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Zuo S, Lu J, Sun Y, Song J, Han S, Feng X, Han ET, Cheng Y. The Plasmodium vivax MSP1P-19 is involved in binding of reticulocytes through interactions with the membrane proteins band3 and CD71. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107285. [PMID: 38636656 PMCID: PMC11107369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The parasite Plasmodium vivax preferentially invades human reticulocytes. Its merozoite surface protein 1 paralog (PvMSP1P), particularly the 19-kDa C-terminal region (PvMSP1P-19), has been shown to bind to reticulocytes, and this binding can be inhibited by antisera obtained by PvMSP1P-19 immunization. The molecular mechanism of interactions between PvMSP1P-19 and reticulocytes during P. vivax invasion, however, remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the ability of MSP1P-19 to bind to different concentrations of reticulocytes and confirmed its reticulocyte preference. LC-MS analysis was used to identify two potential reticulocyte receptors, band3 and CD71, that interact with MSP1P-19. Both PvMSP1P-19 and its sister taxon Plasmodium cynomolgi MSP1P-19 were found to bind to the extracellular loop (loop 5) of band3, where the interaction of MSP1P-19 with band3 was chymotrypsin sensitive. Antibodies against band3-P5, CD71, and MSP1P-19 reduced the binding activity of PvMSP1P-19 and Plasmodium cynomolgi MSP1P-19 to reticulocytes, while MSP1P-19 proteins inhibited Plasmodium falciparum invasion in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. To sum up, identification and characterization of the reticulocyte receptor is important for understanding the binding of reticulocytes by MSP1P-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghuan Zuo
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiachen Lu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifan Sun
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China; Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Song
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Su Han
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Cheng
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Clinical Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
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Gao J, Jiang N, Zhang Y, Chen R, Feng Y, Sang X, Chen Q. A heparin-binding protein of Plasmodium berghei is associated with merozoite invasion of erythrocytes. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:277. [PMID: 37563696 PMCID: PMC10416508 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05896-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria caused by Plasmodium species is a prominent public health concern worldwide, and the infection of a malarial parasite is transmitted to humans through the saliva of female Anopheles mosquitoes. Plasmodium invasion is a rapid and complex process. A critical step in the blood-stage infection of malarial parasites is the adhesion of merozoites to red blood cells (RBCs), which involves interactions between parasite ligands and receptors. The present study aimed to investigate a previously uncharacterized protein, PbMAP1 (encoded by PBANKA_1425900), which facilitates Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbANKA) merozoite attachment and invasion via the heparan sulfate receptor. METHODS PbMAP1 protein expression was investigated at the asexual blood stage, and its specific binding activity to both heparan sulfate and RBCs was analyzed using western blotting, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry. Furthermore, a PbMAP1-knockout parasitic strain was established using the double-crossover method to investigate its pathogenicity in mice. RESULTS The PbMAP1 protein, primarily localized to the P. berghei membrane at the merozoite stage, is involved in binding to heparan sulfate-like receptor on RBC surface of during merozoite invasion. Furthermore, mice immunized with the PbMAP1 protein or passively immunized with sera from PbMAP1-immunized mice exhibited increased immunity against lethal challenge. The PbMAP1-knockout parasite exhibited reduced pathogenicity. CONCLUSIONS PbMAP1 is involved in the binding of P. berghei to heparan sulfate-like receptors on RBC surface during merozoite invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China.
- Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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De Meulenaere K, Prajapati SK, Villasis E, Cuypers B, Kattenberg JH, Kasian B, Laman M, Robinson LJ, Gamboa D, Laukens K, Rosanas-Urgell A. Band 3–mediated Plasmodium vivax invasion is associated with transcriptional variation in PvTRAg genes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1011692. [PMID: 36250048 PMCID: PMC9563252 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1011692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte invasion process is still poorly understood, with only a few receptor-ligand interactions identified to date. Individuals with the Southeast Asian ovalocytosis (SAO) phenotype have a deletion in the band 3 protein on the surface of erythrocytes, and are reported to have a lower incidence of clinical P. vivax malaria. Based on this observation, band 3 has been put forward as a receptor for P. vivax invasion, although direct proof is still lacking. In this study, we combined functional ex vivo invasion assays and transcriptome sequencing to uncover a band 3–mediated invasion pathway in P. vivax and potential band 3 ligands. Invasion by P. vivax field isolates was 67%-71% lower in SAO reticulocytes compared with non-SAO reticulocytes. Reticulocyte invasion was decreased by 40% and 27%-31% when blocking with an anti-band 3 polyclonal antibody and a PvTRAg38 peptide, respectively. To identify new band 3 receptor candidates, we mRNA-sequenced schizont-stage isolates used in the invasion assays, and observed high transcriptional variability in multigene and invasion-related families. Transcriptomes of isolates with low or high dependency on band 3 for invasion were compared by differential expression analysis, which produced a list of band 3 ligand candidates with high representation of PvTRAg genes. Our ex vivo invasion assays have demonstrated that band 3 is a P. vivax invasion receptor and confirm previous in vitro studies showing binding between PvTRAg38 and band 3, although the lower and variable inhibition levels observed suggest the involvement of other ligands. By coupling transcriptomes and invasion phenotypes from the same isolates, we identified a list of band 3 ligand candidates, of which the overrepresented PvTRAg genes are the most promising for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlijn De Meulenaere
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Anna Rosanas-Urgell, ; Katlijn De Meulenaere,
| | - Surendra Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth Villasis
- Laboratorio de Malaria, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Bart Cuypers
- Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Bernadine Kasian
- Vector-borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute for Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Moses Laman
- Vector-borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute for Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Leanne J. Robinson
- Vector-borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute for Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Health Security and Disease Elimination, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Kris Laukens
- Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anna Rosanas-Urgell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Anna Rosanas-Urgell, ; Katlijn De Meulenaere,
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Putaporntip C, Kuamsab N, Rojrung R, Seethamchai S, Jongwutiwes S. Structural organization and sequence diversity of the complete nucleotide sequence encoding the Plasmodium malariae merozoite surface protein-1. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15591. [PMID: 36114242 PMCID: PMC9481586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP1) is a prime candidate for an asexual blood stage vaccine against malaria. However, polymorphism in this antigen could compromise the vaccine’s efficacy. Although the extent of sequence variation in MSP1 has been analyzed from various Plasmodium species, little is known about structural organization and diversity of this locus in Plasmodium malariae (PmMSP1). Herein, we have shown that PmMSP1 contained five conserved and four variable blocks based on analysis of the complete coding sequences. Variable blocks were characterized by short insertion and deletion variants (block II), polymorphic nonrepeat sequences (block IV), complex repeat structure with size variation (block VI) and degenerate octapeptide repeats (block VIII). Like other malarial MSP1s, evidences of intragenic recombination have been found in PmMSP1. The rate of nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions significantly exceeded that of synonymous nucleotide substitutions in block IV, suggesting positive selection in this region. Codon-based analysis of deviation from neutrality has identified a codon under purifying selection located in close proximity to the homologous region of the 38 kDa/42 kDa cleavage site of P. falciparum MSP1. A number of predicted linear B-cell epitopes were identified across both conserved and variable blocks of the protein. However, polymorphism in repeat-containing blocks resulted in alteration of the predicted linear B-cell epitope scores across variants. Although a number of predicted HLA-class II-binding peptides were identified in PmMSP1, all variants of block IV seemed not to be recognized by common HLA-class II alleles among Thai population, suggesting that diversity in this positive selection region could probably affect host immune recognition. The data on structural diversity in PmMSP1 could be useful for further studies such as vaccine development and strain characterization of this neglected malaria parasite.
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5
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Konozy EHE, Osman MEFM, Ghartey-Kwansah G, Abushama HM. The striking mimics between COVID-19 and malaria: A review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:957913. [PMID: 36081516 PMCID: PMC9445119 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.957913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives COVID-19 is a transmissible illness triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since its onset in late 2019 in Wuhan city of China, it continues to spread universally, leading to an ongoing pandemic that shattered all efforts to restrain it. On the other hand, in Africa, the COVID-19 infection may be influenced by malaria coinfection. Hence, in this review article, we aimed to give a comprehensive account of the similarities between COVID-19 and malaria in terms of symptoms, clinical, immunological, and molecular perspectives. Methodology In this article, we reviewed over 50 research papers to highlight the multilayered similarities between COVID-19 and malaria infections that might influence the ontology of COVID-19. Results Despite the poor health and fragile medical system of many sub-Saharan African countries, they persisted with a statistically significantly low number of COVID-19 cases. This was attributed to many factors such as the young population age, the warm weather, the lack of proper diagnosis, previous infection with malaria, the use of antimalarial drugs, etc. Additionally, population genetics appears to play a significant role in shaping the COVID-19 dynamics. This is evident as recent genomic screening analyses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and malaria-associated-variants identified 6 candidate genes that might play a role in malaria and COVID-19 incidence and severity. Moreover, the clinical and pathological resemblances between the two diseases have made considerable confusion in the diagnosis and thereafter curb the disease in Africa. Therefore, possible similarities between the diseases in regards to the clinical, pathological, immunological, and genetical ascription were discussed. Conclusion Understanding the dynamics of COVID-19 infection in Sub-Saharan Africa and how it is shaped by another endemic disease like malaria can provide insights into how to tailor a successful diagnostic, intervention, and control plans that lower both disease morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - George Ghartey-Kwansah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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6
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A Role for Basigin in Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0020522. [PMID: 35913173 PMCID: PMC9387297 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00205-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of specific host cell surface receptors during Toxoplasma gondii invasion of host cells is poorly defined. Here, we interrogated the role of the well-known malarial invasion receptor, basigin, in T. gondii infection of astrocytes. We found that primary astrocytes express two members of the BASIGIN (BSG) immunoglobulin family, basigin and embigin, but did not express neuroplastin. Antibody blockade of either basigin or embigin caused a significant reduction of parasite infectivity in astrocytes. The specific role of basigin during T. gondii invasion was further examined using a mouse astrocytic cell line (C8-D30), which exclusively expresses basigin. CRISPR-mediated deletion of basigin in C8-D30 cells resulted in decreased T. gondii infectivity. T. gondii replication and invasion efficiency were not altered by basigin deficiency, but parasite attachment to astrocytes was markedly reduced. We also conducted a proteomic screen to identify T. gondii proteins that interact with basigin. Toxoplasma-encoded cyclophilins, the protein 14-3-3, and protein disulfide isomerase (TgPDI) were among the putative basigin-ligands identified. Recombinant TgPDI produced in E. coli bound to basigin and pretreatment of tachyzoites with a PDI inhibitor decreased parasite attachment to host cells. Finally, mutagenesis of the active site cysteines of TgPDI abolished enzyme binding to basigin. Thus, basigin and its related immunoglobulin family members may represent host receptors that mediate attachment of T. gondii to diverse cell types.
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7
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Jaramillo Ponce JR, Kapps D, Paulus C, Chicher J, Frugier M. Discovery of two distinct aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complexes anchored to the Plasmodium surface tRNA import protein. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101987. [PMID: 35487244 PMCID: PMC9136112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) attach amino acids to their cognate transfer RNAs. In eukaryotes, a subset of cytosolic aaRSs is organized into a multisynthetase complex (MSC), along with specialized scaffolding proteins referred to as aaRS-interacting multifunctional proteins (AIMPs). In Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, the tRNA import protein (tRip), is a membrane protein that participates in tRNA trafficking; we show that tRip also functions as an AIMP. We identified three aaRSs, the glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (ERS), glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (QRS), and methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MRS), which were specifically coimmunoprecipitated with tRip in Plasmodium berghei blood stage parasites. All four proteins contain an N-terminal glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-like domain that was demonstrated to be involved in MSC assembly. In contrast to previous studies, further dissection of GST-like interactions identified two exclusive heterotrimeric complexes: the Q-complex (tRip-ERS-QRS) and the M-complex (tRip-ERS-MRS). Gel filtration and light scattering suggest a 2:2:2 stoichiometry for both complexes but with distinct biophysical properties and mutational analysis further revealed that the GST-like domains of QRS and MRS use different strategies to bind ERS. Taken together, our results demonstrate that neither the singular homodimerization of tRip nor its localization in the parasite plasma membrane prevents the formation of MSCs in Plasmodium. Besides, the extracellular localization of the tRNA-binding module of tRip is compensated by the presence of additional tRNA-binding modules fused to MRS and QRS, providing each MSC with two spatially distinct functions: aminoacylation of intraparasitic tRNAs and binding of extracellular tRNAs. This unique host-pathogen interaction is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Jaramillo Ponce
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, Strasbourg, France
| | - Delphine Kapps
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, Strasbourg, France
| | - Caroline Paulus
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, Strasbourg, France
| | - Johana Chicher
- Strasbourg-Esplanade Proteomics Facility, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Magali Frugier
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, Strasbourg, France.
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8
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Qin X, Tieleman DP, Liang Q. Effects of Cholesterol and PIP2 on Interactions between Glycophorin A and Band 3 in Lipid Bilayers. Biophys J 2022; 121:2069-2077. [PMID: 35524411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the erythrocyte membrane, the interactions between Glycophorin A (GPA) and Band 3 are associated strongly with the biological function of the membrane and several blood disorders. In this work, using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation, we systematically investigate the effects of cholesterol and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) on the interactions of GPA with Band 3 in the model erythrocyte membranes. We examine the dynamics of the interactions of GPA with Band 3 in different lipid bilayers on the microsecond time scale and calculate the binding free energy between GPA and Band 3. The results indicate that cholesterols thermodynamically favor the binding of GPA to Band 3 by increasing the thickness of the lipid bilayer and by producing an effective attraction between the proteins due to the depletion effect. Cholesterols also slow the kinetics of the binding of GPA to Band 3 by reducing the lateral mobility of the lipids and proteins and may influence the binding sites between the proteins. The anionic PIP2 lipids prefer binding to the surface of the proteins through electrostatic attraction between the PIP2 headgroup and the positively charged residues on the protein surface. Ions in the solvent facilitate the PIP2 aggregation which promotes the binding of GPA to Band 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Qin
- Center for Statistical and Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics and Department of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - D Peter Tieleman
- Centre for Molecular Simulations and Department of Biological Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Qing Liang
- Center for Statistical and Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics and Department of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China.
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9
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Molina-Franky J, Patarroyo ME, Kalkum M, Patarroyo MA. The Cellular and Molecular Interaction Between Erythrocytes and Plasmodium falciparum Merozoites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:816574. [PMID: 35433504 PMCID: PMC9008539 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.816574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is the most lethal human malaria parasite, partly due to its genetic variability and ability to use multiple invasion routes via its binding to host cell surface receptors. The parasite extensively modifies infected red blood cell architecture to promote its survival which leads to increased cell membrane rigidity, adhesiveness and permeability. Merozoites are initially released from infected hepatocytes and efficiently enter red blood cells in a well-orchestrated process that involves specific interactions between parasite ligands and erythrocyte receptors; symptoms of the disease occur during the life-cycle’s blood stage due to capillary blockage and massive erythrocyte lysis. Several studies have focused on elucidating molecular merozoite/erythrocyte interactions and host cell modifications; however, further in-depth analysis is required for understanding the parasite’s biology and thus provide the fundamental tools for developing prophylactic or therapeutic alternatives to mitigate or eliminate Plasmodium falciparum-related malaria. This review focuses on the cellular and molecular events during Plasmodium falciparum merozoite invasion of red blood cells and the alterations that occur in an erythrocyte once it has become infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Molina-Franky
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
- PhD Programme in Biotechnology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- Health Sciences Division, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Markus Kalkum, ; Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo,
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- Health Sciences Division, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Markus Kalkum, ; Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo,
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10
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Lu J, Chu R, Yin Y, Yu H, Xu Q, Yang B, Sun Y, Song J, Wang Q, Xu J, Lu F, Cheng Y. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored micronemal antigen (GAMA) interacts with the band 3 receptor to promote erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101765. [PMID: 35202655 PMCID: PMC8931436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored micronemal antigen (GAMA) is an erythrocyte binding protein known to be involved in malarial parasite invasion. Although anti-GAMA antibodies have been shown to block GAMA attachment to the erythrocyte surface and subsequently inhibit parasite invasion, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which GAMA promotes the invasion process. In this study, LC-MS analysis was performed on the erythrocyte membrane to identify the specific receptor that interacts with GAMA. We found that ankyrin 1 and the band 3 membrane protein showed affinity for GAMA, and characterization of their binding specificity indicated that both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax GAMA bound to the same extracellular loop of band 3 (loop 5). In addition, we show the interaction between GAMA and band 3 was sensitive to chymotrypsin. Furthermore, antibodies against band 3 loop 5 were able to reduce the binding activity of GAMA to erythrocytes and inhibit the invasion of P. falciparum merozoites into human erythrocytes, whereas antibodies against P. falciparum GAMA (PfGAMA)-Tr3 only slightly reduced P. falciparum invasion. The identification and characterization of the erythrocyte GAMA receptor is a novel finding that identifies an essential mechanism of parasite invasion of host erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Lu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruilin Chu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China; Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yin
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijie Yu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinwen Xu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifan Sun
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiubo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi 9th Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
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11
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Palasuwan D, Palasuwan A, Boonpeng K, Ketprasit N, Imwong M, Kulkeaw K. Impairment of invasion and maturation and decreased selectivity of Plasmodium falciparum in G6PD Viangchan and Mahidol variants. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:1238-1247. [PMID: 34558618 PMCID: PMC8974826 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protection against Plasmodium falciparum is observed in a population deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), particularly in African and Mediterranean regions. However, such protection remains unknown among G6PD-deficient individuals in Southeast Asia. Methods In this study, we assessed the invasion and maturation of P falciparum K1 in a culture of erythrocytes isolated from Thai subjects carrying Viangchan (871G > A) and Mahidol (487G > A). Results We found that the parasites lost their ability to invade hemizygous and homozygous G6PD-deficient erythrocytes of Viangchan and Mahidol variants in the second and third cycles of intraerythrocytic development. It is interesting to note that P falciparum parasites selectively grew in erythrocytes from hemi- and homozygous genotypes with normal G6PD activity. Moreover, externalization of phosphatidylserine upon P falciparum infection was significantly increased only in Viangchan hemizygous variant cells. Conclusions This study is the first to show that blockage of invasion in long-term culture and potentially enhanced removal of parasitized erythrocytes were observed for the first time in erythrocytes from Viangchan and Mahidol G6PD-deficient individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangdao Palasuwan
- Oxidation in Red Cell Disorders Research Unit, Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Attakorn Palasuwan
- Oxidation in Red Cell Disorders Research Unit, Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Boonpeng
- Oxidation in Red Cell Disorders Research Unit, Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nutpakal Ketprasit
- Oxidation in Red Cell Disorders Research Unit, Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mallika Imwong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kasem Kulkeaw
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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12
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Koudatsu S, Masatani T, Konishi R, Asada M, Hakimi H, Kurokawa Y, Tomioku K, Kaneko O, Fujita A. Glycosphingolipid GM3 is localized in both exoplasmic and cytoplasmic leaflets of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite plasma membrane. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14890. [PMID: 34290278 PMCID: PMC8295280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts, sterol-rich and sphingolipid-rich microdomains on the plasma membrane are important in processes like cell signaling, adhesion, and protein and lipid transport. The virulence of many eukaryotic parasites is related to raft microdomains on the cell membrane. In the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, which are important for invasion and are possible targets for vaccine development, are localized in the raft. However, rafts are poorly understood. We used quick-freezing and freeze-fracture immuno-electron microscopy to examine the localization of monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) and monosialodihexosylganglioside (GM3), putative raft microdomain components in P. falciparum and infected erythrocytes. This method immobilizes molecules in situ, minimizing artifacts. GM3 was localized in the exoplasmic (EF) and cytoplasmic leaflets (PF) of the parasite and the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) membranes, but solely in the EF of the infected erythrocyte membrane, as in the case for uninfected erythrocytes. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) was localized solely in the PF of erythrocyte, parasite, and PV membranes. This is the first time that GM3, the major component of raft microdomains, was found in the PF of a biological membrane. The unique localization of raft microdomains may be due to P. falciparum lipid metabolism and its unique biological processes, like protein transport from the parasite to infected erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiomi Koudatsu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Masatani
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.,Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Rikako Konishi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Masahito Asada
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hassan Hakimi
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yuna Kurokawa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kanna Tomioku
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Akikazu Fujita
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
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13
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Dijkman PM, Marzluf T, Zhang Y, Chang SYS, Helm D, Lanzer M, Bujard H, Kudryashev M. Structure of the merozoite surface protein 1 from Plasmodium falciparum. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg0465. [PMID: 34078606 PMCID: PMC11210306 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) is the most abundant protein on the surface of the erythrocyte-invading Plasmodium merozoite, the causative agent of malaria. MSP-1 is essential for merozoite formation, entry into and escape from erythrocytes, and is a promising vaccine candidate. Here, we present monomeric and dimeric structures of full-length MSP-1. MSP-1 adopts an unusual fold with a large central cavity. Its fold includes several coiled-coils and shows structural homology to proteins associated with membrane and cytoskeleton interactions. MSP-1 formed dimers through these domains in a concentration-dependent manner. Dimerization is affected by the presence of the erythrocyte cytoskeleton protein spectrin, which may compete for the dimerization interface. Our work provides structural insights into the possible mode of interaction of MSP-1 with erythrocytes and establishes a framework for future investigations into the role of MSP-1 in Plasmodium infection and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Dijkman
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tanja Marzluf
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- MS-based Protein Analysis Unit, Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Shih-Ying Scott Chang
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dominic Helm
- MS-based Protein Analysis Unit, Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Bujard
- Sumaya Biotech GmbH & Co. KG, Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Molecular Biology Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mikhail Kudryashev
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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14
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Aza-Conde J, Reyes C, Suárez CF, Patarroyo MA, Patarroyo ME. The molecular basis for peptide-based antimalarial vaccine development targeting erythrocyte invasion by P. falciparum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:86-93. [PMID: 33316544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a methodology for developing a minimal, subunit-based, multi-epitope, multi-stage, chemically-synthesised, anti-Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine. Some modified high activity binding peptides (mHABPs) derived from functionally relevant P. falciparum MSP, RH5 and AMA-1 conserved amino acid regions (cHABPs) for parasite binding to and invasion of red blood cells (RBC) were selected. They were highly immunogenic as assessed by indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) and Western blot (WB) assays and protective immune response-inducers against malarial challenge in the Aotus monkey experimental model. NetMHCIIpan 4.0 was used for predicting peptide-Aotus/human major histocompatibility class II (MHCII) binding affinity in silico due to the similarity between Aotus and human immune system molecules; ∼50% of Aotus MHCII allele molecules have a counterpart in the human immune system, being Aotus-specific, whilst others enabled recognition of their human counterparts. Some peptides' 1H-NMR-assessed structural conformation was determined to explain residue modifications in mHABPs inducing secondary structure changes. These directly influenced immunological behaviour, thereby highlighting the relationship with MHCII antigen presentation. The data obtained in such functional, immunological, structural and predictive approach suggested that some of these peptides could be excellent components of a fully-protective antimalarial vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Aza-Conde
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - César Reyes
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia; Biomedical and Biological Sciences PhD Programme, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos F Suárez
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel E Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá, Colombia.
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15
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Ogasawara S, Suzuki K, Naruchi K, Nakamura S, Shimabukuro J, Tsukahara N, Kaneko MK, Kato Y, Murata T. Crystal structure of an anti-podoplanin antibody bound to a disialylated O-linked glycopeptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:57-63. [PMID: 32921414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Podoplanin (PDPN) is a highly O-glycosylated glycoprotein that is utilized as a specific lymphatic endothelial marker under pathophysiological conditions. We previously developed an anti-human PDPN (hPDPN) monoclonal antibody (mAb), clone LpMab-3, which recognizes the epitope, including both the peptides and the attached disialy-core-l (NeuAcα2-3Galβl-3 [NeuAcα2-6]GalNAcαl-O-Thr) structure at the Thr76 residue in hPDPN. However, it is unclear if the mAb binds directly to both the peptides and glycans. In this study, we synthesized the binding epitope region of LpMab-3 that includes the peptide (-67LVATSVNSV-T-GIRIEDLP84-) possessing a disialyl-core-1 O-glycan at Thr76, and we determined the crystal structure of the LpMab-3 Fab fragment that was bound to the synthesized glycopeptide at a 2.8 Å resolution. The six amino acid residues and two sialic acid residues are directly associated with four complementarity-determining regions (CDRs; H1, H2, H3, and L3) and four CDRs (H2, H3, L1, and L3), respectively. These results suggest that IgG is advantageous for generating binders against spacious epitopes such as glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Kano Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kentaro Naruchi
- Medicinal Chemistry Pharmaceuticals, Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Seiwa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | - Mika K Kaneko
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takeshi Murata
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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16
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Wang J, Jiang N, Sang X, Yang N, Feng Y, Chen R, Wang X, Chen Q. Protein Modification Characteristics of the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum and the Infected Erythrocytes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 20:100001. [PMID: 33517144 PMCID: PMC7857547 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria elimination is still pending on the development of novel tools that rely on a deep understanding of parasite biology. Proteins of all living cells undergo myriad posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that are critical to multifarious life processes. An extensive proteome-wide dissection revealed a fine PTM map of most proteins in both Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of severe malaria, and the infected red blood cells. More than two-thirds of proteins of the parasite and its host cell underwent extensive and dynamic modification throughout the erythrocytic developmental stage. PTMs critically modulate the virulence factors involved in the host-parasite interaction and pathogenesis. Furthermore, P. falciparum stabilized the supporting proteins of erythrocyte origin by selective demodification. Collectively, our multiple omic analyses, apart from having furthered a deep understanding of the systems biology of P. falciparum and malaria pathogenesis, provide a valuable resource for mining new antimalarial targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shengyang, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China; College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shengyang, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shengyang, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Yang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shengyang, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shengyang, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shengyang, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shengyang, China; College of Basic Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shengyang, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.
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17
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Kumar V, Rumaisha, Behl A, Munjal A, Abid M, Singh S. Prefoldin subunit 6 of Plasmodium falciparum binds merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1). FEBS Open Bio 2020; 12:1050-1060. [PMID: 33145997 PMCID: PMC9063436 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a human disease caused by eukaryotic protozoan parasites of the Plasmodium genus. Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) causes the most lethal form of human malaria and is responsible for widespread mortality worldwide. Prefoldin is a heterohexameric molecular complex that binds and delivers unfolded proteins to chaperonin for correct folding. The prefoldin PFD6 is predicted to interact with merozoite surface protein‐1 (MSP‐1), a protein well known to play a pivotal role in erythrocyte binding and invasion by Plasmodium merozoites. We previously found that the P. falciparum (Pf) genome contains six prefoldin genes and a prefoldin‐like gene whose molecular functions are unidentified. Here, we analyzed the expression of PfPFD‐6 during the asexual blood stages of the parasite and investigated its interacting partners. PfPFD‐6 was found to be significantly expressed at the trophozoite and schizont stages. Pull‐down assays suggest PfPFD‐6 interacts with MSP‐1. In silico analysis suggested critical residues involved in the PfPFD‐6‐MSP‐1 interaction. Our data suggest PfPFD‐6 may play a role in stabilizing or trafficking MSP‐1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rumaisha
- Medicinal Chemistry laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Behl
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Akshay Munjal
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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18
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Molecular study of binding of Plasmodium ribosomal protein P2 to erythrocytes. Biochimie 2020; 176:181-191. [PMID: 32717409 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ribosomal protein P2 of Plasmodium falciparum, (PfP2), performs certain unique extra-ribosomal functions. During the few hours of cell-division, PfP2 protein moves to the external surface of the infected erythrocytes (IE) as an SDS-resistant oligomer, and at that stage treatment with specific anti- PfP2 antibodies results in an arrest of the parasite cell-division. Amongst the oligomeric forms of PfP2, mainly the homo-tetramer is peripherally anchored on the external surface of the IE. To study the anchoring of PfP2 tetramer on IE-surface, we have explored the binding properties of PfP2 protein. Using NMR and erythrocyte pull-down studies, here we report that the homo-tetrameric PfP2 protein interacted specifically with erythrocytes and not leukocytes. The hydrophobic N-terminal 72 amino acid region is the major interacting domain. The binding of P2 to RBCs was neuraminidase resistant, but trypsin sensitive. The RBC binding was exclusive to the Plasmodium PfP2 protein as even the homologous protein of the closely related Apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii TgP2 protein did not interact with erythrocytes. Pull down assays, immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry data showed that erythrocytic Band 3 protein is a possible interactor of Plasmodium PfP2 protein on the erythrocyte surface.
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19
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Bemani P, Amirghofran Z, Mohammadi M. Designing a multi-epitope vaccine against blood-stage of Plasmodium falciparum by in silico approaches. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 99:107645. [PMID: 32454399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria disease and is the major cause of infection-related mortalities in the world. Due to increasing in P. falciparum resistance to the first-line antimalarial drugs, an effective vaccine for the control and elimination of malaria infection is urgent. Because the pathogenesis of malaria disease results from blood-stage infection, and all of the symptoms and clinical illness of malaria occur during this stage, there is a strong rationale to develop vaccine against this stage. In the present study, different structural-vaccinology and immuno informatics tools were applied to design an effective antibody-inducing multi-epitope vaccine against the blood-stage of P. falciparum. The designed multi-epitope vaccine was composed of three main parts including B cell epitopes, T helper (Th) cell epitopes, and two adjuvant motives (HP91 and RS09), which were linked to each other via proper linkers. B cell and T cell epitopes were derived from four protective antigens expressed on the surface of merozoites, which are critical to invade the erythrocytes. HP91 and RS09 adjuvants and Th cell epitopes were used to induce, enhance and direct the best form of humoral immune-response against P. falciparum surface merozoite antigens. The vaccine construct was modeled, and after model quality evaluation and refinement by different software, the high-quality 3D-structure model of the vaccine was achieved. Analysis of immunological and physicochemical features of the vaccine showed acceptable results. We believe that this multi-epitope vaccine can be effective for preventing malaria disease caused by P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Bemani
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Zahra Amirghofran
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mozafar Mohammadi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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20
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An Endoplasmic Reticulum CREC Family Protein Regulates the Egress Proteolytic Cascade in Malaria Parasites. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.03078-19. [PMID: 32098818 PMCID: PMC7042697 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03078-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is thought to play an essential role during egress of malaria parasites because the ER is assumed to be required for biogenesis and secretion of egress-related organelles. However, no proteins localized to the parasite ER have been shown to play a role in egress of malaria parasites. In this study, we generated conditional mutants of the Plasmodium falciparum endoplasmic reticulum-resident calcium-binding protein (PfERC), a member of the CREC family. Knockdown of the PfERC gene showed that this gene is essential for asexual growth of P. falciparum Analysis of the intraerythrocytic life cycle revealed that PfERC is essential for parasite egress but is not required for protein trafficking or calcium storage. We found that PfERC knockdown prevents the rupture of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. This is because PfERC knockdown inhibited the proteolytic maturation of the subtilisin-like serine protease SUB1. Using double mutant parasites, we showed that PfERC is required for the proteolytic maturation of the essential aspartic protease plasmepsin X, which is required for SUB1 cleavage. Further, we showed that processing of substrates downstream of the proteolytic cascade is inhibited by PfERC knockdown. Thus, these data establish that the ER-resident CREC family protein PfERC is a key early regulator of the egress proteolytic cascade of malaria parasites.IMPORTANCE The divergent eukaryotic parasites that cause malaria grow and divide within a vacuole inside a host cell, which they have to break open once they finish cell division. The egress of daughter parasites requires the activation of a proteolytic cascade, and a subtilisin-like protease initiates a proteolytic cascade to break down the membranes blocking egress. It is assumed that the parasite endoplasmic reticulum plays a role in this process, but the proteins in this organelle required for egress remain unknown. We have identified an early ER-resident regulator essential for the maturation of the recently discovered aspartic protease in the egress proteolytic cascade, plasmepsin X, which is required for maturation of the subtilisin-like protease. Conditional loss of PfERC results in the formation of immature and inactive egress proteases that are unable to breakdown the vacuolar membrane barring release of daughter parasites.
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21
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Horta MF, Andrade LO, Martins-Duarte ÉS, Castro-Gomes T. Cell invasion by intracellular parasites - the many roads to infection. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/4/jcs232488. [PMID: 32079731 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.232488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular parasites from the genera Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Leishmania and from the phylum Microsporidia are, respectively, the causative agents of toxoplasmosis, malaria, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and microsporidiosis, illnesses that kill millions of people around the globe. Crossing the host cell plasma membrane (PM) is an obstacle these parasites must overcome to establish themselves intracellularly and so cause diseases. The mechanisms of cell invasion are quite diverse and include (1) formation of moving junctions that drive parasites into host cells, as for the protozoans Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp., (2) subversion of endocytic pathways used by the host cell to repair PM, as for Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania, (3) induction of phagocytosis as for Leishmania or (4) endocytosis of parasites induced by specialized structures, such as the polar tubes present in microsporidian species. Understanding the early steps of cell entry is essential for the development of vaccines and drugs for the prevention or treatment of these diseases, and thus enormous research efforts have been made to unveil their underlying biological mechanisms. This Review will focus on these mechanisms and the factors involved, with an emphasis on the recent insights into the cell biology of invasion by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fátima Horta
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luciana Oliveira Andrade
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Érica Santos Martins-Duarte
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thiago Castro-Gomes
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
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22
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Immunization with full-length Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 is safe and elicits functional cytophilic antibodies in a randomized first-in-human trial. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:10. [PMID: 32025341 PMCID: PMC6994672 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A vaccine remains a priority in the global fight against malaria. Here, we report on a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo and adjuvant-controlled, dose escalation phase 1a safety and immunogenicity clinical trial of full-length Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) in combination with GLA-SE adjuvant. Thirty-two healthy volunteers were vaccinated at least three times with MSP1 plus adjuvant, adjuvant alone, or placebo (24:4:4) to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity. MSP1 was safe, well tolerated and immunogenic, with all vaccinees sero-converting independent of the dose. The MSP1-specific IgG and IgM titers persisted above levels found in malaria semi-immune humans for at least 6 months after the last immunization. The antibodies were variant- and strain-transcending and stimulated respiratory activity in granulocytes. Furthermore, full-length MSP1 induced memory T-cells. Our findings encourage challenge studies as the next step to evaluate the efficacy of full-length MSP1 as a vaccine candidate against falciparum malaria (EudraCT 2016-002463-33).
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23
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Plasmodium yoelii Erythrocyte-Binding-like Protein Modulates Host Cell Membrane Structure, Immunity, and Disease Severity. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02995-19. [PMID: 31911494 PMCID: PMC6946805 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02995-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a deadly parasitic disease that continues to afflict hundreds of millions of people every year. Infections with malaria parasites can be asymptomatic, with mild symptoms, or fatal, depending on a delicate balance of host immune responses. Malaria parasites enter host red blood cells (RBCs) through interactions between parasite ligands and host receptors, such as erythrocyte-binding-like (EBL) proteins and host Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC). Plasmodium yoelii EBL (PyEBL) is known to play a role in parasite invasion of RBCs. Here, we show that PyEBL also affects disease severity through modulation of host immune responses, particularly type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling. This discovery assigns a new function to PyEBL and provides a mechanism for developing disease control strategies. Erythrocyte-binding-like (EBL) proteins are known to play an important role in malaria parasite invasion of red blood cells (RBCs); however, any roles of EBL proteins in regulating host immune responses remain unknown. Here, we show that Plasmodium yoelii EBL (PyEBL) can shape disease severity by modulating the surface structure of infected RBCs (iRBCs) and host immune responses. We identified an amino acid substitution (a change of C to Y at position 741 [C741Y]) in the protein trafficking domain of PyEBL between isogenic P. yoelliinigeriensis strain N67 and N67C parasites that produce different disease phenotypes in C57BL/6 mice. Exchanges of the C741Y alleles altered parasite growth and host survival accordingly. The C741Y substitution also changed protein processing and trafficking in merozoites and in the cytoplasm of iRBCs, reduced PyEBL binding to band 3, increased phosphatidylserine (PS) surface exposure, and elevated the osmotic fragility of iRBCs, but it did not affect invasion of RBCs in vitro. The modified iRBC surface triggered PS-CD36-mediated phagocytosis of iRBCs, host type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling, and T cell differentiation, leading to improved host survival. This study reveals a previously unknown role of PyEBL in regulating host-pathogen interaction and innate immune responses, which may be explored for developing disease control strategies.
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24
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Jankowska-Döllken M, Sanchez CP, Cyrklaff M, Lanzer M. Overexpression of the HECT ubiquitin ligase PfUT prolongs the intraerythrocytic cycle and reduces invasion efficiency of Plasmodium falciparum. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18333. [PMID: 31797898 PMCID: PMC6893019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The glms ribozyme system has been used as an amenable tool to conditionally control expression of genes of interest. It is generally assumed that insertion of the ribozyme sequence does not affect expression of the targeted gene in the absence of the inducer glucosamine-6-phosphate, although experimental support for this assumption is scarce. Here, we report the unexpected finding that integration of the glms ribozyme sequence in the 3′ untranslated region of a gene encoding a HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase, termed Plasmodium falciparum ubiquitin transferase (PfUT), increased steady state RNA and protein levels 2.5-fold in the human malaria parasite P. falciparum. Overexpression of pfut resulted in an S/M phase-associated lengthening of the parasite’s intraerythrocytic developmental cycle and a reduced merozoite invasion efficiency. The addition of glucosamine partially restored the wild type phenotype. Our study suggests a role of PfUT in controlling cell cycle progression and merozoite invasion. Our study further raises awareness regarding unexpected effects on gene expression when inserting the glms ribozyme sequence into a gene locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Jankowska-Döllken
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia P Sanchez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marek Cyrklaff
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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25
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Burns AL, Dans MG, Balbin JM, de Koning-Ward TF, Gilson PR, Beeson JG, Boyle MJ, Wilson DW. Targeting malaria parasite invasion of red blood cells as an antimalarial strategy. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:223-238. [PMID: 30753425 PMCID: PMC6524681 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium spp. parasites that cause malaria disease remain a significant global-health burden. With the spread of parasites resistant to artemisinin combination therapies in Southeast Asia, there is a growing need to develop new antimalarials with novel targets. Invasion of the red blood cell by Plasmodium merozoites is essential for parasite survival and proliferation, thus representing an attractive target for therapeutic development. Red blood cell invasion requires a co-ordinated series of protein/protein interactions, protease cleavage events, intracellular signals, organelle release and engagement of an actin-myosin motor, which provide many potential targets for drug development. As these steps occur in the bloodstream, they are directly susceptible and exposed to drugs. A number of invasion inhibitors against a diverse range of parasite proteins involved in these different processes of invasion have been identified, with several showing potential to be optimised for improved drug-like properties. In this review, we discuss red blood cell invasion as a drug target and highlight a number of approaches for developing antimalarials with invasion inhibitory activity to use in future combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Burns
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005
| | - Madeline G Dans
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004.,Deakin University, School of Medicine, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia 3216
| | - Juan M Balbin
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005
| | | | - Paul R Gilson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004.,Central Clinical School and Department of Microbiology, Monash University 3004.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Australia 3052
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia 4006
| | - Danny W Wilson
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005.,Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3004
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26
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Ochola-Oyier LI, Wamae K, Omedo I, Ogola C, Matharu A, Musabyimana JP, Njogu FK, Marsh K. Few Plasmodium falciparum merozoite ligand and erythrocyte receptor pairs show evidence of balancing selection. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 69:235-245. [PMID: 30735814 PMCID: PMC6403450 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Erythrocyte surface proteins have been identified as receptors of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite proteins. The ligand-receptor interactions enable the parasite to invade human erythrocytes, initiating the clinical symptoms of malaria. These interactions are likely to have had an evolutionary impact on the genes that encode the ligand and receptor proteins. We used sequence data from Kilifi, Kenya to detect departures from neutrality in a paired analysis of P. falciparum merozoite ligands and their erythrocyte receptor genes from the same population. We genotyped parasite and human DNA obtained from 93 individuals with severe malaria. We examined six merozoite ligands EBA175, EBL1, EBA140, MSP1, Rh4 and Rh5, and their corresponding erythrocyte receptors, glycophorin (Gyp) A, GypB, GypC, band 3, complement receptor (CR) 1 and basigin, focusing on the regions involved in the ligand-receptor interactions. Positive Tajima's D values (>1) were observed only in the MSP1 C-terminal region and EBA175 region II, while negative values (<-1) were observed in EBL-1 region II, Rh4, basigin exons 3 and 5, CR1 exon 5, Gyp B exons 2, 3 and 4 and Gyp C exon 2. Additionally, ebl-1 region II and basigin exon 3 showed extreme negative values in all three tests, Tajima's D, Fu & Li D* and F*, ≤ - 2. A large majority of the erythrocyte receptor and merozoite genes have a negative Tajima's D even when compared with previously published whole genome data. Thus, highlighting EBA175 region II and MSP1-33, as outlier genes with a positive Tajima's D (>1). Both these genes contain multiple polymorphisms, which in the case of EBA175 may counteract receptor polymorphisms and/or evade host immune responses and in MSP1 the polymorphisms may primarily evade host immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Erythrocytes/metabolism
- Erythrocytes/parasitology
- Female
- Gene Frequency
- Host-Parasite Interactions
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Ligands
- Malaria, Falciparum/genetics
- Malaria, Falciparum/metabolism
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Male
- Merozoites/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Plasmodium falciparum/classification
- Plasmodium falciparum/physiology
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Conformation
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette Isabella Ochola-Oyier
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, Chiromo Campus, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Kevin Wamae
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, Chiromo Campus, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Irene Omedo
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, Chiromo Campus, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christabel Ogola
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, Chiromo Campus, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abneel Matharu
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, Chiromo Campus, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jean Pierre Musabyimana
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, Chiromo Campus, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francis K Njogu
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Kevin Marsh
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
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27
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Han JH, Cheng Y, Muh F, Ahmed MA, Cho JS, Nyunt MH, Jeon HY, Ha KS, Na S, Park WS, Hong SH, Shin HJ, Russell B, Han ET. Inhibition of parasite invasion by monoclonal antibody against epidermal growth factor-like domain of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 paralog. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3906. [PMID: 30846737 PMCID: PMC6405985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 paralog (PvMSP1P), which has epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains, was identified as a novel erythrocyte adhesive molecule. This EGF-like domain (PvMSP1P-19) elicited high level of acquired immune response in patients. Antibodies against PvMSP1P significantly reduced erythrocyte adhesion activity to its unknown receptor. To determine PvMSP1P-19-specific antibody function and B-cell epitopes in vivax patients, five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and 18-mer peptides were generated. The mAb functions were determined by erythrocyte-binding inhibition assay and invasion inhibition assay with P. knowlesi. B-cell epitopes of PvMSP1P-19 domains were evaluated by peptide microarray. The pvmsp1p-19 sequences showed limited polymorphism in P. vivax worldwide isolates. The 1BH9-A10 showed erythrocyte binding inhibitory by interaction with the N-terminus of PvMSP1P-19, while this mAb failed to recognize PkMSP1P-19 suggesting the species-specific for P. vivax. Other mAbs showed cross-reactivity with PkMSP1P-19. Among them, the 2AF4-A2 and 2AF4-A6 mAb significantly reduced parasite invasion through C-terminal recognition. The linear B-cell epitope in naturally exposed P. vivax patient was identified at three linear epitopes. In this study, PvMSP1P-19 N-terminal-specific 1BH9-A10 and C-terminal-specific 2AF4 mAbs showed functional activity for epitope recognition suggesting that PvMSP1P may be useful for vaccine development strategy for specific single epitope to prevent P. vivax invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Yang Cheng
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fauzi Muh
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Atique Ahmed
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Sun Cho
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.,Jenner Institute Laboratories, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hye-Yoon Jeon
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghun Na
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon national University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joon Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, and Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bruce Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.,Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Human erythrocyte band 3 is a host receptor for Plasmodium falciparum glutamic acid-rich protein. Blood 2018; 133:470-480. [PMID: 30545833 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-07-865451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major global threat to human health and economic development. Microvascular lesions caused by Plasmodium falciparum-infected human erythrocytes/red blood cells are hallmarks of severe pathogenesis contributing to high mortality, particularly in children from sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, we used a phage display complementary DNA library screening strategy to identify P falciparum glutamic acid-rich protein (PfGARP) as a secreted ligand that recognizes an ectodomain of human erythrocyte anion-exchanger, band 3/AE1, as a host receptor. Domain mapping of PfGARP revealed distinct nonoverlapping repeats encoding the immune response epitopes and core erythrocyte-binding activity. Synthetic peptides derived from the erythrocyte-binding repeats of PfGARP induced erythrocyte aggregation reminiscent of the rosetting phenomenon. Using peptides derived from the immunogenic repeats, a quantitative immunoassay was developed to detect a selective immune response against PfGARP in human plasma samples obtained from patients in rural Mali, suggesting the feasibility of PfGARP as a potential biomarker of disease progression. Collectively, our results suggest that PfGARP may play a functional role in enhancing the adhesive properties of human erythrocytes by engaging band 3 as a host receptor. We propose that immunological and pharmacological inhibition of PfGARP may unveil new therapeutic options for mitigating lesions in cerebral and pregnancy-associated malaria.
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29
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Sironi M, Forni D, Clerici M, Cagliani R. Genetic conflicts with Plasmodium parasites and functional constraints shape the evolution of erythrocyte cytoskeletal proteins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14682. [PMID: 30279439 PMCID: PMC6168477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites exerted a strong selective pressure on primate genomes and mutations in genes encoding erythrocyte cytoskeleton proteins (ECP) determine protective effects against Plasmodium infection/pathogenesis. We thus hypothesized that ECP-encoding genes have evolved in response to Plasmodium-driven selection. We analyzed the evolutionary history of 15 ECP-encoding genes in primates, as well as of their Plasmodium-encoded ligands (KAHRP, MESA and EMP3). Results indicated that EPB42, SLC4A1, and SPTA1 evolved under pervasive positive selection and that episodes of positive selection tended to occur more frequently in primate species that host a larger number of Plasmodium parasites. Conversely, several genes, including ANK1 and SPTB, displayed extensive signatures of purifying selection in primate phylogenies, Homininae lineages, and human populations, suggesting strong functional constraints. Analysis of Plasmodium genes indicated adaptive evolution in MESA and KAHRP; in the latter, different positively selected sites were located in the spectrin-binding domains. Because most of the positively selected sites in alpha-spectrin localized to the domains involved in the interaction with KAHRP, we suggest that the two proteins are engaged in an arms-race scenario. This observation is relevant because KAHRP is essential for the formation of “knobs”, which represent a major virulence determinant for P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Diego Forni
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20090, Milan, Italy.,Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
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30
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Mourão LC, Baptista RDP, de Almeida ZB, Grynberg P, Pucci MM, Castro-Gomes T, Fontes CJF, Rathore S, Sharma YD, da Silva-Pereira RA, Bemquerer MP, Braga ÉM. Anti-band 3 and anti-spectrin antibodies are increased in Plasmodium vivax infection and are associated with anemia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8762. [PMID: 29884876 PMCID: PMC5993813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Clearance of non-infected red blood cells (nRBCs) is one of the main components of anemia associated with Plasmodium vivax malaria. Recently, we have shown that anemic patients with P. vivax infection had elevated levels of anti-RBCs antibodies, which could enhance in vitro phagocytosis of nRBCs and decrease their deformability. Using immunoproteomics, here we characterized erythrocytic antigens that are differentially recognized by autoantibodies from anemic and non-anemic patients with acute vivax malaria. Protein spots exclusively recognized by anemic P. vivax-infected patients were identified by mass spectrometry revealing band 3 and spectrin as the main targets. To confirm this finding, antibody responses against these specific proteins were assessed by ELISA. In addition, an inverse association between hemoglobin and anti-band 3 or anti-spectrin antibodies levels was found. Anemic patients had higher levels of IgG against both band 3 and spectrin than the non-anemic ones. To determine if these autoantibodies were elicited because of molecular mimicry, we used in silico analysis and identified P. vivax proteins that share homology with human RBC proteins such as spectrin, suggesting that infection drives autoimmune responses. These findings suggest that band 3 and spectrin are potential targets of autoantibodies that may be relevant for P. vivax malaria-associated anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Carvalho Mourão
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maíra Mazzoni Pucci
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago Castro-Gomes
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Sumit Rathore
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yagya D Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Érika Martins Braga
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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31
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Cheng CW, Putaporntip C, Jongwutiwes S. Polymorphism in merozoite surface protein-7E of Plasmodium vivax in Thailand: Natural selection related to protein secondary structure. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196765. [PMID: 29718980 PMCID: PMC5931635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Merozoite surface protein 7 (MSP-7) is a multigene family expressed during malaria blood-stage infection. MSP-7 forms complex with MSP-1 prior to merozoite egress from erythrocytes, and could affect merozoite invasion of erythrocytes. To characterize sequence variation in the orthologue in P. vivax (PvMSP-7), a gene member encoding PvMSP-7E was analyzed among 92 Thai isolates collected from 3 major endemic areas of Thailand (Northwest: Tak, Northeast: Ubon Ratchathani, and South: Yala and Narathiwat provinces). In total, 52 distinct haplotypes were found to circulate in these areas. Although population structure based on this locus was observed between each endemic area, no genetic differentiation occurred between populations collected from different periods in the same endemic area, suggesting spatial but not temporal genetic variation. Sequence microheterogeneity in both N- and C- terminal regions was predicted to display 4 and 6 α-helical domains, respectively. Signals of purifying selection were observed in α-helices II-X, suggesting structural or functional constraint in these domains. By contrast, α-helix-I spanning the putative signal peptide was under positive selection, in which amino acid substitutions could alter predicted CD4+ T helper cell epitopes. The central region of PvMSP-7E comprised the 5’-trimorphic and the 3’-dimorphic subregions. Positive selection was identified in the 3’ dimorphic subregion of the central domain. A consensus of intrinsically unstructured or disordered protein was predicted to encompass the entire central domain that contained a number of putative B cell epitopes and putative protein binding regions. Evidences of intragenic recombination were more common in the central region than the remainders of the gene. These results suggest that the extent of sequence variation, recombination events and selective pressures in the PvMSP-7E locus seem to be differentially affected by protein secondary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew Weng Cheng
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chaturong Putaporntip
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somchai Jongwutiwes
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Awandare GA, Nyarko PB, Aniweh Y, Ayivor-Djanie R, Stoute JA. Plasmodium falciparum strains spontaneously switch invasion phenotype in suspension culture. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5782. [PMID: 29636510 PMCID: PMC5893586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive redundancy in the use of invasion ligands by Plasmodium falciparum, and its unique ability to switch between invasion pathways have hampered vaccine development. P. falciparum strains Dd2 and W2mef have been shown to change from sialic acid (SA)-dependent to SA-independent phenotypes when selected on neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes. Following an observation of increasing ability of Dd2 to invade neuraminidase-treated cells when cultured for several weeks, we systematically investigated this phenomenon by comparing invasion phenotypes of Dd2, W2mef and 3D7 strains of P. falciparum that were cultured with gentle shaking (Suspended) or under static (Static) conditions. While Static Dd2 and W2mef remained SA-dependent for the entire duration of the investigation, Suspended parasites spontaneously and progressively switched to SA-independent phenotype from week 2 onwards. Furthermore, returning Suspended cultures to Static conditions led to a gradual reversal to SA-dependent phenotype. The switch to SA-independent phenotype was accompanied by upregulation of the key invasion ligand, reticulocyte-binding homologue 4 (RH4), and the increased invasion was inhibited by antibodies to the RH4 receptor, CR1. Our data demonstrates a novel mechanism for inducing the switching of invasion pathways in P. falciparum parasites and may provide clues for understanding the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon A Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. .,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Prince B Nyarko
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Yaw Aniweh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Reuben Ayivor-Djanie
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - José A Stoute
- Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Protein-protein interaction studies reveal the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 region involved in a complex formation that binds to human erythrocytes. Biochem J 2018; 475:1197-1209. [PMID: 29511044 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein (PfMSP) 1 has been studied extensively as a vaccine candidate antigen. PfMSP-1 undergoes proteolytic processing into four major products, such as p83, p30, p38, and p42, that are associated in the form of non-covalent complex(s) with other MSPs. To delineate MSP1 regions involved in the interaction with other MSPs, here we expressed recombinant proteins (PfMSP-165) encompassing part of p38 and p42 regions and PfMSP-119 PfMSP-165 interacted strongly with PfMSP-3, PfMSP-6, PfMSP-7, and PfMSP-9, whereas PfMSP-119 did not interact with any of these proteins. Since MSP-1 complex binds human erythrocytes, we examined the ability of these proteins to bind human erythrocyte. Among the proteins of MSP-1 complex, PfMSP-6 and PfMSP-9 bound to human erythrocytes. Serological studies showed that PfMSP-165 was frequently recognized by sera from malaria endemic regions, whereas this was not the case for PfMSP-119 In contrast, antibodies against PfMSP-119 showed much higher inhibition of merozoite invasion compared with antibodies against the larger PfMSP-165 fragment. Importantly, anti-PfMSP-119 antibodies recognized both recombinant proteins, PfMSP-119 and PfMSP-165; however, anti-PfMSP-165 antibody failed to recognize the PfMSP-119 protein. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PfMSP-1 sequences upstream of the 19 kDa C-terminal region are involved in molecular interactions with other MSPs, and these sequences may probably serve as a smoke screen to evade antibody response to the membrane-bound C-terminal 19 kDa region.
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34
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Glushakova S, Busse BL, Garten M, Beck JR, Fairhurst RM, Goldberg DE, Zimmerberg J. Exploitation of a newly-identified entry pathway into the malaria parasite-infected erythrocyte to inhibit parasite egress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12250. [PMID: 28947749 PMCID: PMC5612957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While many parasites develop within host cells to avoid antibody responses and to utilize host cytoplasmic resources, elaborate egress processes have evolved to minimize the time between escaping and invading the next cell. In human erythrocytes, malaria parasites perforate their enclosing erythrocyte membrane shortly before egress. Here, we show that these pores clearly function as an entry pathway into infected erythrocytes for compounds that inhibit parasite egress. The natural glycosaminoglycan heparin surprisingly inhibited malaria parasite egress, trapping merozoites within infected erythrocytes. Labeled heparin neither bound to nor translocated through the intact erythrocyte membrane during parasite development, but fluxed into erythrocytes at the last minute of the parasite lifecycle. This short encounter was sufficient to significantly inhibit parasite egress and dispersion. Heparin blocks egress by interacting with both the surface of intra-erythrocytic merozoites and the inner aspect of erythrocyte membranes, preventing the rupture of infected erythrocytes but not parasitophorous vacuoles, and independently interfering with merozoite disaggregation. Since this action of heparin recapitulates that of neutralizing antibodies, membrane perforation presents a brief opportunity for a new strategy to inhibit parasite egress and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Glushakova
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Brad L Busse
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Matthias Garten
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Josh R Beck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rick M Fairhurst
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Daniel E Goldberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joshua Zimmerberg
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Arévalo-Pinzón G, Bermúdez M, Hernández D, Curtidor H, Patarroyo MA. Plasmodium vivax ligand-receptor interaction: PvAMA-1 domain I contains the minimal regions for specific interaction with CD71+ reticulocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9616. [PMID: 28855657 PMCID: PMC5577344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The malarial parasite’s invasion is complex, active and coordinated, involving many low and high affinity interactions with receptors on target cell membrane. Proteomics analysis has described around 40 proteins in P. vivax which could be involved in reticulocyte invasion; few have been studied with the aim of elucidating how many of them establish specific interactions with their respective host cells. Given the importance of knowing which of the parasite’s protein regions are functionally important for invasion, minimum regions mediating specific interaction between Plasmodium vivax apical membrane antigen 1 (PvAMA-1) and its host cell were here elucidated. The region covering PvAMA-1 domains I and II (PvAMA-DI-II) specifically bound to the CD71+ red blood cell subpopulation. A 20 residue-long region (81EVENAKYRIPAGRCPVFGKG100) located in domain I was capable of inhibiting PvAMA-DI-II recombinant protein binding to young reticulocytes (CD71+CD45−) and rosette formation. This conserved peptide specifically interacted with high affinity with reticulocytes (CD71+) through a neuraminidase- and chymotrypsin-treatment sensitive receptor. Such results showed that, despite AMA-1 having universal functions during late Plasmodium invasion stages, PvAMA-1 had reticulocyte-preferring binding regions, suggesting that P. vivax target cell selection is not just restricted to initial interactions but maintained throughout the erythrocyte invasion cycle, having important implications for designing a specific anti-P. vivax vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Arévalo-Pinzón
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia.,PhD Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 #, 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maritza Bermúdez
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia.,MSc Program in Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 # 40-62, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Hernández
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernando Curtidor
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 #, 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia. .,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 #, 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia.
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36
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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Babesia orientalis Rhoptry Neck 2 BoRON2 Protein. J Parasitol Res 2017; 2017:7259630. [PMID: 28775897 PMCID: PMC5523350 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7259630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis caused by Babesia orientalis is one of the most prevalent infections of water buffalo transmitted by Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides causing a parasitic and hemolytic disease. The organelles proteins localized in apical membrane especially rhoptries neck and microneme protein form a complex called moving junction important during invasion process of parasites belonging to apicomplexan group, including Babesia species. A truncated fragment coding a 936 bps fragment was cloned in pMD-19T and subcloned into pET32 (a)+ expression vector, expressed in E. coli BL21. Purified recombinant BoRON2 was used to produce polyclonal antibody against BoRON2. Here, we identified the full sequence of gene encoding the rhoptry neck 2 protein that we named BoRON2 which is 4035 bp in full-length open reading frame without introns, encoding a polypeptide of 1345 amino acids. Western blot of rBoRON2 probed with buffalo positive serum analysis revealed a band of around 150 kDa in parasite lysates, suggesting an active involvement during invasion process. These findings most likely are constructive in perspective of ongoing research focused particularly on water buffalo babesiosis prevention and therapeutics and globally provide new information for genes comparative analysis.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Red cell receptors provide unique entry points for Plasmodium parasites to initiate blood-stage malaria infection. Parasites encode distinct ligands that bind specifically to both highly abundant and low-copy receptors. Recent advances in the understanding of molecular and structural mechanisms of these interactions provide fundamental insights into receptor-ligand biology and molecular targets for intervention. RECENT FINDINGS The review focuses on the requirements for known interactions, insight derived from complex structures, and mechanisms of receptor/ligand engagement. Further, novel roles for established red cell membrane proteins, parasite ligands and associated interacting partners have recently been established in red cell invasion. SUMMARY The new knowledge underlines the intricacies involved in invasion by a eukaryotic parasite into a eukaryotic host cell demonstrated by expanded parasite ligand families, redundancy in red cell receptor engagement, multitiered temporal binding, and the breadth of receptors engaged.
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38
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Rathore S, Dass S, Kandari D, Kaur I, Gupta M, Sharma YD. Basigin Interacts with Plasmodium vivax Tryptophan-rich Antigen PvTRAg38 as a Second Erythrocyte Receptor to Promote Parasite Growth. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:462-476. [PMID: 27881677 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.744367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of the host-parasite interaction during red cell invasion by Plasmodium is important for developing newer antimalarial therapeutics. Recently, we have characterized a Plasmodium vivax tryptophan-rich antigen PvTRAg38, which is expressed by its merozoites, binds to host erythrocytes, and interferes with parasite growth. Interaction of this parasite ligand with the host erythrocyte occurs through its two regions present at amino acid positions 167-178 (P2) and 197-208 (P4). Each region recognizes its own erythrocyte receptor. Previously, we identified band 3 as the chymotrypsin-sensitive erythrocyte receptor for the P4 region, but the other receptor, binding to P2 region, remained unknown. Here, we have identified basigin as the second erythrocyte receptor for PvTRAg38, which is resistant to chymotrypsin. The specificity of interaction between PvTRAg38 and basigin was confirmed by direct interaction where basigin was specifically recognized by P2 and not by the P4 region of this parasite ligand. Interaction between P2 and basigin is stabilized through multiple amino acid residues, but Gly-171 and Leu-175 of P2 were more critical. These two amino acids were also critical for parasite growth. Synthetic peptides P2 and P4 of PvTRAg38 interfered with the parasite growth independently but had an additive effect if combined together indicating involvement of both the receptors during red cell invasion. In conclusion, PvTRAg38 binds to two erythrocyte receptors basigin and band 3 through P2 and P4 regions, respectively, to facilitate parasite growth. This advancement in our knowledge on molecular mechanisms of host-parasite interaction can be exploited to develop therapeutics against P. vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Rathore
- From the Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029 and
| | - Sheena Dass
- From the Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029 and
| | - Divya Kandari
- From the Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029 and
| | - Inderjeet Kaur
- the International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Mayank Gupta
- the International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Yagya D Sharma
- From the Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029 and
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39
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Alam MS, Zeeshan M, Rathore S, Sharma YD. Multiple Plasmodium vivax proteins of Pv-fam-a family interact with human erythrocyte receptor Band 3 and have a role in red cell invasion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1211-6. [PMID: 27545606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Elucidation of molecular mechanisms of receptor-ligand biology during host-parasite interaction helps in developing therapeutic targets. Several Pv-fam-a family proteins of Plasmodium vivax bind to host erythrocytes but their erythrocyte receptors remains to be explored. Here, we show that three merozoite proteins (PvTRAg36, PvATRAg74, and PvTRAg38) of this family interact with Band 3 on human erythrocytes through its three exofacial loops (loop 1, loop 3, and loop 6). These parasite proteins also interfered with the parasite growth in in-vitro, and the inhibition rate seems to be associated with their binding affinity to Band 3. This redundancy in receptor-ligand interaction could be one of the probable mechanism parasite utilizes to invade the host erythrocyte more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shoeb Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Mohammad Zeeshan
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sumit Rathore
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Yagya D Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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40
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Das S, Hertrich N, Perrin AJ, Withers-Martinez C, Collins CR, Jones ML, Watermeyer JM, Fobes ET, Martin SR, Saibil HR, Wright GJ, Treeck M, Epp C, Blackman MJ. Processing of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein MSP1 Activates a Spectrin-Binding Function Enabling Parasite Egress from RBCs. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 18:433-44. [PMID: 26468747 PMCID: PMC4608996 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum replicates within erythrocytes, producing progeny merozoites that are released from infected cells via a poorly understood process called egress. The most abundant merozoite surface protein, MSP1, is synthesized as a large precursor that undergoes proteolytic maturation by the parasite protease SUB1 just prior to egress. The function of MSP1 and its processing are unknown. Here we show that SUB1-mediated processing of MSP1 is important for parasite viability. Processing modifies the secondary structure of MSP1 and activates its capacity to bind spectrin, a molecular scaffold protein that is the major component of the host erythrocyte cytoskeleton. Parasites expressing an inefficiently processed MSP1 mutant show delayed egress, and merozoites lacking surface-bound MSP1 display a severe egress defect. Our results indicate that interactions between SUB1-processed merozoite surface MSP1 and the spectrin network of the erythrocyte cytoskeleton facilitate host erythrocyte rupture to enable parasite egress. Merozoite surface protein MSP1 processing is important for P. falciparum viability Proteolytic processing activates MSP1’s heparin and spectrin-binding functions The rate of MSP1 processing governs the kinetics of parasite egress Loss of parasite surface MSP1 results in a severe egress defect
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujaan Das
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Nadine Hertrich
- Department für Infektiologie, Parasitologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Abigail J Perrin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | | | - Christine R Collins
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Matthew L Jones
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Jean M Watermeyer
- Department of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Elmar T Fobes
- Department für Infektiologie, Parasitologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen R Martin
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Helen R Saibil
- Department of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Moritz Treeck
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Christian Epp
- Department für Infektiologie, Parasitologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael J Blackman
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK; Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Yiangou L, Montandon R, Modrzynska K, Rosen B, Bushell W, Hale C, Billker O, Rayner JC, Pance A. A Stem Cell Strategy Identifies Glycophorin C as a Major Erythrocyte Receptor for the Rodent Malaria Parasite Plasmodium berghei. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158238. [PMID: 27362409 PMCID: PMC4928779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical complications of malaria are caused by the parasite expansion in the blood. Invasion of erythrocytes is a complex process that depends on multiple receptor-ligand interactions. Identification of host receptors is paramount for fighting the disease as it could reveal new intervention targets, but the enucleated nature of erythrocytes makes genetic approaches impossible and many receptors remain unknown. Host-parasite interactions evolve rapidly and are therefore likely to be species-specific. As a results, understanding of invasion receptors outside the major human pathogen Plasmodium falciparum is very limited. Here we use mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) that can be genetically engineered and differentiated into erythrocytes to identify receptors for the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. Two proteins previously implicated in human malaria infection: glycophorin C (GYPC) and Band-3 (Slc4a1) were deleted in mESCs to generate stable cell lines, which were differentiated towards erythropoiesis. In vitro infection assays revealed that while deletion of Band-3 has no effect, absence of GYPC results in a dramatic decrease in invasion, demonstrating the crucial role of this protein for P. berghei infection. This stem cell approach offers the possibility of targeting genes that may be essential and therefore difficult to disrupt in whole organisms and has the potential to be applied to a variety of parasites in diverse host cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukia Yiangou
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruddy Montandon
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Barry Rosen
- Mouse Developmental Genetics and ES Cells Mutagenesis, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Bushell
- Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Hale
- Microbial Pathogenesis, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Billker
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julian C. Rayner
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AP); (JCR)
| | - Alena Pance
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AP); (JCR)
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42
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Cassiano GC, Furini AAC, Capobianco MP, Storti-Melo LM, Almeida ME, Barbosa DRL, Póvoa MM, Nogueira PA, Machado RLD. Immunogenetic markers associated with a naturally acquired humoral immune response against an N-terminal antigen of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 (PvMSP-1). Malar J 2016; 15:306. [PMID: 27255376 PMCID: PMC4891883 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Humoral immune responses against proteins of asexual blood-stage malaria parasites have been associated with clinical immunity. However, variations in the antibody-driven responses may be associated with a genetic component of the human host. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of co-stimulatory molecule gene polymorphisms of the immune system on the magnitude of the humoral immune response against a Plasmodium vivax vaccine candidate antigen. Methods Polymorphisms in the CD28, CTLA4, ICOS, CD40, CD86 and BLYS genes of 178 subjects infected with P. vivax in an endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The levels of IgM, total IgG and IgG subclasses specific for ICB2-5, i.e., the N-terminal portion of P. vivax merozoite surface protein 1 (PvMSP-1), were determined by enzyme-linked immuno assay. The associations between the polymorphisms and the antibody response were assessed by means of logistic regression models. Results After correcting for multiple testing, the IgG1 levels were significantly higher in individuals recessive for the single nucleotide polymorphism rs3116496 in CD28 (p = 0.00004). Furthermore, the interaction between CD28 rs35593994 and BLYS rs9514828 had an influence on the IgM levels (p = 0.0009). Conclusions The results of the present study support the hypothesis that polymorphisms in the genes of co-stimulatory components of the immune system can contribute to a natural antibody-driven response against P. vivax antigens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1350-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Capatti Cassiano
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Skin, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, São José do Rio Preto Medical School, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Adriana A C Furini
- Department of Skin, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, São José do Rio Preto Medical School, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela P Capobianco
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Skin, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, São José do Rio Preto Medical School, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane M Storti-Melo
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Maria E Almeida
- Leônidas and Maria Deane Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Danielle R L Barbosa
- Laboratory of Malaria Basic Research, Division of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marinete M Póvoa
- Laboratory of Malaria Basic Research, Division of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Nogueira
- Leônidas and Maria Deane Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Ricardo L D Machado
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Skin, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, São José do Rio Preto Medical School, São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Malaria Basic Research, Division of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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43
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Alam MS, Zeeshan M, Mittra P, Choudhary V, Sharma YD. Receptor specific binding regions of Plasmodium vivax tryptophan rich antigens and parasite growth inhibition activity of PvTRAg35.2. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:550-8. [PMID: 27235199 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium tryptophan rich proteins play important role in host-parasite interaction. Earlier, we have described that one of the merozoite expressed Plasmodium vivax tryptophan-rich antigen PvTRAg35.2 binds to the host erythrocytes, have conserved sequences in parasite population, and generates humoral as well as cellular immune responses in humans during this parasitic infection. Here, we show that PvTRAg35.2 interferes with the parasite growth in a heterologous Plasmodium falciparum culture system. This probably suggests the recognition of the common erythrocyte receptor(s) by certain merozoite ligands of these two parasite species. We have mapped the erythrocyte binding activity of PvTRAg35.2 to its two different regions positioned at amino acid residues 155-190 and 263-283. Binding of these peptide domains to the erythrocytes was inhibited by anti-PvTRAg35.2 antibodies either raised in rabbit or produced by the P. vivax patients. The cross-competition between peptides of PvTRAg35.2 and PvTRAg33.5 or PvTRAg38 during erythrocyte binding assay suggested sharing of host cell receptors by these PvTRAgs. Further studies on these receptor-ligand interactions may lead to the development of therapeutic agents for P. vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shoeb Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Mohammad Zeeshan
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Pooja Mittra
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Vandana Choudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Yagya D Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Nakagawa M, Sugawara K, Goto T, Wakui H, Nunomura W. Hydroxychloroquine binding to cytoplasmic domain of Band 3 in human erythrocytes: Novel mechanistic insights into drug structure, efficacy and toxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:999-1004. [PMID: 27049308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a widely used drug in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. It has also been prescribed for the treatment of malaria owing to its lower toxicity compared to its closely related compound chloroquine (CQ). However, the mechanisms of action of HCQ in erythrocytes (which bind preferentially this drug) have not been documented and the reasons underlying the lower side effects of HCQ compared to CQ remain unclear. Here we show that, although the activity of erythrocyte lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), but not GAPDH, was inhibited by both HCQ and CQ in vitro, LDH activity in erythrocytes incubated with 20 mM HCQ was not significantly reduced within 5 h in contrast to CQ did. Using HCQ coupled Sepharose chromatography (HCQ-Sepharose), we identified Band 3, spectrin, ankyrin, protein 4.1R and protein 4.2 as HCQ binding proteins in human erythrocyte plasma membrane. Recombinant cytoplasmic N-terminal 43 kDa domain of Band 3 bound to HCQ-Sepharose and was eluted with 40 mM (but not 20 mM) HCQ. Band 3 transport activity was reduced by only 23% in the presence of 20 mM HCQ. Taken together, these data demonstrate that HCQ binds to the cytoplasmic N-terminal domain of Band 3 in human erythrocytes but does not inhibit dramatically its transport activity. We hypothesize that the trapping of HCQ on Band 3 contributes to the lower side effects of the drug on energy production in erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Nakagawa
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, Akita 010-8502, Japan
| | - Kotomi Sugawara
- Master Course, Graduate School of Medical Science, Akita University, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Goto
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, Akita 010-8502, Japan
| | - Hideki Wakui
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, Akita 010-8502, Japan
| | - Wataru Nunomura
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, Akita 010-8502, Japan; Research Center for Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, Akita 010-8502, Japan.
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45
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Weiss GE, Crabb BS, Gilson PR. Overlaying Molecular and Temporal Aspects of Malaria Parasite Invasion. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:284-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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46
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Hasanuzzaman AFM, Robledo D, Gómez-Tato A, Alvarez-Dios JA, Harrison PW, Cao A, Fernández-Boo S, Villalba A, Pardo BG, Martínez P. De novo transcriptome assembly of Perkinsus olseni trophozoite stimulated in vitro with Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) plasma. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 135:22-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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47
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Soni R, Sharma D, Bhatt TK. Plasmodium falciparum Secretome in Erythrocyte and Beyond. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:194. [PMID: 26925057 PMCID: PMC4759260 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is the causative agent of deadly malaria disease. It is an intracellular eukaryote and completes its multi-stage life cycle spanning the two hosts viz, mosquito and human. In order to habituate within host environment, parasite conform several strategies to evade host immune responses such as surface antigen polymorphism or modulation of host immune system and it is mediated by secretion of proteins from parasite to the host erythrocyte and beyond, collectively known as, malaria secretome. In this review, we will discuss about the deployment of parasitic secretory protein in mechanism implicated for immune evasion, protein trafficking, providing virulence, changing permeability and cyto-adherence of infected erythrocyte. We will be covering the possibilities of developing malaria secretome as a drug/vaccine target. This gathered information will be worthwhile in depicting a well-organized picture for host-pathogen interplay during the malaria infection and may also provide some clues for the development of novel anti-malarial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Soni
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Rajasthan, India
| | - Drista Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Rajasthan, India
| | - Tarun K Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Rajasthan, India
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48
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Satchwell TJ. Erythrocyte invasion receptors for Plasmodium falciparum: new and old. Transfus Med 2016; 26:77-88. [PMID: 26862042 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the complex process by which the invasive form of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite, the merozoite, attaches to and invades erythrocytes as part of its blood stage life cycle represents a key area of research in the battle to combat malaria. Central to this are efforts to determine the identity of receptors on the host cell surface, their corresponding merozoite-binding proteins and the functional relevance of these binding events as part of the invasion process. This review will provide an updated summary of studies identifying receptor interactions essential for or implicated in P. falciparum merozoite invasion of human erythrocytes, highlighting the recent identification of new receptors using groundbreaking high throughput approaches and with particular focus on the properties and putative involvement of the erythrocyte proteins targeted by these invasion pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Satchwell
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK
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49
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Addai-Mensah O, Seidel M, Amidu N, Maskus DJ, Kapelski S, Breuer G, Franken C, Owusu-Dabo E, Frempong M, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Schinkel H, Reimann A, Klockenbring T, Barth S, Fischer R, Fendel R. Acquired immune responses to three malaria vaccine candidates and their relationship to invasion inhibition in two populations naturally exposed to malaria. Malar J 2016; 15:65. [PMID: 26850066 PMCID: PMC4743426 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria still represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality predominantly in several developing countries, and remains a priority in many public health programmes. Despite the enormous gains made in control and prevention the development of an effective vaccine represents a persisting challenge. Although several parasite antigens including pre-erythrocytic antigens and blood stage antigens have been thoroughly investigated, the identification of solid immune correlates of protection against infection by Plasmodium falciparum or clinical malaria remains a major hurdle. In this study, an immuno-epidemiological survey was carried out between two populations naturally exposed to P. falciparum malaria to determine the immune correlates of protection. Methods Plasma samples of immune adults from two countries (Ghana and Madagascar) were tested for their reactivity against the merozoite surface proteins MSP1-19, MSP3 and AMA1 by ELISA. The antigens had been selected on the basis of cumulative evidence of their role in anti-malarial immunity. Additionally, reactivity against crude P. falciparum lysate was investigated. Purified IgG from these samples were furthermore tested in an invasion inhibition assay for their antiparasitic activity. Results Significant intra- and inter- population variation of the reactivity of the samples to the tested antigens were found, as well as a significant positive correlation between MSP1-19 reactivity and invasion inhibition (p < 0.05). Interestingly, male donors showed a significantly higher antibody response to all tested antigens than their female counterparts. In vitro invasion inhibition assays comparing the purified antibodies from the donors from Ghana and Madagascar did not show any statistically significant difference. Although in vitro invasion inhibition increased with breadth of antibody response, the increase was not statistically significant. Conclusions The findings support the fact that the development of semi-immunity to malaria is probably contingent on the development of antibodies to not only one, but a range of antigens and that invasion inhibition in immune adults may be a function of antibodies to various antigens. This supports strategies of vaccination including multicomponent vaccines as well as passive vaccination strategies with antibody cocktails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otchere Addai-Mensah
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany. .,RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany. .,Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Melanie Seidel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Nafiu Amidu
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, School of Medicine and Health Science, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.
| | - Dominika J Maskus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Kapelski
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Gudrun Breuer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Carmen Franken
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ellis Owusu-Dabo
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Margaret Frempong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Raphaël Rakotozandrindrainy
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Parasitologie, ESSAGRO-Faculté de Médecine, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
| | - Helga Schinkel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Reimann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Torsten Klockenbring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Barth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany. .,Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering at RWTH Aachen University and Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany. .,South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa.
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany. .,RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Rolf Fendel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany. .,RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany. .,Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering at RWTH Aachen University and Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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50
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Beeson JG, Drew DR, Boyle MJ, Feng G, Fowkes FJI, Richards JS. Merozoite surface proteins in red blood cell invasion, immunity and vaccines against malaria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:343-72. [PMID: 26833236 PMCID: PMC4852283 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria accounts for an enormous burden of disease globally, with Plasmodium falciparum accounting for the majority of malaria, and P. vivax being a second important cause, especially in Asia, the Americas and the Pacific. During infection with Plasmodium spp., the merozoite form of the parasite invades red blood cells and replicates inside them. It is during the blood-stage of infection that malaria disease occurs and, therefore, understanding merozoite invasion, host immune responses to merozoite surface antigens, and targeting merozoite surface proteins and invasion ligands by novel vaccines and therapeutics have been important areas of research. Merozoite invasion involves multiple interactions and events, and substantial processing of merozoite surface proteins occurs before, during and after invasion. The merozoite surface is highly complex, presenting a multitude of antigens to the immune system. This complexity has proved challenging to our efforts to understand merozoite invasion and malaria immunity, and to developing merozoite antigens as malaria vaccines. In recent years, there has been major progress in this field, and several merozoite surface proteins show strong potential as malaria vaccines. Our current knowledge on this topic is reviewed, highlighting recent advances and research priorities. The authors summarize current knowledge of merozoite surface proteins of malaria parasites; their function in invasion, processing of surface proteins before, during and after invasion, their importance as targets of immunity, and the current status of malaria vaccines that target merozoite surface proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damien R Drew
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gaoqian Feng
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Freya J I Fowkes
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jack S Richards
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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