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Borsley S, Leigh DA, Roberts BMW. Molecular Ratchets and Kinetic Asymmetry: Giving Chemistry Direction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400495. [PMID: 38568047 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades ratchet mechanisms have transformed the understanding and design of stochastic molecular systems-biological, chemical and physical-in a move away from the mechanical macroscopic analogies that dominated thinking regarding molecular dynamics in the 1990s and early 2000s (e.g. pistons, springs, etc), to the more scale-relevant concepts that underpin out-of-equilibrium research in the molecular sciences today. Ratcheting has established molecular nanotechnology as a research frontier for energy transduction and metabolism, and has enabled the reverse engineering of biomolecular machinery, delivering insights into how molecules 'walk' and track-based synthesisers operate, how the acceleration of chemical reactions enables energy to be transduced by catalysts (both motor proteins and synthetic catalysts), and how dynamic systems can be driven away from equilibrium through catalysis. The recognition of molecular ratchet mechanisms in biology, and their invention in synthetic systems, is proving significant in areas as diverse as supramolecular chemistry, systems chemistry, dynamic covalent chemistry, DNA nanotechnology, polymer and materials science, molecular biology, heterogeneous catalysis, endergonic synthesis, the origin of life, and many other branches of chemical science. Put simply, ratchet mechanisms give chemistry direction. Kinetic asymmetry, the key feature of ratcheting, is the dynamic counterpart of structural asymmetry (i.e. chirality). Given the ubiquity of ratchet mechanisms in endergonic chemical processes in biology, and their significance for behaviour and function from systems to synthesis, it is surely just as fundamentally important. This Review charts the recognition, invention and development of molecular ratchets, focussing particularly on the role for which they were originally envisaged in chemistry, as design elements for molecular machinery. Different kinetically asymmetric systems are compared, and the consequences of their dynamic behaviour discussed. These archetypal examples demonstrate how chemical systems can be driven inexorably away from equilibrium, rather than relax towards it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Borsley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin M W Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
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2
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Sheng J, Danowski W, Sardjan AS, Hou J, Crespi S, Ryabchun A, Domínguez MP, Jan Buma W, Browne WR, Feringa BL. Formylation boosts the performance of light-driven overcrowded alkene-derived rotary molecular motors. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01521-0. [PMID: 38671301 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Artificial molecular motors and machines constitute a critical element in the transition from individual molecular motion to the creation of collective dynamic molecular systems and responsive materials. The design of artificial light-driven molecular motors operating with high efficiency and selectivity constitutes an ongoing fundamental challenge. Here we present a highly versatile synthetic approach based on Rieche formylation that boosts the quantum yield of the forward photoisomerization reaction while reaching near-perfect selectivity in the steps involved in the unidirectional rotary cycle and drastically reducing competing photoreactions. This motor is readily accessible in its enantiopure form and operates with nearly quantitative photoconversions. It can easily be functionalized further and outperforms its direct predecessor as a reconfigurable chiral dopant in cholesteric liquid crystal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Sheng
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wojciech Danowski
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Supramolecular Science and Engineering (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andy S Sardjan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jiaxin Hou
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexander Ryabchun
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Zwick P, Troncossi A, Borsley S, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Leigh DA. Stepwise Operation of a Molecular Rotary Motor Driven by an Appel Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4467-4472. [PMID: 38319727 PMCID: PMC10885133 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
To date, only a small number of chemistries and chemical fueling strategies have been successfully used to operate artificial molecular motors. Here, we report the 360° directionally biased rotation of phenyl groups about a C-C bond, driven by a stepwise Appel reaction sequence. The motor molecule consists of a biaryl-embedded phosphine oxide and phenol, in which full rotation around the biaryl bond is blocked by the P-O oxygen atom on the rotor being too bulky to pass the oxygen atom on the stator. Treatment with SOCl2 forms a cyclic oxyphosphonium salt (removing the oxygen atom of the phosphine oxide), temporarily linking the rotor with the stator. Conformational exchange via ring flipping then allows the rotor and stator to twist back and forth past the previous limit of rotation. Subsequently, the ring opening of the tethered intermediate with a chiral alcohol occurs preferentially through a nucleophilic attack on one face. Thus, the original phosphine oxide is reformed with net directional rotation about the biaryl bond over the course of the two-step reaction sequence. Each repetition of SOCl2-chiral alcohol additions generates another directionally biased rotation. Using the same reaction sequence on a derivative of the motor molecule that forms atropisomers rather than fully rotating 360° results in enantioenrichment, suggesting that, on average, the motor molecule rotates in the "wrong" direction once every three fueling cycles. The interconversion of phosphine oxides and cyclic oxyphosphonium groups to form temporary tethers that enable a rotational barrier to be overcome directionally adds to the strategies available for generating chemically fueled kinetic asymmetry in molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Zwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Troncossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Borsley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | | | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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4
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Borsley S, Gallagher JM, Leigh DA, Roberts BMW. Ratcheting synthesis. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:8-29. [PMID: 38102412 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemistry has traditionally relied on reactions between reactants of high chemical potential and transformations that proceed energetically downhill to either a global or local minimum (thermodynamic or kinetic control). Catalysts can be used to manipulate kinetic control, lowering activation energies to influence reaction outcomes. However, such chemistry is still constrained by the shape of one-dimensional reaction coordinates. Coupling synthesis to an orthogonal energy input can allow ratcheting of chemical reaction outcomes, reminiscent of the ways that molecular machines ratchet random thermal motion to bias conformational dynamics. This fundamentally distinct approach to synthesis allows multi-dimensional potential energy surfaces to be navigated, enabling reaction outcomes that cannot be achieved under conventional kinetic or thermodynamic control. In this Review, we discuss how ratcheted synthesis is ubiquitous throughout biology and consider how chemists might harness ratchet mechanisms to accelerate catalysis, drive chemical reactions uphill and programme complex reaction sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Borsley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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5
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Sangchai T, Al Shehimy S, Penocchio E, Ragazzon G. Artificial Molecular Ratchets: Tools Enabling Endergonic Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309501. [PMID: 37545196 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-equilibrium chemical systems underpin multiple domains of contemporary interest, including supramolecular chemistry, molecular machines, systems chemistry, prebiotic chemistry, and energy transduction. Experimental chemists are now pioneering the realization of artificial systems that can harvest energy away from equilibrium. In this tutorial Review, we provide an overview of artificial molecular ratchets: the chemical mechanisms enabling energy absorption from the environment. By focusing on the mechanism type-rather than the application domain or energy source-we offer a unifying picture of seemingly disparate phenomena, which we hope will foster progress in this fascinating domain of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitiporn Sangchai
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Shaymaa Al Shehimy
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emanuele Penocchio
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Giulio Ragazzon
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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6
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Corra S, Curcio M, Credi A. Photoactivated Artificial Molecular Motors. JACS AU 2023; 3:1301-1313. [PMID: 37234111 PMCID: PMC10207102 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Accurate control of long-range motion at the molecular scale holds great potential for the development of ground-breaking applications in energy storage and bionanotechnology. The past decade has seen tremendous development in this area, with a focus on the directional operation away from thermal equilibrium, giving rise to tailored man-made molecular motors. As light is a highly tunable, controllable, clean, and renewable source of energy, photochemical processes are appealing to activate molecular motors. Nonetheless, the successful operation of molecular motors fueled by light is a highly challenging task, which requires a judicious coupling of thermal and photoinduced reactions. In this paper, we focus on the key aspects of light-driven artificial molecular motors with the aid of recent examples. A critical assessment of the criteria for the design, operation, and technological potential of such systems is provided, along with a perspective view on future advances in this exciting research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Corra
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività, CNR area della ricerca
Bologna, via Gobetti,
101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso-Montanari”, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, viale del Risorgimento, 8, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Curcio
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività, CNR area della ricerca
Bologna, via Gobetti,
101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso-Montanari”, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, viale del Risorgimento, 8, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività, CNR area della ricerca
Bologna, via Gobetti,
101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso-Montanari”, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, viale del Risorgimento, 8, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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7
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Penocchio E, Ragazzon G. Kinetic Barrier Diagrams to Visualize and Engineer Molecular Nonequilibrium Systems. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206188. [PMID: 36703505 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular nonequilibrium systems hold great promises for the nanotechnology of the future. Yet, their development is slowed by the absence of an informative representation. Indeed, while potential energy surfaces comprise in principle all the information, they hide the dynamic interplay of multiple reaction pathways underlying nonequilibrium systems, i.e., the degree of kinetic asymmetry. To offer an insightful visual representation of kinetic asymmetry, we extended an approach pertaining to catalytic networks, the energy span model, by focusing on system dynamics - rather than thermodynamics. Our approach encompasses both chemically and photochemically driven systems, ranging from unimolecular motors to simple self-assembly schemes. The obtained diagrams give immediate access to information needed to guide experiments, such as states' population, rate of machine operation, maximum work output, and effects of design changes. The proposed kinetic barrier diagrams offer a unifying graphical tool for disparate nonequilibrium phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Penocchio
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Giulio Ragazzon
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingégnierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
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8
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Corra S, Bakić MT, Groppi J, Baroncini M, Silvi S, Penocchio E, Esposito M, Credi A. Kinetic and energetic insights into the dissipative non-equilibrium operation of an autonomous light-powered supramolecular pump. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:746-751. [PMID: 35760895 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural and artificial autonomous molecular machines operate by constantly dissipating energy coming from an external source to maintain a non-equilibrium state. Quantitative thermodynamic characterization of these dissipative states is highly challenging as they exist only as long as energy is provided. Here we report on the detailed physicochemical characterization of the dissipative operation of a supramolecular pump. The pump transduces light energy into chemical energy by bringing self-assembly reactions to non-equilibrium steady states. The composition of the system under light irradiation was followed in real time by 1H NMR for four different irradiation intensities. The experimental composition and photon flow were then fed into a theoretical model describing the non-equilibrium dissipation and the energy storage at the steady state. We quantitatively probed the relationship between the light energy input and the deviation of the dissipative state from thermodynamic equilibrium in this artificial system. Our results provide a testing ground for newly developed theoretical models for photoactivated artificial molecular machines operating away from thermodynamic equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Corra
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNR, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale 'Toso Montanari', Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marina Tranfić Bakić
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNR, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale 'Toso Montanari', Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jessica Groppi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNR, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Baroncini
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNR, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNR, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica 'G. Ciamician', Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuele Penocchio
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Massimiliano Esposito
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNR, Bologna, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale 'Toso Montanari', Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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9
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Asnicar D, Penocchio E, Frezzato D. Sample size dependence of tagged molecule dynamics in steady-state networks with bimolecular reactions: Cycle times of a light-driven pump. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:184116. [PMID: 35568563 DOI: 10.1063/5.0089695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, steady-state reaction networks are inspected from the viewpoint of individual tagged molecules jumping among their chemical states upon the occurrence of reactive events. Such an agent-based viewpoint is useful for selectively characterizing the behavior of functional molecules, especially in the presence of bimolecular processes. We present the tools for simulating the jump dynamics both in the macroscopic limit and in the small-volume sample where the numbers of reactive molecules are of the order of few units with an inherently stochastic kinetics. The focus is on how an ideal spatial "compartmentalization" may affect the dynamical features of the tagged molecule. Our general approach is applied to a synthetic light-driven supramolecular pump composed of ring-like and axle-like molecules that dynamically assemble and disassemble, originating an average ring-through-axle directed motion under constant irradiation. In such an example, the dynamical feature of interest is the completion time of direct/inverse cycles of tagged rings and axles. We find a surprisingly strong robustness of the average cycle times with respect to the system's size. This is explained in the presence of rate-determining unimolecular processes, which may, therefore, play a crucial role in stabilizing the behavior of small chemical systems against strong fluctuations in the number of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Asnicar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Emanuele Penocchio
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Avenue de la Faïencerie, Luxembourg City L-1511, G.D. Luxembourg
| | - Diego Frezzato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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10
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Pooler DRS, Lubbe AS, Crespi S, Feringa BL. Designing light-driven rotary molecular motors. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14964-14986. [PMID: 34909140 PMCID: PMC8612399 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04781g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to induce and amplify motion at the molecular scale has seen tremendous progress ranging from simple molecular rotors to responsive materials. In the two decades since the discovery of light-driven rotary molecular motors, the development of these molecules has been extensive; moving from the realm of molecular chemistry to integration into dynamic molecular systems. They have been identified as actuators holding great potential to precisely control the dynamics of nanoscale devices, but integrating molecular motors effectively into evermore complex artificial molecular machinery is not trivial. Maximising efficiency without compromising function requires conscious and judicious selection of the structures used. In this perspective, we focus on the key aspects of motor design and discuss how to manipulate these properties without impeding motor integrity. Herein, we describe these principles in the context of molecular rotary motors featuring a central double bond axle and emphasise the strengths and weaknesses of each design, providing a comprehensive evaluation of all artificial light-driven rotary motor scaffolds currently present in the literature. Based on this discussion, we will explore the trajectory of research into the field of molecular motors in the coming years, including challenges to be addressed, potential applications, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy R S Pooler
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Anouk S Lubbe
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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11
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Penocchio E, Rao R, Esposito M. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of light-induced reactions. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:114101. [PMID: 34551539 DOI: 10.1063/5.0060774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current formulations of nonequilibrium thermodynamics of open chemical reaction networks only consider chemostats as free-energy sources sustaining nonequilibrium behaviors. Here, we extend the theory to include incoherent light as a source of free energy. We do so by relying on a local equilibrium assumption to derive the chemical potential of photons relative to the system they interact with. This allows us to identify the thermodynamic potential and the thermodynamic forces driving light-reacting chemical systems out-of-equilibrium. We use this framework to treat two paradigmatic photochemical mechanisms describing light-induced unimolecular reactions-namely, the adiabatic and diabatic mechanisms-and highlight the different thermodynamics they lead to. Furthermore, using a thermodynamic coarse-graining procedure, we express our findings in terms of commonly measured experimental quantities, such as quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Penocchio
- Complex Systems and Statistical Mechanics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg City, G. D. Luxembourg
| | - Riccardo Rao
- Complex Systems and Statistical Mechanics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg City, G. D. Luxembourg
| | - Massimiliano Esposito
- Complex Systems and Statistical Mechanics, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg City, G. D. Luxembourg
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12
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Corra S, Casimiro L, Baroncini M, Groppi J, La Rosa M, Tranfić Bakić M, Silvi S, Credi A. Artificial Supramolecular Pumps Powered by Light. Chemistry 2021; 27:11076-11083. [PMID: 33951231 PMCID: PMC8453702 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of artificial nanoscale motors that can use energy from a source to perform tasks requires systems capable of performing directionally controlled molecular movements and operating away from chemical equilibrium. Here, the design, synthesis and properties of pseudorotaxanes are described, in which a photon input triggers the unidirectional motion of a macrocyclic ring with respect to a non-symmetric molecular axle. The photoinduced energy ratcheting at the basis of the pumping mechanism is validated by measuring the relevant thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. Owing to the photochemical behavior of the azobenzene moiety embedded in the axle, the pump can repeat its operation cycle autonomously under continuous illumination. NMR spectroscopy was used to observe the dissipative non-equilibrium state generated in situ by light irradiation. We also show that fine changes in the axle structure lead to an improvement in the performance of the motor. Such results highlight the modularity and versatility of this minimalist pump design, which provides facile access to dynamic systems that operate under photoinduced non-equilibrium regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Corra
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNRVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”Università di BolognaViale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
| | - Lorenzo Casimiro
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNRVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”Università di BolognaVia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM4 Avenue des Sciences91190Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Massimo Baroncini
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNRVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentariUniversità di BolognaViale Fanin 4440127BolognaItaly
| | - Jessica Groppi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNRVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
| | - Marcello La Rosa
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNRVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentariUniversità di BolognaViale Fanin 4440127BolognaItaly
| | - Marina Tranfić Bakić
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNRVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”Università di BolognaViale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
| | - Serena Silvi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNRVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”Università di BolognaVia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNRVia Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”Università di BolognaViale del Risorgimento 440136BolognaItaly
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13
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Feng M, Gilson MK. Mechanistic analysis of light-driven overcrowded alkene-based molecular motors by multiscale molecular simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:8525-8540. [PMID: 33876015 PMCID: PMC8102045 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06685k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We analyze light-driven overcrowded alkene-based molecular motors, an intriguing class of small molecules that have the potential to generate MHz-scale rotation rates. The full rotation process is simulated at multiple scales by combining quantum surface-hopping molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for the photoisomerization step with classical MD simulations for the thermal helix inversion step. A Markov state analysis resolves conformational substates, their interconversion kinetics, and their roles in the motor's rotation process. Furthermore, motor performance metrics, including rotation rate and maximal power output, are computed to validate computations against experimental measurements and to inform future designs. Lastly, we find that to correctly model these motors, the force field must be optimized by fitting selected parameters to reference quantum mechanical energy surfaces. Overall, our simulations yield encouraging agreement with experimental observables such as rotation rates, and provide mechanistic insights that may help future designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudong Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 92093, USA.
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14
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Feng Y, Ovalle M, Seale JSW, Lee CK, Kim DJ, Astumian RD, Stoddart JF. Molecular Pumps and Motors. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5569-5591. [PMID: 33830744 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pumps and motors are essential components of the world as we know it. From the complex proteins that sustain our cells, to the mechanical marvels that power industries, much we take for granted is only possible because of pumps and motors. Although molecular pumps and motors have supported life for eons, it is only recently that chemists have made progress toward designing and building artificial forms of the microscopic machinery present in nature. The advent of artificial molecular machines has granted scientists an unprecedented level of control over the relative motion of components of molecules through the development of kinetically controlled, away-from-thermodynamic equilibrium chemistry. We outline the history of pumps and motors, focusing specifically on the innovations that enable the design and synthesis of the artificial molecular machines central to this Perspective. A key insight connecting biomolecular and artificial molecular machines is that the physical motions by which these machines carry out their function are unambiguously in mechanical equilibrium at every instant. The operation of molecular motors and pumps can be described by trajectory thermodynamics, a theory based on the work of Onsager, which is grounded on the firm foundation of the principle of microscopic reversibility. Free energy derived from thermodynamically non-equilibrium reactions kinetically favors some reaction pathways over others. By designing molecules with kinetic asymmetry, one can engineer potential landscapes to harness external energy to drive the formation and maintenance of geometries of component parts of molecules away-from-equilibrium, that would be impossible to achieve by standard synthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Marco Ovalle
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - James S W Seale
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christopher K Lee
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dong Jun Kim
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - R Dean Astumian
- Department of Physics, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
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15
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Guan Q, Wang H, Wang X. Theoretical research of second generation molecular motor with unidirectional rotary motion. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Guan
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry Xiangtan University Xiangtan Hunan China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry Xiangtan University Xiangtan Hunan China
| | - Xueye Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry Xiangtan University Xiangtan Hunan China
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16
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Sabatino A, Penocchio E, Ragazzon G, Credi A, Frezzato D. Individual‐Molecule Perspective Analysis of Chemical Reaction Networks: The Case of a Light‐Driven Supramolecular Pump. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sabatino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Emanuele Penocchio
- Complex Systems and Statistical Mechanics, Physics and Materials Science Unit University of Luxembourg 162 A, avenue de la Faïencerie 1511 Luxembourg Luxembourg
| | - Giulio Ragazzon
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Università degli Studi di Trieste via Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- Center for Light Activated Nanostructures (CLAN) Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari Università di Bologna, and Istituto ISOF Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Diego Frezzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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17
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Sabatino A, Penocchio E, Ragazzon G, Credi A, Frezzato D. Individual-Molecule Perspective Analysis of Chemical Reaction Networks: The Case of a Light-Driven Supramolecular Pump. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14341-14348. [PMID: 31379048 PMCID: PMC6899705 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The first study in which stochastic simulations of a two‐component molecular machine are performed in the mass‐action regime is presented. This system is an autonomous molecular pump consisting of a photoactive axle that creates a directed flow of rings through it by exploiting light energy away from equilibrium. The investigation demonstrates that the pump can operate in two regimes, both experimentally accessible, in which light‐driven steps can be rate‐determining or not. The number of photons exploited by an individual molecular pump, as well as the precision of cycling and the overall efficiency, critically rely on the operating regime of the machine. This approach provides useful information not only to guide the chemical design of a self‐assembling molecular device with desired features, but also to elucidate the effect of the environment on its performance, thus facilitating its experimental investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sabatino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Emanuele Penocchio
- Complex Systems and Statistical Mechanics, Physics and Materials Science Unit, University of Luxembourg, 162 A, avenue de la Faïencerie, 1511, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Giulio Ragazzon
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- Center for Light Activated Nanostructures (CLAN), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, and Istituto ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diego Frezzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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18
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Ota E, Wang H, Frye NL, Knowles RR. A Redox Strategy for Light-Driven, Out-of-Equilibrium Isomerizations and Application to Catalytic C-C Bond Cleavage Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1457-1462. [PMID: 30628777 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report a general protocol for the light-driven isomerization of cyclic aliphatic alcohols to linear carbonyl compounds. These reactions proceed via proton-coupled electron-transfer activation of alcohol O-H bonds followed by subsequent C-C β-scission of the resulting alkoxy radical intermediates. In many cases, these redox-neutral isomerizations proceed in opposition to a significant energetic gradient, yielding products that are less thermodynamically stable than the starting materials. A mechanism is presented to rationalize this out-of-equilibrium behavior that may serve as a model for the design of other contrathermodynamic transformations driven by excited-state redox events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Ota
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Huaiju Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Nils Lennart Frye
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Robert R Knowles
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
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19
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Astumian RD. Trajectory and Cycle-Based Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Molecular Machines: The Importance of Microscopic Reversibility. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2653-2661. [PMID: 30346731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A molecular machine is a nanoscale device that provides a mechanism for coupling energy from two (or more) processes that in the absence of the machine would be independent of one another. Examples include walking of a protein in one direction along a polymeric track (process 1, driving "force" X1 = - F⃗· l⃗) and hydrolyzing ATP (process 2, driving "force" X2 = ΔμATP); or synthesis of ATP (process 1, X1 = -ΔμATP) and transport of protons from the periplasm to the cytoplasm across a membrane (process 2, X2 = ΔμH+); or rotation of a flagellum (process 1, X1 = -torque) and transport of protons across a membrane (process 2, X2 = ΔμH+). In some ways, the function of a molecular machine is similar to that of a macroscopic machine such as a car that couples combustion of gasoline to translational motion. However, the low Reynolds number regime in which molecular machines operate is very different from that relevant for macroscopic machines. Inertia is negligible in comparison to viscous drag, and omnipresent thermal noise causes the machine to undergo continual transition among many states even at thermodynamic equilibrium. Cyclic trajectories among the states of the machine that result in a change in the environment can be broken into two classes: those in which process 1 in either the forward or backward direction ([Formula: see text]) occurs and which thereby exchange work [Formula: see text] with the environment; and those in which process 2 in either the forward or backward direction ([Formula: see text]) occurs and which thereby exchange work [Formula: see text] with the evironment. These two types of trajectories, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], overlap, i.e., there are some trajectories in which both process 1 and process 2 occur, and for which the work exchanged is [Formula: see text]. The four subclasses of overlap trajectories [(+1,+2), (+1,-2), (-1,+2), (-1,-2)] are the coupled processes. The net probabilities for process 1 and process 2 are designated π+2 - π-2 and π+1 - π-1, respectively. The probabilities [Formula: see text] for any single trajectory [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for its microscopic reverse [Formula: see text] are related by microscopic reversibility (MR), [Formula: see text], an equality that holds arbitrarily far from thermodynamic equilibrium, i.e., irrespective of the magnitudes of X1 and X2, and where [Formula: see text]. Using this formalism, we arrive at a remarkably simple and general expression for the rates of the processes, [Formula: see text], i = 1, 2, where the angle brackets indicate an average over the ensemble of all microscopic reverse trajectories. Stochastic description of coupling is doubtless less familiar than typical mechanical depictions of chemical coupling in terms of ATP induced violent kicks, judo throws, force generation and power-strokes. While the mechanical description of molecular machines is comforting in its familiarity, conclusions based on such a phenomenological perspective are often wrong. Specifically, a "power-stroke" model (i.e., a model based on energy driven "promotion" of a molecular machine to a high energy state followed by directional relaxation to a lower energy state) that has been the focus of mechanistic discussions of biomolecular machines for over a half century is, for catalysis driven molecular machines, incorrect. Instead, the key principle by which catalysis driven motors work is kinetic gating by a mechanism known as an information ratchet. Amazingly, this same principle is that by which catalytic molecular systems undergo adaptation to new steady states while facilitating an exergonic chemical reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Dean Astumian
- Department of Physics, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
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20
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Chirality and stereoselectivity in photochromic reactions. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Allocating dissipation across a molecular machine cycle to maximize flux. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11057-11062. [PMID: 29073016 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707534114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomolecular machines consume free energy to break symmetry and make directed progress. Nonequilibrium ATP concentrations are the typical free energy source, with one cycle of a molecular machine consuming a certain number of ATP, providing a fixed free energy budget. Since evolution is expected to favor rapid-turnover machines that operate efficiently, we investigate how this free energy budget can be allocated to maximize flux. Unconstrained optimization eliminates intermediate metastable states, indicating that flux is enhanced in molecular machines with fewer states. When maintaining a set number of states, we show that-in contrast to previous findings-the flux-maximizing allocation of dissipation is not even. This result is consistent with the coexistence of both "irreversible" and reversible transitions in molecular machine models that successfully describe experimental data, which suggests that, in evolved machines, different transitions differ significantly in their dissipation.
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22
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Su Q, Li Y, Wang B, Liu M, Wang H, Wang W, Liu F. Combining the Advantages of Alkene and Azo E-Z Photoisomerizations: Mechanistic Insights into Ketoimine Photoswitches. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2588-2596. [PMID: 28301930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We carried out CASPT2//(TD)DFT and CASPT2//CASSCF studies on the working mechanism of imine switches, including a camphorquinone-derived ketoimine (shortened as k-Imine) switch designed by Lehn as well as a model camphorquinone alkene-imine (a-Imine) proposed in this study. Under the experimental conditions (light irradiation with 455 and 365 nm for E and Z, respectively), k-Imine is excited to the S1:(nN,π*) state and then decays toward a perpendicular intermediate following the C═N bond rotation coordinate. During the bond rotation, a mild energy barrier caused by the strong interaction of S1:(nN,π*) and S2:(nO,π*) states will more or less slow down the rotation speed of k-Imine. The large difference in irradiation light wavelength supports k-Imine as a two-way photoswitch. The photoisomerization of a-Imine obeys a similar but fully barrierless pattern while requiring a higher excitation energy to reach the (nN,π*) state. The good directionality of thermal isomerization toward E(a-Imine), plus the barrierless photoisomerization, allows for the design of a thermal and photo-operated switch. For both imines, a minimal-energy crossing point (MECI) located at the perpendicular region, with low relative energy and close to the rotary path, ensures the directionality of C═N bond rotation and confirms imines as optimal candidates for photoswitches and motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Su
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanying Li
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Minjuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenliang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, People's Republic of China
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23
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Pizzolato SF, Collins BSL, van Leeuwen T, Feringa BL. Bifunctional Molecular Photoswitches Based on Overcrowded Alkenes for Dynamic Control of Catalytic Activity in Michael Addition Reactions. Chemistry 2017; 23:6174-6184. [PMID: 27880015 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The emerging field of artificial photoswitchable catalysis has recently shown striking examples of functional light-responsive systems allowing for dynamic control of activity and selectivity in organocatalysis and metal-catalysed transformations. While our group has already disclosed systems featuring first generation molecular motors as the switchable central core, a design based on second generation molecular motors is lacking. Here, the syntheses of two bifunctionalised molecular switches based on a photoresponsive tetrasubstituted alkene core are reported. They feature a thiourea substituent as hydrogen-donor moiety in the upper half and a basic dimethylamine group in the lower half. This combination of functional groups offers the possibility for application of these molecules in photoswitchable catalytic processes. The light-responsive central cores were synthesized by a Barton-Kellogg coupling of the prefunctionalized upper and lower halves. Derivatization using Buchwald-Hartwig amination and subsequent introduction of the thiourea substituent afforded the target compounds. Control of catalytic activity in the Michael addition reaction between (E)-3-bromo-β-nitrostyrene and 2,4-pentanedione is achieved upon irradiation of stable-(E) and stable-(Z) isomers of the bifunctional catalyst 1. Both isomers display a decrease in catalytic activity upon irradiation to the metastable state, providing systems with the potential to be applied as ON/OFF catalytic photoswitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano F Pizzolato
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Beatrice S L Collins
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas van Leeuwen
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Saywell A, Bakker A, Mielke J, Kumagai T, Wolf M, García-López V, Chiang PT, Tour JM, Grill L. Light-Induced Translation of Motorized Molecules on a Surface. ACS NANO 2016; 10:10945-10952. [PMID: 27783488 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular machines are a key component in the vision of molecular nanotechnology and have the potential to transport molecular species and cargo on surfaces. The motion of such machines should be triggered remotely, ultimately allowing a large number of molecules to be propelled by a single source, with light being an attractive stimulus. Here, we report upon the photoinduced translation of molecular machines across a surface by characterizing single molecules before and after illumination. Illumination of molecules containing a motor unit results in an enhancement in the diffusion of the molecules. The effect vanishes if an incompatible photon energy is used or if the motor unit is removed from the molecule, revealing that the enhanced motion is due to the presence of the wavelength-sensitive motor in each molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Saywell
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Berlin 14195, Germany
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Bakker
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Johannes Mielke
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Takashi Kumagai
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Martin Wolf
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Víctor García-López
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and NanoEngineering and the Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Pinn-Tsong Chiang
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and NanoEngineering and the Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - James M Tour
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and NanoEngineering and the Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Leonhard Grill
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society , Berlin 14195, Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28, Graz 8010, Austria
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25
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Kistemaker JCM, Pizzolato SF, van Leeuwen T, Pijper TC, Feringa BL. Spectroscopic and Theoretical Identification of Two Thermal Isomerization Pathways for Bistable Chiral Overcrowded Alkenes. Chemistry 2016; 22:13478-87. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jos C. M. Kistemaker
- Centre for Systems Chemistry; Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Stefano F. Pizzolato
- Centre for Systems Chemistry; Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Thomas van Leeuwen
- Centre for Systems Chemistry; Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Thomas C. Pijper
- Centre for Systems Chemistry; Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry; Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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26
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Everhart SC, Jayasundara UK, Kim H, Procúpez-Schtirbu R, Stanbery WA, Mishler CH, Frost BJ, Cline JI, Bell TW. Synthesis and Photoisomerization of Substituted Dibenzofulvene Molecular Rotors. Chemistry 2016; 22:11291-302. [PMID: 27363530 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, spectral and structural characterization, and photoisomerization of a family of 2-substituted dibenzofulvene molecular actuators based on (2,2,2-triphenylethylidene)fluorene (TEF) are reported. The 2-substituted species investigated are nitro (NTEF), cyano (CTEF), and iodo (ITEF). X-ray structures of these three compounds and three intermediates were determined to assign alkene configuration and investigate the effects of the 2-substituents on steric gearing. The addition-elimination reaction of Z-9 with trityl anion to form Z-10 proceeded with complete retention of configuration. Rates of photoisomerization were measured at irradiation wavelengths between 266-355 nm in acetonitrile/dioxane solutions at room temperature. Photoisomerization quantum yields (φ) were calculated by means of a mathematical model that accounts for a certain degree of photodecomposition in the cases of CTEF and ITEF. Quantum yields vary significantly with substituent, having maximum values of φ=0.26 for NTEF, 0.39 for CTEF, and 0.50 for ITEF. NTEF is photochemically robust and has a large quantum yield for photoisomerization in the near-UV, making it a particularly promising drive rotor moiety for light-powered molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Everhart
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Chemical Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA
| | - Udaya K Jayasundara
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Chemical Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA
| | - HyunJong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Chemical Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA
| | - Rolando Procúpez-Schtirbu
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Chemical Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA.,Coordinador Sección Química General, Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, P.O. Box 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Wayne A Stanbery
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Chemical Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA
| | - Clay H Mishler
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Chemical Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA
| | - Brian J Frost
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Chemical Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA
| | - Joseph I Cline
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Chemical Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA
| | - Thomas W Bell
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Chemical Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA.
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27
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van Dijken DJ, Chen J, Stuart MCA, Hou L, Feringa BL. Amphiphilic Molecular Motors for Responsive Aggregation in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:660-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derk Jan van Dijken
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, ‡Groningen Biomolecular
Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jiawen Chen
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, ‡Groningen Biomolecular
Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc C. A. Stuart
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, ‡Groningen Biomolecular
Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lili Hou
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, ‡Groningen Biomolecular
Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, ‡Groningen Biomolecular
Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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28
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Ragazzon G, Baroncini M, Silvi S, Venturi M, Credi A. Light-powered autonomous and directional molecular motion of a dissipative self-assembling system. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:70-5. [PMID: 25420035 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular motors convert energy into directed motion and operate away from thermal equilibrium. The development of dynamic chemical systems that exploit dissipative (non-equilibrium) processes is a challenge in supramolecular chemistry and a premise for the realization of artificial nanoscale motors. Here, we report the relative unidirectional transit of a non-symmetric molecular axle through a macrocycle powered solely by light. The molecular machine rectifies Brownian fluctuations by energy and information ratchet mechanisms and can repeat its working cycle under photostationary conditions. The system epitomizes the conceptual and practical elements forming the basis of autonomous light-powered directed motion with a minimalist molecular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Ragazzon
- Photochemical Nanosciences Laboratory, Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Baroncini
- Photochemical Nanosciences Laboratory, Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- Photochemical Nanosciences Laboratory, Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Margherita Venturi
- Photochemical Nanosciences Laboratory, Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- Photochemical Nanosciences Laboratory, Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Vanesa Marcos
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam R. Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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30
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Chen J, Kistemaker JCM, Robertus J, Feringa BL. Molecular stirrers in action. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14924-32. [PMID: 25254645 DOI: 10.1021/ja507711h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A series of first-generation light-driven molecular motors with rigid substituents of varying length was synthesized to act as "molecular stirrers". Their rotary motion was studied by (1)H NMR and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy in a variety of solvents with different polarity and viscosity. Quantitative analyses of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters show that the rotary speed is affected by the rigidity of the substituents and the length of the rigid substituents and that the differences in speed are governed by entropy effects. Most pronounced is the effect of solvent viscosity on the rotary motion when long, rigid substituents are present. The α values obtained by the free volume model, supported by DFT calculations, demonstrate that during the rotary process of the motor, as the rigid substituent becomes longer, an increased rearranging volume is needed, which leads to enhanced solvent displacement and retardation of the motor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Chen
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Bauer J, Hou L, Kistemaker JCM, Feringa BL. Tuning the Rotation Rate of Light-Driven Molecular Motors. J Org Chem 2014; 79:4446-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500411z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jurica Bauer
- Centre
for Systems Chemistry,
Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, and Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lili Hou
- Centre
for Systems Chemistry,
Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, and Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos C. M. Kistemaker
- Centre
for Systems Chemistry,
Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, and Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Centre
for Systems Chemistry,
Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, and Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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32
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Kao CY, Lee IT, Prabhakar C, Yang JS. Light- and Redox-Gated Molecular Brakes Consisting of a Pentiptycene Rotor and an Indole Pad. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201400035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Cnossen A, Kistemaker JCM, Kojima T, Feringa BL. Structural Dynamics of Overcrowded Alkene-Based Molecular Motors during Thermal Isomerization. J Org Chem 2014; 79:927-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402301j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Cnossen
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials,
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos C. M. Kistemaker
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials,
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tatsuo Kojima
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials,
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials,
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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34
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Cnossen A, Browne WR, Feringa BL. Unidirectional Light-Driven Molecular Motors Based on Overcrowded Alkenes. MOLECULAR MACHINES AND MOTORS 2014; 354:139-62. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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35
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Lubbe AS, Ruangsupapichat N, Caroli G, Feringa BL. Control of rotor function in light-driven molecular motors. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8599-610. [PMID: 21928768 DOI: 10.1021/jo201583z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A study is presented on the control of rotary motion of an appending rotor unit in a light-driven molecular motor. Two new light driven molecular motors were synthesized that contain aryl groups connected to the stereogenic centers. The aryl groups behave as bidirectional free rotors in three of the four isomers of the 360° rotation cycle, but rotation of the rotors is hindered in the fourth isomer. Kinetic studies of both motor and rotor functions of the two new compounds are given, using (1)H NMR, 2D-EXSY NMR, and UV-vis spectroscopy. In addition, we present the development of a new method for introducing a range of aryl substituents at the α-carbon of precursors for molecular motors. The present study shows how the molecular system can be photochemically switched between a state of free rotor rotation and a state of hindered rotation and reveals the dynamics of coupled rotary systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk S Lubbe
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
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36
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Zhang Y. Periodic one-dimensional hopping model with transitions between nonadjacent states. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:031104. [PMID: 22060325 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.031104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A one-dimensional hopping model is useful for describing the motion of microscopic particles in a thermal noise environment. Recent experiments on the new generation of light-driven rotary molecular motors found that a motor in state i can jump forward to state i+1 or i+2 or backward to state i-1 or i-2 directly. In this paper, inspired by these experiments, such a modified periodic one-dimensional hopping model with arbitrary period N is studied theoretically. The mean velocity, effective diffusion constant, and mean dwell time in one single mechanochemical cycle are obtained. The corresponding results are illustrated and verified by being applied to the synthetic rotary molecular motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Contemporary Applied Mathematics, Centre for Computational Systems Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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37
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Kazaryan A, Lan Z, Schäfer LV, Thiel W, Filatov M. Surface Hopping Excited-State Dynamics Study of the Photoisomerization of a Light-Driven Fluorene Molecular Rotary Motor. J Chem Theory Comput 2011; 7:2189-99. [DOI: 10.1021/ct200199w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andranik Kazaryan
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Lars V. Schäfer
- Molecular Dynamics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Michael Filatov
- University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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38
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Lunazzi L, Mancinelli M, Mazzanti A. Structure, Conformation, Stereodynamics, and Absolute Configuration of the Atropisomers of Fluorenylidene Derivatives. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1487-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jo1023427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lodovico Lunazzi
- Department of Organic Chemistry “A. Mangini”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Michele Mancinelli
- Department of Organic Chemistry “A. Mangini”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Department of Organic Chemistry “A. Mangini”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
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39
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Boyle MM, Smaldone RA, Whalley AC, Ambrogio MW, Botros YY, Stoddart JF. Mechanised materials. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00453g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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40
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41
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42
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Chen YC, Sun WT, Lu HF, Chao I, Huang GJ, Lin YC, Huang SL, Huang HH, Lin YD, Yang JS. A Pentiptycene-Derived Molecular Brake: Photochemical E→Z and Electrochemical Z→E Switching of an Enone Module. Chemistry 2010; 17:1193-200. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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43
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Ruangsupapichat N, Pollard MM, Harutyunyan SR, Feringa BL. Reversing the direction in a light-driven rotary molecular motor. Nat Chem 2010; 3:53-60. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Bio-inspired novel design principles for artificial molecular motors. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010; 21:683-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Kuwada NJ, Blab GA, Linke H. A classical Master equation approach to modeling an artificial protein motor. Chem Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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46
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Sun WT, Huang YT, Huang GJ, Lu HF, Chao I, Huang SL, Huang SJ, Lin YC, Ho JH, Yang JS. Pentiptycene-Derived Light-Driven Molecular Brakes: Substituent Effects of the Brake Component. Chemistry 2010; 16:11594-604. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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47
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Berná J, Alajarín M, Orenes RA. Azodicarboxamides as Template Binding Motifs for the Building of Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Shuttles. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:10741-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja101151t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Berná
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain, and Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación (SAI), Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Mateo Alajarín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain, and Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación (SAI), Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Raúl-Angel Orenes
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain, and Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación (SAI), Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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48
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Huang GJ, Yang JS. The N-Arylamino Conjugation Effect in the Photochemistry of Fluorescent Protein Chromophores and Aminostilbenes. Chem Asian J 2010; 5:2075-85. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Kazaryan A, Kistemaker JCM, Schäfer LV, Browne WR, Feringa BL, Filatov M. Understanding the dynamics behind the photoisomerization of a light-driven fluorene molecular rotary motor. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:5058-67. [PMID: 20349978 DOI: 10.1021/jp100609m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Light-driven molecular rotary motors derived from chiral overcrowded alkenes represent a broad class of compounds for which photochemical rearrangements lead to large scale motion of one part of the molecule with respect to another. It is this motion/change in molecular shape that is employed in many of their applications. A key group in this class are the molecular rotary motors that undergo unidirectional light-driven rotation about a double bond through a series of photochemical and thermal steps. In the present contribution we report a combined quantum chemical and molecular dynamics study of the mechanism of the rotational cycle of the fluorene-based molecular rotary motor 9-(2,4,7-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene)-9H-fluorene (1). The potential energy surfaces of the ground and excited singlet states of 1 were calculated, and it was found that conical intersections play a central role in the mechanism of photo conversion between the stable conformer of 1 and its metastable conformer. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the average lifetime of the fluorene motor in the excited state is 1.40 +/- 0.10 ps when starting from the stable conformer, which increases to 1.77 +/- 0.13 ps for the reverse photoisomerization. These simulations indicate that the quantum yield of photoisomerization of the stable conformer is 0.92, whereas it is only 0.40 for the reverse photoisomerization. For the first time, a theoretical understanding of the experimentally observed photostationary state of 1 is reported that provides a detailed picture of the photoisomerization dynamics in overcrowded alkene-based molecular motor 1. The analysis of the electronic structure of the fluorene molecular motor holds considerable implications for the design of molecular motors. Importantly, the role of pyramidalization and conical intersections offer new insight into the factors that dominate the photostationary state achieved in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andranik Kazaryan
- Theoretical Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
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50
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Jan van der Molen S, Liljeroth P. Charge transport through molecular switches. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:133001. [PMID: 21389503 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/13/133001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We review the fascinating research on charge transport through switchable molecules. In the past decade, detailed investigations have been performed on a great variety of molecular switches, including mechanically interlocked switches (rotaxanes and catenanes), redox-active molecules and photochromic switches (e.g. azobenzenes and diarylethenes). To probe these molecules, both individually and in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), a broad set of methods have been developed. These range from low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) via two-terminal break junctions to larger scale SAM-based devices. It is generally found that the electronic coupling between molecules and electrodes has a profound influence on the properties of such molecular junctions. For example, an intrinsically switchable molecule may lose its functionality after it is contacted. Vice versa, switchable two-terminal devices may be created using passive molecules ('extrinsic switching'). Developing a detailed understanding of the relation between coupling and switchability will be of key importance for both future research and technology.
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