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Orf Virus-Based Therapeutic Vaccine for Treatment of Papillomavirus-Induced Tumors. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00398-20. [PMID: 32404527 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00398-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) represents a suitable vector for the generation of efficient, prophylactic antiviral vaccines against different pathogens. The present study investigated for the first time the therapeutic application of ORFV vector-based vaccines against tumors induced by cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV). ORFV-CRPV recombinants were constructed expressing the early CRPV gene E1, E2, E7, or LE6. In two independent experiments we used in total 23 rabbits which were immunized with a mixture of the four ORFV-CRPV recombinants or empty ORFV vector as a control 5 weeks after the appearance of skin tumors. For the determination of the therapeutic efficacy, the subsequent growth of the tumors was recorded. In the first experiment, we could demonstrate that three immunizations of rabbits with high tumor burden with the combined four ORFV-CRPV recombinants resulted in significant growth retardation of the tumors compared to the control. A second experiment was performed to test the therapeutic effect of 5 doses of the combined vaccine in rabbits with a lower tumor burden than in nonimmunized rabbits. Tumor growth was significantly reduced after immunization, and one vaccinated rabbit even displayed complete tumor regression until the end of the observation period at 26 weeks. Results of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin tests suggest the induction of a cellular immune response mediated by the ORFV-CRPV vaccine. The data presented show for the first time a therapeutic potential of the ORFV vector platform and encourage further studies for the development of a therapeutic vaccine against virus-induced tumors.IMPORTANCE Viral vectors are widely used for the development of therapeutic vaccines for the treatment of tumors. In our study we have used Orf virus (ORFV) strain D1701-V for the generation of recombinant vaccines expressing cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) early proteins E1, E2, LE6, and E7. The therapeutic efficacy of the ORFV-CRPV vaccines was evaluated in two independent experiments using the outbred CRPV rabbit model. In both experiments the immunization achieved significant suppression of tumor growth. In total, 84.6% of all outbred animals benefited from the ORFV-CRPV vaccination, showing reduction in tumor size and significant tumor growth inhibition, including one animal with complete tumor regression without recurrence.
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Sant AJ, DiPiazza AT, Nayak JL, Rattan A, Richards KA. CD4 T cells in protection from influenza virus: Viral antigen specificity and functional potential. Immunol Rev 2019; 284:91-105. [PMID: 29944766 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T cells convey a number of discrete functions to protective immunity to influenza, a complexity that distinguishes this arm of adaptive immunity from B cells and CD8 T cells. Although the most well recognized function of CD4 T cells is provision of help for antibody production, CD4 T cells are important in many aspects of protective immunity. Our studies have revealed that viral antigen specificity is a key determinant of CD4 T cell function, as illustrated both by mouse models of infection and human vaccine responses, a factor whose importance is due at least in part to events in viral antigen handling. We discuss research that has provided insight into the diverse viral epitope specificity of CD4 T cells elicited after infection, how this primary response is modified as CD4 T cells home to the lung, establish memory, and after challenge with a secondary and distinct influenza virus strain. Our studies in human subjects point out the challenges facing vaccine efforts to facilitate responses to novel and avian strains of influenza, as well as strategies that enhance the ability of CD4 T cells to promote protective antibody responses to both seasonal and potentially pandemic strains of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Anthony T DiPiazza
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer L Nayak
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ajitanuj Rattan
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Katherine A Richards
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Sordé L, Spindeldreher S, Palmer E, Karle A. Massive immune response against IVIg interferes with response against other antigens in mice: A new mode of action? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186046. [PMID: 29023507 PMCID: PMC5638328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of high dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is widely used in the clinic to treat autoimmune and severe inflammatory diseases. However, its mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. We assessed the impact of IVIg on immune cell populations using an in vivo ovalbumin (Ova)-immunization mouse model. High dose IVIg significantly reduced the Ova-specific antibody response. Intriguingly, the results obtained indicate an immediate and massive immune reaction against IVIg, as shown by the activation and expansion of B cells and CD4+ T cells in the spleen and draining lymph nodes and the production of IVIg-specific antibodies. We propose that IVIg competes at the T-cell level with the response against Ova to explain the immunomodulatory properties of IVIg. Two monoclonal antibodies did not succeeded in reproducing the effects of IVIg. This suggests that in addition to the mouse response against human constant domains, the enormous sequence diversity of IVIg may significantly contribute to this massive immune response against IVIg. While correlation of these findings to IVIg-treated patients remains to be explored, our data demonstrate for the first time that IVIg re-directs the immune response towards IVIg and away from a specific antigen response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Sordé
- Novartis Pharma AG, Integrated Biologics Profiling Unit, Immunogenicity Risk Assessment, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Spindeldreher
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biologics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ed Palmer
- University Hospital Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anette Karle
- Novartis Pharma AG, Integrated Biologics Profiling Unit, Immunogenicity Risk Assessment, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Sordé L, Spindeldreher S, Palmer E, Karle A. Tregitopes and impaired antigen presentation: Drivers of the immunomodulatory effects of IVIg? IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 5:400-415. [PMID: 28560793 PMCID: PMC5691310 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Although intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is commonly used in the clinic to treat various autoimmune and severe inflammatory diseases, the mode of action is not fully elucidated. This work investigates two proposed mechanisms: (1) the potential role of regulatory T‐cell epitopes (Tregitopes) from the constant domain of IgG in the immunosuppressive function of IVIg; and (2) a potential impact of IVIg on the ability of antigen presenting cells (APCs) to present peptides. Methods and Results Investigation of the HLA class II peptide repertoire from IVIg‐loaded dendritic cells (DCs) via MHC‐associated peptide proteomics (MAPPs) revealed that numerous IgG‐derived peptides were strongly presented along the antibody sequence. Surprisingly, Tregitopes 167 and 289 did not show efficient natural presentation although they both bound to HLA class II when directly loaded as “naked” peptides on human DCs. In addition, both Tregitopes could not reproduce the inhibitory effect of IVIg in a human in vitro T‐cell proliferation assay as well as in vivo in mice. MAPPs data demonstrate that presentation of peptides from several antigens remained unchanged even when competed with high doses of IVIg, in both human and mouse. Conclusion These data suggest that the effects mediated by IVIg are not caused by Tregitopes nor by impaired antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Sordé
- Novartis Pharma AG, Integrated Biologics Profiling Unit, Immunogenicity Risk Assessment, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ed Palmer
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anette Karle
- Novartis Pharma AG, Integrated Biologics Profiling Unit, Immunogenicity Risk Assessment, Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Clonal expansion under the microscope: studying lymphocyte activation and differentiation using live‐cell imaging. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:242-9. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
The proliferation of specific lymphocytes is the central tenet of the clonal selection paradigm. Antigen recognition by T cells triggers a series of events that produces expanded clones of differentiated effector cells. TCR signaling events are detectable within seconds and minutes and are likely to continue for hours and days in vivo. Here, I review the work done on the importance of TCR signals in the later part of the expansion phase of the primary T cell response, primarily regarding the regulation of the cell cycle in CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells. The results suggest a degree of programing by early signals for effector differentiation, particularly in the CD8(+) T cell compartment, with optimal expansion supported by persistent antigen presentation later on. Differences to CD4(+) T cell expansion and new avenues toward a molecular understanding of cell cycle regulation in lymphocytes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Obst
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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7
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Pachnio A, Zuo J, Ryan GB, Begum J, Moss PAH. The Cellular Localization of Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein Expression Greatly Influences the Frequency and Functional Phenotype of Specific CD4+ T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3803-15. [PMID: 26363059 PMCID: PMC4592104 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CMV infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals, and the development of a vaccine is of high priority. Glycoprotein B (gB) is a leading vaccine candidate but the glycoprotein H (gH) pentameric complex is now recognized as the major target for neutralizing Abs. However, little is known about the T cell immune response against gH and glycoprotein L (gL) and this is likely to be an important attribute for vaccine immunogenicity. In this study, we examine and contrast the magnitude and phenotype of the T cell immune response against gB, gH, and gL within healthy donors. gB-specific CD4(+) T cells were found in 95% of donors, and 29 epitopes were defined with gB-specific response sizes ranging from 0.02 to 2.88% of the CD4(+) T cell pool. In contrast, only 20% of donors exhibited a T cell response against gH or gL. Additionally, gB-specific CD4(+) T cells exhibited a more cytotoxic phenotype, with high levels of granzyme B expression. Glycoproteins were effectively presented following delivery to APCs but only gB-derived epitopes were presented following endogenous synthesis. gB expression was observed exclusively within vesicular structures colocalizing with HLA-DM whereas gH was distributed evenly throughout the cytoplasm. Grafting of the C-terminal domain from gB onto gH could not transfer this pattern of presentation. These results reveal that gB is a uniquely immunogenic CMV glycoprotein and this is likely to reflect its unique pattern of endogenous Ag presentation. Consideration may be required toward mechanisms that boost cellular immunity to gH and gL within future subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Pachnio
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gordon B Ryan
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jusnara Begum
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Paul A H Moss
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
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Merkenschlager J, Kassiotis G. Narrowing the Gap: Preserving Repertoire Diversity Despite Clonal Selection during the CD4 T Cell Response. Front Immunol 2015; 6:413. [PMID: 26322045 PMCID: PMC4531291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell immunity relies on the generation and maintenance of a diverse repertoire of T cell antigen receptors (TCRs). The strength of signaling emanating from the TCR dictates the fate of T cells during development, as well as during the immune response. Whereas development of new T cells in the thymus increases the available TCR repertoire, clonal selection during the immune response narrows TCR diversity through the outgrowth of clonotypes with the fittest TCR. To ensure maintenance of TCR diversity in the antigen-selected repertoire, specific mechanisms can be envisaged that facilitate the participation of T cell clonotypes with less than best fit TCRs. Here, we summarize the evidence for the existence of such mechanisms that can prevent the loss of diversity. A number of T cell-autonomous or extrinsic factors can reverse clonotypic hierarchies set by TCR affinity for given antigen. Although not yet complete, understanding of these factors and their mechanism of action will be critical in interventional attempts to mold the antigen-selected TCR repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Kassiotis
- Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute , London , UK ; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , UK
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Sauer EL, Cloake NC, Greer JM. Taming the TCR: antigen-specific immunotherapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 34:460-85. [PMID: 25970132 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1027822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for autoimmune diseases are typically non-specific anti-inflammatory agents that affect not only the autoreactive cells but also the parts of the immune system that are required to maintain health. There is a need for the development of antigen-specific therapeutic agents that can effectively prevent the autoimmune attack while leaving the rest of the immune system functioning as normal. The simplest way to achieve this is using the autoantigen itself as a tolerizing agent; however, there is some risk involved with administering a potentially pathogenic antigen. In this review, we focus instead on the development and use of modified T cell receptor (TCR) ligands, in which the peptide ligand is modified to change the response by the T cell from a disease inducing to a protective response, and still retain the antigen-specificity necessary to target the autoreactive T cells. We review the use of modified TCR ligands as therapeutic agents in animal models of autoimmunity and in human autoimmune disease, and finally consider how they need to be improved in order to use them effectively in patients with autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Sauer
- a UQ Centre for Clinical Research , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Nancy C Cloake
- a UQ Centre for Clinical Research , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Judith M Greer
- a UQ Centre for Clinical Research , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
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10
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Thorborn G, Ploquin MJ, Eksmond U, Pike R, Bayer W, Dittmer U, Hasenkrug KJ, Pepper M, Kassiotis G. Clonotypic composition of the CD4+ T cell response to a vectored retroviral antigen is determined by its speed. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1567-77. [PMID: 25000983 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms whereby different vaccines may expand distinct Ag-specific T cell clonotypes or induce disparate degrees of protection are incompletely understood. We found that several delivery modes of a model retroviral Ag, including natural infection, preferentially expanded initially rare high-avidity CD4(+) T cell clonotypes, known to mediate protection. In contrast, the same Ag vectored by human adenovirus serotype 5 induced clonotypic expansion irrespective of avidity, eliciting a predominantly low-avidity response. Nonselective clonotypic expansion was caused by relatively weak adenovirus serotype 5-vectored Ag presentation and was reproduced by replication-attenuated retroviral vaccines. Mechanistically, the potency of Ag presentation determined the speed and, consequently, completion of the CD4(+) T cell response. Whereas faster completion retained the initial advantage of high-avidity clonotypes, slower completion permitted uninhibited accumulation of low-avidity clonotypes. These results highlighted the importance of Ag presentation patterns in determining the clonotypic composition of vaccine-induced T cell responses and ultimately the efficacy of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Thorborn
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Mickaël J Ploquin
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Urszula Eksmond
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Pike
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Wibke Bayer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Kim J Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - George Kassiotis
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
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Thorborn G, Young GR, Kassiotis G. Effective T helper cell responses against retroviruses: are all clonotypes equal? J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:27-37. [PMID: 24737804 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2ri0613-347r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical importance of CD4(+) T cells in coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses is evidenced by the susceptibility to various pathogenic and opportunistic infections that arises from primary or acquired CD4(+) T cell immunodeficiency, such as following HIV-1 infection. However, despite the clearly defined roles of cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells and antibodies in host protection from retroviruses, the ability of CD4(+) T cells to exert a similar function remains unclear. Recent studies in various settings have drawn attention to the complexity of the T cell response within and between individuals. Distinct TCR clonotypes within an individual differ substantially in their response to the same epitope. Functionally similar, "public" TCR clonotypes can also dominate the response of different individuals. TCR affinity for antigen directly influences expansion and differentiation of responding T cells, also likely affecting their ultimate protective capacity. With this increasing understanding of the parameters that determine the magnitude and effector type of the T cell response, we are now better equipped to address the protective capacity against retroviruses of CD4(+) T cell clonotypes induced by natural infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George R Young
- Divisions of Immunoregulation and Virology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - George Kassiotis
- Divisions of Immunoregulation and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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Ouwendijk WJD, Geluk A, Smits SL, Getu S, Osterhaus ADME, Verjans GMGM. Functional characterization of ocular-derived human alphaherpesvirus cross-reactive CD4 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3730-9. [PMID: 24623134 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intraocular varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and HSV type 1 (HSV-1) infections cause sight-threatening uveitis. The disease is characterized by an intraocular inflammatory response involving herpesvirus-specific T cells. T cell reactivity to the noncausative human alphaherpesvirus (αHHV) is commonly detected in the affected eyes of herpetic uveitis patients, suggesting the role of cross-reactive T cells in the disease. This study aimed to identify and functionally characterize intraocular human alphaherpesvirus cross-reactive T cells. VZV protein immediate early 62 (IE62), which shares extensive homology with HSV ICP4, is a previously identified T cell target in VZV uveitis. Two VZV-specific CD4 T cell clones (TCC), recovered from the eye of a VZV uveitis patient, recognized the same IE62918-927 peptide using different TCR and HLA-DR alleles. The IE62918-927 peptide bound with high affinity to multiple HLA-DR alleles and was recognized by blood-derived T cells of 5 of 17 HSV-1/VZV-seropositive healthy adults but not in cord blood donors (n = 5). Despite complete conservation of the IE62 epitope in the orthologous protein ICP4 of HSV-1 and HSV-2, the TCC recognized VZV and HSV-1- but not HSV-2-infected B cells. This was not attributed to proximal epitope-flanking amino acid polymorphisms in HSV-2 ICP4. Notably, VZV/HSV-1 cross-reactive CD4 T cells controlled VZV but not HSV-1 infection of human primary retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. In conclusion, we report on the first VZV/HSV-1 cross-reactive CD4 T cell epitope, which is HLA-DR promiscuous and immunoprevalent in coinfected individuals. Moreover, ocular-derived peptide-specific CD4 TCC controlled VZV but not HSV-1 infection of RPE cells, suggesting that HSV-1 actively inhibits CD4 T cell activation by infected human RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner J D Ouwendijk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Sant AJ, Chaves FA, Leddon SA, Tung J. The control of the specificity of CD4 T cell responses: thresholds, breakpoints, and ceilings. Front Immunol 2013; 4:340. [PMID: 24167504 PMCID: PMC3805957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been known for over 25 years that CD4 T cell responses are restricted to a finite number of peptide epitopes within pathogens or protein vaccines. These selected peptide epitopes are termed "immunodominant." Other peptides within the antigen that can bind to host MHC molecules and recruit CD4 T cells as single peptides are termed "cryptic" because they fail to induce responses when expressed in complex proteins or when in competition with other peptides during the immune response. In the last decade, our laboratory has evaluated the mechanisms that underlie the preferential specificity of CD4 T cells and have discovered that both intracellular events within antigen presenting cells, particular selective DM editing, and intercellular regulatory pathways, involving IFN-γ, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and regulatory T cells, play a role in selecting the final peptide specificity of CD4 T cells. In this review, we summarize our findings, discuss the implications of this work on responses to pathogens and vaccines and speculate on the logic of these regulatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Sant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Francisco A. Chaves
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Scott A. Leddon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jacqueline Tung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Tung J, Sant AJ. Orchestration of CD4 T cell epitope preferences after multipeptide immunization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:764-72. [PMID: 23772029 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie epitope preferences in T cell priming is important for vaccines designed to elicit a broad T cell response. Protein vaccinations generally elicit CD4 T cell responses that are skewed toward a small fraction of epitopes, a phenomenon known as immunodominance. This characteristic of T cell responses, which limits the diversity of CD4 T cell recognition, is generally attributed to intracellular Ag processing. However, we recently discovered that immunodominance hierarchies persist even after vaccination with synthetic peptides. In this study, we probed the regulatory mechanisms that cause diminished CD4 T cell responses to subdominant peptides after such multipeptide immunization in mice. We have found that the delivery of subdominant and dominant epitopes on separate dendritic cells rescues expansion of less favored CD4 T cells. Furthermore, through the use of genetic models and inhibitors, we have found that selective losses in CD4 T cell responses are mediated by an IFN-γ-induced pathway, involving IDO, and that regulatory T cell activities may also regulate preferences in CD4 T cell specificity. We propose that after multipeptide immunization, the expansion and differentiation of dominant T cells initiate complex regulatory events that determine the final peptide specificity of the elicited CD4 T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Tung
- David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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15
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CD4 T-cell memory responses to viral infections of humans show pronounced immunodominance independent of duration or viral persistence. J Virol 2012; 87:2617-27. [PMID: 23255792 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03047-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known concerning immunodominance within the CD4 T-cell response to viral infections and its persistence into long-term memory. We tested CD4 T-cell reactivity against each viral protein in persons immunized with vaccinia virus (VV), either recently or more than 40 years ago, as a model self-limited viral infection. Similar tests were done with persons with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection as a model chronic infection. We used an indirect method capable of counting the CD4 T cells in blood reactive with each individual viral protein. Each person had a clear CD4 T-cell dominance hierarchy. The top four open reading frames accounted for about 40% of CD4 virus-specific T cells. Early and long-term memory CD4 T-cell responses to vaccinia virus were mathematically indistinguishable for antigen breadth and immunodominance. Despite the chronic intermittent presence of HSV-1 antigen, the CD4 T-cell dominance and diversity patterns for HSV-1 were identical to those observed for vaccinia virus. The immunodominant CD4 T-cell antigens included both long proteins abundantly present in virions and shorter, nonstructural proteins. Limited epitope level and direct ex vivo data were also consistent with pronounced CD4 T-cell immunodominance. We conclude that human memory CD4 T-cell responses show a pattern of pronounced immunodominance for both chronic and self-limited viral infections and that this pattern can persist over several decades in the absence of antigen.
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Watson AM, Mylin LM, Thompson MM, Schell TD. Modification of a tumor antigen determinant to improve peptide/MHC stability is associated with increased immunogenicity and cross-priming a larger fraction of CD8+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5549-60. [PMID: 23175697 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Altered peptide ligands (APLs) with enhanced binding to MHC class I can increase the CD8(+) T cell response to native Ags, including tumor Ags. In this study, we investigate the influence of peptide-MHC (pMHC) stability on recruitment of tumor Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells through cross-priming. Among the four known H-2(b)-restricted CD8(+) T cell determinants within SV40 large tumor Ag (TAg), the site V determinant ((489)QGINNLDNL(497)) forms relatively low-stability pMHC and is characteristically immunorecessive. Absence of detectable site V-specific CD8(+) T cells following immunization with wild-type TAg is due in part to inefficient cross-priming. We mutated nonanchor residues within the TAg site V determinant that increased pMHC stability but preserved recognition by both TCR-transgenic and polyclonal endogenous T cells. Using a novel approach to quantify the fraction of naive T cells triggered through cross-priming in vivo, we show that immunization with TAg variants expressing higher-stability determinants increased the fraction of site V-specific T cells cross-primed and effectively overcame the immunorecessive phenotype. In addition, using MHC class I tetramer-based enrichment, we demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that endogenous site V-specific T cells are primed following wild-type TAg immunization despite their low initial frequency, but that the magnitude of T cell accumulation is enhanced following immunization with a site V variant TAg. Our results demonstrate that site V APLs cross-prime a higher fraction of available T cells, providing a potential mechanism for high-stability APLs to enhance immunogenicity and accumulation of T cells specific for the native determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Watson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Leddon SA, Sant AJ. The peptide specificity of the endogenous T follicular helper cell repertoire generated after protein immunization. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46952. [PMID: 23077537 PMCID: PMC3471970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells potentiate high-affinity, class-switched antibody responses, the predominant correlate of protection from vaccines. Despite intense interest in understanding both the generation and effector functions of this lineage, little is known about the epitope specificity of Tfh cells generated during polyclonal responses. To date, studies of peptide-specific Tfh cells have relied on either the transfer of TcR transgenic cells or use of peptide∶MHC class II tetramers and antibodies to stain TcR and follow limited peptide specificities. In order to comprehensively evaluate polyclonal responses generated from the natural endogenous TcR repertoire, we developed a sorting strategy to separate Tfh cells from non-Tfh cells and found that their epitope-specific responses could be tracked with cytokine-specific ELISPOT assays. The immunodominance hierarchies of Tfh and non-Tfh cells generated in response to immunization with several unrelated protein antigens were remarkably similar. Additionally, increasing the kinetic stability of peptide-MHC class II complexes enhanced the priming of both Tfh and conventional CD4 T cells. These findings may provide us with a strategy to rationally and selectively modulate epitope-specific Tfh responses. By understanding the parameters that control epitope-specific priming, vaccines may be tailored to enhance or focus Tfh responses to facilitate optimal B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Leddon
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrea J. Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Savir Y, Waysbort N, Antebi YE, Tlusty T, Friedman N. Balancing speed and accuracy of polyclonal T cell activation: a role for extracellular feedback. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2012; 6:111. [PMID: 22925037 PMCID: PMC3512529 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-6-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular feedback is an abundant module of intercellular communication networks, yet a detailed understanding of its role is still lacking. Here, we study interactions between polyclonal activated T cells that are mediated by IL-2 extracellular feedback as a model system. RESULTS Using mathematical modeling we show that extracellular feedback can give rise to opposite outcomes: competition or cooperation between interacting T cells, depending on their relative levels of activation. Furthermore, the outcome of the interaction also depends on the relative timing of activation of the cells. A critical time window exists after which a cell that has been more strongly activated nevertheless cannot exclude an inferior competitor. CONCLUSIONS In a number of experimental studies of polyclonal T-cell systems, outcomes ranging from cooperation to competition as well as time dependent competition were observed. Our model suggests that extracellular feedback can contribute to these observed behaviors as it translates quantitative differences in T cells' activation strength and in their relative activation time into qualitatively different outcomes. We propose extracellular feedback as a general mechanism that can balance speed and accuracy - choosing the most suitable responders out of a polyclonal population under the clock of an escalating threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Savir
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Chaves FA, Lee AH, Nayak JL, Richards KA, Sant AJ. The utility and limitations of current Web-available algorithms to predict peptides recognized by CD4 T cells in response to pathogen infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4235-48. [PMID: 22467652 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability to track CD4 T cells elicited in response to pathogen infection or vaccination is critical because of the role these cells play in protective immunity. Coupled with advances in genome sequencing of pathogenic organisms, there is considerable appeal for implementation of computer-based algorithms to predict peptides that bind to the class II molecules, forming the complex recognized by CD4 T cells. Despite recent progress in this area, there is a paucity of data regarding the success of these algorithms in identifying actual pathogen-derived epitopes. In this study, we sought to rigorously evaluate the performance of multiple Web-available algorithms by comparing their predictions with our results--obtained by purely empirical methods for epitope discovery in influenza that used overlapping peptides and cytokine ELISPOTs--for three independent class II molecules. We analyzed the data in different ways, trying to anticipate how an investigator might use these computational tools for epitope discovery. We come to the conclusion that currently available algorithms can indeed facilitate epitope discovery, but all shared a high degree of false-positive and false-negative predictions. Therefore, efficiencies were low. We also found dramatic disparities among algorithms and between predicted IC(50) values and true dissociation rates of peptide-MHC class II complexes. We suggest that improved success of predictive algorithms will depend less on changes in computational methods or increased data sets and more on changes in parameters used to "train" the algorithms that factor in elements of T cell repertoire and peptide acquisition by class II molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Chaves
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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20
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Galea I, Stasakova J, Dunscombe MS, Ottensmeier CH, Elliott T, Thirdborough SM. CD8+ T-cell cross-competition is governed by peptide-MHC class I stability. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:256-63. [PMID: 22002320 PMCID: PMC3744744 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A major contributing factor to the final magnitude and breadth of CD8+ T-cell responses to complex antigens is immunodomination, where CD8+ T cells recognizing their cognate ligand inhibit the proliferation of other CD8+ T cells engaged with the same APC. In this study, we examined how the half-life of cell surface peptide–MHC class I complexes influences this phenomenon. We found that primary CD8+ T-cell responses to DNA vaccines in mice are shaped by competition among responding CD8+ T cells for nonspecific stimuli early after activation and prior to cell division. The susceptibility of CD8+ T cells to ‘domination’ was a direct correlate of higher kinetic stability of the competing CD8+ T-cell cognate ligand. When high affinity competitive CD8+ T cells were deleted by self-antigen expression, competition was abrogated. These findings show, for the first time to our knowledge, the existence of regulatory mechanisms that direct the responding CD8+ T-cell repertoire toward epitopes with high-stability interactions with MHC class I molecules. They also provide an insight into factors that facilitate CD8+ T-cell coexistence, with important implications for vaccine design and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Galea
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Richards KA, Chaves FA, Sant AJ. The memory phase of the CD4 T-cell response to influenza virus infection maintains its diverse antigen specificity. Immunology 2011; 133:246-56. [PMID: 21517839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major gap in our understanding of the immune response to pathogens and vaccines is how closely the antigen specificity in the memory phase mimics repertoire that is rapidly expanded upon priming. Understanding the diversity of the CD4 T-cell memory compartment after a primary response to pathogens is hampered by the technical challenges of epitope discovery and suitable models to study primary immune responses. Recently, we have used overlapping synthetic peptides to empirically map most of the specificities present in the primary response to live influenza infection. We found that the CD4 T-cell response can be exceptionally diverse, depending on the allele(s) of MHC class II molecules expressed. In the current study, using a mouse model of primary influenza infection and peptide-specific cytokine EliSpots, we have asked how this broad CD4 T-cell immunodominance hierarchy changes as the immune response contracts and memory is established. Our studies revealed that, for the most part, diversity is maintained, and most specificities, including those for relatively minor epitopes, are preserved in the memory CD4 T-cell compartment. A modest, but reproducible shift in specificity toward haemagglutinin-derived epitopes was observed, raising the possibility that protein or peptide persistence might play a role in the evolution of the memory phase of the CD4 T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Richards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, AaB Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Dozmorov IM, Dresser D. Immune System as a Sensory System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE : IJBS 2010; 6:167-175. [PMID: 21686066 PMCID: PMC3113540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
As suggested by the well-known gestalt concept the immune system can be regarded as an integrated complex system, the functioning of which cannot be fully characterized by the behavior of its constituent elements. Similar approaches to the immune system in particular and sensory systems in general allows one to discern similarities and differences in the process of distinguishing informative patterns in an otherwise random background, thus initiating an appropriate and adequate response. This may lead to a new interpretation of difficulties in the comprehension of some immunological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M. Dozmorov
- Department of Arthritis and Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA;
| | - D. Dresser
- The Ashworth Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
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