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Nappini R, Alfini R, Durante S, Salvini L, Raso MM, Palmieri E, Di Benedetto R, Carducci M, Rossi O, Cescutti P, Micoli F, Giannelli C. Modeling 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate (CDAP) Chemistry to Design Glycoconjugate Vaccines with Desired Structural and Immunological Characteristics. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:707. [PMID: 39066345 PMCID: PMC11281720 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugation is a well-established technology for vaccine development: linkage of the polysaccharide (PS) antigen to an appropriate carrier protein overcomes the limitations of PS T-independent antigens, making them effective in infants and providing immunological memory. Glycoconjugate vaccines have been successful in reducing the burden of different diseases globally. However, many pathogens still require a vaccine, and many of them display a variety of glycans on their surface that have been proposed as key antigens for the development of high-valency glycoconjugate vaccines. CDAP chemistry represents a generic conjugation strategy that is easily applied to PS with different structures. This chemistry utilizes common groups to a large range of PS and proteins, e.g., hydroxyl groups on the PS and amino groups on the protein. Here, new fast analytical tools to study CDAP reaction have been developed, and reaction conditions for PS activation and conjugation have been extensively investigated. Mathematical models have been built to identify reaction conditions to generate conjugates with wanted characteristics and successfully applied to a large number of bacterial PSs from different pathogens, e.g., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Paratyphi A, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Shighella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. Furthermore, using Salmonella Paratyphi A O-antigen and CRM197 as models, a design of experiment approach has been used to study the impact of conjugation conditions and conjugate features on immunogenicity in rabbits. The approach used can be rapidly extended to other PSs and accelerate the development of high-valency glycoconjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Nappini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università Degli Studi di Trieste, Via L Giorgieri 1, Ed. C11, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (R.N.); (P.C.)
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (S.D.); (M.M.R.); (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (O.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Renzo Alfini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (S.D.); (M.M.R.); (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (O.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Salvatore Durante
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (S.D.); (M.M.R.); (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (O.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Laura Salvini
- Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences (TLS), 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Maria Michelina Raso
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (S.D.); (M.M.R.); (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (O.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Elena Palmieri
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (S.D.); (M.M.R.); (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (O.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Roberta Di Benedetto
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (S.D.); (M.M.R.); (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (O.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Martina Carducci
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (S.D.); (M.M.R.); (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (O.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (S.D.); (M.M.R.); (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (O.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Paola Cescutti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università Degli Studi di Trieste, Via L Giorgieri 1, Ed. C11, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (R.N.); (P.C.)
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (S.D.); (M.M.R.); (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (O.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Carlo Giannelli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (S.D.); (M.M.R.); (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (O.R.); (F.M.)
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Wu D, Xu P, Kelly M, Ryan ET, Kováč P, Piszczek G. Mass photometry: A powerful tool for carbohydrates-proteins conjugation monitoring and glycoconjugates molecular mass determination. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:401-412. [PMID: 37392327 PMCID: PMC10374364 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines are important additions to the existing means for prevention of diseases caused by bacterial and viral pathogens. Conjugating carbohydrates to proteins is a crucial step in the development of these vaccines. Traditional mass spectrometry techniques, such as MALDI-TOF and SELDI-TOF, have difficulties in detecting glycoconjugates with high molecular masses. Mass photometry (MP) is a single-molecule technique that has been recently developed, which allows mass measurements of individual molecules and generates mass distributions based on hundreds to thousands of these measurements. In this study, we evaluated the performance of MP in monitoring carbohydrate-protein conjugation reactions and characterization of conjugates. Three different glycoconjugates were prepared from carrier protein BSA, and one from a large protein complex, a virus capsid with 3.74 MDa molecular mass. The masses measured by MP were consistent with those obtained by SELDI-TOF-MS and SEC-MALS. The conjugation of BSA dimer to carbohydrate antigen was also successfully characterized. This study shows that the MP technique is a promising alternative to methods developed earlier for monitoring glycoconjugation reactions and characterization of glycoconjugates. It measures intact molecules in solution and it is highly accurate over a wide mass range. MP requires only a very small amount of sample and has no specific buffer constraints. Other MP advantages include minimal cost of consumables and rapid data collection and analysis. Its advantages over other methods make it a valuable tool for researchers in the glycoconjugation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Biophysics Core Facility, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Peng Xu
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Meagan Kelly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pavol Kováč
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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3
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Kelly M, Mandlik A, Charles RC, Verma S, Calderwood SB, Leung DT, Biswas R, Islam K, Kamruzzaman M, Chowdhury F, Khanam F, Vann WF, Khan AI, Bhuiyan TR, Qadri F, Vortherms AR, Kaminski R, Kováč P, Xu P, Ryan ET. Development of Shigella conjugate vaccines targeting Shigella flexneri 2a and S. flexneri 3a using a simple platform-approach conjugation by squaric acid chemistry. Vaccine 2023; 41:4967-4977. [PMID: 37400283 PMCID: PMC10529421 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for vaccines effective against shigella infection in young children in resource-limited areas. Protective immunity against shigella infection targets the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) component of lipopolysaccharide. Inducing immune responses to polysaccharides in young children can be problematic, but high level and durable responses can be induced by presenting polysaccharides conjugated to carrier proteins. An effective shigella vaccine will need to be multivalent, targeting the most common global species and serotypes such as Shigella flexneri 2a, S. flexneri 3a, S. flexneri 6, and S. sonnei. Here we report the development of shigella conjugate vaccines (SCV) targeting S. flexneri 2a (SCV-Sf2a) and 3a (SCV-Sf3a) using squaric acid chemistry to result in single point sun-burst type display of OSP from carrier protein rTTHc, a 52 kDa recombinant protein fragment of the heavy chain of tetanus toxoid. We confirmed structure and demonstrated that these conjugates were recognized by serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies and convalescent sera of humans recovering from shigellosis in Bangladesh, suggesting correct immunological display of OSP. We vaccinated mice and found induction of serotype-specific OSP and LPS IgG responses, as well as rTTHc-specific IgG responses. Vaccination induced serotype-specific bactericidal antibody responses against S. flexneri, and vaccinated animals were protected against keratoconjunctivitis (Sereny test) and intraperitoneal challenge with virulent S. flexneri 2a and 3a, respectively. Our results support further development of this platform conjugation technology in the development of shigella conjugate vaccines for use in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan Kelly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anjali Mandlik
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Smriti Verma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen B Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel T Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Rajib Biswas
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kamrul Islam
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Kamruzzaman
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Khanam
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Willie F Vann
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ashraful Islam Khan
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anthony R Vortherms
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert Kaminski
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pavol Kováč
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peng Xu
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Toward a Shigella Vaccine: Opportunities and Challenges to Fight an Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogen. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054649. [PMID: 36902092 PMCID: PMC10003550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis causes more than 200,000 deaths worldwide and most of this burden falls on Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), with a particular incidence in children under 5 years of age. In the last decades, Shigella has become even more worrisome because of the onset of antimicrobial-resistant strains (AMR). Indeed, the WHO has listed Shigella as one of the priority pathogens for the development of new interventions. To date, there are no broadly available vaccines against shigellosis, but several candidates are being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies, bringing to light very important data and information. With the aim to facilitate the understanding of the state-of-the-art of Shigella vaccine development, here we report what is known about Shigella epidemiology and pathogenesis with a focus on virulence factors and potential antigens for vaccine development. We discuss immunity after natural infection and immunization. In addition, we highlight the main characteristics of the different technologies that have been applied for the development of a vaccine with broad protection against Shigella.
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5
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Han Y, Luo P, Zeng H, Wang P, Xu J, Chen P, Chen X, Chen Y, Cao Q, Zhai R, Xia J, Deng S, Cheng A, Cheng C, Song H. The effect of O-antigen length determinant wzz on the immunogenicity of Salmonella Typhimurium for Escherichia coli O2 O-polysaccharides delivery. Vet Res 2023; 54:15. [PMID: 36849993 PMCID: PMC9969949 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium is a promising antigen delivery system for live vaccines such as polysaccharides. The length of polysaccharides is a well-known key factor in modulating the immune response induced by glycoconjugates. However, the relationship between the length of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen (OAg) and the immunogenicity of S. Typhimurium remains unclear. In this study, we assessed the effect of OAg length determined by wzzST on Salmonella colonization, cell membrane permeability, antimicrobial activity, and immunogenicity by comparing the S. Typhimurium wild-type ATCC14028 strain to those with various OAg lengths of the ΔwzzST mutant and ΔwzzST::wzzECO2. The analysis of the OAg length distribution revealed that, except for the very long OAg, the short OAg length of 2-7 repeat units (RUs) was obtained from the ΔwzzST mutant, the intermediate OAg length of 13-21 RUs was gained from ΔwzzST::wzzECO2, and the long OAg length of over 20 RUs was gained from the wild-type. In addition, we found that the OAg length affected Salmonella colonization, cell permeability, and antibiotic resistance. Immunization of mice revealed that shortening the OAg length by altering wzzST had an effect on serum bactericidal ability, complement deposition, and humoral immune response. S. Typhimurium mutant strain ΔwzzST::wzzECO2 possessed good immunogenicity and was the optimum option for delivering E. coli O2 O-polysaccharides. Furthermore, the attenuated strain ATCC14028 ΔasdΔcrpΔcyaΔrfbPΔwzzST::wzzECO2-delivered E. coli O2 OAg gene cluster outperforms the ATCC14028 ΔasdΔcrpΔcyaΔrfbP in terms of IgG eliciting, cytokine expression, and immune protection in chickens. This study sheds light on the role of OAg length in Salmonella characteristics, which may have a potential application in optimizing the efficacy of delivered polysaccharide vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Han
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Ping Luo
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Huan Zeng
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Pu Wang
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Jiali Xu
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Pengju Chen
- Henan Institute of Morden Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002 China ,Shangdong Xindehui Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yunchengxian, 274700 China
| | - Xindan Chen
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Yuji Chen
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Qiyu Cao
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Ruidong Zhai
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Jing Xia
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Simin Deng
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Changyong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Houhui Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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Stefanetti G, MacLennan CA, Micoli F. Impact and Control of Sugar Size in Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196432. [PMID: 36234967 PMCID: PMC9572008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines have contributed enormously to reducing and controlling encapsulated bacterial infections for over thirty years. Glycoconjugate vaccines are based on a carbohydrate antigen that is covalently linked to a carrier protein; this is necessary to cause T cell responses for optimal immunogenicity, and to protect young children. Many interdependent parameters affect the immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccines, including the size of the saccharide antigen. Here, we examine and discuss the impact of glycan chain length on the efficacy of glycoconjugate vaccines and report the methods employed to size polysaccharide antigens, while highlighting the underlying reaction mechanisms. A better understanding of the impact of key parameters on the immunogenicity of glycoconjugates is critical to developing a new generation of highly effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Stefanetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Calman Alexander MacLennan
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 500 5th Ave. N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- The Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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7
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Naini A, Bartetzko MP, Sanapala SR, Broecker F, Wirtz V, Lisboa MP, Parameswarappa SG, Knopp D, Przygodda J, Hakelberg M, Pan R, Patel A, Chorro L, Illenberger A, Ponce C, Kodali S, Lypowy J, Anderson AS, Donald RGK, von Bonin A, Pereira CL. Semisynthetic Glycoconjugate Vaccine Candidates against Escherichia coli O25B Induce Functional IgG Antibodies in Mice. JACS AU 2022; 2:2135-2151. [PMID: 36186572 PMCID: PMC9516715 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is a major health concern due to emerging antibiotic resistance. Along with O1A, O2, and O6A, E. coli O25B is a major serotype within the ExPEC group, which expresses a unique O-antigen. Clinical studies with a glycoconjugate vaccine of the above-mentioned O-types revealed O25B as the least immunogenic component, inducing relatively weak IgG titers. To evaluate the immunological properties of semisynthetic glycoconjugate vaccine candidates against E. coli O25B, we here report the chemical synthesis of an initial set of five O25B glycan antigens differing in length, from one to three repeat units, and frameshifts of the repeat unit. The oligosaccharide antigens were conjugated to the carrier protein CRM197. The resulting semisynthetic glycoconjugates induced functional IgG antibodies in mice with opsonophagocytic activity against E. coli O25B. Three of the oligosaccharide-CRM197 conjugates elicited functional IgGs in the same order of magnitude as a conventional CRM197 glycoconjugate prepared with native O25B O-antigen and therefore represent promising vaccine candidates for further investigation. Binding studies with two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) revealed nanomolar anti-O25B IgG responses with nanomolar K D values and with varying binding epitopes. The immunogenicity and mAb binding data now allow for the rational design of additional synthetic antigens for future preclinical studies, with expected further improvements in the functional antibody responses. Moreover, acetylation of a rhamnose residue was shown to be likely dispensable for immunogenicity, as a deacylated antigen was able to elicit strong functional IgG responses. Our findings strongly support the feasibility of a semisynthetic glycoconjugate vaccine against E. coli O25B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Naini
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Peter Bartetzko
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Someswara Rao Sanapala
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Broecker
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Victoria Wirtz
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marilda P. Lisboa
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Knopp
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica Przygodda
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Hakelberg
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosalind Pan
- Pfizer
Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Axay Patel
- Pfizer
Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Laurent Chorro
- Pfizer
Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Arthur Illenberger
- Pfizer
Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Christopher Ponce
- Pfizer
Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Srinivas Kodali
- Pfizer
Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Jacqueline Lypowy
- Pfizer
Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | | | - Robert G. K. Donald
- Pfizer
Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Arne von Bonin
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claney L. Pereira
- Vaxxilon
Deutschland GmbH, Part of Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Magnusstr. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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8
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MacLennan CA, Grow S, Ma LF, Steele AD. The Shigella Vaccines Pipeline. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091376. [PMID: 36146457 PMCID: PMC9504713 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella is the leading cause of global diarrheal deaths that currently lacks a licensed vaccine. Shigellosis drives antimicrobial resistance and leads to economic impact through linear growth faltering. Today, there is a robust pipeline of vaccines in clinical development which are broadly divided into parenteral glycoconjugate vaccines, consisting of O-antigen conjugated to carrier proteins, and oral live attenuated vaccines, which incorporate targeted genetic mutations seeking to optimize the balance between reactogenicity, immunogenicity and ultimately protection. Proof of efficacy has previously been shown with both approaches but for various reasons no vaccine has been licensed to date. In this report, we outline the requirements for a Shigella vaccine and describe the current pipeline in the context of the many candidates that have previously failed or been abandoned. The report refers to papers from individual vaccine developers in this special supplement of Vaccines which is focused on Shigella vaccines. Once readouts of safety and immunogenicity from current trials of lead candidate vaccines among the target population of young children in low- and middle-income countries are available, the likely time to licensure of a first Shigella vaccine will become clearer.
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9
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MacLennan CA, Talaat KR, Kaminski RW, Cohen D, Riddle MS, Giersing BK. Critical Needs in Advancing Shigella Vaccines for Global Health. J Infect Dis 2022; 225:1500-1503. [PMID: 34558631 PMCID: PMC9071279 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancing new O-antigen-based Shigella vaccines is critically dependent on development of an international standard serum and harmonized ELISA, demonstration of field efficacy in young children in low- and middle-income countries, and early engagement with regulators and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kawsar R Talaat
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert W Kaminski
- Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Dani Cohen
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mark S Riddle
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
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10
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Martin P, Alaimo C. The Ongoing Journey of a Shigella Bioconjugate Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020212. [PMID: 35214671 PMCID: PMC8878964 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis is a serious disease with a major impact, especially in low-income countries where mortality and morbidity are high. In addition, shigellosis among travelers and military personnel is a cause of significant morbidity and contributes to the increase in antimicrobial resistance. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers the development of a Shigella vaccine a priority for public health. Over the past 60 years, several efforts to develop a Shigella vaccine have been pursued, without success. The principle of preventing shigellosis with a conjugate vaccine was demonstrated in the 1990′s, but this vaccine was not further developed. Bioconjugation is an innovative technology that allows the production of conjugate vaccines in a biological environment to preserve native immunogenic structures. In this review, we describe the journey of the bioconjugate Shigella vaccine, one of the most advanced clinical programs for a Shigella vaccine.
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11
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Zhu H, Rollier CS, Pollard AJ. Recent advances in lipopolysaccharide-based glycoconjugate vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1515-1538. [PMID: 34550840 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1984889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The public health burden caused by pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria is increasingly prominent due to antimicrobial resistance. The surface carbohydrates are potential antigens for vaccines against Gram-negative bacteria. The enhanced immunogenicity of the O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP) moiety of LPS when coupled to a carrier protein may protect against bacterial pathogens. However, because of the toxic lipid A moiety and relatively high costs of O-SP isolation, LPS has not been a popular vaccine antigen until recently. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the rationales for developing LPS-based glycoconjugate vaccines, principles of glycoconjugate-induced immunity, and highlight the recent developments and challenges faced by LPS-based glycoconjugate vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Advances in LPS harvesting, LPS chemical synthesis, and newer carrier proteins in the past decade have propelled LPS-based glycoconjugate vaccines toward further development, through to clinical evaluation. The development of LPS-based glycoconjugates offers a new horizon for vaccine prevention of Gram-negative bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henderson Zhu
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (Nihr) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Christine S Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (Nihr) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (Nihr) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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12
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Adegbite A, McCarthy PC. Recent and Future Advances in the Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Homogeneous Glycans for Bacterial Glycoconjugate Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1021. [PMID: 34579258 PMCID: PMC8473158 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are important in preventing disease outbreaks and controlling the spread of disease in a population. A variety of vaccines exist, including subunit, recombinant, and conjugate vaccines. Glycoconjugate vaccines have been an important tool to fight against diseases caused by a number of bacteria. Glycoconjugate vaccines are often heterogeneous. Vaccines of the future are becoming more rationally designed to have a defined oligosaccharide chain length and position of conjugation. Homogenous vaccines could play an important role in assessing the relationship between vaccine structure and immune response. This review focuses on recent advances in the chemoenzymatic production of defined bacterial oligosaccharides for vaccine development with a focus on Neisseria meningitidis and selected WHO-prioritized antibacterial resistant-pathogens. We also provide some perspective on future advances in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of well-defined oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayobami Adegbite
- Bioenvironmental Sciences Program, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
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13
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Cloutier M, Gauthier C. Progress toward the Development of Glycan-Based Vaccines against Campylobacteriosis. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:969-986. [PMID: 32579844 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As one of the main causes of bacterial diarrhea and a major risk factor for triggering Guillain-Barré autoimmune syndrome, campylobacteriosis, that is, Campylobacter spp. infections, represents a major health issue worldwide. There is thus a pressing need for developing an effective and broad-coverage campylobacteriosis vaccine. Campylobacter jejuni, an encapsulated, multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacterium, expresses virulence-associated capsular polysaccharides (CPSs), which constitute exquisite targets for the design of glycoconjugate vaccines. In that context, synthetic carbohydrate chemistry acts as a crucial enabling technology for the preparation of homogeneous constructs while allowing antigenic epitopes to be deciphered and probed at the molecular level. This review aims at covering recent developments in CPS-based campylobacteriosis vaccines as well as in the total syntheses of C. jejuni-related mono- and oligosaccharide mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Cloutier
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), 531, boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Charles Gauthier
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), 531, boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
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14
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Anderluh M, Berti F, Bzducha-Wróbel A, Chiodo F, Colombo C, Compostella F, Durlik K, Ferhati X, Holmdahl R, Jovanovic D, Kaca W, Lay L, Marinovic-Cincovic M, Marradi M, Ozil M, Polito L, Reina JJ, Reis CA, Sackstein R, Silipo A, Švajger U, Vaněk O, Yamamoto F, Richichi B, van Vliet SJ. Recent advances on smart glycoconjugate vaccines in infections and cancer. FEBS J 2021; 289:4251-4303. [PMID: 33934527 PMCID: PMC9542079 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the greatest achievements in biomedical research preventing death and morbidity in many infectious diseases through the induction of pathogen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Currently, no effective vaccines are available for pathogens with a highly variable antigenic load, such as the human immunodeficiency virus or to induce cellular T-cell immunity in the fight against cancer. The recent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has reinforced the relevance of designing smart therapeutic vaccine modalities to ensure public health. Indeed, academic and private companies have ongoing joint efforts to develop novel vaccine prototypes for this virus. Many pathogens are covered by a dense glycan-coat, which form an attractive target for vaccine development. Moreover, many tumor types are characterized by altered glycosylation profiles that are known as "tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens". Unfortunately, glycans do not provoke a vigorous immune response and generally serve as T-cell-independent antigens, not eliciting protective immunoglobulin G responses nor inducing immunological memory. A close and continuous crosstalk between glycochemists and glycoimmunologists is essential for the successful development of efficient immune modulators. It is clear that this is a key point for the discovery of novel approaches, which could significantly improve our understanding of the immune system. In this review, we discuss the latest advancements in development of vaccines against glycan epitopes to gain selective immune responses and to provide an overview on the role of different immunogenic constructs in improving glycovaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Anderluh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Anna Bzducha-Wróbel
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Cinzia Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Compostella
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Durlik
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Xhenti Ferhati
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dragana Jovanovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Wieslaw Kaca
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Marinovic-Cincovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marco Marradi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Musa Ozil
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Laura Polito
- National Research Council, CNR-SCITEC, Milan, Italy
| | - Josè Juan Reina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Spain.,Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
| | - Celso A Reis
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| | - Urban Švajger
- Blood Transfusion Center of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ondřej Vaněk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fumiichiro Yamamoto
- Immunohematology & Glycobiology Laboratory, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Lavu PS, Mondal B, Ramlal S. Selection and Characterization of Cell Surface Specific Aptamer and Development of Fluorescence Assay for Detection of Shigella flexneri from Water Samples. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:685-693. [PMID: 33582948 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02691-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates, development of ssDNA aptamers against whole cell of S. flexneri employing a whole bacterium-based Systemic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX). After ten rounds of SELEX, cell surface specific aptamer pool was cloned, sequenced and divided based on sequence similarities and secondary structure. Binding affinity of FITC labelled aptamer from different group were carried out by flow cytometry analysis. The dissociation constant (Kd) values for specific and higher binder were evaluated to range from 144 to 329 nM. Six high binding aptamers with lower dissociation constant was chosen for selectivity study. Aptamer SHI 23, SHI 37 and SHI 42 showed higher selectivity towards S. flexneri in comparison with other related bacteria. Further applicability of selected aptamer was proven by fluorescence assay for convenience detection of target cell from spiked water sample and natural contaminated water samples. Altogether, aptamer generated in this study can be alternative DNA ligands for detection of S. flexneri compared to available ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Sudharani Lavu
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddharthanagar, Mysore, Karnataka, 570011, India
| | - Bhairab Mondal
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddharthanagar, Mysore, Karnataka, 570011, India
| | - Shylaja Ramlal
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddharthanagar, Mysore, Karnataka, 570011, India.
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16
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Gasperini G, Raso MM, Arato V, Aruta MG, Cescutti P, Necchi F, Micoli F. Effect of O-Antigen Chain Length Regulation on the Immunogenicity of Shigella and Salmonella Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031309. [PMID: 33525644 PMCID: PMC7865430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, generalized modules for membrane antigens (GMMA) technology has been proposed as an alternative approach to traditional glycoconjugate vaccines for O-antigen delivery. Saccharide length is a well-known parameter that can impact the immune response induced by glycoconjugates both in terms of magnitude and quality. However, the criticality of O-antigen length on the immune response induced by GMMA-based vaccines has not been fully elucidated. Here, Shigella and Salmonella GMMA-producing strains were further mutated in order to display homogeneous polysaccharide populations of different sizes on a GMMA surface. Resulting GMMA were compared in mice immunization studies. Athymic nude mice were also used to investigate the involvement of T-cells in the immune response elicited. In contrast with what has been reported for traditional glycoconjugate vaccines and independent of the pathogen and the sugar structural characteristics, O-antigen length did not result in being a critical parameter for GMMA immunogenicity. This work supports the identification of critical quality attributes to optimize GMMA vaccine design and improve vaccine efficacy and gives insights on the nature of the immune response induced by GMMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Gasperini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) s.r.l, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.R.); (V.A.); (M.G.A.); (F.N.)
| | - Maria Michelina Raso
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) s.r.l, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.R.); (V.A.); (M.G.A.); (F.N.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, Bdg C11, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Vanessa Arato
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) s.r.l, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.R.); (V.A.); (M.G.A.); (F.N.)
| | - Maria Grazia Aruta
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) s.r.l, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.R.); (V.A.); (M.G.A.); (F.N.)
| | - Paola Cescutti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, Bdg C11, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Francesca Necchi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) s.r.l, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.R.); (V.A.); (M.G.A.); (F.N.)
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) s.r.l, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.G.); (M.M.R.); (V.A.); (M.G.A.); (F.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-539087
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17
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de Alwis R, Liang L, Taghavian O, Werner E, The HC, Thu TNH, Duong VT, Davies DH, Felgner PL, Baker S. The identification of novel immunogenic antigens as potential Shigella vaccine components. Genome Med 2021; 13:8. [PMID: 33451348 PMCID: PMC7809897 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-020-00824-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigella is a major diarrheal pathogen for which there is presently no vaccine. Whole genome sequencing provides the ability to predict and derive novel antigens for use as vaccines. Here, we aimed to identify novel immunogenic Shigella antigens that could serve as Shigella vaccine candidates, either alone, or when conjugated to Shigella O-antigen. METHODS Using a reverse vaccinology approach, where genomic analysis informed the Shigella immunome via an antigen microarray, we aimed to identify novel immunogenic Shigella antigens. A core genome analysis of Shigella species, pathogenic and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli, led to the selection of 234 predicted immunogenic Shigella antigens. These antigens were expressed and probed with acute and convalescent serum from microbiologically confirmed Shigella infections. RESULTS Several Shigella antigens displayed IgG and IgA seroconversion, with no difference in sero-reactivity across by sex or age. IgG sero-reactivity to key Shigella antigens was observed at birth, indicating transplacental antibody transfer. Six antigens (FepA, EmrK, FhuA, MdtA, NlpB, and CjrA) were identified in in vivo testing as capable of producing binding IgG and complement-mediated bactericidal antibody. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide six novel immunogenic Shigella proteins that could serve as candidate vaccine antigens, species-specific carrier proteins, or targeted adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruklanthi de Alwis
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Liang
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Omid Taghavian
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Emma Werner
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hao Chung The
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Trang Nguyen Hoang Thu
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vu Thuy Duong
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - D Huw Davies
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Philip L Felgner
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Level 5, Jeffery Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
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18
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Chiu TW, Peng CJ, Chen MC, Hsu MH, Liang YH, Chiu CH, Fang JM, Lee YC. Constructing conjugate vaccine against Salmonella Typhimurium using lipid-A free lipopolysaccharide. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:89. [PMID: 32831077 PMCID: PMC7443816 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is a nontyphoidal and common foodborne pathogen that causes serious threat to humans. There is no licensed vaccine to prevent the nontyphoid bacterial infection caused by S. Typhimurium. Methods To develop conjugate vaccines, the bacterial lipid-A free lipopolysaccharide (LFPS) is prepared as the immunogen and used to synthesize the LFPS–linker–protein conjugates 6a–9b. The designed bifunctional linkers 1–5 comprising either an o-phenylenediamine or amine moiety are specifically attached to the exposed 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo), an α-ketoacid saccharide of LFPS, via condensation reaction or decarboxylative amidation. In addition to bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin, the S. Typhimurium flagellin (FliC) is also used as a self-adjuvanting protein carrier. Results The synthesized conjugate vaccines are characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and fast performance liquid chromatography (FPLC), and their contents of polysaccharides and protein are determined by phenol–sulfuric acid assay and bicinchoninic acid assay, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) shows that immunization of mouse with the LFPS–linker–protein vaccines at a dosage of 2.5 μg is sufficient to elicit serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) specific to S. Typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The straight-chain amide linkers in conjugates 7a–9b do not interfere with the desired immune response. Vaccines 7a and 7b derived from either unfractionated LFPS or the high-mass portion show equal efficacy in induction of IgG antibodies. The challenge experiments are performed by oral gavage of S. Typhimurium pathogen, and vaccine 7c having FliC as the self-adjuvanting protein carrier exhibits a high vaccine efficacy of 74% with 80% mice survival rate at day 28 post the pathogen challenge. Conclusions This study demonstrates that lipid-A free lipopolysaccharide prepared from Gram-negative bacteria is an appropriate immunogen, in which the exposed Kdo is connected to bifunctional linkers to form conjugate vaccines. The decarboxylative amidation of Kdo is a novel and useful method to construct a relatively robust and low immunogenic straight-chain amide linkage. The vaccine efficacy is enhanced by using bacterial flagellin as the self-adjuvanting carrier protein. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wei Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jiun Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hua Hsu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Liang
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan Dist, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan Chuan Lee
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St, Baltimore, MD, 21218-2685, USA
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19
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Raso MM, Gasperini G, Alfini R, Schiavo F, Aruta MG, Carducci M, Forgione MC, Martini S, Cescutti P, Necchi F, Micoli F. GMMA and Glycoconjugate Approaches Compared in Mice for the Development of a Vaccine against Shigella flexneri Serotype 6. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020160. [PMID: 32260067 PMCID: PMC7349896 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella infections are one of the top causes of diarrhea throughout the world, with Shigella flexneri being predominant in developing countries. Currently, no vaccines are widely available and increasing levels of multidrug-resistance make Shigella a high priority for vaccine development. The serotype-specific O-antigen moiety of Shigella lipopolysaccharide has been recognized as a key target for protective immunity, and many O-antigen based candidate vaccines are in development. Recently, the Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) technology has been proposed as an alternative approach to traditional glycoconjugate vaccines for O-antigen delivery. Here, these two technologies are compared for a vaccine against S. flexneri serotype 6. Genetic strategies for GMMA production, conjugation approaches for linkage of the O-antigen to CRM197 carrier protein, and a large panel of analytical methods for full vaccine characterization have been put in place. In a head-to-head immunogenicity study in mice, GMMA induced higher anti-O-antigen IgG than glycoconjugate administered without Alhydrogel. When formulated on Alhydrogel, GMMA and glycoconjugate elicited similar levels of persistent anti-O-antigen IgG with bactericidal activity. Glycoconjugates are a well-established bacterial vaccine approach, but can be costly, particularly when multicomponent preparations are required. With similar immunogenicity and a simpler manufacturing process, GMMA are a promising strategy for the development of a vaccine against Shigella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Michelina Raso
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.M.R.); (G.G.); (R.A.); (F.S.); (M.G.A.); (M.C.); (F.N.)
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Building C11, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Gianmarco Gasperini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.M.R.); (G.G.); (R.A.); (F.S.); (M.G.A.); (M.C.); (F.N.)
| | - Renzo Alfini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.M.R.); (G.G.); (R.A.); (F.S.); (M.G.A.); (M.C.); (F.N.)
| | - Fabiola Schiavo
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.M.R.); (G.G.); (R.A.); (F.S.); (M.G.A.); (M.C.); (F.N.)
| | - Maria Grazia Aruta
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.M.R.); (G.G.); (R.A.); (F.S.); (M.G.A.); (M.C.); (F.N.)
| | - Martina Carducci
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.M.R.); (G.G.); (R.A.); (F.S.); (M.G.A.); (M.C.); (F.N.)
| | | | - Silvia Martini
- GSK, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.C.F.); (S.M.)
| | - Paola Cescutti
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Building C11, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Francesca Necchi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.M.R.); (G.G.); (R.A.); (F.S.); (M.G.A.); (M.C.); (F.N.)
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.M.R.); (G.G.); (R.A.); (F.S.); (M.G.A.); (M.C.); (F.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-539087
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20
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Barel LA, Mulard LA. Classical and novel strategies to develop a Shigella glycoconjugate vaccine: from concept to efficacy in human. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 15:1338-1356. [PMID: 31158047 PMCID: PMC6663142 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1606972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella are gram-negative bacteria that cause severe diarrhea and dysentery, with a high level of antimicrobial resistance. Disease-induced protection against reinfection in Shigella-endemic areas provides convincing evidence on the feasibility of a vaccine and on the importance of Shigella lipopolysaccharides as targets of the host humoral protective immune response against disease. This article provides an overview of the original and current strategies toward the development of a Shigella glycan-protein conjugate vaccine that would cover the most commonly detected strains. Going beyond pioneering “lattice”-type polysaccharide-protein conjugates, progress, and challenges are addressed with focus on promising alternatives, which have reached phases I and II clinical trial. Glycoengineered bioconjugates and “sun”-type conjugates featuring well-defined synthetic carbohydrate antigens are discussed with insights on the molecular parameters governing the rational design of a cost-effective glycoconjugate vaccine efficacious in preventing diseases caused by Shigella in the most at risk populations, young children living in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Antoine Barel
- a Chemistry of Biomolecules Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry , Institut Pasteur, UMR3523, CNRS , Paris , France.,b Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France
| | - Laurence A Mulard
- a Chemistry of Biomolecules Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry , Institut Pasteur, UMR3523, CNRS , Paris , France
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21
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Ledov VA, Golovina ME, Markina AA, Knirel YA, L'vov VL, Kovalchuk AL, Aparin PG. Highly homogenous tri-acylated S-LPS acts as a novel clinically applicable vaccine against Shigella flexneri 2a infection. Vaccine 2019; 37:1062-1072. [PMID: 30670300 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Shigellosis, a major cause of diarrhea worldwide, exhibits high morbidity and mortality in children. Specificity of Shigella immunity is determined by the structure of the main protective O-antigen polysaccharide component incorporated into the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule. Endotoxicity, however, precludes LPS clinical use. Thus, there is still no vaccine against the most prevalent shigellosis species (serotype S. flexneri 2a), despite ongoing efforts focused on inducing serotype-specific immunity. As LPS is highly heterogenous, we hypothesized that more homogenous pools of LPS might be less toxic. We developed a method to generate a homogenous S. flexneri 2a LPS subfraction, Ac3-S-LPS, containing long chain O-specific polysaccharide (S-LPS) and mainly tri-acylated lipid A, with no penta- and hexa-acylated, and rare tetra-acylated lipid A. Ac3-S-LPS had dramatically reduced pyrogenicity and protected guinea pigs from shigellosis. In volunteers, 50 µg of injected Ac3-S-LPS vaccine was safe, with low pyrogenicity, no severe and few minor adverse events, and did not induce pro-inflammatory cytokines. In spite of the profound lipid A modification, the vaccine induced a prevalence of IgG and IgA antibodies. Thus, we have developed the first safe immunogenic LPS-based vaccine candidate for human administration. Homogenous underacetylated LPSs may also be useful for treating other LPS-driven human diseases. Clinical trial registry: http://grls.rosminzdrav.ru/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Ledov
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate Vaccines, National Research Center-Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 24, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Marina E Golovina
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate Vaccines, National Research Center-Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 24, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Anna A Markina
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate Vaccines, National Research Center-Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 24, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 117913, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav L L'vov
- Laboratory of Preparative Biochemistry, National Research Center-Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 24, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Alexander L Kovalchuk
- The Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, United States
| | - Petr G Aparin
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate Vaccines, National Research Center-Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 24, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia.
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22
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Hegerle N, Bose J, Ramachandran G, Galen JE, Levine MM, Simon R, Tennant SM. Overexpression of O-polysaccharide chain length regulators in Gram-negative bacteria using the Wzx-/Wzy-dependent pathway enhances production of defined modal length O-polysaccharide polymers for use as haptens in glycoconjugate vaccines. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:575-585. [PMID: 29603538 PMCID: PMC6726474 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aims O‐polysaccharide (OPS) molecules are protective antigens for several bacterial pathogens, and have broad utility as components of glycoconjugate vaccines. Variability in the OPS chain length is one obstacle towards further development of these vaccines. Introduction of sizing steps during purification of OPS molecules of suboptimal or of mixed lengths introduces additional costs and complexity while decreasing the final yield. The overall goal of this study was to demonstrate the utility of engineering Gram‐negative bacteria to produce homogenous O‐polysaccharide populations that can be used as the basis of carbohydrate vaccines by overexpressing O‐polysaccharide chain length regulators of the Wzx‐/Wzy‐dependent pathway. Method and Results The O‐polysaccharide chain length regulators wzzB and fepE from Salmonella Typhimurium I77 and wzz2 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 were cloned and expressed in the homologous organism or in other Gram‐negative bacteria. Overexpression of these Wzz proteins in the homologous organism significantly increased the proportion of long or very long chain O‐polysaccharides. The same observation was made when wzzB was overexpressed in Salmonella Paratyphi A and Shigella flexneri, and wzz2 was overexpressed in two other strains of P. aeruginosa. Conclusions Overexpression of Wzz proteins in Gram‐negative bacteria using the Wzx/Wzy‐dependant pathway for lipopolysaccharide synthesis provides a genetic method to increase the production of an O‐polysaccharide population of a defined size. Significance and Impact of the Study The methods presented herein represent a cost‐effective and improved strategy for isolating preferred OPS vaccine haptens, and could facilitate the further use of O‐polysaccharides in glycoconjugate vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hegerle
- Center for Vaccine Development and Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Bose
- Center for Vaccine Development and Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - G Ramachandran
- Center for Vaccine Development and Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J E Galen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development and Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R Simon
- Center for Vaccine Development and Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S M Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development and Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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23
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Achkar JM, Prados-Rosales R. Updates on antibody functions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and their relevance for developing a vaccine against tuberculosis. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:30-37. [PMID: 29656063 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A more effective vaccine to control tuberculosis (TB), a major global public health problem, is urgently needed. Current vaccine candidates focus predominantly on eliciting cell-mediated immunity but other arms of the immune system also contribute to protection against TB. We review here recent studies that enhance our current knowledge of antibody-mediated functions against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These findings, which contribute to the increasing evidence that antibodies have a protective role against TB, include demonstrations that firstly distinct human antibody Fc glycosylation patterns, found in latent M. tuberculosis infection but not in active TB, influence the efficacy of the host to control M. tuberculosis infection, secondly antibody isotype influences human antibody functions, and thirdly that antibodies targeting M. tuberculosis surface antigens are protective. We discuss these findings in the context of TB vaccine development and highlight the need for further research on antibody-mediated immunity in M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Achkar
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
| | - Rafael Prados-Rosales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, United States; Center for Cooperative Research bioGUNE (CICbioGUNE), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
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24
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Broecker F, Seeberger PH. Identification and Design of Synthetic B Cell Epitopes for Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines. Methods Enzymol 2017; 597:311-334. [PMID: 28935109 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligosaccharide-based vaccines are promising alternatives to conventional antibacterial carbohydrate vaccines prepared with isolated polysaccharides. Unlike polysaccharides, synthetic glycans are well defined, contaminant-free, and accessible even for pathogens that cannot be fermented or show limited carbohydrate biosynthesis in vitro. However, identifying synthetic glycan B cell epitopes that induce protective immunity has traditionally been a time-consuming trial-and-error process, as predicting the immunogenicity of an oligosaccharide by means of structure alone is not straightforward. We here describe how synthetic oligosaccharide epitopes for candidate vaccines can be rationally identified prior to preclinical immunogenicity studies. Epitopes are selected on the basis of their recognition by antibodies associated with protection from disease in humans or small animals. In addition, we show how murine antibody responses to a large oligosaccharide can inform the identification of a minimal B cell epitope that may help designing easy to synthesize vaccine candidates. The procedures, exemplified with a surface carbohydrate of Clostridium difficile, may serve as a guideline for selecting protective oligosaccharide epitopes for vaccines against infectious and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Broecker
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Circulating Gut-Homing (α4β7+) Plasmablast Responses against Shigella Surface Protein Antigens among Hospitalized Patients with Diarrhea. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:610-7. [PMID: 27193041 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00205-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Developing countries are burdened with Shigella diarrhea. Understanding mucosal immune responses associated with natural Shigella infection is important to identify potential correlates of protection and, as such, to design effective vaccines. We performed a comparative analysis of circulating mucosal plasmablasts producing specific antibodies against highly conserved invasive plasmid antigens (IpaC, IpaD20, and IpaD120) and two recently identified surface protein antigens, pan-Shigella surface protein antigen 1 (PSSP1) and PSSP2, common to all virulent Shigella strains. We examined blood and stool specimens from 37 diarrheal patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases & Beliaghata General Hospital, Kolkata, India. The etiological agent of diarrhea was investigated in stool specimens by microbiological methods and real-time PCR. Gut-homing (α4β7 (+)) antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) were isolated from patient blood by means of combined magnetic cell sorting and two-color enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay. Overall, 57% (21 of 37) and 65% (24 of 37) of the patients were positive for Shigella infection by microbiological and real-time PCR assays, respectively. The frequency of α4β7 (+) IgG ASC responders against Ipas was higher than that observed against PSSP1 or PSSP2, regardless of the Shigella serotype isolated from these patients. Thus, α4β7 (+) ASC responses to Ipas may be considered an indirect marker of Shigella infection. The apparent weakness of ASC responses to PSSP1 is consistent with the lack of cross-protection induced by natural Shigella infection. The finding that ASC responses to IpaD develop in patients with recent-onset shigellosis indicates that such responses may not be protective or may wane too rapidly and/or be of insufficient magnitude.
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26
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Boutet J, Blasco P, Guerreiro C, Thouron F, Dartevelle S, Nato F, Cañada FJ, Ardá A, Phalipon A, Jiménez-Barbero J, Mulard LA. Detailed Investigation of the Immunodominant Role of O-Antigen Stoichiometric O-Acetylation as Revealed by Chemical Synthesis, Immunochemistry, Solution Conformation and STD-NMR Spectroscopy for Shigella flexneri 3a. Chemistry 2016; 22:10892-911. [PMID: 27376496 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Shigella flexneri 3a causes bacillary dysentery. Its O-antigen has the {2)-[α-d-Glcp-(1→3)]-α-l-Rhap-(1→2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→3)-[Ac→2]-α-l-Rhap-(1→3)-[Ac→6]≈40 % -β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→} ([(E)ABAc CAc D]) repeating unit, and the non-O-acetylated equivalent defines S. flexneri X. Propyl hepta-, octa-, and decasaccharides sharing the (E')A'BAc CD(E)A sequence, and their non-O-acetylated analogues were synthesized from a fully protected BAc CD(E)A allyl glycoside. The stepwise introduction of orthogonally protected mono- and disaccharide imidate donors was followed by a two-step deprotection process. Monoclonal antibody binding to twenty-six S. flexneri types 3a and X di- to decasaccharides was studied by an inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and STD-NMR spectroscopy. Epitope mapping revealed that the 2C -acetate dominated the recognition by monoclonal IgG and IgM antibodies and that the BAc CD segment was essential for binding. The glucosyl side chain contributed to a lesser extent, albeit increasingly with the chain length. Moreover, tr-NOESY analysis also showed interaction but did not reveal any meaningful conformational change upon antibody binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Boutet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.,Present address for J.B.: Adisseo (France), Present address for P.B., Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pilar Blasco
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Present address for J.B.: Adisseo (France), Present address for P.B., Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catherine Guerreiro
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Thouron
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France.,INSERM U1202, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Dartevelle
- Institut Pasteur, PF5, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3528, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Farida Nato
- Institut Pasteur, PF5, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3528, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - F Javier Cañada
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ardá
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Recognition & Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technological Park, Building 801A, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Armelle Phalipon
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France.,INSERM U1202, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Molecular Recognition & Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technological Park, Building 801A, 48160, Derio, Spain. .,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Lopez de Haro 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Laurence A Mulard
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France. .,CNRS UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.
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27
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Multivalent display of minimal Clostridium difficile glycan epitopes mimics antigenic properties of larger glycans. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11224. [PMID: 27091615 PMCID: PMC4838876 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cell-surface glycans are promising vaccine candidates against Clostridium difficile. The complexity of large, highly antigenic and immunogenic glycans is a synthetic challenge. Less complex antigens providing similar immune responses are desirable for vaccine development. Based on molecular-level glycan–antibody interaction analyses, we here demonstrate that the C. difficile surface polysaccharide-I (PS-I) can be resembled by multivalent display of minimal disaccharide epitopes on a synthetic scaffold that does not participate in binding. We show that antibody avidity as a measure of antigenicity increases by about five orders of magnitude when disaccharides are compared with constructs containing five disaccharides. The synthetic, pentavalent vaccine candidate containing a peptide T-cell epitope elicits weak but highly specific antibody responses to larger PS-I glycans in mice. This study highlights the potential of multivalently displaying small oligosaccharides to achieve antigenicity characteristic of larger glycans. The approach may result in more cost-efficient carbohydrate vaccines with reduced synthetic effort. Immunologically-active glycans are promising vaccine candidates but can be difficult to synthesize. Here, the authors show that pentavalent display of a minimal disaccharde epitope on a chemical scaffold can mimic a native C. difficile glycan antigen, representing a simple approach to synthetic vaccine production.
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28
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O'Ryan M, Vidal R, del Canto F, Carlos Salazar J, Montero D. Vaccines for viral and bacterial pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis: Part II: Vaccines for Shigella, Salmonella, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) enterohemorragic E. coli (EHEC) and Campylobacter jejuni. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:601-19. [PMID: 25715096 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1011578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In Part II we discuss the following bacterial pathogens: Shigella, Salmonella (non-typhoidal), diarrheogenic E. coli (enterotoxigenic and enterohemorragic) and Campylobacter jejuni. In contrast to the enteric viruses and Vibrio cholerae discussed in Part I of this series, for the bacterial pathogens described here there is only one licensed vaccine, developed primarily for Vibrio cholerae and which provides moderate protection against enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (Dukoral(®)), as well as a few additional candidates in advanced stages of development for ETEC and one candidate for Shigella spp. Numerous vaccine candidates in earlier stages of development are discussed.
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Key Words
- CFU, colony-forming units
- CFs, colonization factors
- CT, cholera toxin
- CT-B cholera toxin B subunit
- Campylobacter
- CtdB, cytolethal distending toxin subunit B
- E. coli
- EHEC
- EPEC, enteropathogenic E. coli
- ETEC
- ETEC, enterotoxigenic E. coli
- GEMS, Global enterics multicenter study
- HUS, hemolytic uremic syndrome
- IM, intramuscular
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- IgM, immunoglobulin M
- LEE, locus of enterocyte effacement
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LT, heat labile toxin
- LT-B
- OMV, outer membrane vesicles
- ST, heat stable toxin
- STEC
- STEC, shigatoxin producing E. coli
- STh, human heat stable toxin
- STp, porcine heat stable toxin
- Salmonella
- Shigella
- Stx, shigatoxin
- TTSS, type III secretion system
- V. cholera
- WHO, World Health Organization
- acute diarrhea
- dmLT, double mutant heat labile toxin
- enteric pathogens
- enterohemorrhagic E. coli
- gastroenteritis
- heat labile toxin B subunit
- norovirus
- rEPA, recombinant exoprotein A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- rotavirus
- vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel O'Ryan
- a Microbiology and Mycology Program; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Universidad de Chile; Santiago, Chile
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Cross AS, Greenberg N, Billington M, Zhang L, DeFilippi C, May RC, Bajwa KK. Phase 1 testing of detoxified LPS/group B meningococcal outer membrane protein vaccine with and without synthetic CPG 7909 adjuvant for the prevention and treatment of sepsis. Vaccine 2015; 33:6719-26. [PMID: 26514420 PMCID: PMC4679452 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) are a leading cause of nosocomial infection and sepsis. Increasing multi-antibiotic resistance has left clinicians with fewer therapeutic options. Antibodies to GNB lipopolysaccharide (LPS, or endotoxin) have reduced morbidity and mortality as a result of infection and are not subject to the resistance mechanisms deployed by bacteria against antibiotics. In this phase 1 study, we administered a vaccine that elicits antibodies against a highly conserved portion of LPS with and without a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) TLR9 agonist as adjuvant. METHODS A vaccine composed of the detoxified LPS (dLPS) from E. coli O111:B4 (J5 mutant) non-covalently complexed to group B meningococcal outer membrane protein (OMP). Twenty healthy adult subjects received three doses at 0, 29 and 59 days of antigen (10 μg dLPS) with or without CPG 7909 (250 or 500 μg). Subjects were evaluated for local and systemic adverse effects and laboratory findings. Anti-J5 LPS IgG and IgM antibody levels were measured by electrochemiluminesence. Due to premature study termination, not all subjects received all three doses. RESULTS All vaccine formulations were well-tolerated with no local or systemic events of greater than moderate severity. The vaccine alone group achieved a ≥ 4-fold "responder" response in IgG and IgM antibody in only one of 6 subjects. In contrast, the vaccine plus CPG 7909 groups appeared to have earlier and more sustained (to 180 days) responses, greater mean-fold increases, and a higher proportion of "responders" achieving ≥ 4-fold increases over baseline. CONCLUSIONS Although the study was halted before all enrolled subjects received all three doses, the J5dLPS/OMP vaccine, with or without CpG adjuvant, was safe and well-tolerated. The inclusion of CpG increased the number of subjects with a ≥ 4-fold antibody response, evident even after the second of three planned doses. A vaccine comprising J5dLPS/OMP antigen with CpG adjuvant merits further investigation. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01164514.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S Cross
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF 1, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| | - Nancy Greenberg
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF 1, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| | - Melissa Billington
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF 1, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF 1, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| | - Christopher DeFilippi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| | - Ryan C May
- The Emmes Corporation, 401 N. Washington Street, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
| | - Kanwaldeep K Bajwa
- The Emmes Corporation, 401 N. Washington Street, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
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Salamone S, Guerreiro C, Cambon E, Hargreaves JM, Tarrat N, Remaud-Siméon M, André I, Mulard LA. Investigation on the Synthesis of Shigella flexneri Specific Oligosaccharides Using Disaccharides as Potential Transglucosylase Acceptor Substrates. J Org Chem 2015; 80:11237-57. [PMID: 26340432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemo-enzymatic strategies hold great potential for the development of stereo- and regioselective syntheses of structurally defined bioactive oligosaccharides. Herein, we illustrate the potential of the appropriate combination of a planned chemo-enzymatic pathway and an engineered biocatalyst for the multistep synthesis of an important decasaccharide for vaccine development. We report the stepwise investigation, which led to an efficient chemical conversion of allyl α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-2-deoxy-2-trichloroacetamido-β-d-glucopyranoside, the product of site-specific enzymatic α-d-glucosylation of a lightly protected non-natural disaccharide acceptor, into a pentasaccharide building block suitable for chain elongation at both ends. Successful differentiation between hydroxyl groups features the selective acylation of primary alcohols and acetalation of a cis-vicinal diol, followed by a controlled per-O-benzylation step. Moreover, we describe the successful use of the pentasaccharide intermediate in the [5 + 5] synthesis of an aminoethyl aglycon-equipped decasaccharide, corresponding to a dimer of the basic repeating unit from the O-specific polysaccharide of Shigella flexneri 2a, a major cause of bacillary dysentery. Four analogues of the disaccharide acceptor were synthesized and evaluated to reach a larger repertoire of O-glucosylation patterns encountered among S. flexneri type-specific polysaccharides. New insights on the potential and limitations of planned chemo-enzymatic pathways in oligosaccharide synthesis are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Salamone
- Institut Pasteur , Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15 France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur , 75015 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Guerreiro
- Institut Pasteur , Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15 France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur , 75015 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Cambon
- Université de Toulouse , INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5504 , F-31400 Toulouse, France.,INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés , F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jason M Hargreaves
- Institut Pasteur , Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15 France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur , 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Tarrat
- Université de Toulouse , INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5504 , F-31400 Toulouse, France.,INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés , F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Remaud-Siméon
- Université de Toulouse , INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5504 , F-31400 Toulouse, France.,INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés , F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Université de Toulouse , INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5504 , F-31400 Toulouse, France.,INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés , F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence A Mulard
- Institut Pasteur , Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15 France.,CNRS UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur , 75015 Paris, France
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Gerke C, Colucci AM, Giannelli C, Sanzone S, Vitali CG, Sollai L, Rossi O, Martin LB, Auerbach J, Di Cioccio V, Saul A. Production of a Shigella sonnei Vaccine Based on Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA), 1790GAHB. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134478. [PMID: 26248044 PMCID: PMC4527750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we developed a high yield production process for outer membrane particles from genetically modified bacteria, called Generalized Modules of Membrane Antigens (GMMA), and the corresponding simple two step filtration purification, enabling economic manufacture of these particles for use as vaccines. Using a Shigella sonnei strain that was genetically modified to produce penta-acylated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with reduced endotoxicity and to maintain the virulence plasmid encoding for the immunodominant O antigen component of the LPS, scale up of the process to GMP pilot scale was straightforward and gave high yields of GMMA with required purity and consistent results. GMMA were formulated with Alhydrogel and were highly immunogenic in mice and rabbits. In mice, a single immunization containing 29 ng protein and 1.75 ng of O antigen elicited substantial anti-LPS antibody levels. As GMMA contain LPS and lipoproteins, assessing potential reactogenicity was a key aspect of vaccine development. In an in vitro monocyte activation test, GMMA from the production strain showed a 600-fold lower stimulatory activity than GMMA with unmodified LPS. Two in vivo tests confirmed the low potential for reactogenicity. We established a modified rabbit pyrogenicity test based on the European Pharmacopoeia pyrogens method but using intramuscular administration of the full human dose (100 μg of protein). The vaccine elicited an average temperature rise of 0.5°C within four hours after administration, which was considered acceptable and showed that the test is able to detect a pyrogenic response. Furthermore, a repeat dose toxicology study in rabbits using intramuscular (100 μg/dose), intranasal (80 μg/dose), and intradermal (10 μg/dose) administration routes showed good tolerability of the vaccine by all routes and supported its suitability for use in humans. The S. sonnei GMMA vaccine is now in Phase 1 dose-escalation clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Gerke
- Sclavo Behring Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l., Siena, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Maria Colucci
- Sclavo Behring Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Carlo Giannelli
- Sclavo Behring Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Sanzone
- Sclavo Behring Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Sollai
- Sclavo Behring Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Omar Rossi
- Sclavo Behring Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Laura B. Martin
- Sclavo Behring Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Jochen Auerbach
- Sclavo Behring Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Vito Di Cioccio
- Sclavo Behring Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Allan Saul
- Sclavo Behring Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l., Siena, Italy
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2009-2010. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:268-422. [PMID: 24863367 PMCID: PMC7168572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is the sixth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2010. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, arrays and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural typed constitutes the remainder. The main groups of compound that are discussed in this section are oligo and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Many of these applications are presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harvey
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Glycobiology InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
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Caboni M, Pédron T, Rossi O, Goulding D, Pickard D, Citiulo F, MacLennan CA, Dougan G, Thomson NR, Saul A, Sansonetti PJ, Gerke C. An O antigen capsule modulates bacterial pathogenesis in Shigella sonnei. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004749. [PMID: 25794007 PMCID: PMC4368438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella is the leading cause for dysentery worldwide. Together with several virulence factors employed for invasion, the presence and length of the O antigen (OAg) of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays a key role in pathogenesis. S. flexneri 2a has a bimodal OAg chain length distribution regulated in a growth-dependent manner, whereas S. sonnei LPS comprises a monomodal OAg. Here we reveal that S. sonnei, but not S. flexneri 2a, possesses a high molecular weight, immunogenic group 4 capsule, characterized by structural similarity to LPS OAg. We found that a galU mutant of S. sonnei, that is unable to produce a complete LPS with OAg attached, can still assemble OAg material on the cell surface, but a galU mutant of S. flexneri 2a cannot. High molecular weight material not linked to the LPS was purified from S. sonnei and confirmed by NMR to contain the specific sugars of the S. sonnei OAg. Deletion of genes homologous to the group 4 capsule synthesis cluster, previously described in Escherichia coli, abolished the generation of the high molecular weight OAg material. This OAg capsule strongly affects the virulence of S. sonnei. Uncapsulated knockout bacteria were highly invasive in vitro and strongly inflammatory in the rabbit intestine. But, the lack of capsule reduced the ability of S. sonnei to resist complement-mediated killing and to spread from the gut to peripheral organs. In contrast, overexpression of the capsule decreased invasiveness in vitro and inflammation in vivo compared to the wild type. In conclusion, the data indicate that in S. sonnei expression of the capsule modulates bacterial pathogenesis resulting in balanced capabilities to invade and persist in the host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaelena Caboni
- Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Siena, Via Fiorentina, Italy
| | - Thierry Pédron
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, INSERM U1202, Paris, France
| | - Omar Rossi
- Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Siena, Via Fiorentina, Italy
| | - David Goulding
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Pickard
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Citiulo
- Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Siena, Via Fiorentina, Italy
| | | | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Allan Saul
- Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Siena, Via Fiorentina, Italy
| | - Philippe J. Sansonetti
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, INSERM U1202, Paris, France
- Collège de France, Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | - Christiane Gerke
- Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Siena, Via Fiorentina, Italy
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Prasanphanich NS, Song X, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Luyai AE, Lasanajak Y, Cutler CE, Smith DF, Cummings RD. Intact reducing glycan promotes the specific immune response to lacto-N-neotetraose-BSA neoglycoconjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:559-71. [PMID: 25671348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian immune system responds to eukaryotic glycan antigens during infections, cancer, and autoimmune disorders, but the immunological bases for such responses are unclear. Conjugate vaccines containing bacterial polysaccharides linked to carrier proteins (neoglycoconjugates) have proven successful, but these often contain repeating epitopes and the reducing end of the glycan is less important, unlike typical glycan determinants in eukaryotes, which are shorter in length and may include the reducing end. Here, we have compared the effects of two linkage methods, one that opens the ring at the reducing end of the glycan, and one that leaves the reducing end closed, on the glycan specificity of the vaccine response in rabbits and mice. We immunized rabbits and mice with bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugates of synthetic open- and closed-ring forms (OR versus CR) of a simple tetrasaccharide lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT, Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glc), and tested reactivity to the immunogens and several related glycans in both OR and CR versions on glycan microarrays. We found that in rabbits the immune response to the CR conjugate was directed toward the glycan, whereas the OR conjugate elicited antibodies to the reducing end of the glycan and linker region but not specifically to the glycan itself. Unexpectedly, mice did not generate a glycan-specific response to the CR conjugate. Our findings indicate that the reducing end of the sugar is crucial for generation of a glycan-specific response to some eukaryotic vaccine epitopes, and that there are species-specific differences in the ability to make a glycan-specific response to some glycoconjugates. These findings warrant further investigation with regard to rational design of glycoconjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina S Prasanphanich
- The Glycomics Center and Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Suite 4001, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Xuezheng Song
- The Glycomics Center and Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Suite 4001, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- The Glycomics Center and Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Suite 4001, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Anthony E Luyai
- The Glycomics Center and Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Suite 4001, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- The Glycomics Center and Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Suite 4001, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Christopher E Cutler
- The Glycomics Center and Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Suite 4001, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - David F Smith
- The Glycomics Center and Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Suite 4001, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Richard D Cummings
- The Glycomics Center and Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Suite 4001, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Anish C, Schumann B, Pereira CL, Seeberger PH. Chemical biology approaches to designing defined carbohydrate vaccines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:38-50. [PMID: 24439205 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate antigens have shown promise as important targets for developing effective vaccines and pathogen detection strategies. Modifying purified microbial glycans through synthetic routes or completely synthesizing antigenic motifs are attractive options to advance carbohydrate vaccine development. However, limited knowledge on structure-property correlates hampers the discovery of immunoprotective carbohydrate epitopes. Recent advancements in tools for glycan modification, high-throughput screening of biological samples, and 3D structural analysis may facilitate antigen discovery process. This review focuses on advances that accelerate carbohydrate-based vaccine development and various technologies that are driving these efforts. Herein we provide a critical overview of approaches and resources available for rational design of better carbohydrate antigens. Structurally defined and fully synthetic oligosaccharides, designed based on molecular understanding of antigen-antibody interactions, offer a promising alternative for developing future carbohydrate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakkumkal Anish
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Schumann
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claney Lebev Pereira
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Design of glycoconjugate vaccines against invasive African Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Infect Immun 2014; 83:996-1007. [PMID: 25547792 DOI: 10.1128/iai.03079-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal salmonellae, particularly Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, are a major cause of invasive disease in Africa, affecting mainly young children and HIV-infected individuals. Glycoconjugate vaccines provide a safe and reliable strategy against invasive polysaccharide-encapsulated pathogens, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a target of protective immune responses. With the aim of designing an effective vaccine against S. Typhimurium, we have synthesized different glycoconjugates, by linking O-antigen and core sugars (OAg) of LPS to the nontoxic mutant of diphtheria toxin (CRM(197)). The OAg-CRM(197) conjugates varied in (i) OAg source, with three S. Typhimurium strains used for OAg extraction, producing OAg with differences in structural specificities, (ii) OAg chain length, and (iii) OAg/CRM(197) ratio. All glycoconjugates were compared for immunogenicity and ability to induce serum bactericidal activity in mice. In vivo enhancement of bacterial clearance was assessed for a selected S. Typhimurium glycoconjugate by challenge with live Salmonella. We found that the largest anti-OAg antibody responses were elicited by (i) vaccines synthesized from OAg with the highest glucosylation levels, (ii) OAg composed of mixed- or medium-molecular-weight populations, and (iii) a lower OAg/CRM(197) ratio. In addition, we found that bactericidal activity can be influenced by S. Typhimurium OAg strain, most likely as a result of differences in OAg O-acetylation and glucosylation. Finally, we confirmed that mice immunized with the selected OAg-conjugate were protected against S. Typhimurium colonization of the spleen and liver. In conclusion, our findings indicate that differences in the design of OAg-based glycoconjugate vaccines against invasive African S. Typhimurium can have profound effects on immunogenicity and therefore optimal vaccine design requires careful consideration.
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Knirel YA, Wang J, Luo X, Senchenkova SN, Lan R, Shpirt AM, Du P, Shashkov AS, Zhang N, Xu J, Sun Q. Genetic and structural identification of an O-acyltransferase gene (oacC) responsible for the 3/4-O-acetylation on rhamnose III in Shigella flexneri serotype 6. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:266. [PMID: 25327486 PMCID: PMC4206707 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND O-antigen (O-polysaccharide) of the lipopolysaccharide is a highly variable cell component of the outer membrane in Shigella flexneri. It defines the serospecificity and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of shigellosis. There are two distinct O-antigen forms for the 19 serotypes of S. flexneri: one for serotypes 1-5, X, Y, 7 (and their subtypes), and the other for serotype 6. Although having different basal O-polysaccharide structures, the two forms share a common disaccharide fragment [→2)-α-l-Rhap III-(1 → 2)-α-l-Rhap II]. In serotype 6 and some non-6 serotypes, RhaIII is O-acetylated at position either 3 or 4 (3/4-O-acetylation), conferring to the hosts a novel antigenic determinant named O-factor 9. An acyltransferase gene (oacB) responsible for this modification has been identified in serotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 5a, and Y, but not in serotype 6. RESULTS Using genetic, serological, and chemical approaches, another acyltransferase gene named oacC was demonstrated to be responsible for the 3/4-O-acetylation on RhaIII in the O-antigen of S. flexneri serotype 6. Inactivation of the oacC gene resulted in the loss of the 3/4-O-acetyltion, and the cloned oacC gene restored this modification upon transformation. In accordance with the similarity in the acceptor substrate structure and high sequence homology (72% identity) between oacC and oacB, oacC has the interchangeable function with the oacB gene in mediation of the 3/4-O-acetylation. The oacC gene is located in a prophage on the chromosome and presented in all 77 serotype 6 strains tested. CONCLUSIONS Identification and functional characterization of the O-acetyltransferase encoding gene, oacC, shows that it is involved in O-antigen modification by 3/4-O-acetylation on RhaIII specific to serotype 6.
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Detection of antibodies against customized epitope: use of a coating antigen employing VEGF as fusion partner. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6659-66. [PMID: 24595426 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of many infectious, autoimmune diseases and cancers depends on the detection of specific antibodies against peptide epitope by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). However, small peptides are difficult to be coated on the plate surfaces. In this study, we selected GnRH as a model hapten to evaluate whether VEGF121 would be suitable as an irrelevant hapten-carrier to develop a universal platform for specific antibodies detection. Firstly, GnRH was fused to the C terminus of VEGF121 and the resultant fusion protein VEGF-GnRH expressed effectively as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli. Thereafter, VEGF-GnRH was easily purified to near homogeneity with a yield of about 235 mg from 2.1 L induced culture. At last, VEGF-GnRH was used to perform ELISA and western blot, and our results suggested that VEGF-GnRH was capable of detecting anti-GnRH antibodies in sera both qualitatively and quantitatively. Indeed, previous studies of our laboratory had demonstrated that other fusion proteins such as VEGF-Aβ10, VEGF-GRP, VEGF-CETPC, and VEGF-βhCGCTP37 were able to detect their corresponding antibodies specifically. Therefore, VEGF121 may be a suitable irrelevant fusion partner of important diagnostic peptide markers. Our works would shed some light on the development of a universal platform for detection of specific antibodies.
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Berti F, Adamo R. Recent mechanistic insights on glycoconjugate vaccines and future perspectives. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1653-63. [PMID: 23841819 DOI: 10.1021/cb400423g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is a key strategy for the control of various infectious diseases. Many pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and Neisseria meningitidis produce on their surfaces dense and complex glycan structures, which represent an optimal target for eliciting carbohydrate specific antibodies able to confer protection against those bacteria. Glycoconjugates represent nowadays an important class of efficacious and safe commercial vaccines. It has been known for a long time that covalent linkage of poorly immunogenic carbohydrates to protein is fundamental to provide T cell epitopes for eliciting a memory response of the immune system against the saccharide. However, while the traditional mechanism of action of glycoconjugates has considered peptides generated from the carrier protein to be responsible of T cell help recruitment, only recently evidence of the active involvement of the carbohydrate part in determining the T cell help has been shown. In addition, zwitterionic polysaccharides have been proven to activate the adaptive immune system without further conjugation to protein. Progress in this interface area between chemistry and biology, in combination with novel synthetic and biosynthetic methods for the preparation of glycoconjugates, is opening new perspectives to clarify their mechanism of action and give new insights for the design of improved carbohydrate-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Berti
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Roberto Adamo
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Pietkiewicz J, Dzierzba K, Bronowicka-Szydełko A, Staniszewska M, Bartyś A, Gamian A. PREPARATION OF BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN MONOMER FOR CONJUGATION EXPERIMENTS BY USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF CHROMATOGRAPHY MEDIA. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.673205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Pietkiewicz
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dzierzba
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Staniszewska
- b Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy , Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Bartyś
- b Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy , Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland
- b Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy , Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
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Perepelov AV, Shekht ME, Liu B, Shevelev SD, Ledov VA, Senchenkova SN, L'vov VL, Shashkov AS, Feng L, Aparin PG, Wang L, Knirel YA. Shigella flexneriO-antigens revisited: final elucidation of the O-acetylation profiles and a survey of the O-antigen structure diversity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 66:201-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.01000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pozsgay V, Kubler-Kielb J, Coxon B, Santacroce P, Robbins JB, Schneerson R. Synthetic oligosaccharides as tools to demonstrate cross-reactivity between polysaccharide antigens. J Org Chem 2012; 77:5922-41. [PMID: 22713129 PMCID: PMC3746347 DOI: 10.1021/jo300299p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O148 is a nonencapsulated enterotoxigenic (ETEC) Gram negative bacterium that can cause diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. The surface-exposed O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP) of the lipopolysaccharide of this bacterium is considered both a virulence factor and a protective antigen. It is built up of the linear tetrasaccharide repeating unit [3)-α-L-Rhap-(1→2)-α-D-Glcp-(1→3)-α-D-GlcNAcp-(1→3)-α-L-Rhap-(1→] differing from that of the O-SP of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (SD) only in that the latter contains a D-Galp residue in place of the glucose moiety of the former. The close similarity of the O-SPs of these bacteria indicated a possible cross-reactivity. To answer this question we synthesized several oligosaccharide fragments of E. coli O148 O-SP, up to a dodecasaccharide, as well as their bovine serum albumin or recombinant diphtheria toxin conjugates. Immunization of mice with these conjugates induced anti-O-SP-specific serum IgG antibody responses. The antisera reacted equally well with the LPSs of both bacteria, indicating cross-reactivity between the SD and E. coli O148 O-SPs that was further supported by Western-blot and dot-blot analyses, as well as by inhibition of binding between the antisera and the O-SPs of both bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vince Pozsgay
- Program on Developmental and Molecular Immunity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2423, USA.
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Costantino P, Rappuoli R, Berti F. The design of semi-synthetic and synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:1045-66. [PMID: 22646863 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.609554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycoconjugate vaccines are among the safest and most efficacious vaccines developed during the last 30 years. They are a potent tool for prevention of life-threatening bacterial infectious diseases like meningitis and pneumonia. The concept of hapten-carrier conjugation is now being extended to other disease areas. AREAS COVERED This is an overview of the history and current status of glycoconjugate vaccines. The authors discuss the approaches for their preparation and quality control as well as those variables which might affect their product profile. The authors also look at the potential to develop fully synthetic conjugate vaccines based on the progress of organic chemistry. Additionally, new applications of conjugate vaccines technology in the field of non-infectious diseases are discussed. Through this review, the reader will have an insight regarding the issues and complexities involved in the preparation and characterization of conjugate vaccines, the variables that might affect their immunogenicity and the potential for future applications. EXPERT OPINION The immunogenicity of weak T-independent antigens can be increased in quantity and quality by conjugation to protein carriers, which provide T-cell help. Glycoconjugate vaccines are among the safest and most efficacious vaccines developed so far. Various conjugation procedures and carrier proteins can be used. Many variables impact on the immunogenicity of conjugate vaccines and a tight control through physicochemical tests is important to ensure manufacturing and clinical consistency. New and challenging targets for conjugate vaccines are represented by cancer and other non-infectious diseases.
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Oligosaccharide conjugates of Bordetella pertussis and bronchiseptica induce bactericidal antibodies, an addition to pertussis vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:4087-92. [PMID: 21367691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100782108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory disease that is especially dangerous for infants and children. Despite mass vaccination, reported pertussis cases have increased in the United States and other parts of the world, probably because of increased awareness, improved diagnostic means, and waning vaccine-induced immunity among adolescents and adults. Licensed vaccines do not kill the organism directly; the addition of a component inducing bactericidal antibodies would improve vaccine efficacy. We investigated Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica LPS-derived core oligosaccharide (OS) protein conjugates for their immunogenicity in mice. B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica core OS were bound to aminooxylated BSA via their terminal Kdo residues. The two conjugates induced similar anti-B. pertussis LPS IgG levels in mice. B. bronchiseptica was investigated because it is easier to grow than B. pertussis. Using B. bronchiseptica genetically modified strains deficient in the O-specific polysaccharide, we isolated fractions of core OS with one to five repeats of the terminal trisaccharide, having at the nonreducing end a GlcNAc or GalNAc, and bound them to BSA at different densities. The highest antibody levels in mice were elicited by conjugates containing an average of 8-17 OS chains per protein and with one repeat of the terminal trisaccharide. Conjugate-induced antisera were bactericidal against B. pertussis, and the titers correlated with ELISA-measured antibody levels (r = 0.74). Such conjugates are easy to prepare and standardize; added to a recombinant pertussis toxoid, they may induce antibacterial and antitoxin immunity.
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Kabanova A, Margarit I, Berti F, Romano MR, Grandi G, Bensi G, Chiarot E, Proietti D, Swennen E, Cappelletti E, Fontani P, Casini D, Adamo R, Pinto V, Skibinski D, Capo S, Buffi G, Gallotta M, Christ WJ, Stewart Campbell A, Pena J, Seeberger PH, Rappuoli R, Costantino P. Evaluation of a Group A Streptococcus synthetic oligosaccharide as vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2010; 29:104-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Shigellosis update: advancing antibiotic resistance, investment empowered vaccine development, and green bananas. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2010; 23:475-80. [PMID: 20689423 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0b013e32833da204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Shigella is the principal cause of clinical dysentery and an important cause of morbidity and mortality among children in impoverished regions. The purpose of this review is to present key findings in the areas of epidemiology, disease control, and treatment of shigellosis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research activity has advanced the understanding of the epidemiology and host-pathogen interactions. Increased investment and activity in the area of vaccine development have lead to a diversification of candidates and ongoing technical advances yet continue to yield disappointing results in clinical trials in endemic populations and among the most relevant age groups (children under 2 years of age). The description of the rapid spread of quinolone resistance requires monitoring to ensure appropriate case management, particularly in south-east Asia. The evaluation of adjunctive nutritional therapy in endemic areas has supported the use of green bananas in shortening the duration of Shigella dysentery and persistent diarrhea due to Shigella, as well as improving weight gain in early convalescence. SUMMARY Despite a great level of activity in basic sciences, there continues to be a large gap in the ability to translate these findings into disease control measures or therapeutic options for individuals living in areas in which shigellosis is endemic.
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Kubler-Kielb J, Lai WT, Schneerson R, Vinogradov E. The structure of the Escherichia coli O148 lipopolysaccharide core region and its linkage to the O-specific polysaccharide. Carbohydr Res 2010; 346:150-2. [PMID: 21074753 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently it was demonstrated that Shigella dysenteriae type 1, a cause of severe dysentery epidemics, gained its O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP) from Escherichia coli O148. The O-SPs of these bacteria differ only by a galactose residue in the repeat unit of S. dysenteriae type 1 in place of a glucose residue in E. coli O148. Herein, we analyzed the core structure and its linkage to the O-SP in E. coli O148 LPS. Both were found to be identical to those of S. dysenteriae type 1 structures, further supporting the relatedness of these two bacteria. The following structure of the core with one repeat unit of the O-SP has been assigned (all have d-configuration except l-Rha):
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kubler-Kielb
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kubler-Kielb J, Vinogradov E, Mocca C, Pozsgay V, Coxon B, Robbins JB, Schneerson R. Immunochemical studies of Shigella flexneri 2a and 6, and Shigella dysenteriae type 1 O-specific polysaccharide-core fragments and their protein conjugates as vaccine candidates. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1600-8. [PMID: 20542498 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is no licensed vaccine for the prevention of shigellosis. Our approach to the development of a Shigella vaccines is based on inducing serum IgG antibodies to the O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP) domain of their lipopolysaccharides (LPS). We have shown that low molecular mass O-SP-core (O-SPC) fragments isolated from Shigella sonnei LPS conjugated to proteins induced significantly higher antibody levels in mice than the full length O-SP conjugates. This finding is now extended to the O-SPC of Shigella flexneri 2a and 6, and Shigella dysenteriae type 1. The structures of O-SPC, containing core plus 1-4 O-SP repeat units (RUs), were analyzed by NMR and mass spectroscopy. The first RUs attached to the cores of S. flexneri 2a and 6 LPS were different from the following RUs in their O-acetylation and/or glucosylation. Conjugates of core plus more than 1 RU were necessary to induce LPS antibodies in mice. The resulting antibody levels were comparable to those induced by the full length O-SP conjugates. In S. dysenteriae type 1, the first RU was identical to the following RUs, with the exception that the GlcNAc was bound to the core in the beta-configuration, while in all other RUs the GlcNAc was present in the alpha-configuration. In spite of this difference, conjugates of S. dysenteriae type 1 core with 1, 2, or 3 RUs induced LPS antibodies in mice with levels statistically higher than those of the full size O-SP conjugates. O-SPC conjugates are easy to prepare, characterize, and standardize, and their clinical evaluation is planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kubler-Kielb
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Kaminski RW, Oaks EV. Inactivated and subunit vaccines to prevent shigellosis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 8:1693-704. [PMID: 19943764 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Shigellosis remains a formidable disease globally, with children of the developing world bearing the greatest number of infections. The need for an affordable, safe and efficacious vaccine has persisted for decades. Vaccines to prevent shigellosis can be divided into living and nonliving approaches. Several nonliving Shigella vaccines are currently at different stages of development and show substantial promise. Outlined here is an overview of multiple nonliving vaccine technologies, highlighting their current status and recent advances in testing. In addition, gaps in the knowledge base regarding immune mechanisms of protection are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Kaminski
- Division of Bacterial and Rickettsial Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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Lepenies B, Seeberger PH. The promise of glycomics, glycan arrays and carbohydrate-based vaccines. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 32:196-207. [DOI: 10.3109/08923970903292663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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