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Fussing F, Christensson J, Wörtwein G. Expression of erythropoietin receptor protein in the mouse hippocampus in response to normobaric hypoxia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25051. [PMID: 38322970 PMCID: PMC10844123 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Over the past decades, accumulating research on erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor (EPOR) has revealed various neuroprotective actions and upregulation in hypoxic conditions. To our knowledge, EPOR protein levels in the hippocampus and isocortex have never been measured. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure EPOR protein in the hippocampus (HPC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Further objectives were to examine the effects of exposure to normobaric hypoxia of various degrees and durations on EPOR protein and to explore how long-lasting these effects were. Method Adult C57BL/6 mice were randomized into a control group (N = 12) or various hypoxia groups (N = 5-11). Mice were exposed to three different O2 concentrations (10 %, 12 %, or 18 %) for 8 h a day for 5 days and sacrificed immediately after the last exposure. The effect of exposure to 12 % O2 for 1 day and 4 weeks (8 h per day) at this survival time was also examined. Additionally, groups of mice were exposed to 12 % O2 for 1 or 5 days (8 h per day) and euthanized at various times (up to 3 weeks) thereafter to examine the duration of EPOR protein regulation in the HPC and the PFC. EPOR protein was detected with a sandwich-ELISA method. Results EPOR protein was present in the HPC and PFC, at 206.64 ± 43.98 pg/mg and 184.25 ± 48.21 pg/mg, respectively. The highest increase in EPOR protein was observed in the HPC after 5 days of 8 h exposure to 12 % O2 and was most pronounced 24 h after last exposure. The effect of hypoxia normalized within one week after the last exposure. Conclusion This study successfully measured hippocampal EPOR protein and showed a significant association between normobaric hypoxia and acute EPOR elevation. It is our hope that this study can provide guidance to future research on the neuroprotective effects of EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Fussing
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Copenhagen and University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J. Christensson
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Copenhagen and University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G. Wörtwein
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Copenhagen and University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1014, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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He D, Chen J, Du X, Xu L. Summary of drug therapy to treat cognitive impairment-induced obstructive sleep apnea. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1222626. [PMID: 37731463 PMCID: PMC10507626 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1222626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a severe sleep disorder associated with intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation. Cognitive impairment is a signifi- cant and common OSA complication often described in such patients. The most commonly utilized methods in clinical OSA treatment are oral appliances and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). However, the current therapeutic methods for improving cognitive function could not achieve the expected efficacy in same patients. Therefore, further understanding the molecular mechanism behind cognitive dysfunction in OSA disease will provide new treatment methods and targets. This review briefly summarized the clinical manifestations of cognitive impairment in OSA disease. Moreover, the pathophysiological molecular mechanism of OSA was outlined. Our study concluded that both SF and IH could induce cognitive impairment by multiple signaling pathways, such as oxidative stress activation, inflammation, and apoptosis. However, there is a lack of effective drug therapy for cognitive impairment in OSA. Finally, the therapeutic potential of some novel compounds and herbal medicine was evaluated on attenuating cognitive impairment based on certain preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqiang He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoxue Du
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Translational Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linhao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Translational Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Knorr DY, Rodriguez Polo I, Pies HS, Schwedhelm-Domeyer N, Pauls S, Behr R, Heinrich R. The cytokine receptor CRLF3 is a human neuroprotective EV-3 (Epo) receptor. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1154509. [PMID: 37168680 PMCID: PMC10165946 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1154509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary conserved orphan cytokine receptor-like factor 3 (CRLF3) has been implicated in human disease, vertebrate hematopoiesis and insect neuroprotection. While its specific functions are elusive, experimental evidence points toward a general role in cell homeostasis. Erythropoietin (Epo) is a major regulator of vertebrate hematopoiesis and a general cytoprotective cytokine. Erythropoietic functions mediated by classical Epo receptor are understood in great detail whereas Epo-mediated cytoprotective mechanisms are more complex due to involvement of additional Epo receptors and a non-erythropoietic splice variant with selectivity for certain receptors. In the present study, we show that the human CRLF3 mediates neuroprotection upon activation with the natural Epo splice variant EV-3. We generated CRLF3 knock-out iPSC lines and differentiated them toward the neuronal lineage. While apoptotic death of rotenone-challenged wild type iPSC-derived neurons was prevented by EV-3, EV-3-mediated neuroprotection was absent in CRLF3 knock-out neurons. Rotenone-induced apoptosis and EV-3-mediated neuroprotection were associated with differential expression of pro-and anti-apoptotic genes. Our data characterize human CRLF3 as a receptor involved in Epo-mediated neuroprotection and identify CRLF3 as the first known receptor for EV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbra Y. Knorr
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Debbra Y. Knorr,
| | - Ignacio Rodriguez Polo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Developmental Models Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hanna S. Pies
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicola Schwedhelm-Domeyer
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Pauls
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Research Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Heinrich
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Ralf Heinrich,
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4
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Siwicka-Gieroba D, Robba C, Gołacki J, Badenes R, Dabrowski W. Cerebral Oxygen Delivery and Consumption in Brain-Injured Patients. J Pers Med 2022; 12:1763. [PMID: 36573716 PMCID: PMC9698645 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Organism survival depends on oxygen delivery and utilization to maintain the balance of energy and toxic oxidants production. This regulation is crucial to the brain, especially after acute injuries. Secondary insults after brain damage may include impaired cerebral metabolism, ischemia, intracranial hypertension and oxygen concentration disturbances such as hypoxia or hyperoxia. Recent data highlight the important role of clinical protocols in improving oxygen delivery and resulting in lower mortality in brain-injured patients. Clinical protocols guide the rules for oxygen supplementation based on physiological processes such as elevation of oxygen supply (by mean arterial pressure (MAP) and intracranial pressure (ICP) modulation, cerebral vasoreactivity, oxygen capacity) and reduction of oxygen demand (by pharmacological sedation and coma or hypothermia). The aim of this review is to discuss oxygen metabolism in the brain under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Siwicka-Gieroba
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University in Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Chiara Robba
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Jakub Gołacki
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University in Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafael Badenes
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical-Trauma Intensive Care, Hospital Clinic Universitari, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Wojciech Dabrowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University in Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
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Respiratory dysfunction in two rodent models of chronic epilepsy and acute seizures and its link with the brainstem serotonin system. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10248. [PMID: 35715469 PMCID: PMC9205882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14153-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with drug-resistant epilepsy can experience respiratory alterations, notably during seizures. The mechanisms underlying long-term alterations in respiratory function remain unclear. As the brainstem 5-HT system is a prominent modulator of respiratory function, this study aimed at determining whether epilepsy is associated with alterations in both the respiratory function and brainstem serotonin (5-HT) system in rats. Epilepsy was triggered by pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats. Our results showed that 30–50% of epileptic (EPI) rats exhibited a sharp decrease in oxygen consumption (SDOC), low metabolic rate of oxygen, and slow regular ventilation (EPI/SDOC + rats). These alterations were detected only in rats with chronic epilepsy, independent of behavioral seizures, were persistent over time, and not associated with death. In these rats, 5-HT fiber density in the nucleus tractus solitarius was lower than that in the control and EPI/SDOC− rats. Both EPI/SDOC + rats and DBA/2 mice that present with audiogenic-induced seizure followed by fatal respiratory arrest—a model of sudden and expected death in epilepsy—had increased transcript levels of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 and 5-HT presynaptic transporter. Thus, our data support that 5-HT alterations are associated with chronic and acute epilepsy-related respiratory dysfunction.
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Maccioni P, Bratzu J, Lobina C, Acciaro C, Corrias G, Capra A, Carai MAM, Agabio R, Muntoni AL, Gessa GL, Colombo G. Exposure to an enriched environment reduces alcohol self-administration in Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats. Physiol Behav 2022; 249:113771. [PMID: 35247441 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Living in an enriched environment (EE) produces a notable impact on several rodent behaviors, including those motivated by drugs of abuse. This picture is somewhat less clear when referring to alcohol-motivated behaviors. With the intent of contributing to this research field with data from one of the few rat lines selectively bred for excessive alcohol consumption, the present study investigated the effect of EE on operant oral alcohol self-administration in Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats. Starting from Postnatal Day (PND) 21, male sP rats were kept under 3 different housing conditions: impoverished environment (IE; single housing in shoebox-like cages with no environmental enrichment); standard environment (SE; small colony cages with 3 rats and no environmental enrichment); EE (large colony cages with 6 rats and multiple elements of environmental enrichment, including 2 floors, ladders, maze, running wheels, and shelter). From PND 60, rats were exposed to different phases of shaping and training of alcohol self-administration. IE, SE, and EE rats were then compared under (i) fixed ratio (FR) 4 (FR4) schedule of alcohol reinforcement for 20 daily sessions and (ii) progressive ratio (PR) schedule of alcohol reinforcement in a final single session. Acquisition of the lever-responding task (shaping) was slower in EE than IE and SE rats, as the likely consequence of a "devaluation" of the novel stimuli provided by the operant chamber in comparison to those to which EE rats were continuously exposed in their homecage or an alteration, induced by EE, of the rat "emotionality" state when facing the novel environment represented by the operant chamber. Training of alcohol self-administration was slower in EE than IE rats, with SE rats displaying intermediate values. A similar ranking order (IE>SE>EE) was also observed in number of lever-responses for alcohol, amount of self-administered alcohol, and breakpoint for alcohol under FR4 and PR schedules of reinforcement. These data suggest that living in a complex environment reduced the reinforcing and motivational properties of alcohol in sP rats. These results are interpreted in terms of the reinforcing and motivational properties of the main components of EE (i.e., social interactions, physical activities, exploration, novelty) substituting, at least partially, for those of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Maccioni
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Jessica Bratzu
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Carla Lobina
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Carla Acciaro
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Gianluigi Corrias
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Alessandro Capra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Mauro A M Carai
- Cagliari Pharmacological Research, I-09127 Cagliari (CA), Italy
| | - Roberta Agabio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Muntoni
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gessa
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Giancarlo Colombo
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy.
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7
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Ma Y, Zhou Z, Yang GY, Ding J, Wang X. The Effect of Erythropoietin and Its Derivatives on Ischemic Stroke Therapy: A Comprehensive Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:743926. [PMID: 35250554 PMCID: PMC8892214 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.743926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies explored the therapeutic effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on neurodegenerative diseases. Few studies provided comprehensive and latest knowledge of EPO treatment for ischemic stroke. In the present review, we introduced the structure, expression, function of EPO, and its receptors in the central nervous system. Furthermore, we comprehensively discussed EPO treatment in pre-clinical studies, clinical trials, and its therapeutic mechanisms including suppressing inflammation. Finally, advanced studies of the therapy of EPO derivatives in ischemic stroke were also discussed. We wish to provide valuable information on EPO and EPO derivatives’ treatment for ischemic stroke for basic researchers and clinicians to accelerate the process of their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Guo-Yuan Yang, ; Jing Ding,
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Guo-Yuan Yang, ; Jing Ding,
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Chen Y, Liu Q, Liu J, Wei P, Li B, Wang N, Liu Z, Wang Z. Revealing the Modular Similarities and Differences Among Alzheimer's Disease, Vascular Dementia, and Parkinson's Disease in Genomic Networks. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 24:125-138. [PMID: 34117614 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) exert increasingly lethal or disabling effects on humans, but the associations among these diseases at the molecular level remain unclear. In our research, lists of genes related to these three diseases were acquired from public databases. We constructed gene-gene networks of the lists of disease-related genes using the STRING database and selected the plug-in MCODE as the most suitable method to divide the three disease-associated networks into modules through an entropy calculation. Notably, 1173 AD-related, 203 VD-related, and 722 PD-related genes as well as 72 overlapping genes were observed among the three diseases. By dividing the modules from the gene network, we divided the AD-related gene network into 27 modules, the VD-related gene network into 8 modules, and the PD-related gene network into 17 modules. After the enrichment analysis of each disease-related gene, 146 overlapping biological processes and 32 overlapping pathways were identified. Ultimately, through similarity analysis of the genes, biological processes, and pathways, we found that AD and VD were the most closely related at the biological process and pathway levels, with similarity coefficients of 0.2784 and 0.3626, respectively. After analyzing the overlapping gene network, we found that INS might play an important role in the network and that insulin and its signaling pathways may play a key role in these neurodegenerative diseases. Our research illustrates a new method for in-depth research on the three diseases, which may accelerate the progress of developing new therapeutics and may be applied to prevent neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Penglu Wei
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nongyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenquan Liu
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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9
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Knorr DY, Hartung D, Schneider K, Hintz L, Pies HS, Heinrich R. Locust Hemolymph Conveys Erythropoietin-Like Cytoprotection via Activation of the Cytokine Receptor CRLF3. Front Physiol 2021; 12:648245. [PMID: 33897456 PMCID: PMC8063046 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.648245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine receptor-like factor 3 (CRLF3) is an evolutionary conserved class 1 cytokine receptor present in all major eumetazoan groups. Endogenous CRLF3 ligands have not been identified and the physiological responses mediated by mammalian CRLF3 are poorly characterized. Insect CRLF3 is activated by erythropoietin (Epo) and several related molecules that protect mammalian neurons from stress-induced apoptosis. However, insects neither express Epo nor “classical” Epo receptor. Cell-protective effects of insect hemolymph have been described for several species. In this study, we explored the possibility that the endogenous CRLF3 ligand is contained in locust hemolymph. PCR analyses confirmed expression of crfl3-transcripts in neurons and hemocytes of Locusta migratoria and Tribolium castaneum. Survival of locust hemocytes in primary cultures was significantly increased by supplementation of culture medium with locust hemolymph serum. Locust primary neuron cultures were also protected by locust hemolymph, though preceding exposure to fetal bovine serum changed the hemolymph dose-dependency of neuroprotection. Direct comparison of 10% hemolymph serum with recombinant human Epo in its optimal neuroprotective concentration revealed equivalent anti-apoptotic effects on hypoxia-exposed locust neurons. The same concentration of locust hemolymph serum also protected hypoxia-exposed T. castaneum neurons. This indicates that the neuroprotective factor in locust hemolymph is sufficiently conserved in insects to allow activation of neuroprotective receptors in different species. Locust hemolymph-induced neuroprotection in both L. migratoria and T. castaneum was abolished after RNAi-mediated suppression of crlf3-expression. In summary, we report the presence of a conserved endogenous cytokine in locust hemolymph that activates CRLF3 and connected anti-apoptotic processes in hemocytes and neurons. Identification and characterization of the CRLF3 ligand will promote knowledge about cytokine evolution and may unravel cell-protective agents with potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbra Y Knorr
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Denise Hartung
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kristin Schneider
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luzia Hintz
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hanna S Pies
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Heinrich
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Insights into Potential Targets for Therapeutic Intervention in Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228573. [PMID: 33202963 PMCID: PMC7697405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic brain disease that affects approximately 65 million people worldwide. However, despite the continuous development of antiepileptic drugs, over 30% patients with epilepsy progress to drug-resistant epilepsy. For this reason, it is a high priority objective in preclinical research to find novel therapeutic targets and to develop effective drugs that prevent or reverse the molecular mechanisms underlying epilepsy progression. Among these potential therapeutic targets, we highlight currently available information involving signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and zinc signaling), enzymes (carbonic anhydrase), proteins (erythropoietin, copine 6 and complement system), channels (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 (TRPV1) channel) and receptors (galanin and melatonin receptors). All of them have demonstrated a certain degree of efficacy not only in controlling seizures but also in displaying neuroprotective activity and in modifying the progression of epilepsy. Although some research with these specific targets has been done in relation with epilepsy, they have not been fully explored as potential therapeutic targets that could help address the unsolved issue of drug-resistant epilepsy and develop new antiseizure therapies for the treatment of epilepsy.
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11
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Constanthin PE, Contestabile A, Petrenko V, Quairiaux C, Salmon P, Hüppi PS, Kiss JZ. Endogenous erythropoietin signaling regulates migration and laminar positioning of upper-layer neurons in the developing neocortex. Development 2020; 147:dev190249. [PMID: 32764029 PMCID: PMC7561482 DOI: 10.1242/dev.190249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO), the hypoxia-inducible hematopoietic hormone, has well-established neuroprotective/neurotrophic roles in the developing central nervous system and the therapeutic potential of EPO has been widely explored in clinical studies for the treatment of perinatal hypoxic brain lesion, as well as prematurity. Here, we reveal that both EPO and Epo receptor (EPOR) are expressed in the developing rat somatosensory cortex during radial migration and laminar positioning of granular and supragranular neurons. Experimental deregulation of EPO signaling using genetic approaches results in aberrant migration, as well as permanent neuronal misplacement leading to abnormal network activity and protracted sensory behavioral deficits. We identify ERK as the downstream effector of the EPO signaling pathway for neuronal migration. These findings reveal a crucial role for endogenous EPO signaling in neuronal migration, and offer important insights for understanding how the temporary deregulation of EPO could result in migration defects that lead to abnormal behavior in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Constanthin
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Contestabile
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Volodymyr Petrenko
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism; Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charles Quairiaux
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Salmon
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Petra S Hüppi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jozsef Z Kiss
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
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Rey F, Balsari A, Giallongo T, Ottolenghi S, Di Giulio AM, Samaja M, Carelli S. Erythropoietin as a Neuroprotective Molecule: An Overview of Its Therapeutic Potential in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ASN Neuro 2020; 11:1759091419871420. [PMID: 31450955 PMCID: PMC6712762 DOI: 10.1177/1759091419871420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a cytokine mainly induced in hypoxia conditions. Its major production site is the kidney. EPO primarily acts on the erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. More and more studies are highlighting its secondary functions, with a crucial focus on its role in the central nervous system. Here, EPO may interact with up to four distinct isoforms of its receptor (erythropoietin receptor [EPOR]), activating different signaling cascades with roles in neuroprotection and neurogenesis. Indeed, the EPO/EPOR axis has been widely studied in the neurodegenerative diseases field. Its potential therapeutic effects have been evaluated in multiple disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal cord injury, as well as brain ischemia, hypoxia, and hyperoxia. EPO is showing great promise by counteracting secondary neuroinflammatory processes, reactive oxygen species imbalance, and cell death in these diseases. Multiple studies have been performed both in vitro and in vivo, characterizing the mechanisms through which EPO exerts its neurotrophic action. In some cases, clinical trials involving EPO have been performed, highlighting its therapeutic potential. Together, all these works indicate the potential beneficial effects of EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rey
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Balsari
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Toniella Giallongo
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Ottolenghi
- 2 Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Anna M Di Giulio
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.,3 Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Samaja
- 2 Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Stephana Carelli
- 1 Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.,3 Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Italy
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13
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Santoso D, Yolanda S, Redjeki S, Andraini T, Ivanali K. Continuous environmental enrichment and aerobic exercise improves spatial memory: focus on rat hippocampal BDNF and NGF. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/cep190036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Memory is an important cognitive function in humans. Exercise and environmental enrichment (EE) exposure have positive effects on memory function via improved neurogenesis through expression of growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF). Exercise and environmental enrichment have independently been shown to increase BDNF and NGF, but the effect of the combination of these treatments has not been widely studied. This experimental study aims to analyse the effect of aerobic exercise, EE exposure, and combination of aerobic exercise and EE exposure on memory function. This study used twenty 7-month old male Wistar rats that were given treatment for 8 weeks. Memory function was tested using forced alternation Y-maze. Hippocampal expression of BDNF and NGF were also assessed. The results showed the combination group has highest performance in memory function test and also the highest level of hippocampal BDNF and NGF (P<0.05). It can be concluded that the combination of aerobic exercise and continuous EE exposure produces the best results for memory function through higher levels of hippocampal BDNF and NGF in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.I.I. Santoso
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jalan Salemba Raya no. 6, 10430 Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - S. Yolanda
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jalan Salemba Raya no. 6, 10430 Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - S. Redjeki
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jalan Salemba Raya no. 6, 10430 Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - T. Andraini
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jalan Salemba Raya no. 6, 10430 Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - K. Ivanali
- Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jalan Salemba Raya no. 6, 10430 Jakarta, Indonesia
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14
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Dmytriyeva O, Belmeguenai A, Bezin L, Soud K, Drucker Woldbye DP, Gøtzsche CR, Pankratova S. Short erythropoietin-derived peptide enhances memory, improves long-term potentiation, and counteracts amyloid beta–induced pathology. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 81:88-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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She J, Wu Y, Lou B, Lodd E, Klems A, Schmoehl F, Yuan Z, Noble FL, Kroll J. Genetic compensation by epob in pronephros development in epoa mutant zebrafish. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:2683-2696. [PMID: 31451030 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1656019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish erythropoietin a (epoa) is a well characterized regulator of red blood cell formation. Recent morpholino mediated knockdown data have also identified epoa being essential for physiological pronephros development in zebrafish, which is driven by blocking apoptosis in developing kidneys. Yet, zebrafish mutants for epoa have not been described so far. In order to compare a transient knockdown vs. permanent knockout for epoa in zebrafish on pronephros development, we used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate epoa knockout zebrafish mutants and we performed structural and functional studies on pronephros development. In contrast to epoa morphants, epoa-/- zebrafish mutants showed normal pronephros structure; however, a previously uncharacterized gene in zebrafish, named epob, was identified and upregulated in epoa-/- mutants. epob knockdown altered pronephros development, which was further aggravated in epoa-/- mutants. Likewise, epoa and epob morphants regulated similar and differential gene signatures related to kidney development in zebrafish. In conclusion, stable loss of epoa during embryonic development can be compensated by epob leading to phenotypical discrepancies in epoa knockdown and knockout zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing She
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China.,Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Lou
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China.,Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Elisabeth Lodd
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Alina Klems
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology (ZOO) & Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Felix Schmoehl
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Zuyi Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Ferdinand Le Noble
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology (ZOO) & Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Jens Kroll
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
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16
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Sirtuin 1 Regulates Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Provides an Endogenous Neuroprotective Mechanism Against Seizure-Induced Neuronal Cell Death in the Hippocampus Following Status Epilepticus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143588. [PMID: 31340436 PMCID: PMC6678762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus may decrease mitochondrial biogenesis, resulting in neuronal cell death occurring in the hippocampus. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) functionally interacts with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), which play a crucial role in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. In Sprague-Dawley rats, kainic acid was microinjected unilaterally into the hippocampal CA3 subfield to induce bilateral seizure activity. SIRT1, PGC-1α, and other key proteins involving mitochondrial biogenesis and the amount of mitochondrial DNA were investigated. SIRT1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide was used to evaluate the relationship between SIRT1 and mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as the mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and neuronal cell survival. Increased SIRT1, PGC-1α, and mitochondrial biogenesis machinery were found in the hippocampus following experimental status epilepticus. Downregulation of SIRT1 decreased PGC-1α expression and mitochondrial biogenesis machinery, increased Complex I dysfunction, augmented the level of oxidized proteins, raised activated caspase-3 expression, and promoted neuronal cell damage in the hippocampus. The results suggest that the SIRT1 signaling pathway may play a pivotal role in mitochondrial biogenesis, and could be considered an endogenous neuroprotective mechanism counteracting seizure-induced neuronal cell damage following status epilepticus.
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Panahi Y, Mojtahedzadeh M, Najafi A, Rajaee SM, Torkaman M, Sahebkar A. Neuroprotective Agents in the Intensive Care Unit: -Neuroprotective Agents in ICU. J Pharmacopuncture 2018; 21:226-240. [PMID: 30652049 PMCID: PMC6333194 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2018.21.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotection or prevention of neuronal loss is a complicated molecular process that is mediated by various cellular pathways. Use of different pharmacological agents as neuroprotectants has been reported especially in the last decades. These neuroprotective agents act through inhibition of inflammatory processes and apoptosis, attenuation of oxidative stress and reduction of free radicals. Control of this injurious molecular process is essential to the reduction of neuronal injuries and is associated with improved functional outcomes and recovery of the patients admitted to the intensive care unit. This study reviews neuroprotective agents and their mechanisms of action against central nervous system damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunes Panahi
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
- Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mojtahedzadeh
- Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Atabak Najafi
- Gastrointestinal Pharmacology Interest Group(GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network(USERN), Tehran,
Iran
| | - Seyyed Mahdi Rajaee
- Gastrointestinal Pharmacology Interest Group(GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network(USERN), Tehran,
Iran
| | - Mohammad Torkaman
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad,
Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad,
Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad,
Iran
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18
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Chang R, Al Maghribi A, Vanderpoel V, Vasilevko V, Cribbs DH, Boado R, Pardridge WM, Sumbria RK. Brain Penetrating Bifunctional Erythropoietin-Transferrin Receptor Antibody Fusion Protein for Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4963-4973. [PMID: 30252487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO), a glycoprotein cytokine essential to hematopoiesis, has neuroprotective effects in rodent models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, high therapeutic doses or invasive routes of administration of EPO are required to achieve effective brain concentrations due to low blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrability, and high EPO doses result in hematopoietic side effects. These obstacles can be overcome by engineering a BBB-penetrable analog of EPO, which is rapidly cleared from the blood, by fusing EPO to a chimeric monoclonal antibody targeting the transferrin receptor (cTfRMAb), which acts as a molecular Trojan horse to ferry the EPO into the brain via the transvascular route. In the current study, we investigated the effects of the BBB-penetrable analog of EPO on AD pathology in a double transgenic mouse model of AD. Five and a half month old male APPswe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice were treated with saline ( n = 10) or the BBB-penetrable EPO ( n = 10) 3 days/week intraperitoneally for 8 weeks, compared to same-aged C57BL/6J wild-type mice treated with saline ( n = 8) with identical regiment. At 9 weeks following treatment initiation, exploration and spatial memory were assessed with the open-field and Y-maze test, mice were sacrificed, and brains were evaluated for Aβ peptide load, synaptic loss, BBB disruption, microglial activation, and microhemorrhages. APP/PS1 mice treated with the BBB-penetrable cTfRMAb-EPO fusion protein had significantly lower cortical and hippocampal Aβ peptide number ( p < 0.05) and immune-positive area ( p < 0.05), a decrease in hippocampal synaptic loss ( p < 0.05) and cortical microglial activation ( p < 0.001), and improved spatial memory ( p < 0.05) compared with APP/PS1 saline controls. BBB-penetrating EPO was not associated with microhemorrhage development. The cTfRMAb-EPO fusion protein offers therapeutic benefits by targeting multiple targets of AD pathogenesis and progression (Aβ load, synaptic loss, microglial activation) and improving spatial memory in the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Chang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Keck Graduate Institute , Claremont , California 91711 , United States
| | - Abrar Al Maghribi
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences , Keck Graduate Institute , Claremont , California 91711 , United States
| | - Victoria Vanderpoel
- Department of Neuroscience , Pomona College , Claremont , California 91711 , United States
| | - Vitaly Vasilevko
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - David H Cribbs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Ruben Boado
- ArmaGen, Inc. , Calabasas , California 91302 , United States
| | | | - Rachita K Sumbria
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Keck Graduate Institute , Claremont , California 91711 , United States.,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders , University of California , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
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19
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Agrawal M, Saraf S, Saraf S, Antimisiaris SG, Chougule MB, Shoyele SA, Alexander A. Nose-to-brain drug delivery: An update on clinical challenges and progress towards approval of anti-Alzheimer drugs. J Control Release 2018; 281:139-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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20
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Hong HN, Shim JH, Won YJ, Yoo JY, Hwang CH. Therapeutic time window for the effects of erythropoietin on astrogliosis and neurite outgrowth in an in vitro model of spinal cord injury. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e9913. [PMID: 29489692 PMCID: PMC5851719 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms and the therapeutic time window for preventing astrogliosis with erythropoietin (EPO) treatment after in vitro modeled spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Cultured rat spinal cord astrocytes were treated with kainate and scratching to generate an in vitro model of SCI. EPO (100U/mL or 300U/mL) was added immediately or 2, 4, or 8 hours after injury. Some cultures were also treated with AG490, an inhibitor of the EPO-EPO receptor (EpoR) pathway mediator Janus kinase 2 (JAK2). To evaluate neurite extension, rat embryonic spinal cord neurons were seeded onto astrocyte cultures and treated with EPO immediately after injury in the presence or absence of anti-EpoR antibody. RESULTS EPO treatment at up to 8 hours after injury reduced the expression of axonal growth inhibiting molecules (glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan), cytoskeletal regulatory proteins (Rho-associated protein kinase and ephephrin A4), and proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta, and phosphorylated-Smad3) in a dosedependent manner (P < .001). Most effects peaked with EPO treatment 2-4hours after injury. Additionally, EPO treatment up to 4 hours after injury promoted expression of the EpoR (>2-fold) and JAK2 (>3-fold) in a dose-dependent manner (P < .001), whereas co-treatment with AG490 precluded these effects (P < .001). EPO treatment up to 4hours after injury also enhanced axonal b-III tubulin-immunoreactivity (>12-fold), and this effect was precluded by co-treatment with an anti-EpoR antibody (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS EPO treatment within 8 hours after injury reduced astrogliosis, and EPO treatment within 4 hours promoted neurite outgrowth. EPO therapy immediately after spinal cord injury may regulate glia to generate an environment permissive of axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jong Yoon Yoo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center
| | - Chang Ho Hwang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
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21
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Ostrowski D, Heinrich R. Alternative Erythropoietin Receptors in the Nervous System. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E24. [PMID: 29393890 PMCID: PMC5852440 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its regulatory function in the formation of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) in vertebrates, Erythropoietin (Epo) contributes to beneficial functions in a variety of non-hematopoietic tissues including the nervous system. Epo protects cells from apoptosis, reduces inflammatory responses and supports re-establishment of compromised functions by stimulating proliferation, migration and differentiation to compensate for lost or injured cells. Similar neuroprotective and regenerative functions of Epo have been described in the nervous systems of both vertebrates and invertebrates, indicating that tissue-protective Epo-like signaling has evolved prior to its erythropoietic function in the vertebrate lineage. Epo mediates its erythropoietic function through a homodimeric Epo receptor (EpoR) that is also widely expressed in the nervous system. However, identification of neuroprotective but non-erythropoietic Epo splice variants and Epo derivatives indicated the existence of other types of Epo receptors. In this review, we summarize evidence for potential Epo receptors that might mediate Epo's tissue-protective function in non-hematopoietic tissue, with focus on the nervous system. In particular, besides EpoR, we discuss three other potential neuroprotective Epo receptors: (1) a heteroreceptor consisting of EpoR and common beta receptor (βcR), (2) the Ephrin (Eph) B4 receptor and (3) the human orphan cytokine receptor-like factor 3 (CRLF3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ostrowski
- Department of Biology, Truman State University, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA.
| | - Ralf Heinrich
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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22
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Merelli A, Rodríguez JCG, Folch J, Regueiro MR, Camins A, Lazarowski A. Understanding the Role of Hypoxia Inducible Factor During Neurodegeneration for New Therapeutics Opportunities. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1484-1498. [PMID: 29318974 PMCID: PMC6295932 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180110130253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration (NDG) is linked with the progressive loss of neural function with intellectual and/or motor impairment. Several diseases affecting older individuals, including Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, Multiple Sclerosis and many others, are the most relevant disorders associated with NDG. Since other pathologies such as refractory epilepsy, brain infections, or hereditary diseases such as "neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation", also lead to chronic brain inflammation with loss of neural cells, NDG can be said to affect all ages. Owing to an energy and/or oxygen supply imbalance, different signaling mechanisms including MAPK/PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, glutamatergic synapse formation, and/or translocation of phosphatidylserine, might activate some central executing mechanism common to all these pathologies and also related to oxidative stress. Hypoxia inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) plays a twofold role through gene activation, in the sense that this factor has to "choose" whether to protect or to kill the affected cells. Most of the afore-mentioned processes follow a protracted course and are accompanied by progressive iron accumulation in the brain. We hypothesize that the neuroprotective effects of iron chelators are acting against the generation of free radicals derived from iron, and also induce sufficient -but not excessive- activation of HIF-1α, so that only the hypoxia-rescue genes will be activated. In this regard, the expression of the erythropoietin receptor in hypoxic/inflammatory neurons could be the cellular "sign" to act upon by the nasal administration of pharmacological doses of Neuro-EPO, inducing not only neuroprotection, but eventually, neurorepair as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Lazarowski
- Address correspondence to this author at the Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires-Argentina, Junín 954, Buenos Aires-Argentina; Tel: +54-11-5950-8674;, E-mail:
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23
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She J, Yuan Z, Wu Y, Chen J, Kroll J. Targeting erythropoietin protects against proteinuria in type 2 diabetic patients and in zebrafish. Mol Metab 2017; 8:189-202. [PMID: 29203238 PMCID: PMC5985015 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Adult human kidneys produce erythropoietin (EPO), which regulates red blood cell formation; however, whether EPO also functions directly on kidney development and controls diabetic kidney disease remains unknown. Here we analyzed the role of EPO in kidney development and under hyperglycemic conditions in zebrafish and in humans. Methods Diabetic patients and respective controls were enrolled in two cohorts. Serum EPO level and urine protein change upon human EPO administration were then analyzed. Transient knockdown and permanent knockout of EPO and EPOR in renal TG(WT1B:EGFP) zebrafish were established using the morpholino technology and CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Zebrafish embryos were phenotypically analyzed using fluorescence microscopy, and functional assays were carried out with the help of TexasRed labeled 70 kDa Dextran. Apoptosis was determined using the TUNEL assay and Annexin V staining, and caspase inhibitor zVADfmk was used for rescue experiments. Results In type 2 diabetic patients, serum EPO level decreased with the duration of diabetes, which was linked to reduced kidney function. Human recombinant EPO supplementation ameliorated proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy patients. In zebrafish, loss-of-function studies for EPO and EPOR, showed morphological and functional alterations within the pronephros, adversely affecting pronephric structure, leading to slit diaphragm dysfunction by increasing apoptosis within the pronephros. Induction of hyperglycemia in zebrafish embryos induced pronephros alterations which were further worsened upon silencing of EPO expression. Conclusions EPO was identified as a direct renal protective factor, promoting renal embryonic development and protecting kidneys from hyperglycemia induced nephropathy. EPO exhibited renal protective and proteinuria ameliorating function in type 2 DM patients and in hyperglycemic zebrafish embryos. Enhanced co-expression of EPO and EPOR was identified in both glomeruli and tubuli of DN patients. EPO and its receptor directly regulate physiological kidney development via repressing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing She
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710048 Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Zuyi Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710048 Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710048 Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jens Kroll
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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24
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Terraneo L, Samaja M. Comparative Response of Brain to Chronic Hypoxia and Hyperoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091914. [PMID: 28880206 PMCID: PMC5618563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two antithetic terms, hypoxia and hyperoxia, i.e., insufficient and excess oxygen availability with respect to needs, are thought to trigger opposite responses in cells and tissues. This review aims at summarizing the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying hypoxia and hyperoxia in brain and cerebral tissue, a context that may prove to be useful for characterizing not only several clinically relevant aspects, but also aspects related to the evolution of oxygen transport and use by the tissues. While the response to acute hypoxia/hyperoxia presumably recruits only a minor portion of the potentially involved cell machinery, focusing into chronic conditions, instead, enables to take into consideration a wider range of potential responses to oxygen-linked stress, spanning from metabolic to genic. We will examine how various brain subsystems, including energetic metabolism, oxygen sensing, recruitment of pro-survival pathways as protein kinase B (Akt), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), neurotrophins (BDNF), erythropoietin (Epo) and its receptors (EpoR), neuroglobin (Ngb), nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), deal with chronic hypoxia and hyperoxia to end-up with the final outcomes, oxidative stress and brain damage. A more complex than expected pattern results, which emphasizes the delicate balance between the severity of the stress imposed by hypoxia and hyperoxia and the recruitment of molecular and cellular defense patterns. While for certain functions the expectation that hypoxia and hyperoxia should cause opposite responses is actually met, for others it is not, and both emerge as dangerous treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Terraneo
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, I-20142 Milano, Italy.
| | - Michele Samaja
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, I-20142 Milano, Italy.
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Hahn N, Knorr DY, Liebig J, Wüstefeld L, Peters K, Büscher M, Bucher G, Ehrenreich H, Heinrich R. The Insect Ortholog of the Human Orphan Cytokine Receptor CRLF3 Is a Neuroprotective Erythropoietin Receptor. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:223. [PMID: 28769759 PMCID: PMC5509957 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine erythropoietin (Epo) mediates various cell homeostatic responses to environmental challenges and pathological insults. While stimulation of vertebrate erythrocyte production is mediated by homodimeric “classical” Epo receptors, alternative receptors are involved in neuroprotection. However, their identity remains enigmatic due to complex cytokine ligand and receptor interactions and conflicting experimental results. Besides the classical Epo receptor, the family of type I cytokine receptors also includes the poorly characterized orphan cytokine receptor-like factor 3 (CRLF3) present in vertebrates including human and various insect species. By making use of the more simple genetic makeup of insect model systems, we studied whether CRLF3 is a neuroprotective Epo receptor in animals. We identified a single ortholog of CRLF3 in the beetle Tribolium castaneum, and established protocols for primary neuronal cell cultures from Tribolium brains and efficient in vitro RNA interference. Recombinant human Epo as well as the non-erythropoietic Epo splice variant EV-3 increased the survival of serum-deprived brain neurons, confirming the previously described neuroprotective effect of Epo in insects. Moreover, Epo completely prevented hypoxia-induced apoptotic cell death of primary neuronal cultures. Knockdown of CRLF3 expression by RNA interference with two different double stranded RNA (dsRNA) fragments abolished the neuroprotective effect of Epo, indicating that CRLF3 is a crucial component of the insect Epo-responsive receptor. This suggests that a common urbilaterian ancestor of the orphan human and insect cytokine receptor CRLF3 served as a neuroprotective receptor for an Epo-like cytokine. Our work also suggests that vertebrate CRLF3, like its insect ortholog, might represent a tissue protection-mediating receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hahn
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology, Georg-August-University GoettingenGoettingen, Germany
| | - Debbra Y Knorr
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology, Georg-August-University GoettingenGoettingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Liebig
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology, Georg-August-University GoettingenGoettingen, Germany
| | - Liane Wüstefeld
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGoettingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB)Goettingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Peters
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology, Georg-August-University GoettingenGoettingen, Germany
| | - Marita Büscher
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Institute for Zoology, Georg-August-University GoettingenGoettingen, Germany
| | - Gregor Bucher
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Institute for Zoology, Georg-August-University GoettingenGoettingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGoettingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB)Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Heinrich
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology, Georg-August-University GoettingenGoettingen, Germany
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Heinrich R, Günther V, Miljus N. Erythropoietin-Mediated Neuroprotection in Insects Suggests a Prevertebrate Evolution of Erythropoietin-Like Signaling. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2017. [PMID: 28629517 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine erythropoietin (Epo) mediates protective and regenerative functions in mammalian nervous systems via activation of poorly characterized receptors that differ from the "classical" homodimeric Epo receptor expressed on erythroid progenitor cells. Epo genes have been identified in vertebrate species ranging from human to fish, suggesting that Epo signaling evolved earlier than the vertebrate lineage. Studies on insects (Locusta migratoria, Chorthippus biguttulus, Tribolium castaneum) revealed Epo-mediated neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. Recombinant human Epo (rhEpo) prevents apoptosis by binding to a janus kinase-associated receptor, stimulation of STAT transcription factors, and generation of factors that prevent the activation of proapoptotic caspases. Insect neurons were also protected by a neuroprotective but nonerythropoietic Epo splice variant, suggesting similarity with mammalian neuroprotective but not with homodimeric "classical" Epo receptors. Additionally, rhEpo promotes the regeneration of neurites in primary cultured insect brain neurons and after nerve crush in an in vivo preparation. In contrast to neuroprotective and regenerative effects shared with mammalian species, no evidence for a role of Epo signaling in the regulation of neuro- or gliogenesis was found in insects. Similar structural and functional characteristics of the Epo binding receptors, partly shared transduction pathways that prevent apoptosis and the functional implication in neuroprotective and neuroregenerative processes in both mammalian and insect species, suggest that Epo-like signaling was already established in their last common ancestor. Originally functioning as a tissue-protective response to unfavorable physiological situations, cell injury, and pathogen invasion, Epo was later adapted as a humoral regulator of erythropoiesis in the vertebrate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Heinrich
- Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Verena Günther
- Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Natasa Miljus
- Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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27
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Ogier M, Belmeguenai A, Lieutaud T, Georges B, Bouvard S, Carré E, Canini F, Bezin L. Cognitive Deficits and Inflammatory Response Resulting from Mild-to-Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats Are Exacerbated by Repeated Pre-Exposure to an Innate Stress Stimulus. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:1645-1657. [PMID: 27901414 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common in both military and civilian populations, and often results in neurobehavioral sequelae that impair quality of life in both patients and their families. Although individuals who are chronically exposed to stress are more likely to experience TBI, it is still unknown whether pre-injury stress influences the outcome after TBI. The present study tested whether behavioral and cognitive long-term outcome after TBI in rats is affected by prior exposure to an innate stress stimulus. Young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to the predator odor 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (TMT) or to water (WAT); exposure was repeated eight times at irregular intervals over a 2-week period. Rats were subsequently subjected to either mild-to-moderate bilateral brain injury (lateral fluid percussion [LFP]) or sham surgery (Sham). Four experimental groups were studied: Sham-WAT, Sham-TMT, LFP-WAT and LFP-TMT. Compared with Sham-WAT rats, LFP-WAT rats exhibited transient locomotor hyperactivity without signs of anxiety, minor spatial learning acquisition and hippocampal long-term potentiation deficits, and lower baseline activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis with slightly stronger reactivity to restraint stress. Exposure to TMT had only negligible effects on Sham rats, whereas it exacerbated all deficits in LFP rats except for locomotor hyperactivity. Early brain inflammatory response (8 h post-trauma) was aggravated in rats pre-exposed to TMT, suggesting that increased brain inflammation may sustain functional deficits in these rats. Hence, these data suggest that pre-exposure to stressful conditions can aggravate long-term deficits induced by TBI, leading to severe stress response deficits, possibly due to dysregulated inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Ogier
- 1 Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées , Brétigny-sur-Orge, France .,2 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Bron, France .,3 Institute for Epilepsy , IDÉE, Bron, France
| | - Amor Belmeguenai
- 2 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Bron, France .,3 Institute for Epilepsy , IDÉE, Bron, France
| | - Thomas Lieutaud
- 2 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Bron, France .,3 Institute for Epilepsy , IDÉE, Bron, France
| | - Béatrice Georges
- 2 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Bron, France .,3 Institute for Epilepsy , IDÉE, Bron, France
| | - Sandrine Bouvard
- 2 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Bron, France .,3 Institute for Epilepsy , IDÉE, Bron, France
| | - Emilie Carré
- 1 Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées , Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Frédéric Canini
- 1 Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées , Brétigny-sur-Orge, France .,4 Ecole du Val de Grâce , Paris, France
| | - Laurent Bezin
- 2 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Bron, France .,3 Institute for Epilepsy , IDÉE, Bron, France
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Rodríguez Cruz Y, Strehaiano M, Rodríguez Obaya T, García Rodríguez JC, Maurice T. An Intranasal Formulation of Erythropoietin (Neuro-EPO) Prevents Memory Deficits and Amyloid Toxicity in the APPSwe Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 55:231-248. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yamila Rodríguez Cruz
- Department of Histology, Institute of Preclinical and Basic Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Havana, Cuba
- Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana, Cuba
| | - Manon Strehaiano
- Inserm U1198, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- EPHE, Paris, France
| | | | - Julío César García Rodríguez
- Department of Histology, Institute of Preclinical and Basic Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Havana, Cuba
| | - Tangui Maurice
- Inserm U1198, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- EPHE, Paris, France
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30
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Ding J, Wang J, Li QY, Yu JZ, Ma CG, Wang X, Lu CZ, Xiao BG. Neuroprotection and CD131/GDNF/AKT Pathway of Carbamylated Erythropoietin in Hypoxic Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5051-5060. [PMID: 27541284 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbamylated erythropoietin (CEPO), an EPO derivative, is attracting widespread interest due to neuroprotective effects without erythropoiesis. However, little is known about molecular mechanisms behind CEPO-mediated neuroprotection. In primary neurons with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and mice with hypoxia-reoxygenation, the neuroprotection and possible molecular mechanism of CEPO were performed by immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry, Western blot, RT-PCR, and ELISA. The comparisons were analyzed by ANOVA followed by unpaired two-tailed Student's t test. Both CEPO and EPO showed the neuroprotective effects in OGD model and hypoxic brain. CEPO did not trigger JAK-2 but activated AKT through glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). It has been shown that CEPO acts upon a heteroreceptor complex comprising both the EPO receptor and the common β receptor subunit (βcR, also known as CD131). The blockage of CD131 reduced CEPO-mediated GDNF production, while GFR receptor blockage and GDNF neutralization inhibited CEPO-induced neurogenesis. Addition of GDNF to cultured neurons increased phosphorylation of AKT. CEPO protects neurons possible through the CD131/GDNF/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin-Ying Li
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institute of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jie-Zhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Shanxi, 037009, China
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Shanxi, 037009, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan-Zhen Lu
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institute of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institute of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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31
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Ogier M, Bricca G, Bader M, Bezin L. Locus Coeruleus Dysfunction in Transgenic Rats with Low Brain Angiotensinogen. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:230-7. [PMID: 26775713 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Transgenic TGR(ASrAOGEN)680 (TGR) rats with specific downregulation of glial angiotensinogen (AOGEN) synthesis develop cardiovascular deficits, anxiety, altered response to stress, and depression. Here, we evaluated whether these deficits are associated with alteration of the integrity of the noradrenergic system originating from locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. METHODS Adult TGR rats were compared to control Sprague Dawley rats in terms of the following: tissue levels of transcripts encoding noradrenergic markers, tissue tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein level, in vivo TH activity, density of TH-containing fibers, behavioral response to novelty, locomotor activity, and polysomnography. RESULTS TH expression was increased in the LC of TGR rats compared to controls. In LC terminal fields, there was an increase in density of TH-containing fibers in TGR rats that was associated with an elevation of in vivo TH activity. TGR rats also displayed locomotor hyperactivity in response to novelty. Moreover, polysomnographic studies indicated that daily paradoxical sleep duration was increased in TGR rats and that the paradoxical sleep rebound triggered by total sleep deprivation was blunted in these rats. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these results suggest that disruption of astroglial AOGEN synthesis leads to cardiovascular, cognitive, behavioral, and sleep disorders that might be partly due to LC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ogier
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER, Lyon, France.,Institute for Epilepsy, IDEE, Lyon, France.,French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France
| | | | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Laurent Bezin
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER, Lyon, France.,Institute for Epilepsy, IDEE, Lyon, France
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32
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Wüstefeld L, Winkler D, Janc OA, Hassouna I, Ronnenberg A, Ostmeier K, Müller M, Brose N, Ehrenreich H, Wojcik SM. Selective expression of a constitutively active erythropoietin receptor in GABAergic neurons alters hippocampal network properties without affecting cognition. J Neurochem 2016; 136:698-705. [PMID: 26613978 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that treatment with erythropoietin (EPO) improves cognition in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders as well as in healthy mice, and that transgenic expression of a constitutively active form of the EPO receptor (cEPOR) in glutamatergic neurons boosts higher cognitive functions in mice. In the present work, we examined whether selective activation of EPOR signaling in GABAergic neurons would also modulate cognitive performance. We generated transgenic mice that express cEPOR under the control of the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (Viaat) promoter and subjected them to comprehensive behavioral, cognitive, and electrophysiological analyses. We demonstrate that transgenic expression of cEPOR in GABAergic neurons alters hippocampal gamma-oscillations and enhances long-term potentiation but neither impairs nor improves cognition. To conclude, constitutively active EPOR in GABAergic neurons changes hippocampal network properties without affecting cognition, which suggests that the effect of EPO on cognition is dominated by its effect on the glutamatergic system. Treatment with EPO improves cognitive performance. We previously demonstrated that this effect is replicated by constitutive autoactivation of cEPOR in glutamatergic neurons. By contrast, cEPOR in GABAergic neurons changes hippocampal network properties but neither impairs nor enhances cognition. Thus, EPO modulates neuronal plasticity, and the cognitive benefits may be mainly attributable to its effect on the glutamatergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Wüstefeld
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Winkler
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliwia A Janc
- Department of Neurophysiology and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Imam Hassouna
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Physiology Unit, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Egypt
| | - Anja Ronnenberg
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Ostmeier
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurophysiology and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nils Brose
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sonja M Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
Globally, greater than 30 million individuals are afflicted with disorders of the nervous system accompanied by tens of thousands of new cases annually with limited, if any, treatment options. Erythropoietin (EPO) offers an exciting and novel therapeutic strategy to address both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. EPO governs a number of critical protective and regenerative mechanisms that can impact apoptotic and autophagic programmed cell death pathways through protein kinase B (Akt), sirtuins, mammalian forkhead transcription factors, and wingless signaling. Translation of the cytoprotective pathways of EPO into clinically effective treatments for some neurodegenerative disorders has been promising, but additional work is necessary. In particular, development of new treatments with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents such as EPO brings several important challenges that involve detrimental vascular outcomes and tumorigenesis. Future work that can effectively and safely harness the complexity of the signaling pathways of EPO will be vital for the fruitful treatment of disorders of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, New Jersey 07101
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34
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Samy DM, Ismail CA, Nassra RA, Zeitoun TM, Nomair AM. Downstream modulation of extrinsic apoptotic pathway in streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's dementia in rats: Erythropoietin versus curcumin. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 770:52-60. [PMID: 26638997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin and curcumin showed promising neuroprotective effects in various models of Alzheimer's dementia. This study was designed to compare the beneficial effects of erythropoietin and/or curcumin in intracerebro-ventricular (ICV) streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's like disease in rats. Rats received ICV injection of either saline (control, n=8 rats), or streptozotocin. Three weeks following surgery, streptozotocin-injected rats were assigned into 4 groups (8 rats each); vehicle, curcumin (80mg/kg/day, orally), erythropoietin (500 IU/kg every other day, intraperitoneally) and combined (curcumin and erythropoietin)-treated groups. After 3 months of treatment, rats were subjected to neurobehavioral testing, and then killed for biochemical and histological assessment of hippocampus. Fas ligand protein and caspase-8 activity as mediators of extrinsic apoptotic pathway, oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione) and β-amyloid (1-40 and 1-42) peptides were measured. The results showed that administration of erythropoietin suppressed extrinsic apoptosis better than curcumin, while curcumin was more effective in combating oxidative stress in ICV-streptozotocin injected rats. Both erythropoietin and curcumin treatments (individually or combined) equally reduced the hippocampal β-amyloid accumulation and improved cognitive impairment in Morris water maze and passive avoidance tasks. The combined treatment was the most effective in ameliorating apoptosis and oxidative stress rather than behavioral responses or β-amyloid burden. In conclusion, ICV-streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's dementia activates hippocampal Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis, which could be reduced by erythropoietin and/or curcumin treatment. Curcumin supplementation alone could ameliorate cognitive deficits and reverse biochemical alterations in ICV-streptozotocin Alzheimer's rat model without the hazardous polycythemic effect of long-term erythropoietin injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M Samy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Moassat Hospital, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Cherine A Ismail
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Moassat Hospital, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Rasha A Nassra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Moassat Hospital, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Teshreen M Zeitoun
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Moassat Hospital, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Azhar M Nomair
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
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Maiese K. Erythropoietin and diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:1259-1273. [PMID: 26516410 PMCID: PMC4620106 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i14.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a 30.4 kDa growth factor and cytokine that governs cell proliferation, immune modulation, metabolic homeostasis, vascular function, and cytoprotection. EPO is under investigation for the treatment of variety of diseases, but appears especially suited for the treatment of disorders of metabolism that include diabetes mellitus (DM). DM and the complications of this disease impact a significant portion of the global population leading to disability and death with currently limited therapeutic options. In addition to its utility for the treatment of anemia, EPO can improve cardiac function, reduce fatigue, and improve cognition in patients with DM as well as regulate cellular energy metabolism, obesity, tissue repair and regeneration, apoptosis, and autophagy in experimental models of DM. Yet, EPO can have adverse effects that involve the vasculature system and unchecked cellular proliferation. Critical to the cytoprotective capacity and the potential for a positive clinical outcome with EPO are the control of signal transduction pathways that include protein kinase B, the mechanistic target of rapamycin, Wnt signaling, mammalian forkhead transcription factors of the O class, silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and AMP activated protein kinase. Therapeutic strategies that can specifically target and control EPO and its signaling pathways hold great promise for the development of new and effective clinical treatments for DM and the complications of this disorder.
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36
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Lauria G, Dalla Bella E, Antonini G, Borghero G, Capasso M, Caponnetto C, Chiò A, Corbo M, Eleopra R, Fazio R, Filosto M, Giannini F, Granieri E, La Bella V, Logroscino G, Mandrioli J, Mazzini L, Monsurrò MR, Mora G, Pietrini V, Quatrale R, Rizzi R, Salvi F, Siciliano G, Sorarù G, Volanti P, Tramacere I, Filippini G. Erythropoietin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, phase III study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86:879-86. [PMID: 25595151 PMCID: PMC4515982 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-308996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS Patients with probable laboratory-supported, probable or definite ALS were enrolled by 25 Italian centres and randomly assigned (1:1) to receive intravenous rhEPO 40,000 IU or placebo fortnightly as add-on treatment to riluzole 100 mg daily for 12 months. The primary composite outcome was survival, tracheotomy or >23 h non-invasive ventilation (NIV). Secondary outcomes were ALSFRS-R, slow vital capacity (sVC) and quality of life (ALSAQ-40) decline. Tolerability was evaluated analysing adverse events (AEs) causing withdrawal. The randomisation sequence was computer-generated by blocks, stratified by centre, disease severity (ALSFRS-R cut-off score of 33) and onset (spinal or bulbar). The main outcome analysis was performed in all randomised patients and by intention-to-treat for the entire population and patients stratified by severity and onset. The study is registered, EudraCT 2009-016066-91. RESULTS We randomly assigned 208 patients, of whom 5 (1 rhEPO and 4 placebo) withdrew consent and 3 (placebo) became ineligible (retinal thrombosis, respiratory insufficiency, SOD1 mutation) before receiving treatment; 103 receiving rhEPO and 97 placebo were eligible for analysis. At 12 months, the annualised rate of death (rhEPO 0.11, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.20; placebo: 0.08, CI 0.04 to 0.17), tracheotomy or >23 h NIV (rhEPO 0.16, CI 0.10 to 0.27; placebo 0.18, CI 0.11 to 0.30) did not differ between groups, also after stratification by onset and ALSFRS-R at baseline. Withdrawal due to AE was 16.5% in rhEPO and 8.3% in placebo. No differences were found for secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS RhEPO 40,000 IU fortnightly did not change the course of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lauria
- Neuromuscular Disease, IRCCS Foundation, "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Dalla Bella
- Neuromuscular Disease, IRCCS Foundation, "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- NESMOS Department, Neuromuscular Disease Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital and University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudia Caponnetto
- Departments of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Mother and Child Disease, IRCCS University Hospital San Martino IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Adriano Chiò
- Department of Neurosciences, ALS Centre, "Rita Levi Montalcini" Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Corbo
- NEMO Clinical Centre, Milan, Italy Department of Neurorehabilitaton, Casa Cura Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Eleopra
- Neurology Unit, S. Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS "San Raffaele" Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Giannini
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Jessica Mandrioli
- Department of Neurosciences, S. Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Letizia Mazzini
- ALS Centre, Neurologic Clinic, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | | | | | - Vladimiro Pietrini
- Department of Neurosciences, Neurology Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Romana Rizzi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuro-Motor Diseases, IRCCS Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianni Sorarù
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Volanti
- Intensive Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation, Mistretta, Italy
| | - Irene Tramacere
- Neuroepidemiology Units, IRCCS Foundation, "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Graziella Filippini
- Neuroepidemiology Units, IRCCS Foundation, "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
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Activity increase in EpoR and Epo expression by intranasal recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) administration in ischemic hippocampi of adult rats. Neurosci Lett 2014; 583:16-20. [PMID: 25219375 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin in the nervous system is a potential neuroprotective factor for cerebral ischemic damage due to specific-binding to the erythropoietin receptor, which is associated with survival mechanisms. However, the role of its receptor is unclear. Thus, this work assessed whether a low dose (500UI/Kg) of intranasal recombinant human erythropoietin administered 3h after ischemia induced changes in the activation of its receptor at the Tyr456-phosphorylated site in ischemic hippocampi in rats. The results showed that recombinant human erythropoietin after injury maintained cell survival and was associated with an increase in receptor phosphorylation at the Tyr456 site as an initial signaling step, which correlated with a neuroprotective effect.
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38
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Woeffler-Maucler C, Beghin A, Ressnikoff D, Bezin L, Marinesco S. Automated immunohistochemical method to quantify neuronal density in brain sections: application to neuronal loss after status epilepticus. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 225:32-41. [PMID: 24462622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study neurotoxic processes, it is necessary to quantify the number of neurons in a given brain structure and estimate neuronal loss. Neuronal densities can be estimated by immunohistochemical quantitation of a neuronal marker such as the protein NeuN. However, NeuN expression may vary, depending on certain pathophysiological conditions and bias such quantifications. NEW METHOD We have developed a simple automatic quantification of neuronal densities in brain sections stained with DAPI and antibody to NeuN. This method determines the number of DAPI-positive nuclei also positive for NeuN in at least two adjacent sections within a Z-stack of optical sections. RESULTS We tested this method in animals with induced status epilepticus (SE) a state of intractable persistent seizure that produces extensive neuronal injury. We found that SE significantly reduced neuronal density in the piriform cortex, the amygdala, the dorsal thalamus, the CA3 area of the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus and the hilus, but not in the somatosensory cortex or the CA1 area. SE resulted in increases in the total density of cellular nuclei within these brain structures, suggesting gliosis. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS This automated method was more accurate than simply estimating the overall NeuN fluorescence intensity in the brain section, and as accurate, but less time-consuming, than manual cell counts. CONCLUSION This method simplifies and accelerates the unbiased quantification of neuronal density. It can be easily applied to other models of brain injury and neurodegeneration, or used to screen the efficacy of neuroprotective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Woeffler-Maucler
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, France; CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Beghin
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Centre Commun de Quantimétrie, Lyon F-69008, France
| | - Denis Ressnikoff
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Centre Commun de Quantimétrie, Lyon F-69008, France
| | - Laurent Bezin
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, France; CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, France; IDÉE, Institut Des ÉpilepsiEs, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Marinesco
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, France; CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, France; Plate-forme technologique AniRA-Neurochem, Lyon F-69000, France.
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Abstract
There is a growing public awareness that hormones can have a significant impact on most biological systems, including the control of breathing. This review will focus on the actions of two broad classes of hormones on the neuronal control of breathing: sex hormones and stress hormones. The majority of these hormones are steroids; a striking feature is that both groups are derived from cholesterol. Stress hormones also include many peptides which are produced primarily within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and secreted into the brain or into the circulatory system. In this article we will first review and discuss the role of sex hormones in respiratory control throughout life, emphasizing how natural fluctuations in hormones are reflected in ventilatory metrics and how disruption of their endogenous cycle can predispose to respiratory disease. These effects may be mediated directly by sex hormone receptors or indirectly by neurotransmitter systems. Next, we will discuss the origins of hypothalamic stress hormones and their relationship with the respiratory control system. This relationship is 2-fold: (i) via direct anatomical connections to brainstem respiratory control centers, and (ii) via steroid hormones released from the adrenal gland in response to signals from the pituitary gland. Finally, the impact of stress on the development of neural circuits involved in breathing is evaluated in animal models, and the consequences of early stress on respiratory health and disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Behan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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40
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Erythropoietin improves motor and cognitive deficit, axonal pathology, and neuroinflammation in a combined model of diffuse traumatic brain injury and hypoxia, in association with upregulation of the erythropoietin receptor. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:156. [PMID: 24344874 PMCID: PMC3896698 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diffuse axonal injury is a common consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and often co-occurs with hypoxia, resulting in poor neurological outcome for which there is no current therapy. Here, we investigate the ability of the multifunctional compound erythropoietin (EPO) to provide neuroprotection when administered to rats after diffuse TBI alone or with post-traumatic hypoxia. Methods Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to diffuse traumatic axonal injury (TAI) followed by 30 minutes of hypoxic (Hx, 12% O2) or normoxic ventilation, and were administered recombinant human EPO-α (5000 IU/kg) or saline at 1 and 24 hours post-injury. The parameters examined included: 1) behavioural and cognitive deficit using the Rotarod, open field and novel object recognition tests; 2) axonal pathology (NF-200); 3) callosal degradation (hematoxylin and eosin stain); 3) dendritic loss (MAP2); 4) expression and localisation of the EPO receptor (EpoR); 5) activation/infiltration of microglia/macrophages (CD68) and production of IL-1β. Results EPO significantly improved sensorimotor and cognitive recovery when administered to TAI rats with hypoxia (TAI + Hx). A single dose of EPO at 1 hour reduced axonal damage in the white matter of TAI + Hx rats at 1 day by 60% compared to vehicle. MAP2 was decreased in the lateral septal nucleus of TAI + Hx rats; however, EPO prevented this loss, and maintained MAP2 density over time. EPO administration elicited an early enhanced expression of EpoR 1 day after TAI + Hx compared with a 7-day peak in vehicle controls. Furthermore, EPO reduced IL-1β to sham levels 2 hours after TAI + Hx, concomitant to a decrease in CD68 positive cells at 7 and 14 days. Conclusions When administered EPO, TAI + Hx rats had improved behavioural and cognitive performance, attenuated white matter damage, resolution of neuronal damage spanning from the axon to the dendrite, and suppressed neuroinflammation, alongside enhanced expression of EpoR. These data provide compelling evidence of EPO’s neuroprotective capability. Few benefits were observed when EPO was administered to TAI rats without hypoxia, indicating that EPO’s neuroprotective capacity is bolstered under hypoxic conditions, which may be an important consideration when EPO is employed for neuroprotection in the clinic.
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Miljus N, Heibeck S, Jarrar M, Micke M, Ostrowski D, Ehrenreich H, Heinrich R. Erythropoietin-mediated protection of insect brain neurons involves JAK and STAT but not PI3K transduction pathways. Neuroscience 2013; 258:218-27. [PMID: 24269933 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine erythropoietin (Epo) initiates adaptive cellular responses to both moderate environmental challenges and tissue damaging insults in various non-hematopoietic mammalian tissues including the nervous system. Neuroprotective and neuroregenerative functions of Epo in mammals are mediated through receptor-associated Janus kinase 2 and intracellular signaling cascades that modify the transcription of Epo-regulated genes. Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) and phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) represent key components of two important Epo-induced transduction pathways. Our previous study on insects revealed neuroprotective and regenerative functions of recombinant human Epo (rhEpo) similar to those in mammalian nervous tissues. Here we demonstrate that rhEpo effectively rescues primary cultured locust brain neurons from apoptotic cell death induced by hypoxia or the chemical compound H-7. The Janus kinase inhibitor AG-490 and the STAT inhibitor sc-355797 abolished protective effects of rhEpo on locust brain neurons. In contrast, inhibition of PI3K with LY294002 had no effect on rhEpo-mediated neuroprotection. The results indicate that rhEpo mediates the protection of locust brain neurons through interference with apoptotic pathways by the activation of a Janus kinase-associated receptor and STAT transcription factor(s). The involvement of similar transduction pathways in mammals and insects for the mediation of neuroprotection and support of neural regeneration by Epo indicates that an Epo/Epo receptor-like signaling system with high structural and functional similarity exists in both groups of animals. Epo-like signaling involved in tissue protection appears to be an ancient beneficial function shared by vertebrates and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Miljus
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Heibeck
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Jarrar
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Micke
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - D Ostrowski
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - H Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany; DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - R Heinrich
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Maurice T, Mustafa MH, Desrumaux C, Keller E, Naert G, de la C García-Barceló M, Rodríguez Cruz Y, Garcia Rodríguez JC. Intranasal formulation of erythropoietin (EPO) showed potent protective activity against amyloid toxicity in the Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ non-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:1044-57. [PMID: 23813967 DOI: 10.1177/0269881113494939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) promotes neurogenesis and neuroprotection. We here compared the protection induced by two EPO formulations in a rodent model of Alzheimer's disease (AD): rHu-EPO and a low sialic form, Neuro-EPO. We used the intracerebroventricular administration of aggregated Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ peptide, a non-transgenic AD model. rHu-EPO was tested at 125-500 µg/kg intraperitoneally and Neuro-EPO at 62-250 µg/kg intranasally (IN). Behavioural procedures included spontaneous alternation, passive avoidance, water-maze and object recognition, to address spatial and non-spatial, short- and long-term memories. Biochemical markers of Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ toxicity in the mouse hippocampus were examined and cell loss in the CA1 layer was determined. rHu-EPO and Neuro-EPO led to a significant prevention of Aβ₂₅₋₃₅-induced learning deficits. Both EPO formulations prevented the induction of lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus, showing an antioxidant activity. rHu-EPO (250 µg/kg) or Neuro-EPO (125 µg/kg) prevented the Aβ₂₅₋₃₅-induced increase in Bax level, TNFα and IL-1β production and decrease in Akt activation. A significant prevention of the Aβ₂₅₋₃₅-induced cell loss in CA1 was also observed. EPO is neuroprotective in the Aβ₂₅₋₃₅ AD model, confirming its potential as an endogenous neuroprotection system that could be boosted for therapeutic efficacy. We here identified a new IN formulation of EPO showing high neuroprotective activity. Considering its efficacy, ease and safety, IN Neuro-EPO is a new promising therapeutic agent in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
| | - Hymie Anisman
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
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Hralová M, Angerová Y, Gueye T, Bortelová J, Svestková O, Zima T, Lippertová-Grünerová M. Long-term results of enriched environment and erythropoietin after hypobaric hypoxia in rats. Physiol Res 2013; 62:463-70. [PMID: 23590602 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
After global cerebral hypoxia, many patients are severely disabled even after intensive neurorehabilitation. Secondary mechanisms of brain injury as a result of biochemical and physiological events occur within a period of hours to months, and provide a window of opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Erythropoietin (EPO) has been shown to be neuroprotective in the brain subjected to a variety of injuries. Fifty-nine 3-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly distributed to experimental groups with respect to the housing (enriched environment - EE, standard housing - SH), to hypoxia exposure, and to EPO treatment. An acute mountain sickness model was used as a hypobaric hypoxia simulating an altitude of 8000 m. One half of the animals received erythropoietin injections, while the others were injected saline. Spatial memory was tested in a Morris water maze (MWM). The escape latency and the path length were measured. Better spatial learning in MWM was only seen in the group that received erythropoietin together with enriched environment. EPO administration itself had no influence on spatial memory. The results were very similar for both latencies and path lengths. These results support the idea that after brain injuries, the recovery can be potentiated by EPO administration combined with neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hralová
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, General Teaching Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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45
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Kako E, Kaneko N, Aoyama M, Hida H, Takebayashi H, Ikenaka K, Asai K, Togari H, Sobue K, Sawamoto K. Subventricular zone-derived oligodendrogenesis in injured neonatal white matter in mice enhanced by a nonerythropoietic erythropoietin derivative. Stem Cells 2013; 30:2234-47. [PMID: 22890889 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) frequently causes white-matter injury, leading to severe neurological deficits and mortality, and only limited therapeutic options exist. The white matter of animal models and human patients with HI-induced brain injury contains increased numbers of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). However, the origin and fates of these OPCs and their potential to repair injured white matter remain unclear. Here, using cell-type- and region-specific genetic labeling methods in a mouse HI model, we characterized the Olig2-expressing OPCs. We found that after HI, Olig2+ cells increased in the posterior part of the subventricular zone (pSVZ) and migrated into the injured white matter. However, their oligodendrocytic differentiation efficiency was severely compromised compared with the OPCs in normal tissue, indicating the need for an intervention to promote their differentiation. Erythropoietin (EPO) treatment is a promising candidate, but it has detrimental effects that preclude its clinical use for brain injury. We found that long-term postinjury treatment with a nonerythropoietic derivative of EPO, asialo-erythropoietin, promoted the maturation of pSVZ-derived OPCs and the recovery of neurological function, without affecting hematopoiesis. These results demonstrate the limitation and potential of endogenous OPCs in the pSVZ as a therapeutic target for treating neonatal white-matter injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Kako
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Fares RP, Belmeguenai A, Sanchez PE, Kouchi HY, Bodennec J, Morales A, Georges B, Bonnet C, Bouvard S, Sloviter RS, Bezin L. Standardized environmental enrichment supports enhanced brain plasticity in healthy rats and prevents cognitive impairment in epileptic rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53888. [PMID: 23342033 PMCID: PMC3544705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment of laboratory animals influences brain plasticity, stimulates neurogenesis, increases neurotrophic factor expression, and protects against the effects of brain insult. However, these positive effects are not constantly observed, probably because standardized procedures of environmental enrichment are lacking. Therefore, we engineered an enriched cage (the Marlau™ cage), which offers: (1) minimally stressful social interactions; (2) increased voluntary exercise; (3) multiple entertaining activities; (4) cognitive stimulation (maze exploration), and (5) novelty (maze configuration changed three times a week). The maze, which separates food pellet and water bottle compartments, guarantees cognitive stimulation for all animals. Compared to rats raised in groups in conventional cages, rats housed in Marlau™ cages exhibited increased cortical thickness, hippocampal neurogenesis and hippocampal levels of transcripts encoding various genes involved in tissue plasticity and remodeling. In addition, rats housed in Marlau™ cages exhibited better performances in learning and memory, decreased anxiety-associated behaviors, and better recovery of basal plasma corticosterone level after acute restraint stress. Marlau™ cages also insure inter-experiment reproducibility in spatial learning and brain gene expression assays. Finally, housing rats in Marlau™ cages after severe status epilepticus at weaning prevents the cognitive impairment observed in rats subjected to the same insult and then housed in conventional cages. By providing a standardized enriched environment for rodents during housing, the Marlau™ cage should facilitate the uniformity of environmental enrichment across laboratories.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Psychological/physiology
- Animals
- Anxiety/complications
- Body Weight
- Brain/cytology
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiology
- Brain/physiopathology
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/cytology
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/pathology
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/physiology
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/physiopathology
- Cognition
- Eating
- Exploratory Behavior/physiology
- Health
- Housing, Animal/standards
- Lipid Metabolism
- Male
- Neurogenesis/genetics
- Neuronal Plasticity
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Reference Standards
- Reproducibility of Results
- Restraint, Physical/psychology
- Status Epilepticus/pathology
- Status Epilepticus/physiopathology
- Status Epilepticus/psychology
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/pathology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Synapses/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Raafat P. Fares
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Inserm, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Tiger Team, Lyon, France
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Tiger Team, Lyon, France
- IDÉE, Institut Des ÉpilepsiEs, Lyon, France
- IRBA, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Amor Belmeguenai
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Inserm, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Tiger Team, Lyon, France
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Tiger Team, Lyon, France
- IDÉE, Institut Des ÉpilepsiEs, Lyon, France
| | - Pascal E. Sanchez
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Inserm, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Tiger Team, Lyon, France
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Tiger Team, Lyon, France
- IDÉE, Institut Des ÉpilepsiEs, Lyon, France
| | - Hayet Y. Kouchi
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Inserm, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Tiger Team, Lyon, France
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Tiger Team, Lyon, France
- IDÉE, Institut Des ÉpilepsiEs, Lyon, France
| | - Jacques Bodennec
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Inserm, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Tiger Team, Lyon, France
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Tiger Team, Lyon, France
- IDÉE, Institut Des ÉpilepsiEs, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Morales
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Inserm, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Tiger Team, Lyon, France
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Tiger Team, Lyon, France
- IDÉE, Institut Des ÉpilepsiEs, Lyon, France
| | - Béatrice Georges
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Inserm, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Tiger Team, Lyon, France
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Tiger Team, Lyon, France
- IDÉE, Institut Des ÉpilepsiEs, Lyon, France
| | - Chantal Bonnet
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Inserm, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Tiger Team, Lyon, France
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Tiger Team, Lyon, France
- IDÉE, Institut Des ÉpilepsiEs, Lyon, France
| | - Sandrine Bouvard
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Inserm, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Tiger Team, Lyon, France
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Tiger Team, Lyon, France
- IDÉE, Institut Des ÉpilepsiEs, Lyon, France
| | - Robert S. Sloviter
- Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Laurent Bezin
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Inserm, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Tiger Team, Lyon, France
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Tiger Team, Lyon, France
- IDÉE, Institut Des ÉpilepsiEs, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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Chuang YC, Lin TK, Huang HY, Chang WN, Liou CW, Chen SD, Chang AYW, Chan SHH. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ/mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 signaling protects against seizure-induced neuronal cell death in the hippocampus following experimental status epilepticus. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:184. [PMID: 22849356 PMCID: PMC3444895 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Status epilepticus induces subcellular changes that may lead to neuronal cell death in the hippocampus. However, the mechanism of seizure-induced neuronal cell death remains unclear. The mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is expressed in selected regions of the brain and is emerged as an endogenous neuroprotective molecule in many neurological disorders. We evaluated the neuroprotective role of UCP2 against seizure-induced hippocampal neuronal cell death under experimental status epilepticus. Methods In Sprague–Dawley rats, kainic acid (KA) was microinjected unilaterally into the hippocampal CA3 subfield to induce prolonged bilateral seizure activity. Oxidized protein level, translocation of Bcl-2, Bax and cytochrome c between cytosol and mitochondria, and expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ (PPARγ) and UCP2 were examined in the hippocampal CA3 subfield following KA-induced status epilepticus. The effects of microinjection bilaterally into CA3 area of a PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone or a PPARγ antagonist, GW9662 on UCP2 expression, induced superoxide anion (O2· -) production, oxidized protein level, mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities, translocation of Bcl-2, Bax and cytochrome c, and DNA fragmentation in bilateral CA3 subfields were examined. Results Increased oxidized proteins and mitochondrial or cytosol translocation of Bax or cytochrome c in the hippocampal CA3 subfield was observed 3–48 h after experimental status epilepticus. Expression of PPARγ and UCP2 increased 12–48 h after KA-induced status epilepticus. Pretreatment with rosiglitazone increased UCP2 expression, reduced protein oxidation, O2· - overproduction and dysfunction of mitochondrial Complex I, hindered the translocation of Bax and cytochrome c, and reduced DNA fragmentation in the CA3 subfield. Pretreatment with GW9662 produced opposite effects. Conclusions Activation of PPARγ upregulated mitochondrial UCP2 expression, which decreased overproduction of reactive oxygen species, improved mitochondrial Complex I dysfunction, inhibited mitochondrial translocation of Bax and prevented cytosolic release of cytochrome c by stabilizing the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, leading to amelioration of apoptotic neuronal cell death in the hippocampus following status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chung Chuang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
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Dayyat EA, Zhang SX, Wang Y, Cheng ZJ, Gozal D. Exogenous erythropoietin administration attenuates intermittent hypoxia-induced cognitive deficits in a murine model of sleep apnea. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:77. [PMID: 22759774 PMCID: PMC3412695 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In rodents, exposure to intermittent hypoxia (IH), a hallmark of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is associated with neurobehavioral impairments, increased apoptosis in the hippocampus and cortex, as well as increased oxidant stress and inflammation. Such findings are markedly attenuated in rodents exposed to sustained hypoxia 9SH) of similar magnitude. The hypoxia-sensitive gene erythropoietin (EPO) has emerged as a major endogenous neuroprotectant, and could be involved in IH-induced neuronal dysfunction. Methods and Results IH induced only transiently increased expression of EPO mRNA in hippocampus, which was continued in (SH)-exposed mice. IH, but not SH, adversely affected two forms of spatial learning in the water maze, and increased markers of oxidative stress. However, on a standard place training task, mice treated with exogenously administered EPO displayed normal learning, and were protected from the spatial learning deficits observed in vehicle-treated (C) littermates exposed to IH. Moreover, anxiety levels were increased in IH as compared to normoxia, while no changes in anxiety emerged in EPO-treated mice. Additionally, C mice, but not EPO-treated IH-exposed mice had significantly elevated levels of NADPH oxidase expression, as well as increased MDA and 8-OHDG levels in cortical and hippocampal lysates. Conclusions The oxidative stress responses and neurobehavioral impairments induced by IH during sleep are mediated, at least in part, by imbalances between EPO expression and increased NADPH oxidase activity, and thus pharmacological agents targeting EPO expression in CNS may provide a therapeutic strategy in sleep-disordered breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab A Dayyat
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Comer Children's Hospital, The University of Chicago, 5721 S, Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL USA
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Cervical spinal erythropoietin induces phrenic motor facilitation via extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase and Akt signaling. J Neurosci 2012; 32:5973-83. [PMID: 22539857 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3873-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is typically known for its role in erythropoiesis but is also a potent neurotrophic/neuroprotective factor for spinal motor neurons. Another trophic factor regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), signals via ERK and Akt activation to elicit long-lasting phrenic motor facilitation (pMF). Because EPO also signals via ERK and Akt activation, we tested the hypothesis that EPO elicits similar pMF. Using retrograde labeling and immunohistochemical techniques, we demonstrate in adult, male, Sprague Dawley rats that EPO and its receptor, EPO-R, are expressed in identified phrenic motor neurons. Intrathecal EPO at C4 elicits long-lasting pMF; integrated phrenic nerve burst amplitude increased >90 min after injection (63 ± 12% baseline 90 min after injection; p < 0.001). EPO increased phosphorylation (and presumed activation) of ERK (1.6-fold vs controls; p < 0.05) in phrenic motor neurons; EPO also increased pAkt (1.6-fold vs controls; p < 0.05). EPO-induced pMF was abolished by the MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126 [1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis(o-aminophenylmercapto)butadiene] and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt inhibitor LY294002 [2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-1(4H)-benzopyran-4-one], demonstrating that ERK MAP kinases and Akt are both required for EPO-induced pMF. Pretreatment with U0126 and LY294002 decreased both pERK and pAkt in phrenic motor neurons (p < 0.05), indicating a complex interaction between these kinases. We conclude that EPO elicits spinal plasticity in respiratory motor control. Because EPO expression is hypoxia sensitive, it may play a role in respiratory plasticity in conditions of prolonged or recurrent low oxygen.
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Teste IS, Tamos YM, Cruz YR, Cernada AM, Rodríguez JC, Martínez NS, Antich RMC, González-Quevedo A, Rodríguez JCG. Dose effect evaluation and therapeutic window of the neuro-EPO nasal application for the treatment of the focal ischemia model in the Mongolian gerbil. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:607498. [PMID: 22701364 PMCID: PMC3366217 DOI: 10.1100/2012/607498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of disability in Cuba and in several developed countries. A possible neuroprotective agent is the rHu-EPO, whose effects have been demonstrated in models of brain ischemia. The Neuro-EPO is a derivative of the rHu-EPO that avoids the stimulation of erythropoiesis. The aim of this study was to determine the Neuro-EPO delivery into the central nervous system (CNS) to exert a neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia model of the Mongolian gerbil. The Neuro-EPO in a rate of 249.4 UI every 8 hours for 4 days showed 25% higher viability efficacy (P > 0.01), improving neurological score and behavior of the spontaneous exploratory activity, the preservation of CA3 areas of the hippocampus, the cortex, and thalamic nuclei in the focal ischemia model of the Mongolian gerbil. In summary, this study, the average dose-used Neuro-EPO (249.4 UI/10 μL/every 8 hours for 4 days), proved to be valid indicators of viability, neurological status, and spontaneous exploratory activity, being significantly lower than that reported for the systemically use of the rHu-EPO as a neuroprotectant. Indeed, up to 12 h after brain ischemia is very positive Neuro-EPO administration by the nasal route as a candidate for neuroprotection.
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