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Kantaputra P, Panichkul W, Sillapasorn P, Adisornkanj P, Kitsadayurach P, Kaewgaya M, Intachai W, Olsen B, Ngamphiw C, Leethanakul C, Jatooratthawichot P, Ketudat Cairns JR, Tongsima S. LRP4 mutations, dental anomalies, and oral exostoses. Int J Paediatr Dent 2024; 34:432-441. [PMID: 38013205 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to generate a normal set of teeth, fine-tuning of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is required, in which WNT ligands bind to their inhibitors or WNT inhibitors bind to their co-receptors. Lrp4 regulates the number of teeth and their morphology by modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling as a Wnt/β-catenin activator or inhibitor, depending on its interactions with the partner proteins, such as Sostdc1 and Dkk1. AIM To investigate genetic etiologies of dental anomalies involving LRP4 in a Thai cohort of 250 children and adults with dental anomalies. DESIGN Oral and radiographic examinations and whole exome sequencing were performed for every patient. RESULTS Two novel (p.Leu1356Arg and p.Ala1702Gly) and three recurrent (p.Arg263His, p.Gly1314Ser, and p.Asn1385Ser) rare variants in low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4: MIM 604270) were identified in 11 patients. Oral exostoses were observed in five patients. CONCLUSION Antagonism of Bmp signaling by Sostdc1 requires the presence of Lrp4. Mice lacking Lrp4 have been demonstrated to have alteration of Wnt-Bmp-Shh signaling and an abnormal number of incisors. Therefore, the LRP4 mutations found in our patients may disrupt Wnt-Bmp-Shh signaling, thereby resulting in dental anomalies and oral exostoses. Root maldevelopment in the patients suggests an important role of LRP4 in root morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piranit Kantaputra
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | | | - Ploy Adisornkanj
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Dental Department, Sawang Daen Din Crown Prince Hospital, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | | | - Massupa Kaewgaya
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Worrachet Intachai
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Bjorn Olsen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chumpol Ngamphiw
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Chidchanok Leethanakul
- Orthodontic Section, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Peeranat Jatooratthawichot
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - James R Ketudat Cairns
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Sissades Tongsima
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani, Thailand
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2
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Kyomen S, Murillo-Rincón AP, Kaucká M. Evolutionary mechanisms modulating the mammalian skull development. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220080. [PMID: 37183900 PMCID: PMC10184257 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals possess impressive craniofacial variation that mirrors their adaptation to diverse ecological niches, feeding behaviour, physiology and overall lifestyle. The spectrum of craniofacial geometries is established mainly during embryonic development. The formation of the head represents a sequence of events regulated on genomic, molecular, cellular and tissue level, with each step taking place under tight spatio-temporal control. Even minor variations in timing, position or concentration of the molecular drivers and the resulting events can affect the final shape, size and position of the skeletal elements and the geometry of the head. Our knowledge of craniofacial development increased substantially in the last decades, mainly due to research using conventional vertebrate model organisms. However, how developmental differences in head formation arise specifically within mammals remains largely unexplored. This review highlights three evolutionary mechanisms acknowledged to modify ontogenesis: heterochrony, heterotopy and heterometry. We present recent research that links changes in developmental timing, spatial organization or gene expression levels to the acquisition of species-specific skull morphologies. We highlight how these evolutionary modifications occur on the level of the genes, molecules and cellular processes, and alter conserved developmental programmes to generate a broad spectrum of skull shapes characteristic of the class Mammalia. This article is part of the theme issue 'The mammalian skull: development, structure and function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Kyomen
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, Plön 24306, Germany
| | - Andrea P Murillo-Rincón
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, Plön 24306, Germany
| | - Markéta Kaucká
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, Plön 24306, Germany
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3
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Chan L, Lu J, Feng X, Lin L, Yao Y, Zhang X. Loss of Stat3 in Osterix + cells impairs dental hard tissues development. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:75. [PMID: 37088831 PMCID: PMC10123978 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) gene result in hyper-IgE syndrome(HIES), a rare immunodeficiency that causes abnormalities in immune system, bones and teeth. However, the role of Stat3 in development of dental hard tissues was yet to investigate. METHODS In this study, a transgenic mouse of conditional knockout of Stat3 in dental mesenchymal cells (Osx-Cre; Stat3fl/fl, Stat3 CKO) was made. The differences of postnatal tooth development between control and Stat3 CKO mice were compared by histology, µCT and scanning electron microscopy. RESULT Compared with the control, Stat3 CKO mice were presented with remarkable abnormal tooth phenotypes characterized by short root and thin dentin in molars and incisors. The enamel defects were also found on mandibular incisors. showed that Ki67-positive cells significantly decreased in dental mesenchymal of Stat3 CKO mice. In addition, β-catenin signaling was reduced in Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) and odontoblasts of Stat3 CKO mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that Stat3 played an important role in dental hard tissues development, and Stat3 may regulate dentin and tooth root development through the β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiting Chan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiarui Lu
- Department of Stomatology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025 Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lichieh Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yichen Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025 Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China.
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Rare Variants in LRP4 Are Associated with Mesiodens, Root Maldevelopment, and Oral Exostoses in Humans. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020220. [PMID: 36829498 PMCID: PMC9952772 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4; MIM 604270) modulates WNT/β-catenin signaling, through its binding of WNT ligands, and to co-receptors LRP5/6, and WNT inhibitors DKK1, SOSTDC1, and SOST. LRP4 binds to SOSTDC1 and WNT proteins establishing a negative feedback loop between Wnt/β-catenin, Bmp, and Shh signaling during the bud and cap stages of tooth development. Consistent with a critical role for this complex in developing teeth, mice lacking Lrp4 or Sostdc1 have multiple dental anomalies including supernumerary incisors and molars. However, there is limited evidence supporting variants in LRP4 in human dental pathologies. METHODS We clinically, radiographically, and molecularly investigated 94 Thai patients with mesiodens. Lrp4 mutant mice were generated in order to study the effects of aberrant Lrp4 expression in mice. RESULTS Whole exome and Sanger sequencing identified three extremely rare variants (c.4154A>G, p.Asn1385Ser; c.3940G>A, p.Gly1314Ser; and c.448G>A, p.Asp150Asn) in LRP4 in seven patients with mesiodens. Two patients had oral exostoses and two patients had root maldevelopments. Supernumerary incisors were observed in Lrp4 mutant mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study implicates heterozygous genetic variants in LRP4 as contributing factors in the presentation of mesiodens, root maldevelopments, and oral exostoses, possibly as a result of altered WNT/β-catenin-BMP-SHH signaling.
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5
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Cranial Anatomy of the Desert Dormouse, Selevinia betpakdalaensis (Rodentia, Gliridae), revealed by Micro-Computed Tomography. J MAMM EVOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-020-09504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Imai A, Yamashita A, Ota MS. High-fat diet increases labial groove formation in maxillary incisors and is related to aging in C57BL/6 mice. J Oral Biosci 2019; 62:58-63. [PMID: 31862385 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the consumption of a high-fat diet and aging-dependent formation of maxillary incisor grooves in C57BL/6 mice, and to identify putative maxillary incisor groove-related genes. METHODS We fed 2-month-old and 16-month-old C57BL/6 mice on either a chow diet or a high-fat diet for three months and observed changes in maxillary incisor grooves. We examined tissue sections of the maxillary incisors with grooves and carried out transcriptome analysis of the apical tissue fragments of maxillary incisors with/without grooves. RESULTS Consumption of a high-fat diet for three months resulted in significant increases in both body weight and the number of incisor grooves. Both the number and frequency of incisor grooves increased in an age-dependent manner from 26 to 28 months, during which time an additional groove appeared. There was abnormal differentiation and apoptosis of ameloblasts on the labial surface at the grooves of the maxillary incisors. Transcriptome analysis identified 23 genes as being specific to 24-month-old mice; these included several genes related to apoptosis and cell differentiation. CONCLUSIONS The study findings indicate that, in C57BL/6 mice, consumption of a high-fat diet increases labial groove formation in maxillary incisors, which is related to aging of the tissue stem cells in the apical root end of the teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Imai
- The Division of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Yamashita
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology, Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato S Ota
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology, Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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7
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Jones MEH, Lucas PW, Tucker AS, Watson AP, Sertich JJW, Foster JR, Williams R, Garbe U, Bevitt JJ, Salvemini F. Neutron scanning reveals unexpected complexity in the enamel thickness of an herbivorous Jurassic reptile. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2018.0039. [PMID: 29899156 PMCID: PMC6030635 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eilenodontines are one of the oldest radiation of herbivorous lepidosaurs (snakes, lizards and tuatara) characterized by batteries of wide teeth with thick enamel that bear mammal-like wear facets. Unlike most reptiles, eilenodontines have limited tooth replacement, making dental longevity particularly important to them. We use both X-ray and neutron computed tomography to examine a fossil tooth from the eilenodontine Eilenodon (Late Jurassic, USA). Of the two approaches, neutron tomography was more successful and facilitated measurements of enamel thickness and distribution. We find the enamel thickness to be regionally variable, thin near the cusp tip (0.10 mm) but thicker around the base (0.15–0.30 mm) and notably greater than that of other rhynchocephalians such as the extant Sphenodon (0.08–0.14 mm). The thick enamel in Eilenodon would permit greater loading, extend tooth lifespan and facilitate the establishment of wear facets that have sharp edges for orally processing plant material such as horsetails (Equisetum). The shape of the enamel dentine junction indicates that tooth development in Eilenodon and Sphenodon involved similar folding of the epithelium but different ameloblast activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc E H Jones
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK .,Department of Genetics and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Peter W Lucas
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Amy P Watson
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Joseph J W Sertich
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Ruth Williams
- Department of Adelaide Microscopy, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Ulf Garbe
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joseph J Bevitt
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, Australia
| | - Floriana Salvemini
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, Australia
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8
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Yoshizawa H, Miyamoto JJ, Hanakawa T, Shitara H, Honda M, Moriyama K. Reciprocal cortical activation patterns during incisal and molar biting correlated with bite force levels: an fMRI study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8419. [PMID: 31182743 PMCID: PMC6557817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the incisors and molars have distinct functions during mastication, analogous to the two main types of handgrip, the precision and power grips. In the present study, we investigated cortical activation and masticatory muscle activity during incisal and molar biting via simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and electromyogram (EMG) recordings. We conducted recordings in 15 healthy adult participants while they performed incisal and molar biting tasks at three step-wise force levels using two custom-made splints. Regarding the results of the ROI analysis, we found a significantly stronger positive linear correlation between the blood oxygenation level dependent signal and EMG activity during molar biting than incisal biting, which was particularly prominent in the primary sensorimotor cortex and the cerebellum. We also found a significantly stronger negative linear correlation during incisal biting than molar biting, which was particularly prominent in the rostral cingulate motor area, superior frontal gyrus, and caudate nucleus. These findings indicate that molar biting enables powerful chewing: brain activity in several brain areas related to motor function was increased with increasing bite force levels, while incisal biting enables fine motor control: brain activity in several brain areas related to motor control was increased with reduced bite force levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Yoshizawa
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun J Miyamoto
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Functional Brain Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takashi Hanakawa
- Department of Functional Brain Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shitara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Manabu Honda
- Department of Functional Brain Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Meguro F, Porntaveetus T, Kawasaki M, Kawasaki K, Yamada A, Kakihara Y, Saeki M, Tabeta K, Kessler JA, Maeda T, Ohazama A. Bmp signaling in molar cusp formation. Gene Expr Patterns 2019; 32:67-71. [PMID: 30980961 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tooth cusp is a crucial structure, since the shape of the molar tooth is determined by number, shape, and size of the cusp. Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling is known to play a critical role in tooth development, including in initiation. However, it remains unclear whether Bmp signaling is also involved in cusp formation. To address this question, we examined cusp in two different transgenic mouse lines: mice with overexpression of Bmp4 (K14-Bmp4), and those with Bmp inhibitor, Noggin, (K14-Noggin) under keratin14 (K14) promoter. K14-Noggin mice demonstrated extra cusps, whereas reduced number of cusps was observed in K14-Bmp4 mice. To further understand how Bmps are expressed during cusp formation, we performed whole-mount in situ hybridisation analysis of three major Bmps (Bmp2, Bmp4, and Bmp7) in murine maxillary and mandibular molars from E14.5 to P3. The linear expressions of Bmp2 and Bmp4 were observed in both maxillary and mandibular molars at E14.5. The expression patterns of Bmp2 and Bmp4 became significantly different between the maxillary and mandibular molars at E16.5. At P3, all Bmps were expressed in all the cusp regions of the maxillary molar; however, the patterns differed. All Bmps thus exhibited dynamic temporo-spatial expression during the cusp formation. It could therefore be inferred that Bmp signaling is involved in regulating cusp formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Meguro
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Thantrira Porntaveetus
- Genomics and Precision Dentistry Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Maiko Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Katsushige Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akane Yamada
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kakihara
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Makio Saeki
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Koichi Tabeta
- Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - John A Kessler
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Takeyasu Maeda
- (f)Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Department of Oral Life Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Atsushi Ohazama
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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10
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Paine OCC, Leichliter JN, Avenant N, Codron D, Lawrence A, Sponheimer M. The ecomorphology of southern African rodent incisors: Potential applications to the hominin fossil record. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0205476. [PMID: 30785886 PMCID: PMC6382097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The taxonomic identification of mammalian fauna within fossil assemblages is a well-established component of paleoenvironmental reconstructions. However, many fragmentary specimens recovered from fossil sites are often disregarded as they can be difficult to identify with the precision required for taxonomic methods. For this reason, the large numbers of isolated rodent incisors that are often recovered from hominin fossil bearing sites are generally regarded as offering little interpretive value. Ecomorphological analysis, often referred to as a “taxon-free” method, can potentially circumvent this problem by focusing on the adaptive, rather than the taxonomic significance of rodent incisor morphology. Here, we determine if the morphology of the upper incisors of modern southern African rodents reflects dietary behavior using discriminant function analysis. Our model suggests that a strong ecomorphological signal exists in our modern sample and we apply these results to two samples of isolated incisors from the hominin fossil bearing sites, Sterkfontein and Swartkrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C. C. Paine
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jennifer N. Leichliter
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, AG für Angewandte und Analytische Paläontologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nico Avenant
- Mammology Department, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Daryl Codron
- Mammology Department, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Florisbad Quaternary Research Department, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Austin Lawrence
- Department of Integrative Anatomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Matt Sponheimer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
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11
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Laugel-Haushalter V, Morkmued S, Stoetzel C, Geoffroy V, Muller J, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Chennen K, Pitiphat W, Dollfus H, Niederreither K, Bloch-Zupan A, Pungchanchaikul P. Genetic Evidence Supporting the Role of the Calcium Channel, CACNA1S, in Tooth Cusp and Root Patterning. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1329. [PMID: 30319441 PMCID: PMC6170876 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report a unique dominantly inherited disorganized supernumerary cusp and single root phenotype presented by 11 affected individuals belonging to 5 north-eastern Thai families. Using whole exome sequencing (WES) we identified a common single missense mutation that segregates with the phenotype in exon 6 of CACNA1S (Cav1.1) (NM_000069.2: c.[865A > G];[=] p.[Ile289Val];[=]), the Calcium Channel, Voltage-Dependent, L Type, Alpha-1s Subunit, OMIM ∗ 114208), affecting a highly conserved amino-acid isoleucine residue within the pore forming subdomain of CACNA1S protein. This is a strong genetic evidence that a voltage-dependent calcium ion channel is likely to play a role in influencing tooth morphogenesis and patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Laugel-Haushalter
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, IGMA, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Supawich Morkmued
- Biofilm Research Group, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CERBM, INSERM U 1258, CNRS- UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Corinne Stoetzel
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, IGMA, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Geoffroy
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, IGMA, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean Muller
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, IGMA, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoires de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris, France
| | - Kirsley Chennen
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CERBM, INSERM U 1258, CNRS- UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Computer Science, ICube, CNRS - UMR 7357, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Waranuch Pitiphat
- Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Hélène Dollfus
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMR_S INSERM U1112, IGMA, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Centre de Référence pour les Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique, Filière SENSGENE, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karen Niederreither
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CERBM, INSERM U 1258, CNRS- UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Agnès Bloch-Zupan
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CERBM, INSERM U 1258, CNRS- UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires Hôpital Civil, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares Orales et Dentaires, O-Rares, Filière Santé Maladies Rares TETE COU, European Reference Network ERN CRANIO, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patimaporn Pungchanchaikul
- Biofilm Research Group, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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12
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Ota MS, Kondo K, Li Y, Iseki S, Yamashita A, Gibson CW, Kondo T. Amelogenin X impacts age-dependent increase of frequency and number in labial incisor grooves in C57BL/6. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:324-327. [PMID: 29337060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Labial grooves in maxillary incisors have been reported in several wild-type rodent species. Previous studies have reported age-dependent labial grooves occur in moderate prevalence in C57BL/6 mice; however, very little is known about the occurrence of such grooves. In the present study, we observed age-dependent groove formation in C57BL/6 mice up to 26 months after birth and found that not only the frequency of the appearance of incisor grooves but also the number of grooves increased in an age-dependent manner. We examined the molecular mechanisms of age-dependent groove formation by performing DNA microarray analysis of the incisors of 12-month-old (12M) and 24-month-old (24M) mice. Amelx, encoding the major enamel matrix protein AMELOGENIN, was identified as a 12M-specific gene. Comparing with wild-type mice, the maxillary incisors of Amelx-/- mutants indicated the increase of the frequency and number of labial grooves. These findings suggested that the Amelx gene impacts the age-dependent appearance of the labial incisor groove in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato S Ota
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Physiology and Food Biological Science, Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kaori Kondo
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN-IMS, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | - Sachiko Iseki
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Yamashita
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Physiology and Food Biological Science, Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Carolyn W Gibson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN-IMS, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
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13
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Li L, Tang Q, Jung HS. The Grooved Rodent Incisor Recapitulates Rudimentary Teeth Characteristics of Ancestral Mammals. J Dent Res 2016; 95:923-30. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034516633153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known from the paleontology studies of eutherian mammals that incisor numbers were reduced during evolution. The evolutionary lost incisors may remain as vestigial structures at embryonic stages. The recapitulation of the incisor patterns among mammalian species will potentially uncover the mechanisms underlying the phenotypic transition of incisors during evolution. Here, we showed that a minute tooth formed in the presumptive groove region of the gerbil upper incisor at the early developmental stages, during which multiple epithelial swellings and Shh transcription domains spatiotemporally appeared in the dental epithelium, suggests the existence of vestigial dental primordia. Interestingly, when we trimmed the surrounding mesenchyme from incisor tooth germs at or before the bud stage prior to ex vivo culture, the explants developed different incisor phenotypes ranging from triplicated incisors, duplicated incisors, to Lagomorpha-like incisors, corresponding to the incisor patterns in the eutherian mammals. These results imply that the phenotypic transition of incisors during evolution, as well as the achievement of ultimate incisors in adults, arose from differential integrations of primordia. However, when the incisor tooth germ was trimmed at the cap stage, a grooved incisor developed similar to the normal condition. Furthermore, the incisor tooth germ developed a small but smooth incisor after the additional removal of the minute tooth and a lateral rudiment. These results suggest that multiple dental primordia integrated before the cap stage, with the labial primordia contributing to the labial face of the functional incisor. The minute tooth that occupied the boundary of the 2 labial primordia might be implicated in the groove formation. This study sheds light on how rudiments incorporate into functional organs and aids the understanding of incisor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Li
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Q. Tang
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - H.-S. Jung
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
- Oral Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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14
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Rasch LJ, Martin KJ, Cooper RL, Metscher BD, Underwood CJ, Fraser GJ. An ancient dental gene set governs development and continuous regeneration of teeth in sharks. Dev Biol 2016; 415:347-370. [PMID: 26845577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of oral teeth is considered a major contributor to the overall success of jawed vertebrates. This is especially apparent in cartilaginous fishes including sharks and rays, which develop elaborate arrays of highly specialized teeth, organized in rows and retain the capacity for life-long regeneration. Perpetual regeneration of oral teeth has been either lost or highly reduced in many other lineages including important developmental model species, so cartilaginous fishes are uniquely suited for deep comparative analyses of tooth development and regeneration. Additionally, sharks and rays can offer crucial insights into the characters of the dentition in the ancestor of all jawed vertebrates. Despite this, tooth development and regeneration in chondrichthyans is poorly understood and remains virtually uncharacterized from a developmental genetic standpoint. Using the emerging chondrichthyan model, the catshark (Scyliorhinus spp.), we characterized the expression of genes homologous to those known to be expressed during stages of early dental competence, tooth initiation, morphogenesis, and regeneration in bony vertebrates. We have found that expression patterns of several genes from Hh, Wnt/β-catenin, Bmp and Fgf signalling pathways indicate deep conservation over ~450 million years of tooth development and regeneration. We describe how these genes participate in the initial emergence of the shark dentition and how they are redeployed during regeneration of successive tooth generations. We suggest that at the dawn of the vertebrate lineage, teeth (i) were most likely continuously regenerative structures, and (ii) utilised a core set of genes from members of key developmental signalling pathways that were instrumental in creating a dental legacy redeployed throughout vertebrate evolution. These data lay the foundation for further experimental investigations utilizing the unique regenerative capacity of chondrichthyan models to answer evolutionary, developmental, and regenerative biological questions that are impossible to explore in classical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Rasch
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Kyle J Martin
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Rory L Cooper
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Brian D Metscher
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Charlie J Underwood
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth J Fraser
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
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15
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Vogel P, Liu J, Platt KA, Read RW, Thiel M, Vance RB, Brommage R. Malformation of Incisor Teeth in Grem2-/- Mice. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:224-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985814528218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
GREMLIN 2 ( GREM2)—formerly, protein related to Dan and cerberus ( PRDC)—is a potent antagonist of the bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4, but little else in known about its functions. We found that Grem2-/- mice developed small deformed mandibular and maxillary incisors, indicating that GREMLIN2 is required for normal tooth morphogenesis. Although DEXA scans suggested that bone mineral density might be increased in Grem2-/- mice, histology did not reveal any evident bone phenotype. Grem2-/- mice did not display any other notable phenotypes evaluated in a high-throughput screening process that encompassed a range of immunologic, metabolic, ophthalmic, and behavioral parameters. Our findings indicate that Grem2 can be added to the growing list of genes that affect tooth development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Vogel
- Department of Pathology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - J. Liu
- Department of Metabolism, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - K. A. Platt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - R. W. Read
- Department of Pathology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - M. Thiel
- Department of Pathology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - R. B. Vance
- Department of Pathology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - R. Brommage
- Department of Metabolism, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
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16
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Zahradnicek O, Buchtova M, Dosedelova H, Tucker AS. The development of complex tooth shape in reptiles. Front Physiol 2014; 5:74. [PMID: 24611053 PMCID: PMC3933779 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reptiles have a diverse array of tooth shapes, from simple unicuspid to complex multicuspid teeth, reflecting functional adaptation to a variety of diets and eating styles. In addition to cusps, often complex longitudinal labial and lingual enamel crests are widespread and contribute to the final shape of reptile teeth. The simplest shaped unicuspid teeth have been found in piscivorous or carnivorous ancestors of recent diapsid reptiles and they are also present in some extant carnivores such as crocodiles and snakes. However, the ancestral tooth shape for squamate reptiles is thought to be bicuspid, indicating an insectivorous diet. The development of bicuspid teeth in lizards has recently been published, indicating that the mechanisms used to create cusps and crests are very distinct from those that shape cusps in mammals. Here, we introduce the large variety of tooth shapes found in lizards and compare the morphology and development of bicuspid, tricuspid, and pentacuspid teeth, with the aim of understanding how such tooth shapes are generated. Next, we discuss whether the processes used to form such morphologies are conserved between divergent lizards and whether the underlying mechanisms share similarities with those of mammals. In particular, we will focus on the complex teeth of the chameleon, gecko, varanus, and anole lizards using SEM and histology to compare the tooth crown morphology and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldrich Zahradnicek
- Department of Teratology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Buchtova
- Laboratory of Animal Embryology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicBrno, Czech Republic
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical SciencesBrno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Dosedelova
- Laboratory of Animal Embryology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicBrno, Czech Republic
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical SciencesBrno, Czech Republic
| | - Abigail S. Tucker
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, and Department of Orthodontics, King's College London, Guy's HospitalLondon, UK
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17
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Laugel-Haushalter V, Paschaki M, Marangoni P, Pilgram C, Langer A, Kuntz T, Demassue J, Morkmued S, Choquet P, Constantinesco A, Bornert F, Schmittbuhl M, Pannetier S, Viriot L, Hanauer A, Dollé P, Bloch-Zupan A. RSK2 is a modulator of craniofacial development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84343. [PMID: 24416220 PMCID: PMC3885557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The RSK2 gene is responsible for Coffin-Lowry syndrome, an X-linked dominant genetic disorder causing mental retardation, skeletal growth delays, with craniofacial and digital abnormalities typically associated with this syndrome. Craniofacial and dental anomalies encountered in this rare disease have been poorly characterized. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We examined, using X-Ray microtomographic analysis, the variable craniofacial dysmorphism and dental anomalies present in Rsk2 knockout mice, a model of Coffin-Lowry syndrome, as well as in triple Rsk1,2,3 knockout mutants. We report Rsk mutation produces surpernumerary teeth midline/mesial to the first molar. This highly penetrant phenotype recapitulates more ancestral tooth structures lost with evolution. Most likely this leads to a reduction of the maxillary diastema. Abnormalities of molar shape were generally restricted to the mesial part of both upper and lower first molars (M1). Expression analysis of the four Rsk genes (Rsk1, 2, 3 and 4) was performed at various stages of odontogenesis in wild-type (WT) mice. Rsk2 is expressed in the mesenchymal, neural crest-derived compartment, correlating with proliferative areas of the developing teeth. This is consistent with RSK2 functioning in cell cycle control and growth regulation, functions potentially responsible for severe dental phenotypes. To uncover molecular pathways involved in the etiology of these defects, we performed a comparative transcriptomic (DNA microarray) analysis of mandibular wild-type versus Rsk2-/Y molars. We further demonstrated a misregulation of several critical genes, using a Rsk2 shRNA knock-down strategy in molar tooth germs cultured in vitro. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals RSK2 regulates craniofacial development including tooth development and patterning via novel transcriptional targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Laugel-Haushalter
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U 964), University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Marie Paschaki
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U 964), University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pauline Marangoni
- Team «Evo-Devo of Vertebrate Dentition», Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5242 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Coralie Pilgram
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg France
| | - Arnaud Langer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg France
| | - Thibaut Kuntz
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg France
| | - Julie Demassue
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg France
| | - Supawich Morkmued
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U 964), University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg France
- Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Philippe Choquet
- UF6237 Preclinical Imaging Lab, Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Strasbourg, France; ICube, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - André Constantinesco
- UF6237 Preclinical Imaging Lab, Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Strasbourg, France; ICube, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabien Bornert
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg France
- INSERM U1121, "Biomaterials and Bioengineering", University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Matthieu Schmittbuhl
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg France
- Reference Centre for Orodental Manifestations of Rare Diseases, Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-dentaires, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Strasbourg, France
- INSERM U1121, "Biomaterials and Bioengineering", University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Solange Pannetier
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U 964), University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Laurent Viriot
- Team «Evo-Devo of Vertebrate Dentition», Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5242 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - André Hanauer
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U 964), University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pascal Dollé
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U 964), University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Agnès Bloch-Zupan
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U 964), University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg France
- Reference Centre for Orodental Manifestations of Rare Diseases, Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-dentaires, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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18
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Zahradnicek O, Buchtova M, Dosedelova H, Tucker AS. The development of complex tooth shape in reptiles. Front Physiol 2014. [PMID: 24611053 DOI: 10.3389/phys.2014.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Reptiles have a diverse array of tooth shapes, from simple unicuspid to complex multicuspid teeth, reflecting functional adaptation to a variety of diets and eating styles. In addition to cusps, often complex longitudinal labial and lingual enamel crests are widespread and contribute to the final shape of reptile teeth. The simplest shaped unicuspid teeth have been found in piscivorous or carnivorous ancestors of recent diapsid reptiles and they are also present in some extant carnivores such as crocodiles and snakes. However, the ancestral tooth shape for squamate reptiles is thought to be bicuspid, indicating an insectivorous diet. The development of bicuspid teeth in lizards has recently been published, indicating that the mechanisms used to create cusps and crests are very distinct from those that shape cusps in mammals. Here, we introduce the large variety of tooth shapes found in lizards and compare the morphology and development of bicuspid, tricuspid, and pentacuspid teeth, with the aim of understanding how such tooth shapes are generated. Next, we discuss whether the processes used to form such morphologies are conserved between divergent lizards and whether the underlying mechanisms share similarities with those of mammals. In particular, we will focus on the complex teeth of the chameleon, gecko, varanus, and anole lizards using SEM and histology to compare the tooth crown morphology and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldrich Zahradnicek
- Department of Teratology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Buchtova
- Laboratory of Animal Embryology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Brno, Czech Republic ; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Dosedelova
- Laboratory of Animal Embryology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Brno, Czech Republic ; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, and Department of Orthodontics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital London, UK
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19
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Silva DCBD, Fagundes NC, Teixeira FB, Penha NED, Santana LNDS, Mendes-Oliveira AC, Lima RR. Anatomical and histological characteristics of teeth in agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha Wagler, 1831). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013001300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The agouti species Dasyprocta prymnolopha (D. prymnolopha) is a medium-sized rodent, diurnal, and characteristic of northeastern Brazil, south of the Amazon. Several studies have been made on these rodents. However, there is a lack of analysis of masticatory system, in particular morphology of the teeth. Thus, this research seeks to describe anatomical and histological aspects of the agouti teeth. For this purpose, we used adult agouti, in which measurements and descriptions of teeth and dental tissues were made. It was observed that the dental arch of D. prymnolopha comprises of twenty teeth, evenly distributed in the upper and lower arch, being inferior teeth larger than their corresponding higher. The incisors are larger, and between the posterior premolars and molars, there is a gradual increase in length in the anterior-posterior arch. In microscopic examination, a prismatic appearance was observed consisting of enamel prisms arranged in different directions, behind the enamel and dentin with standard tubular dentinal tubules with variable diameter and far between, also showing a sinuous path from the inner portion to the junction with more superficial enamel. Morphological analysis of dental tissues showed that an enamel with structural organization adapted to the act of chewing and high impact dentin compatible with standard tubular function resilience and mechanical damping of masticatory forces, as found in larger animals, confirming the understanding of eating habits that define much of its ecological functions within the ecosystem they inhabit.
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20
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Boudin E, Fijalkowski I, Piters E, Van Hul W. The role of extracellular modulators of canonical Wnt signaling in bone metabolism and diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013; 43:220-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Hovorakova M, Smrckova L, Lesot H, Lochovska K, Peterka M, Peterkova R. Sequential Shh expression in the development of the mouse upper functional incisor. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2013; 320:455-64. [PMID: 23913503 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The mouse incisor is a frequently used model in studies of the molecular control of organ development. The appropriate interpretation of data on normogenesis is essential for understanding the data obtained in mutant mice. For this reason, we performed a very detailed investigation of the development of the upper incisor in wild-type mice from embryonic day (ED) 11.5 till 14.5. A combination of histology, whole mount in situ hybridization, computer-aided three-dimensional reconstructions, and fluorescent microscopy, has been used. Several sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression domains have been detected in the upper incisor region during early prenatal development. At ED11.5-13.5, there was a single Shh positive domain present in the anterior part of left or right upper jaw arches, corresponding to the epithelial thickening. More posteriorly, a new Shh expression domain appeared in the incisor bud in the developmentally more advanced ED13.5 embryos. At ED14.5, only this posterior Shh expression in the incisor germ remained detectable. This study brings new insights into the early development of the upper incisor in mice and completes the data on normal mouse incisor development. The temporal-spatial pattern of Shh expression reflects the development of two tooth generations, being detectable in two successive, antero-posteriorly located areas in the prospective incisor region in the upper jaw. The first, anterior and superficial Shh expression domain reflects the rudimentary tooth development suppressed during evolution. Only the subsequent, posterior and deeper Shh expression region, appearing at ED13.5, correlates with the prospective upper functional incisor in wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hovorakova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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22
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Armfield BA, Zheng Z, Bajpai S, Vinyard CJ, Thewissen J. Development and evolution of the unique cetacean dentition. PeerJ 2013; 1:e24. [PMID: 23638359 PMCID: PMC3628747 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary success of mammals is rooted in their high metabolic rate. A high metabolic rate is sustainable thanks to efficient food processing and that in turn is facilitated by precise occlusion of the teeth and the acquisition of rhythmic mastication. These major evolutionary innovations characterize most members of the Class Mammalia. Cetaceans are one of the few groups of mammals in which precise occlusion has been secondarily lost. Most toothed whales have an increased number of simple crowned teeth that are similar along the tooth row. Evolution toward these specializations began immediately after the time cetaceans transitioned from terrestrial-to-marine environments. The fossil record documents the critical aspects of occlusal evolution of cetaceans, and allows us to pinpoint the evolutionary timing of the macroevolutionary events leading to their unusual dental morphology among mammals. The developmental controls of tooth differentiation and tooth number have been studied in a few mammalian clades, but nothing is known about how these controls differ between cetaceans and mammals that retain functional occlusion. Here we show that pigs, a cetacean relative with regionalized tooth morphology and complex tooth crowns, retain the typical mammalian gene expression patterns that control early tooth differentiation, expressing Bmp4 in the rostral (mesial, anterior) domain of the jaw, and Fgf8 caudally (distal, posterior). By contrast, dolphins have lost these regional differences in dental morphology and the Bmp4 domain is extended into the caudal region of the developing jaw. We hypothesize that the functional constraints underlying mammalian occlusion have been released in cetaceans, facilitating changes in the genetic control of early dental development. Such major developmental changes drive morphological evolution and are correlated with major shifts in diet and food processing during cetacean evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Armfield
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology , Northeast Ohio Medical University , Rootstown, Ohio , United States ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology , University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida , USA
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23
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Fraser GJ, Bloomquist RF, Streelman JT. Common developmental pathways link tooth shape to regeneration. Dev Biol 2013; 377:399-414. [PMID: 23422830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In many non-mammalian vertebrates, adult dentitions result from cyclical rounds of tooth regeneration wherein simple unicuspid teeth are replaced by more complex forms. Therefore and by contrast to mammalian models, the numerical majority of vertebrate teeth develop shape during the process of replacement. Here, we exploit the dental diversity of Lake Malawi cichlid fishes to ask how vertebrates generally replace their dentition and in turn how this process acts to influence resulting tooth morphologies. First, we used immunohistochemistry to chart organogenesis of continually replacing cichlid teeth and discovered an epithelial down-growth that initiates the replacement cycle via a labial proliferation bias. Next, we identified sets of co-expressed genes from common pathways active during de novo, lifelong tooth replacement and tooth morphogenesis. Of note, we found two distinct epithelial cell populations, expressing markers of dental competence and cell potency, which may be responsible for tooth regeneration. Related gene sets were simultaneously active in putative signaling centers associated with the differentiation of replacement teeth with complex shapes. Finally, we manipulated targeted pathways (BMP, FGF, Hh, Notch, Wnt/β-catenin) in vivo with small molecules and demonstrated dose-dependent effects on both tooth replacement and tooth shape. Our data suggest that the processes of tooth regeneration and tooth shape morphogenesis are integrated via a common set of molecular signals. This linkage has subsequently been lost or decoupled in mammalian dentitions where complex tooth shapes develop in first generation dentitions that lack the capacity for lifelong replacement. Our dissection of the molecular mechanics of vertebrate tooth replacement coupled to complex shape pinpoints aspects of odontogenesis that might be re-evolved in the lab to solve problems in regenerative dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Fraser
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience and School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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24
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Zahradnicek O, Horacek I, Tucker AS. Tooth development in a model reptile: functional and null generation teeth in the gecko Paroedura picta. J Anat 2012; 221:195-208. [PMID: 22780101 PMCID: PMC3458625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes tooth development in a basal squamate, Paroedura picta. Due to its reproductive strategy, mode of development and position within the reptiles, this gecko represents an excellent model organism for the study of reptile development. Here we document the dental pattern and development of non-functional (null generation) and functional generations of teeth during embryonic development. Tooth development is followed from initiation to cytodifferentiation and ankylosis, as the tooth germs develop from bud, through cap to bell stages. The fate of the single generation of non-functional (null generation) teeth is shown to be variable, with some teeth being expelled from the oral cavity, while others are incorporated into the functional bone and teeth, or are absorbed. Fate appears to depend on the initiation site within the oral cavity, with the first null generation teeth forming before formation of the dental lamina. We show evidence for a stratum intermedium layer in the enamel epithelium of functional teeth and show that the bicuspid shape of the teeth is created by asymmetrical deposition of enamel, and not by folding of the inner dental epithelium as observed in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldrich Zahradnicek
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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25
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Lapthanasupkul P, Feng J, Mantesso A, Takada-Horisawa Y, Vidal M, Koseki H, Wang L, An Z, Miletich I, Sharpe PT. Ring1a/b polycomb proteins regulate the mesenchymal stem cell niche in continuously growing incisors. Dev Biol 2012; 367:140-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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26
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Jheon AH, Seidel K, Biehs B, Klein OD. From molecules to mastication: the development and evolution of teeth. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 2:165-82. [PMID: 24009032 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Teeth are unique to vertebrates and have played a central role in their evolution. The molecular pathways and morphogenetic processes involved in tooth development have been the focus of intense investigation over the past few decades, and the tooth is an important model system for many areas of research. Developmental biologists have exploited the clear distinction between the epithelium and the underlying mesenchyme during tooth development to elucidate reciprocal epithelial/mesenchymal interactions during organogenesis. The preservation of teeth in the fossil record makes these organs invaluable for the work of paleontologists, anthropologists, and evolutionary biologists. In addition, with the recent identification and characterization of dental stem cells, teeth have become of interest to the field of regenerative medicine. Here, we review the major research areas and studies in the development and evolution of teeth, including morphogenesis, genetics and signaling, evolution of tooth development, and dental stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Jheon
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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27
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Charles C, Hovorakova M, Ahn Y, Lyons DB, Marangoni P, Churava S, Biehs B, Jheon A, Lesot H, Balooch G, Krumlauf R, Viriot L, Peterkova R, Klein OD. Regulation of tooth number by fine-tuning levels of receptor-tyrosine kinase signaling. Development 2011; 138:4063-73. [PMID: 21862563 DOI: 10.1242/dev.069195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Much of our knowledge about mammalian evolution comes from examination of dental fossils, because the highly calcified enamel that covers teeth causes them to be among the best-preserved organs. As mammals entered new ecological niches, many changes in tooth number occurred, presumably as adaptations to new diets. For example, in contrast to humans, who have two incisors in each dental quadrant, rodents only have one incisor per quadrant. The rodent incisor, because of its unusual morphogenesis and remarkable stem cell-based continuous growth, presents a quandary for evolutionary biologists, as its origin in the fossil record is difficult to trace, and the genetic regulation of incisor number remains a largely open question. Here, we studied a series of mice carrying mutations in sprouty genes, the protein products of which are antagonists of receptor-tyrosine kinase signaling. In sprouty loss-of-function mutants, splitting of gene expression domains and reduced apoptosis was associated with subdivision of the incisor primordium and a multiplication of its stem cell-containing regions. Interestingly, changes in sprouty gene dosage led to a graded change in incisor number, with progressive decreases in sprouty dosage leading to increasing numbers of teeth. Moreover, the independent development of two incisors in mutants with large decreases in sprouty dosage mimicked the likely condition of rodent ancestors. Together, our findings indicate that altering genetic dosage of an antagonist can recapitulate ancestral dental characters, and that tooth number can be progressively regulated by changing levels of activity of a single signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Charles
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial and Mesenchymal Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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28
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Handrigan GR, Richman JM. Unicuspid and bicuspid tooth crown formation in squamates. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2011; 316:598-608. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Hovorakova M, Prochazka J, Lesot H, Smrckova L, Churava S, Boran T, Kozmik Z, Klein O, Peterkova R, Peterka M. Shh expression in a rudimentary tooth offers new insights into development of the mouse incisor. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2011; 316:347-58. [PMID: 21455944 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
For teeth as for any organ, knowledge of normal development is essential for the proper interpretation of developmental anomalies in mutant mice. It is generally accepted that tooth formation is initiated with a single signaling center that, in the incisor region, is exclusively related to the development of the functional adult incisor. Here, using a unique combination of computer-aided three-dimensional reconstructions and whole mount in situ hybridization of mandibles from finely staged wild-type mouse embryos, we demonstrate that several Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression domains sequentially appear in the lower incisor region during early development. In contrast to the single Shh expression domain that is widely assumed to be present in each lower incisor area at ED12.5-13.5, we identified two spatially distinct regions of Shh expression that appear in an anterior-posterior sequence during this period. The initial anterior, more superficially located Shh expression region represented the rudimentary (so-called deciduous) incisor, whereas only the later posterior deeper situated region corresponded to the prospective functional incisor. In the more advanced embryos, only this posterior Shh expression in the incisor bud was detectable as a precursor of the enamel knot. This study offers a new interpretation of published molecular data on the mouse incisor from initiation through ED13.5. We suggest that, as with Shh expression, other molecular data that have been ascribed to the progressive development of the mouse functional incisor at early stages, in fact, correspond to a rudimentary incisor whose development is aborted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hovorakova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Ohazama A, Porntaveetus T, Ota MS, Herz J, Sharpe PT. Lrp4: A novel modulator of extracellular signaling in craniofacial organogenesis. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 152A:2974-83. [PMID: 21108386 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family is a large evolutionarily conserved group of transmembrane proteins. It has been shown that LDL receptor family members can also function as direct signal transducers or modulators for a broad range of cellular signaling pathways. We have identified a novel mode of signaling pathway integration/coordination that occurs outside cells during development that involves an LDL receptor family member. Physical interaction between an extracellular protein (Wise) that binds BMP ligands and an Lrp receptor (Lrp4) that modulates Wnt signaling, acts to link these two pathways. Mutations in either Wise or Lrp4 in mice produce multiple, but identical abnormalities in tooth development that are linked to alterations in BMP and Wnt signaling. Teeth, in common with many other organs, develop by a series of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, orchestrated by multiple cell signaling pathways. In tooth development, Lrp4 is expressed exclusively in epithelial cells and Wise mainly in mesenchymal cells. Our hypothesis, based on the mutant phenotypes, cell signaling activity changes and biochemical interactions between Wise and Lrp4 proteins, is that Wise and Lrp4 together act as an extracellular mechanism of coordinating BMP and Wnt signaling activities in epithelial-mesenchymal cell communication during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ohazama
- Department of Craniofacial Development, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London, UK
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31
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Munne PM, Felszeghy S, Jussila M, Suomalainen M, Thesleff I, Jernvall J. Splitting placodes: effects of bone morphogenetic protein and Activin on the patterning and identity of mouse incisors. Evol Dev 2010; 12:383-92. [PMID: 20618434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2010.00425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The single large rodent incisor in each jaw quadrant is evolutionarily derived from a mammalian ancestor with many small incisors. The embryonic placode giving rise to the mouse incisor is considerably larger than the molar placode, and the question remains whether this large incisor placode is a developmental requisite to make a thick incisor. Here we used in vitro culture system to experiment with the molecular mechanism regulating tooth placode development and how mice have thick incisors. We found that large placodes are prone to disintegration and formation of two to three small incisor placodes. The balance between one large or multiple small placodes was altered through the regulation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Activin signaling. Exogenous Noggin, which inhibits BMP signaling, or exogenous Activin cause the development of two to three incisors. These incisors were more slender than normal incisors. Additionally, two inhibitor molecules, Sostdc1 and Follistatin, which regulate the effects of BMPs and Activin and have opposite expression patterns, are likely to be involved in the incisor placode regulation in vivo. Furthermore, inhibition of BMPs by recombinant Noggin has been previously suggested to cause a change in the tooth identity from the incisor to the molar. This evidence has been used to support a homeobox code in determining tooth identity. Our work provides an alternative interpretation, where the inhibition of BMP signaling can lead to splitting of the large incisor placode and the formation of partly separate incisors, thereby acquiring molar-like morphology without a change in tooth identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauliina M Munne
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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