation to ER stress are not well elucidated. Aggresome-like induced structures (ALIS) have been described as transient aggregation of ubiquitinated proteins in the cytosol. In this study, we show that cells respond to inflammation, infection or ER stress by cytosolic formation of ALIS, indicating that ALIS formation represents an early event in cellular adjustment to altered proteostasis that occurs under these conditions. This response was aided by rapid transcriptional up-regulation of polyubiqutin-binding protein p62. NF-κB and mTOR activation were also required for ALIS formation. Importantly, we show a cross talk between UPR in the ER and cytosolic ALIS. Down-regulation of ER UPR in XBP1 deficient cells increases cyotosolic ALIS formation. Furthermore, lysosomal activity but not macroautophagy is responsible for ALIS clearance. This study reveals the underlying regulatory mechanisms of ALIS formation and clearance, and provides a previously unrecognized common adaptive mechanism for cellular responses against inflammation and ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-De Liu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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17
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Sarkar S, Korolchuk VI, Renna M, Imarisio S, Fleming A, Williams A, Garcia-Arencibia M, Rose C, Luo S, Underwood BR, Kroemer G, O'Kane CJ, Rubinsztein DC. Complex inhibitory effects of nitric oxide on autophagy. Mol Cell 2011; 43:19-32. [PMID: 21726807 PMCID: PMC3149661 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, a major degradation process for long-lived and aggregate-prone proteins, affects various human processes, such as development, immunity, cancer, and neurodegeneration. Several autophagy regulators have been identified in recent years. Here we show that nitric oxide (NO), a potent cellular messenger, inhibits autophagosome synthesis via a number of mechanisms. NO impairs autophagy by inhibiting the activity of S-nitrosylation substrates, JNK1 and IKKβ. Inhibition of JNK1 by NO reduces Bcl-2 phosphorylation and increases the Bcl-2–Beclin 1 interaction, thereby disrupting hVps34/Beclin 1 complex formation. Additionally, NO inhibits IKKβ and reduces AMPK phosphorylation, leading to mTORC1 activation via TSC2. Overexpression of nNOS, iNOS, or eNOS impairs autophagosome formation primarily via the JNK1–Bcl-2 pathway. Conversely, NOS inhibition enhances the clearance of autophagic substrates and reduces neurodegeneration in models of Huntington's disease. Our data suggest that nitrosative stress-mediated protein aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases may be, in part, due to autophagy inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sovan Sarkar
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
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18
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Rwigema JCM, Beck B, Wang W, Doemling A, Epperly MW, Shields D, Goff JP, Franicola D, Dixon T, Frantz MC, Wipf P, Tyurina Y, Kagan VE, Wang H, Greenberger JS. Two strategies for the development of mitochondrion-targeted small molecule radiation damage mitigators. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 80:860-8. [PMID: 21493014 PMCID: PMC3104115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation of acute ionizing radiation damage by mitochondrion-targeted small molecules. METHODS AND MATERIALS We evaluated the ability of nitroxide-linked alkene peptide isostere JP4-039, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor-linked alkene peptide esostere MCF201-89, and the p53/mdm2/mdm4 protein complex inhibitor BEB55 to mitigate radiation effects by clonogenic survival curves with the murine hematopoietic progenitor cell line 32D cl 3 and the human bone marrow stromal (KM101) and pulmonary epithelial (IB3) cell lines. The p53-dependent mechanism of action was tested with p53(+/+) and p53(-/-) murine bone marrow stromal cell lines. C57BL/6 NHsd female mice were injected i.p. with JP4-039, MCF201-89, or BEB55 individually or in combination, after receiving 9.5 Gy total body irradiation (TBI). RESULTS Each drug, JP4-039, MCF201-89, or BEB55, individually or as a mixture of all three compounds increased the survival of 32D cl 3 (p = 0.0021, p = 0.0011, p = 0.0038, and p = 0.0073, respectively) and IB3 cells (p = 0.0193, p = 0.0452, p = 0.0017, and p = 0.0019, respectively) significantly relative to that of control irradiated cells. KM101 cells were protected by individual drugs (p = 0.0007, p = 0.0235, p = 0.0044, respectively). JP4-039 and MCF201-89 increased irradiation survival of both p53(+/+) (p = 0.0396 and p = 0.0071, respectively) and p53(-/-) cells (p = 0.0007 and p = 0.0188, respectively), while BEB55 was ineffective with p53(-/-) cells. Drugs administered individually or as a mixtures of all three after TBI significantly increased mouse survival (p = 0.0234, 0.0009, 0.0052, and 0.0167, respectively). CONCLUSION Mitochondrial targeting of small molecule radiation mitigators decreases irradiation-induced cell death in vitro and prolongs survival of lethally irradiated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Beck
- Morphochem AG, Gmunderstr. 37a, München, Germany
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Alexander Doemling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh PA
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Michael W. Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Donna Shields
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Julie P. Goff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Darcy Franicola
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tracy Dixon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yulia Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joel S. Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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19
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Bondzi C, Brunner AM, Munyikwa MR, Connor CD, Simmons AN, Stephens SL, Belt PA, Roggero VR, Mavinakere MS, Hinton SD, Allison LA. Recruitment of the oncoprotein v-ErbA to aggresomes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 332:196-212. [PMID: 21075170 PMCID: PMC4634111 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aggresome formation, a cellular response to misfolded protein aggregates, is linked to cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Previously we showed that Gag-v-ErbA (v-ErbA), a retroviral variant of the thyroid hormone receptor (TRα1), accumulates in and sequesters TRα1 into cytoplasmic foci. Here, we show that foci represent v-ErbA targeting to aggresomes. v-ErbA colocalizes with aggresomal markers, proteasomes, hsp70, HDAC6, and mitochondria. Foci have hallmark characteristics of aggresomes: formation is microtubule-dependent, accelerated by proteasome inhibitors, and they disrupt intermediate filaments. Proteasome-mediated degradation is critical for clearance of v-ErbA and T(3)-dependent TRα1 clearance. Our studies highlight v-ErbA's complex mode of action: the oncoprotein is highly mobile and trafficks between the nucleus, cytoplasm, and aggresome, carrying out distinct activities within each compartment. Dynamic trafficking to aggresomes contributes to the dominant negative activity of v-ErbA and may be enhanced by the viral Gag sequence. These studies provide insight into novel modes of oncogenesis across multiple cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Bondzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668
| | - Abigail M. Brunner
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187
| | | | - Crystal D. Connor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668
| | - Alicia N. Simmons
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668
| | | | - Patricia A. Belt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668
| | - Vincent R. Roggero
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187
| | | | - Shantá D. Hinton
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187
| | - Lizabeth A. Allison
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187
- Corresponding author: Lizabeth A. Allison, Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Integrated Science Center Room 3035B, 540 Landrum Drive, Williamsburg, VA 23187, Tele: 757-221-2232, Fax: 757-221-6483,
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20
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Huang Y, Ratovitski EA. Phosphorylated TP63 induces transcription of RPN13, leading to NOS2 protein degradation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:41422-31. [PMID: 20959455 PMCID: PMC3009868 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.158642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells exposed to cisplatin display ATM-dependent phosphorylation of the most predominant TP63 isoform (ΔNp63α), leading to its activation as a transcription factor. Here, we found that the phospho-ΔNp63α protein binds to the genomic promoter of RPN13 through the TP63-responsive element. We further found that the phospho-ΔNp63α protein associates with other transcription factors (DDIT3 (also known as CHOP), NF-Y, and NF-κB), activating RPN13 gene transcription. Furthermore, cisplatin-induced and phospho-ΔNp63α-dependent RPN13 gene transcription leads to NOS2 degradation. Finally, we show that RPN13 knockdown by siRNA essentially rescues NOS2 from cisplatin-dependent inactivation. These data provide a novel mechanism for the phospho-ΔNp63α-dependent regulation of NOS2 function in cells upon cisplatin treatment, contributing to the cell death pathway of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Huang
- From the Department of Dermatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Edward A. Ratovitski
- From the Department of Dermatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
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21
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Corso-Díaz X, Krukoff TL. nNOS alpha and nNOS beta localization to aggresome-like inclusions is dependent on HSP90 activity. J Neurochem 2010; 114:864-72. [PMID: 20492351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly reactive gas that participates in many physiological processes including neuroplasticity and neuronal survival. In brain neurons, NO is produced by two variants of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), nNOSalpha and nNOSbeta. The activity of nNOSalpha is tightly regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) regulates nNOSalpha activity by facilitating heme insertion into the nNOSalpha monomer, resulting in increased NO production. HSP90 also regulates nNOSalpha degradation through the proteasome pathway. Here, we show in vitro that inhibition of HSP90 with geldanamycin increases nNOS mobility and induces formation of aggresome-like inclusions containing both nNOSalpha and nNOSbeta in primary cortical neurons. We also report the formation of endogenous nNOS-containing aggresome-like inclusions in healthy, untreated, mature primary cortical neurons. We propose that nNOS aggregation may be an additional mechanism for regulating nNOS activity, as has been proposed for inducible nitric oxide synthase. These findings reveal a new role for HSP90 in regulating nNOS sub-cellular localization and underscore the complexity of nNOS regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Corso-Díaz
- Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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22
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Tyryshkin A, Gorgun FM, Abdel Fattah E, Mazumdar T, Pandit L, Zeng S, Eissa NT. Src kinase-mediated phosphorylation stabilizes inducible nitric-oxide synthase in normal cells and cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:784-92. [PMID: 19875457 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.055038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Src kinases are key regulators of cellular proliferation, survival, motility, and invasiveness. They play important roles in the regulation of inflammation and cancer. Overexpression or hyperactivity of c-Src has been implicated in the development of various types of cancer, including lung cancer. Src inhibition is currently being investigated as a potential therapy for non-small cell lung cancer in Phase I and II clinical trials. The mechanisms of Src implication in cancer and inflammation are linked to the ability of activated Src to phosphorylate multiple downstream targets that mediate its cellular effector functions. In this study, we reveal that inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), an enzyme also implicated in cancer and inflammation, is a downstream mediator of activated Src. We elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the association between Src and iNOS in models of inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide and/or cytokines and in cancer cells and tissues. We identify human iNOS residue Tyr(1055) as a target for Src-mediated phosphorylation. These results are shown in normal cells and cancer cells as well as in vivo in mice. Importantly, such posttranslational modification serves to stabilize iNOS half-life. The data also demonstrate interactions and co-localization of iNOS and activated Src under inflammatory conditions and in cancer cells. This study demonstrates that phosphorylation of iNOS by Src plays an important role in the regulation of iNOS and nitric oxide production and hence could account for some Src-related roles in inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Tyryshkin
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Liu XD, Mazumdar T, Xu Y, Getzoff ED, Eissa NT. Identification of a flavin mononucleotide module residue critical for activity of inducible nitrite oxide synthase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5977-82. [PMID: 19828635 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) contains an amino-terminal oxygenase domain, a carboxy-terminal reductase domain, and an intervening calmodulin-binding domain. For the synthesis of NO, iNOS is active as a homodimer formed by oxygenase domains, while the reductase domain is required to transfer electrons from NADPH. In this study, we identify glutamate 658 in the FMN domain of human iNOS to be a critical residue for iNOS activity and we explore the underlying mechanism for such role. Mutation of glutamate to aspartate almost abolished iNOS activity and reduced dimer formation. Substitution of this residue with noncharged alanine and glutamine, or positively charged lysine did not affect dimer formation and maintained around 60% of iNOS activity. These results suggest that the negative charge specific to glutamate plays an important role in iNOS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-De Liu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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