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Nakano RT, Shimasaki T. Long-Term Consequences of PTI Activation and Its Manipulation by Root-Associated Microbiota. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:681-693. [PMID: 38549511 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
In nature, plants are constantly colonized by a massive diversity of microbes engaged in mutualistic, pathogenic or commensal relationships with the host. Molecular patterns present in these microbes activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), which detects microbes in the apoplast or at the tissue surface. Whether and how PTI distinguishes among soil-borne pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, and commensal microbes within the soil microbiota remains unclear. PTI is a multimodal series of molecular events initiated by pattern perception, such as Ca2+ influx, reactive oxygen burst, and extensive transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming. These short-term responses may manifest within minutes to hours, while the long-term consequences of chronic PTI activation persist for days to weeks. Chronic activation of PTI is detrimental to plant growth, so plants need to coordinate growth and defense depending on the surrounding biotic and abiotic environments. Recent studies have demonstrated that root-associated commensal microbes can activate or suppress immune responses to variable extents, clearly pointing to the role of PTI in root-microbiota interactions. However, the molecular mechanisms by which root commensals interfere with root immunity and root immunity modulates microbial behavior remain largely elusive. Here, with a focus on the difference between short-term and long-term PTI responses, we summarize what is known about microbial interference with host PTI, especially in the context of root microbiota. We emphasize some missing pieces that remain to be characterized to promote the ultimate understanding of the role of plant immunity in root-microbiota interactions.
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2
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Sivaramakrishnan M, Veeraganti Naveen Prakash C, Chandrasekar B. Multifaceted roles of plant glycosyl hydrolases during pathogen infections: more to discover. PLANTA 2024; 259:113. [PMID: 38581452 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Carbohydrates are hydrolyzed by a family of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) called glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases. Here, we have summarized the roles of various plant defense glycosidases that possess different substrate specificities. We have also highlighted the open questions in this research field. Glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) are a family of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. Compared to those of all other sequenced organisms, plant genomes contain a remarkable diversity of glycosidases. Plant glycosidases exhibit activities on various substrates and have been shown to play important roles during pathogen infections. Plant glycosidases from different GH families have been shown to act upon pathogen components, host cell walls, host apoplastic sugars, host secondary metabolites, and host N-glycans to mediate immunity against invading pathogens. We could classify the activities of these plant defense GHs under eleven different mechanisms through which they operate during pathogen infections. Here, we have provided comprehensive information on the catalytic activities, GH family classification, subcellular localization, domain structure, functional roles, and microbial strategies to regulate the activities of defense-related plant GHs. We have also emphasized the research gaps and potential investigations needed to advance this topic of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Balakumaran Chandrasekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Pilani, 333031, India.
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3
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Liu H, Lu X, Li M, Lun Z, Yan X, Yin C, Yuan G, Wang X, Liu N, Liu D, Wu M, Luo Z, Zhang Y, Bhadauria V, Yang J, Talbot NJ, Peng YL. Plant immunity suppression by an exo-β-1,3-glucanase and an elongation factor 1α of the rice blast fungus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5491. [PMID: 37679340 PMCID: PMC10484928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal cell walls undergo continual remodeling that generates β-1,3-glucan fragments as products of endo-glycosyl hydrolases (GHs), which can be recognized as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger plant immune responses. How fungal pathogens suppress those responses is often poorly understood. Here, we study mechanisms underlying the suppression of β-1,3-glucan-triggered plant immunity by the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. We show that an exo-β-1,3-glucanase of the GH17 family, named Ebg1, is important for fungal cell wall integrity and virulence of M. oryzae. Ebg1 can hydrolyze β-1,3-glucan and laminarin into glucose, thus suppressing β-1,3-glucan-triggered plant immunity. However, in addition, Ebg1 seems to act as a PAMP, independent of its hydrolase activity. This Ebg1-induced immunity appears to be dampened by the secretion of an elongation factor 1 alpha protein (EF1α), which interacts and co-localizes with Ebg1 in the apoplast. Future work is needed to understand the mechanisms behind Ebg1-induced immunity and its suppression by EF1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xunli Lu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mengfei Li
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiqin Lun
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xia Yan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Changfa Yin
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guixin Yuan
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xingbin Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Di Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mian Wu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ziluolong Luo
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Vijai Bhadauria
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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4
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Ekanayake G, Leslie ME, Smith JM, Heese A. Arabidopsis Dynamin-Related Protein AtDRP2A Contributes to Late Flg22-Signaling and Effective Immunity Against Pseudomonas syringae Bacteria. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:201-207. [PMID: 36653183 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-22-0207-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, dynamins and dynamin-related proteins (DRPs) are high-molecular weight GTPases responsible for mechanochemical fission of organelles or membranes. Of the six DRP subfamilies in Arabidopsis thaliana, AtDRP1 and AtDRP2 family members serve as endocytic accessory proteins in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Most studies have focused on AtDRP1A and AtDRP2B as critical modulators of plant pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) against pathogenic, flagellated Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 bacteria and immune signaling in response to the bacterial flagellin peptide flg22. Much less is known about AtDRP2A, the closely related paralog of AtDRP2B. AtDRP2A and AtDRP2B are the only classical, or bona fide, dynamins in Arabidopsis, based on their evolutionary conserved domain structure with mammalian dynamins functioning in endocytosis. AtDRP2B but not AtDRP2A is required for robust ligand-induced endocytosis of the receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSING2 for dampening of early flg22 signaling. Here, we utilized Arabidopsis drp2a null mutants to identify AtDRP2A as a positive contributor to effective PTI against P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 bacteria, consistent with reduced PATHOGEN RELATED1 (PR1) messenger RNA accumulation. We provide evidence that AtDRP2A is a novel modulator of late flg22 signaling, contributing positively to PR1 gene induction but negatively to polyglucan callose deposition. AtDRP2A has no apparent roles in flg22-elicited mitogen-activated protein kinase defense marker gene induction. In summary, this study adds the evolutionary conserved dynamin AtDRP2A to a small group of vesicular trafficking proteins with roles as non-canonical contributors in immune responses, likely due to modulating one or both the localization and activity of multiple different proteins with distinct contributions to immune signaling. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayani Ekanayake
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), Columbia, MO, U.S.A
| | - Michelle E Leslie
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), Columbia, MO, U.S.A
| | - John M Smith
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), Columbia, MO, U.S.A
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Division of Plant Sciences & Technology, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
| | - Antje Heese
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), Columbia, MO, U.S.A
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Montpetit J, Clúa J, Hsieh YF, Vogiatzaki E, Müller J, Abel S, Strasser R, Poirier Y. Endoplasmic reticulum calnexins participate in the primary root growth response to phosphate deficiency. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1719-1733. [PMID: 36567484 PMCID: PMC10022610 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of incompletely folded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to ER stress, activates ER protein degradation pathways, and upregulates genes involved in protein folding. This process is known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). The role of ER protein folding in plant responses to nutrient deficiencies is unclear. We analyzed Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants affected in ER protein quality control and established that both CALNEXIN (CNX) genes function in the primary root response to phosphate (Pi) deficiency. CNX1 and CNX2 are homologous ER lectins promoting protein folding of N-glycosylated proteins via the recognition of the GlcMan9GlcNAc2 glycan. Growth of cnx1-1 and cnx2-2 single mutants was similar to that of the wild type under high and low Pi conditions, but the cnx1-1 cnx2-2 double mutant showed decreased primary root growth under low Pi conditions due to reduced meristematic cell division. This phenotype was specific to Pi deficiency; the double mutant responded normally to osmotic and salt stress. Expression of CNX2 mutated in amino acids involved in binding the GlcMan9GlcNAc2 glycan failed to complement the cnx1-1 cnx2-2 mutant. The root growth phenotype was Fe-dependent and was associated with root apoplastic Fe accumulation. Two genes involved in Fe-dependent inhibition of primary root growth under Pi deficiency, the ferroxidase LOW PHOSPHATE 1 (LPR1) and P5-type ATPase PLEIOTROPIC DRUG RESISTANCE 2 (PDR2) were epistatic to CNX1/CNX2. Overexpressing PDR2 failed to complement the cnx1-1 cnx2-2 root phenotype. The cnx1-1 cnx2-2 mutant showed no evidence of UPR activation, indicating a limited effect on ER protein folding. CNX might process a set of N-glycosylated proteins specifically involved in the response to Pi deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Montpetit
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joaquín Clúa
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yi-Fang Hsieh
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Evangelia Vogiatzaki
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jens Müller
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Steffen Abel
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yves Poirier
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Liu N, Qi L, Huang M, Chen D, Yin C, Zhang Y, Wang X, Yuan G, Wang RJ, Yang J, Peng YL, Lu X. Comparative Secretome Analysis of Magnaporthe oryzae Identified Proteins Involved in Virulence and Cell Wall Integrity. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 20:728-746. [PMID: 34284133 PMCID: PMC9880818 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant fungal pathogens secrete numerous proteins into the apoplast at the plant-fungus contact sites to facilitate colonization. However, only a few secretory proteins were functionally characterized in Magnaporthe oryzae, the fungal pathogen causing rice blast disease worldwide. Asparagine-linked glycosylation 3 (Alg3) is an α-1,3-mannosyltransferase functioning in the N-glycan synthesis of N-glycosylated secretory proteins. Fungal pathogenicity and cell wall integrity are impaired in Δalg3 mutants, but the secreted proteins affected in Δalg3 mutants are largely unknown. In this study, we compared the secretomes of the wild-type strain and the Δalg3 mutant and identified 51 proteins that require Alg3 for proper secretion. These proteins were predicted to be involved in metabolic processes, interspecies interactions, cell wall organization, and response to chemicals. Nine proteins were selected for further validation. We found that these proteins were localized at the apoplastic region surrounding the fungal infection hyphae. Moreover, the N-glycosylation of these proteins was significantly changed in the Δalg3 mutant, leading to the decreased protein secretion and abnormal protein localization. Furthermore, we tested the biological functions of two genes, INV1 (encoding invertase 1, a secreted invertase) and AMCase (encoding acid mammalian chinitase, a secreted chitinase). The fungal virulence was significantly reduced, and the cell wall integrity was altered in the Δinv1 and Δamcase mutant strains. Moreover, the N-glycosylation was essential for the function and secretion of AMCase. Taken together, our study provides new insight into the role of N-glycosylated secretory proteins in fungal virulence and cell wall integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Graduate School of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Linlu Qi
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Manna Huang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Graduate School of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Deng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Changfa Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Graduate School of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yiying Zhang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Graduate School of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Graduate School of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guixin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Graduate School of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rui-Jin Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Yang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xunli Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Corresponding author.
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7
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Li N, Zhang Y, Wang X, Ma H, Sun Y, Li G, Zhang S. Integration of Transcriptomic and Proteomic Profiles Reveals Multiple Levels of Genetic Regulation of Taproot Growth in Sugar Beet ( Beta vulgaris L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:882753. [PMID: 35909753 PMCID: PMC9326478 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.882753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sugar beet taproot growth and development is a complex biological process involving morphogenesis and dry matter accumulation. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying taproot growth and development remain elusive. We performed a correlation analysis of the proteome and transcriptome in two cultivars (SD13829 and BS02) at the start and the highest points of the taproot growth rate. The corresponding correlation coefficients were 0.6189, 0.7714, 0.6803, and 0.7056 in four comparison groups. A total of 621 genes were regulated at both transcriptional and translational levels, including 190, 71, 140, and 220 in the BS59-VS-BS82, BS59-VS-SD59, BS82-VS-SD82, and SD59-VS-SD82 groups, respectively. Ten, 32, and 68 correlated-DEGs-DEPs (cor-DEGs-DEPs) were significantly enrdiched in the proteome and transcriptome of the BS59-VS-BS82, SD59-VS-SD82, and BS82-VS-SD82 groups, respectively, which included ribonuclease 1-like protein, DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase, TolB protein, heat shock protein 83, 20 kDa chaperonin, polygalacturonase, endochitinase, brassinolide and gibberellin receptors (BRI1 and GID1), and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH). In addition, Beta vulgaris XTH could enhance the growth and development of Arabidopsis primary roots by improving cell growth in the root tip elongation zone. These findings suggested that taproot growth and expansion might be regulated at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels and also may be attributed to cell wall metabolism to improve cell wall loosening and elongation.
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Holden S, Bergum M, Green P, Bettgenhaeuser J, Hernández-Pinzón I, Thind A, Clare S, Russell JM, Hubbard A, Taylor J, Smoker M, Gardiner M, Civolani L, Cosenza F, Rosignoli S, Strugala R, Molnár I, Šimková H, Doležel J, Schaffrath U, Barrett M, Salvi S, Moscou MJ. A lineage-specific Exo70 is required for receptor kinase-mediated immunity in barley. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn7258. [PMID: 35857460 PMCID: PMC9258809 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn7258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the evolution of land plants, the plant immune system has experienced expansion in immune receptor and signaling pathways. Lineage-specific expansions have been observed in diverse gene families that are potentially involved in immunity but lack causal association. Here, we show that Rps8-mediated resistance in barley to the pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (wheat stripe rust) is conferred by a genetic module: Pur1 and Exo70FX12, which are together necessary and sufficient. Pur1 encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase and is the ortholog of rice Xa21, and Exo70FX12 belongs to the Poales-specific Exo70FX clade. The Exo70FX clade emerged after the divergence of the Bromeliaceae and Poaceae and comprises from 2 to 75 members in sequenced grasses. These results demonstrate the requirement of a lineage-specific Exo70FX12 in Pur1-mediated immunity and suggest that the Exo70FX clade may have evolved a specialized role in receptor kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Holden
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Molly Bergum
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Phon Green
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jan Bettgenhaeuser
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Anupriya Thind
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Shaun Clare
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - James M. Russell
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Amelia Hubbard
- NIAB, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, England, UK
| | - Jodi Taylor
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Matthew Smoker
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Matthew Gardiner
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Laura Civolani
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Cosenza
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Rosignoli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roxana Strugala
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - István Molnár
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Šimková
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ulrich Schaffrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthew Barrett
- Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Smithfield 4878, Australia
| | - Silvio Salvi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matthew J. Moscou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Corresponding author.
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9
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Protein glycosylation changes during systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 212:381-392. [PMID: 35623457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
N-glycosylation, an important post-translational modification of proteins in all eukaryotes, has been clearly shown to be involved in numerous diseases in mammalian systems. In contrast, little is known regarding the role of protein N-glycosylation in plant defensive responses to pathogen infection. We identified, for the first time, glycoproteins related to systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in an Arabidopsis thaliana model, using a glycoproteomics platform based on high-resolution mass spectrometry. 407 glycosylation sites corresponding to 378 glycopeptides and 273 unique glycoproteins were identified. 65 significantly changed glycoproteins with 80 N-glycosylation sites were detected in systemic leaves of SAR-induced plants, including numerous GDSL-like lipases, thioglucoside glucohydrolases, kinases, and glycosidases. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that significantly changed glycoproteins were involved mainly in N-glycan biosynthesis and degradation, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, cutin and wax biosynthesis, and plant-pathogen interactions. Comparative analysis of glycoproteomics and proteomics data indicated that glycoproteomics analysis is an efficient method for screening proteins associated with SAR. The present findings clarify glycosylation status and sites of A. thaliana proteins, and will facilitate further research on roles of glycoproteins in SAR induction.
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10
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Nunes da Silva M, Carvalho SMP, Rodrigues AM, Gómez-Cadenas A, António C, Vasconcelos MW. Defence-related pathways, phytohormones and primary metabolism are key players in kiwifruit plant tolerance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:528-541. [PMID: 34773419 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The reasons underlying the differential tolerance of Actinidia spp. to the pandemic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) have not yet been elucidated. We hypothesized that differential plant-defence strategies linked to transcriptome regulation, phytohormones and primary metabolism might be key and that Actinidia chinensis susceptibility results from an inefficient activation of defensive mechanisms and metabolic impairments shortly following infection. Here, 48 h postinoculation bacterial density was 10-fold higher in A. chinensis var. deliciosa than in Actinidia arguta, accompanied by significant increases in glutamine, ornithine, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) (up to 3.2-fold). Actinidia arguta showed decreased abscisic acid (ABA) (0.7-fold), no changes in primary metabolites, and 20 defence-related genes that were only differentially expressed in this species. These include GLOX1, FOX1, SN2 and RBOHA, which may contribute to its higher tolerance. Results suggest that A. chinensis' higher susceptibility to Psa is due to an inefficient activation of plant defences, with the involvement of ABA, JA and SA, leading to impairments in primary metabolism, particularly the ammonia assimilation cycle. A schematic overview on the interaction between Psa and genotypes with distinct tolerance is provided, highlighting the key transcriptomic and metabolomic aspects contributing to the different plant phenotypes after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nunes da Silva
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Susana M P Carvalho
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Ana M Rodrigues
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Carla António
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marta W Vasconcelos
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
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11
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Simoni EB, Oliveira CC, Fraga OT, Reis PAB, Fontes EPB. Cell Death Signaling From Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: Plant-Specific and Conserved Features. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:835738. [PMID: 35185996 PMCID: PMC8850647 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.835738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response is triggered by any condition that disrupts protein folding and promotes the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the lumen of the organelle. In eukaryotic cells, the evolutionarily conserved unfolded protein response is activated to clear unfolded proteins and restore ER homeostasis. The recovery from ER stress is accomplished by decreasing protein translation and loading into the organelle, increasing the ER protein processing capacity and ER-associated protein degradation activity. However, if the ER stress persists and cannot be reversed, the chronically prolonged stress leads to cellular dysfunction that activates cell death signaling as an ultimate attempt to survive. Accumulating evidence implicates ER stress-induced cell death signaling pathways as significant contributors for stress adaptation in plants, making modulators of ER stress pathways potentially attractive targets for stress tolerance engineering. Here, we summarize recent advances in understanding plant-specific molecular mechanisms that elicit cell death signaling from ER stress. We also highlight the conserved features of ER stress-induced cell death signaling in plants shared by eukaryotic cells.
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12
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Chung PJ, Singh GP, Huang CH, Koyyappurath S, Seo JS, Mao HZ, Diloknawarit P, Ram RJ, Sarojam R, Chua NH. Rapid Detection and Quantification of Plant Innate Immunity Response Using Raman Spectroscopy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:746586. [PMID: 34745179 PMCID: PMC8566886 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.746586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a rapid Raman spectroscopy-based method for the detection and quantification of early innate immunity responses in Arabidopsis and Choy Sum plants. Arabidopsis plants challenged with flg22 and elf18 elicitors could be differentiated from mock-treated plants by their Raman spectral fingerprints. From the difference Raman spectrum and the value of p at each Raman shift, we derived the Elicitor Response Index (ERI) as a quantitative measure of the response whereby a higher ERI value indicates a more significant elicitor-induced immune response. Among various Raman spectral bands contributing toward the ERI value, the most significant changes were observed in those associated with carotenoids and proteins. To validate these results, we investigated several characterized Arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) mutants. Compared to wild type (WT), positive regulatory mutants had ERI values close to zero, whereas negative regulatory mutants at early time points had higher ERI values. Similar to elicitor treatments, we derived an analogous Infection Response Index (IRI) as a quantitative measure to detect the early PTI response in Arabidopsis and Choy Sum plants infected with bacterial pathogens. The Raman spectral bands contributing toward a high IRI value were largely identical to the ERI Raman spectral bands. Raman spectroscopy is a convenient tool for rapid screening for Arabidopsis PTI mutants and may be suitable for the noninvasive and early diagnosis of pathogen-infected crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil Joong Chung
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gajendra P. Singh
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chung-Hao Huang
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sayuj Koyyappurath
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Sung Seo
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui-Zhu Mao
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Piyarut Diloknawarit
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rajeev J. Ram
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Rajani Sarojam
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nam-Hai Chua
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Winkelmüller TM, Entila F, Anver S, Piasecka A, Song B, Dahms E, Sakakibara H, Gan X, Kułak K, Sawikowska A, Krajewski P, Tsiantis M, Garrido-Oter R, Fukushima K, Schulze-Lefert P, Laurent S, Bednarek P, Tsuda K. Gene expression evolution in pattern-triggered immunity within Arabidopsis thaliana and across Brassicaceae species. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1863-1887. [PMID: 33751107 PMCID: PMC8290292 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants recognize surrounding microbes by sensing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Despite their significance for microbial control, the evolution of PTI responses remains largely uncharacterized. Here, by employing comparative transcriptomics of six Arabidopsis thaliana accessions and three additional Brassicaceae species to investigate PTI responses, we identified a set of genes that commonly respond to the MAMP flg22 and genes that exhibit species-specific expression signatures. Variation in flg22-triggered transcriptome responses across Brassicaceae species was incongruent with their phylogeny, while expression changes were strongly conserved within A. thaliana. We found the enrichment of WRKY transcription factor binding sites in the 5'-regulatory regions of conserved and species-specific responsive genes, linking the emergence of WRKY-binding sites with the evolution of gene expression patterns during PTI. Our findings advance our understanding of the evolution of the transcriptome during biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Winkelmüller
- Department of Plant–Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Frederickson Entila
- Department of Plant–Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Shajahan Anver
- Department of Plant–Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Present address: Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Piasecka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Baoxing Song
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Present address: Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Eik Dahms
- Department of Plant–Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 230-0045 Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Xiangchao Gan
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Karolina Kułak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
- Present address: Department of Computational Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Aneta Sawikowska
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-628 Poznań, Poland
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Krajewski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ruben Garrido-Oter
- Department of Plant–Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kenji Fukushima
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant–Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Laurent
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Interdisciplinary Science Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
- Department of Plant–Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Author for correspondence:
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14
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Colaianni NR, Parys K, Lee HS, Conway JM, Kim NH, Edelbacher N, Mucyn TS, Madalinski M, Law TF, Jones CD, Belkhadir Y, Dangl JL. A complex immune response to flagellin epitope variation in commensal communities. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:635-649.e9. [PMID: 33713602 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune systems restrict microbial pathogens by identifying "non-self" molecules called microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). It is unclear how immune responses are tuned to or by MAMP diversity present in commensal microbiota. We systematically studied the variability of commensal peptide derivatives of flagellin (flg22), a MAMP detected by plants. We define substantial functional diversity. Most flg22 peptides evade recognition, while others contribute to evasion by manipulating immunity through antagonism and signal modulation. We establish a paradigm of signal integration, wherein the sequential signaling outputs of the flagellin receptor are separable and allow for reprogramming by commensal-derived flg22 epitope variants. Plant-associated communities are enriched for immune evading flg22 epitopes, but upon physiological stress that represses the immune system, immune-activating flg22 epitopes become enriched. The existence of immune-manipulating epitopes suggests that they evolved to either communicate or utilize the immune system for host colonization and thus can influence commensal microbiota community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Colaianni
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katarzyna Parys
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ho-Seok Lee
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonathan M Conway
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nak Hyun Kim
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Natalie Edelbacher
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatiana S Mucyn
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mathias Madalinski
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa F Law
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Corbin D Jones
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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15
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Strasser R, Seifert G, Doblin MS, Johnson KL, Ruprecht C, Pfrengle F, Bacic A, Estevez JM. Cracking the "Sugar Code": A Snapshot of N- and O-Glycosylation Pathways and Functions in Plants Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:640919. [PMID: 33679857 PMCID: PMC7933510 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.640919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a fundamental co-translational and/or post-translational modification process where an attachment of sugars onto either proteins or lipids can alter their biological function, subcellular location and modulate the development and physiology of an organism. Glycosylation is not a template driven process and as such produces a vastly larger array of glycan structures through combinatorial use of enzymes and of repeated common scaffolds and as a consequence it provides a huge expansion of both the proteome and lipidome. While the essential role of N- and O-glycan modifications on mammalian glycoproteins is already well documented, we are just starting to decode their biological functions in plants. Although significant advances have been made in plant glycobiology in the last decades, there are still key challenges impeding progress in the field and, as such, holistic modern high throughput approaches may help to address these conceptual gaps. In this snapshot, we present an update of the most common O- and N-glycan structures present on plant glycoproteins as well as (1) the plant glycosyltransferases (GTs) and glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) responsible for their biosynthesis; (2) a summary of microorganism-derived GHs characterized to cleave specific glycosidic linkages; (3) a summary of the available tools ranging from monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), lectins to chemical probes for the detection of specific sugar moieties within these complex macromolecules; (4) selected examples of N- and O-glycoproteins as well as in their related GTs to illustrate the complexity on their mode of action in plant cell growth and stress responses processes, and finally (5) we present the carbohydrate microarray approach that could revolutionize the way in which unknown plant GTs and GHs are identified and their specificities characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Seifert
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- The Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kim L. Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- The Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Colin Ruprecht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- The Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - José M. Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
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16
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Kato H, Onai K, Abe A, Shimizu M, Takagi H, Tateda C, Utsushi H, Singkarabanit-Ogawa S, Kitakura S, Ono E, Zipfel C, Takano Y, Ishiura M, Terauchi R. Lumi-Map, a Real-Time Luciferase Bioluminescence Screen of Mutants Combined with MutMap, Reveals Arabidopsis Genes Involved in PAMP-Triggered Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1366-1380. [PMID: 32876529 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-20-0118-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to activate PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). However, our knowledge of PTI signaling remains limited. In this report, we introduce Lumi-Map, a high-throughput platform for identifying causative single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for studying PTI signaling components. In Lumi-Map, a transgenic reporter plant line is produced that contains a firefly luciferase (LUC) gene driven by a defense gene promoter, which generates luminescence upon PAMP treatment. The line is mutagenized and the mutants with altered luminescence patterns are screened by a high-throughput real-time bioluminescence monitoring system. Selected mutants are subjected to MutMap analysis, a whole-genome sequencing-based method of rapid mutation identification, to identify the causative SNP responsible for the luminescence pattern change. We generated nine transgenic Arabidopsis reporter lines expressing the LUC gene fused to multiple promoter sequences of defense-related genes. These lines generate luminescence upon activation of FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2 (FLS2) by flg22, a PAMP derived from bacterial flagellin. We selected the WRKY29-promoter reporter line to identify mutants in the signaling pathway downstream of FLS2. After screening 24,000 ethylmethanesulfonate-induced mutants of the reporter line, we isolated 22 mutants with altered WRKY29 expression upon flg22 treatment (abbreviated as awf mutants). Although five flg22-insensitive awf mutants harbored mutations in FLS2 itself, Lumi-Map revealed three genes not previously associated with PTI. Lumi-Map has the potential to identify novel PAMPs and their receptors as well as signaling components downstream of the receptors.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kato
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Japan
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Onai
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Abe
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Takagi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Japan
| | - Chika Tateda
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Japan
| | - Hiroe Utsushi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Japan
| | | | - Saeko Kitakura
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Erika Ono
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, U.K
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yoshitaka Takano
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Japan
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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17
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Madritsch S, Bomers S, Posekany A, Burg A, Birke R, Emerstorfer F, Turetschek R, Otte S, Eigner H, Sehr EM. Integrative transcriptomics reveals genotypic impact on sugar beet storability. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:359-378. [PMID: 32754876 PMCID: PMC7593311 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An integrative comparative transcriptomic approach on six sugar beet varieties showing different amount of sucrose loss during storage revealed genotype-specific main driver genes and pathways characterizing storability. Sugar beet is next to sugar cane one of the most important sugar crops accounting for about 15% of the sucrose produced worldwide. Since its processing is increasingly centralized, storage of beet roots over an extended time has become necessary. Sucrose loss during storage is a major concern for the sugar industry because the accumulation of invert sugar and byproducts severely affect sucrose manufacturing. This loss is mainly due to ongoing respiration, but changes in cell wall composition and pathogen infestation also contribute. While some varieties can cope better during storage, the underlying molecular mechanisms are currently undiscovered. We applied integrative transcriptomics on six varieties exhibiting different levels of sucrose loss during storage. Already prior to storage, well storable varieties were characterized by a higher number of parenchyma cells, a smaller cell area, and a thinner periderm. Supporting these findings, transcriptomics identified changes in genes involved in cell wall modifications. After 13 weeks of storage, over 900 differentially expressed genes were detected between well and badly storable varieties, mainly in the category of defense response but also in carbohydrate metabolism and the phenylpropanoid pathway. These findings were confirmed by gene co-expression network analysis where hub genes were identified as main drivers of invert sugar accumulation and sucrose loss. Our data provide insight into transcriptional changes in sugar beet roots during storage resulting in the characterization of key pathways and hub genes that might be further used as markers to improve pathogen resistance and storage properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Madritsch
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health & Bioresources, Tulln, Austria
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Svenja Bomers
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health & Bioresources, Tulln, Austria
| | - Alexandra Posekany
- University of Technology Vienna, Research Unit of Computational Statistics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnes Burg
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health & Bioresources, Tulln, Austria
| | - Rebekka Birke
- AGRANA Research & Innovation Center GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | - Sandra Otte
- Strube Research GmbH & Co. KG, Söllingen, Germany
| | - Herbert Eigner
- AGRANA Research & Innovation Center GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Eva M Sehr
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health & Bioresources, Tulln, Austria.
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18
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Spears BJ, Howton TC, Gao F, Garner CM, Mukhtar MS, Gassmann W. Direct Regulation of the EFR-Dependent Immune Response by Arabidopsis TCP Transcription Factors. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:540-549. [PMID: 30480481 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-18-0201-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One layer of the innate immune system allows plants to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS), activating a defense response known as PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Maintaining an active immune response, however, comes at the cost of plant growth and development; accordingly, optimization of the balance between defense and development is critical to plant fitness. The TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factor family consists of well-characterized transcriptional regulators of plant development and morphogenesis. The three closely related class I TCP transcription factors TCP8, TCP14, and TCP15 have also been implicated in the regulation of effector-triggered immunity, but there has been no previous characterization of PTI-related phenotypes. To identify TCP targets involved in PTI, we screened a PAMP-induced gene promoter library in a yeast one-hybrid assay and identified interactions of these three TCPs with the EF-Tu RECEPTOR (EFR) promoter. The direct interactions between TCP8 and EFR were confirmed to require an intact TCP binding site in planta. A tcp8 tcp14 tcp15 triple mutant was impaired in EFR-dependent PTI and exhibited reduced levels of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEIN 2 and induction of EFR expression after elicitation with elf18 but also increased production of reactive oxygen species relative to Col-0. Our data support an increasingly complex role for TCPs at the nexus of plant development and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Spears
- 1 Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310, U.S.A
- 2 C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri
| | - T C Howton
- 3 Department of Biology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, 35233, U.S.A.; and
| | - Fei Gao
- 1 Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310, U.S.A
- 2 C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri
| | - Christopher M Garner
- 2 C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri
- 4 Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri
| | - M Shahid Mukhtar
- 3 Department of Biology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, 35233, U.S.A.; and
| | - Walter Gassmann
- 1 Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310, U.S.A
- 2 C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri
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19
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Huang PY, Zhang J, Jiang B, Chan C, Yu JH, Lu YP, Chung K, Zimmerli L. NINJA-associated ERF19 negatively regulates Arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1033-1047. [PMID: 30462256 PMCID: PMC6363091 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) derived from invading pathogens by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) initiates a subset of defense responses known as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Transcription factors (TFs) orchestrate the onset of PTI through complex signaling networks. Here, we characterized the function of ERF19, a member of the Arabidopsis thaliana ethylene response factor (ERF) family. ERF19 was found to act as a negative regulator of PTI against Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae. Notably, overexpression of ERF19 increased plant susceptibility to these pathogens and repressed MAMP-induced PTI outputs. In contrast, expression of the chimeric dominant repressor ERF19-SRDX boosted PTI activation, conferred increased resistance to the fungus B. cinerea, and enhanced elf18-triggered immunity against bacteria. Consistent with a negative role for ERF19 in PTI, MAMP-mediated growth inhibition was weakened or augmented in lines overexpressing ERF19 or expressing ERF19-SRDX, respectively. Using biochemical and genetic approaches, we show that the transcriptional co-repressor Novel INteractor of JAZ (NINJA) associates with and represses the function of ERF19. Our work reveals ERF19 as a novel player in the mitigation of PTI, and highlights a potential role for NINJA in fine-tuning ERF19-mediated regulation of Arabidopsis innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Yao Huang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Beier Jiang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching Chan
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jhong-He Yu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Pin Lu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - KwiMi Chung
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Laurent Zimmerli
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Wang F, Lin R, Li Y, Wang P, Feng J, Chen W, Xu S. TabZIP74 Acts as a Positive Regulator in Wheat Stripe Rust Resistance and Involves Root Development by mRNA Splicing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1551. [PMID: 31921229 PMCID: PMC6927285 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) membrane-bound transcription factors (MTFs) play important roles in regulating plant growth and development, abiotic stress responses, and disease resistance. Most bZIP MTFs are key components of signaling pathways in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses. In this study, a full-length cDNA sequence encoding bZIP MTF, designated TabZIP74, was isolated from a cDNA library of wheat near-isogenic lines of Taichung29*6/Yr10 inoculated with an incompatible race CYR32 of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Phylogenic analysis showed that TabZIP74 is highly homologous to ZmbZIP60 in maize and OsbZIP74 in rice. The mRNA of TabZIP74 was predicted to form a secondary structure with two kissing hairpin loops that could be spliced, causing an open reading frame shift immediately before the hydrophobic region to produce a new TabZIP74 protein without the transmembrane domain. Pst infection and the abiotic polyethylene glycol (PEG) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments lead to TabZIP74 mRNA splicing in wheat seedling leaves, while both spliced and unspliced forms in roots were detected. In the confocal microscopic examination, TabZIP74 is mobilized in the nucleus from the membrane of tobacco epidermal cells in response to wounding. Knocking down TabZIP74 with barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing (BSMV-VIGS) enhanced wheat seedling susceptibility to stripe rust and decreased drought tolerance and lateral roots of silenced plants. These findings demonstrate that TabZIP74 mRNA is induced to splice when stressed by biotic and abiotic factors, acts as a critically positive regulator for wheat stripe rust resistance and drought tolerance, and is necessary for lateral root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengtao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiming Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ruiming Lin
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- China Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shichang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wang Z, Li X, Wang X, Liu N, Xu B, Peng Q, Guo Z, Fan B, Zhu C, Chen Z. Arabidopsis Endoplasmic Reticulum-Localized UBAC2 Proteins Interact with PAMP-INDUCED COILED-COIL to Regulate Pathogen-Induced Callose Deposition and Plant Immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:153-171. [PMID: 30606781 PMCID: PMC6391690 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) is initiated upon PAMP recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRR). PTI signals are transmitted through activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), inducing signaling and defense processes such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and callose deposition. Here, we examine mutants for two Arabidopsis thaliana genes encoding homologs of UBIQUITIN-ASSOCIATED DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 2 (UBAC2), a conserved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein implicated in ER protein quality control. The ubac2 mutants were hypersusceptible to a type III secretion-deficient strain of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, indicating a PTI defect. The ubac2 mutants showed normal PRR biogenesis, MAPK activation, ROS burst, and PTI-associated gene expression. Pathogen- and PAMP-induced callose deposition, however, was compromised in ubac2 mutants. UBAC2 proteins interact with the plant-specific long coiled-coil protein PAMP-INDUCED COILED COIL (PICC), and picc mutants were compromised in callose deposition and PTI. Compromised callose deposition in the ubac2 and picc mutants was associated with reduced accumulation of the POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANT 4 (PMR4) callose synthase, which is responsible for pathogen-induced callose synthesis. Constitutive overexpression of PMR4 restored pathogen-induced callose synthesis and PTI in the ubac2 and picc mutants. These results uncover an ER pathway involving the conserved UBAC2 and plant-specific PICC proteins that specifically regulate pathogen-induced callose deposition in plant innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 915 W. State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054
| | - Xifeng Li
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 915 W. State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 915 W. State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095 China
| | - Nana Liu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 915 W. State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Binjie Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 915 W. State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Qi Peng
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 915 W. State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054
- Institute of Economic Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Zhifu Guo
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 915 W. State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054
- College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Baofang Fan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 915 W. State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054
| | - Cheng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhixiang Chen
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 915 W. State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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EFR-Mediated Innate Immune Response in Arabidopsis thaliana is a Useful Tool for Identification of Novel ERQC Modulators. Genes (Basel) 2018; 10:genes10010015. [PMID: 30591693 PMCID: PMC6357087 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants offer a simpler and cheaper alternative to mammalian animal models for the study of endoplasmic reticulum glycoprotein folding quality control (ERQC). In particular, the Arabidopsis thaliana (At) innate immune response to bacterial peptides provides an easy means of assaying ERQC function in vivo. A number of mutants that are useful to study ERQC in planta have been described in the literature, but only for a subset of these mutants the innate immune response to bacterial elicitors has been measured beyond monitoring plant weight and some physio-pathological parameters related to the plant immune response. In order to probe deeper into the role of ERQC in the plant immune response, we monitored expression levels of the Phosphate-induced 1 (PHI-1) and reticulin-oxidase homologue (RET-OX) genes in the At ER α-Glu II rsw3 and the At UGGT uggt1-1 mutant plants, in response to bacterial peptides elf18 and flg22. The elf18 response was impaired in the rsw3 but not completely abrogated in the uggt1-1 mutant plants, raising the possibility that the latter enzyme is partly dispensable for EF-Tu receptor (EFR) signaling. In the rsw3 mutant, seedling growth was impaired only by concomitant application of the At ER α-Glu II NB-DNJ inhibitor at concentrations above 500 nM, compatibly with residual activity in this mutant. The study highlights the need for extending plant innate immune response studies to assays sampling EFR signaling at the molecular level.
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23
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Arraño-Salinas P, Domínguez-Figueroa J, Herrera-Vásquez A, Zavala D, Medina J, Vicente-Carbajosa J, Meneses C, Canessa P, Moreno AA, Blanco-Herrera F. WRKY7, -11 and -17 transcription factors are modulators of the bZIP28 branch of the unfolded protein response during PAMP-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 277:242-250. [PMID: 30466590 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants must defend themselves against pathogens. The defense response requires greater protein synthesis, which generates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, yet failure to attenuate this stress has detrimental effects. WRKY7/11/17 transcription factors (TFs) are negative regulators of immunity since mutants are more resistant to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) infection. Here, we reveal a connection between ER-stress and the molecular mechanisms underlying the wrky mutant phenotype. The bZIP28 TF upregulates ER-chaperone expression (BiP1/2, ERdj3B, and SDF2) upon exposure of Arabidopsis to a bacterial defense elicitor, flagellin 22 (Flg22). Also, the activation of ER-chaperones is more sustained in double and triple wrky mutants treated with Flg22, suggesting that WRKY7/11/17 TFs downregulate these genes. Moreover, wrky mutants accumulate more bZIP28 transcripts in response to Flg22, indicating that WRKY7/11/17 transcriptionally repress this TF. Using Arabidopsis protoplasts, we also demonstrate that WRKYs bind to the bZIP28 promoter via W-box elements. Additionally, triple wrky mutants are more resistant, whilst bzip28 mutants are more susceptible, to Pst infection. Finally, we postulate a model of PAMP-Triggered Immunity regulation, where Flg22 activates bZIP28-signaling inducing the expression of ER-stress genes, as well as WRKY7/11/17 expression, which in turn inhibits PTI by downregulating bZIP28, controlling physiological responses in the Arabidopsis-Pst interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Arraño-Salinas
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile
| | - José Domínguez-Figueroa
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Autopista M40 (km 38), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ariel Herrera-Vásquez
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile; Millennium Institute for Integrative Systems and Synthetic Biology (MIISSB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Zavala
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile
| | - Joaquin Medina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Autopista M40 (km 38), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vicente-Carbajosa
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Autopista M40 (km 38), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile; FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida República 217, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile
| | - Paulo Canessa
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile; Millennium Institute for Integrative Systems and Synthetic Biology (MIISSB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Adrián A Moreno
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile.
| | - Francisca Blanco-Herrera
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile; Millennium Institute for Integrative Systems and Synthetic Biology (MIISSB), Santiago, Chile.
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24
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In Planta Preliminary Screening of ER Glycoprotein Folding Quality Control (ERQC) Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072135. [PMID: 30041423 PMCID: PMC6073501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecule modulators of the Endoplasmic Reticulum glycoprotein folding quality control (ERQC) machinery have broad-spectrum antiviral activity against a number of enveloped viruses and have the potential to rescue secretion of misfolded but active glycoproteins in rare diseases. In vivo assays of candidate inhibitors in mammals are expensive and cannot be afforded at the preliminary stages of drug development programs. The strong conservation of the ERQC machinery across eukaryotes makes transgenic plants an attractive system for low-cost, easy and fast proof-of-concept screening of candidate ERQC inhibitors. The Arabidopsis thaliana immune response is mediated by glycoproteins, the folding of which is controlled by ERQC. We have used the plant response to bacterial peptides as a means of assaying an ERQC inhibitor in vivo. We show that the treatment of the plant with the iminosugar NB-DNJ, which is a known ER α-glucosidase inhibitor in mammals, influences the immune response of the plant to the bacterial peptide elf18 but not to the flagellin-derived flg22 peptide. In the NB-DNJ-treated plant, the responses to elf18 and flg22 treatments closely follow the ones observed for the ER α-glucosidase II impaired plant, At psl5-1. We propose Arabidopsis thaliana as a promising platform for the development of low-cost proof-of-concept in vivo ERQC modulation.
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25
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Ogita N, Okushima Y, Tokizawa M, Yamamoto YY, Tanaka M, Seki M, Makita Y, Matsui M, Okamoto-Yoshiyama K, Sakamoto T, Kurata T, Hiruma K, Saijo Y, Takahashi N, Umeda M. Identifying the target genes of SUPPRESSOR OF GAMMA RESPONSE 1, a master transcription factor controlling DNA damage response in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:439-453. [PMID: 29430765 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, the transcription factor p53 plays a crucial role in transmitting DNA damage signals to maintain genome integrity. However, in plants, orthologous genes for p53 and checkpoint proteins are absent. Instead, the plant-specific transcription factor SUPPRESSOR OF GAMMA RESPONSE 1 (SOG1) controls most of the genes induced by gamma irradiation and promotes DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, and stem cell death. To date, the genes directly controlled by SOG1 remain largely unknown, limiting the understanding of DNA damage signaling in plants. Here, we conducted a microarray analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-sequencing, and identified 146 Arabidopsis genes as direct targets of SOG1. By using ChIP-sequencing data, we extracted the palindromic motif [CTT(N)7 AAG] as a consensus SOG1-binding sequence, which mediates target gene induction in response to DNA damage. Furthermore, DNA damage-triggered phosphorylation of SOG1 is required for efficient binding to the SOG1-binding sequence. Comparison between SOG1 and p53 target genes showed that both transcription factors control genes responsible for cell cycle regulation, such as CDK inhibitors, and DNA repair, whereas SOG1 preferentially targets genes involved in homologous recombination. We also found that defense-related genes were enriched in the SOG1 target genes. Consistent with this finding, SOG1 is required for resistance against the hemi-biotrophic fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum, suggesting that SOG1 has a unique function in controlling the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Ogita
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yoko Okushima
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Mutsutomo Tokizawa
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Y Yamamoto
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Maho Tanaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- JST, CREST, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yuko Makita
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Minami Matsui
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kaoru Okamoto-Yoshiyama
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kurata
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kei Hiruma
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saijo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masaaki Umeda
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
- JST, CREST, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
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Abstract
The biogenesis and functionality of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are critical for robust plant immune responses. Here, we present methods to determine the N-glycosylation state and ligand-induced activity of these receptors for comparative quantitative analysis. These techniques can be used to identify mutants and chemical inhibitors affecting PRR biogenesis and functionality. When combined, these techniques can provide useful insights on biological processes necessary to synthesize a properly membrane-localized and ligand-responsive PRR.
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Saijo Y, Loo EPI, Yasuda S. Pattern recognition receptors and signaling in plant-microbe interactions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:592-613. [PMID: 29266555 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants solely rely on innate immunity of each individual cell to deal with a diversity of microbes in the environment. Extracellular recognition of microbe- and host damage-associated molecular patterns leads to the first layer of inducible defenses, termed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). In plants, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) described to date are all membrane-associated receptor-like kinases or receptor-like proteins, reflecting the prevalence of apoplastic colonization of plant-infecting microbes. An increasing inventory of elicitor-active patterns and PRRs indicates that a large number of them are limited to a certain range of plant groups/species, pointing to dynamic and convergent evolution of pattern recognition specificities. In addition to common molecular principles of PRR signaling, recent studies have revealed substantial diversification between PRRs in their functions and regulatory mechanisms. This serves to confer robustness and plasticity to the whole PTI system in natural infections, wherein different PRRs are simultaneously engaged and faced with microbial assaults. We review the functional significance and molecular basis of PRR-mediated pathogen recognition and disease resistance, and also an emerging role for PRRs in homeostatic association with beneficial or commensal microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Saijo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Eliza Po-Iian Loo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Yasuda
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
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28
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Veit C, König J, Altmann F, Strasser R. Processing of the Terminal Alpha-1,2-Linked Mannose Residues From Oligomannosidic N-Glycans Is Critical for Proper Root Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1807. [PMID: 30574158 PMCID: PMC6291467 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
N-glycosylation is an essential protein modification that plays roles in many diverse biological processes including protein folding, quality control and protein interactions. Despite recent advances in characterization of the N-glycosylation and N-glycan processing machinery our understanding of N-glycosylation related processes in plant development is limited. In Arabidopsis thaliana, failure of mannose trimming from oligomannosidic N-glycans in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and cis/medial-Golgi leads to a defect in root development in the mns123 triple mutant. Here, we show that the severe root phenotype of mns123 is restored in asparagine-linked glycosylation (ALG)-deficient plants with distinct defects in the biosynthesis of the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor. The root growth of these ALG-deficient plants is not affected by the α-mannosidase inhibitor kifunensine. Genetic evidence shows that the defect is uncoupled from the glycan-dependent ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway that removes misfolded glycoproteins with oligomannosidic N-glycans from the ER. Restoration of mannose trimming using a trans-Golgi targeted α-mannosidase suppresses the defect of mns123 roots. These data suggest that processing of terminal mannose residues from oligomannosidic N-glycans is important for an unknown late-Golgi or post-Golgi process that is implicated in proper root formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Veit
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia König
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Richard Strasser,
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29
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Yun HS, Kwon C. Vesicle trafficking in plant immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 40:34-42. [PMID: 28735164 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To defend against extracellular pathogens, plants primarily depend on cell-autonomous innate immunity due to the lack of the circulatory immune system including mobile immune cells. To extracellularly restrict or kill the pathogens, plant cells dump out antimicrobials. However, since antimicrobials are also toxic to plant cells themselves, they have to be safely delivered to the target sites in a separate vesicular compartment. In addition, because immune responses often requires energy otherwise used for the other metabolic processes, it is very important to properly control the duration and strength of immune responses depending on pathogen types. This can be achieved by regulating the sensing of immune signals and the delivery/discharge of extracellular immune molecules, all of which are controlled by membrane trafficking in plant cells. Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) are now considered as the minimal factors that can merge two distinct membranes of cellular compartments. Hence, in this review, known and potential immune functions of SNAREs as well as regulatory proteins will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sup Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chian Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Ariga H, Katori T, Tsuchimatsu T, Hirase T, Tajima Y, Parker JE, Alcázar R, Koornneef M, Hoekenga O, Lipka AE, Gore MA, Sakakibara H, Kojima M, Kobayashi Y, Iuchi S, Kobayashi M, Shinozaki K, Sakata Y, Hayashi T, Saijo Y, Taji T. NLR locus-mediated trade-off between abiotic and biotic stress adaptation in Arabidopsis. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:17072. [PMID: 28548656 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2017.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Osmotic stress caused by drought, salt or cold decreases plant fitness. Acquired stress tolerance defines the ability of plants to withstand stress following an initial exposure1. We found previously that acquired osmotolerance after salt stress is widespread among Arabidopsis thaliana accessions2. Here, we identify ACQOS as the locus responsible for ACQUIRED OSMOTOLERANCE. Of its five haplotypes, only plants carrying group 1 ACQOS are impaired in acquired osmotolerance. ACQOS is identical to VICTR, encoding a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein3. In the absence of osmotic stress, group 1 ACQOS contributes to bacterial resistance. In its presence, ACQOS causes detrimental autoimmunity, thereby reducing osmotolerance. Analysis of natural variation at the ACQOS locus suggests that functional and non-functional ACQOS alleles are being maintained due to a trade-off between biotic and abiotic stress adaptation. Thus, polymorphism in certain plant NLR genes might be influenced by competing environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ariga
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Taku Katori
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | | | - Taishi Hirase
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute for Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yuri Tajima
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute for Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rubén Alcázar
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maarten Koornneef
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Owen Hoekenga
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ithaca, 14853 New York, USA
| | - Alexander E Lipka
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ithaca, 14853 New York, USA
| | - Michael A Gore
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Maricopa, Arizona 85138, USA
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Plant Productivity Systems Research Group, RIKEN Centre for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- Plant Productivity Systems Research Group, RIKEN Centre for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakata
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Takahisa Hayashi
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saijo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute for Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
- JST PRESTO, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Teruaki Taji
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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Arabidopsis glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein LLG1 associates with and modulates FLS2 to regulate innate immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5749-5754. [PMID: 28507137 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614468114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants detect and respond to pathogen invasion with membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activate downstream immune responses. Here we report that Arabidopsis thaliana LORELEI-LIKE GPI-ANCHORED PROTEIN 1 (LLG1), a coreceptor of the receptor-like kinase FERONIA, regulates PRR signaling. In a forward genetic screen for suppressors of enhanced disease resistance 1 (edr1), we identified the point mutation llg1-3, which suppresses edr1 disease resistance but does not affect plant growth and development. The llg1 mutants show enhanced susceptibility to various virulent pathogens, indicating that LLG1 has an important role in plant immunity. LLG1 constitutively associates with the PAMP receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) and the elongation factor-Tu receptor, and forms a complex with BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 in a ligand-dependent manner, indicating that LLG1 functions as a key component of PAMP-recognition immune complexes. Moreover, LLG1 contributes to accumulation and ligand-induced degradation of FLS2, and is required for downstream innate immunity responses, including ligand-induced phosphorylation of BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 and production of reactive oxygen species. Taken together, our findings reveal that LLG1 associates with PAMP receptors and modulates their function to regulate disease responses. As LLG1 functions as a coreceptor of FERONIA and plays central roles in plant growth and development, our findings indicate that LLG1 participates in separate pathways, and may suggest a potential connection between development and innate immunity in plants.
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Abstract
Glycosylation is essential for all trees of life. N-glycosylation is one of the most common covalent protein modifications and influences a large variety of cellular processes including protein folding, quality control and protein-receptor interactions. Despite recent progress in understanding of N-glycan biosynthesis, our knowledge of N-glycan function on individual plant proteins is still very limited. In this respect, plant hormone receptors are an interesting group of proteins as several of these proteins are present at distinct sites in the secretory pathway or at the plasma membrane and have numerous potential N-glycosylation sites. Identifying and characterization of N-glycan structures on these proteins is essential to investigate the functional role of this abundant protein modification. Here, a straightforward immunoblot-based approach is presented that enables the analysis of N-glycosylation on endogenous hormone receptors like the brassinosteroid receptor BRI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Vavra
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Veit
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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Liu Y, He C. A review of redox signaling and the control of MAP kinase pathway in plants. Redox Biol 2016; 11:192-204. [PMID: 27984790 PMCID: PMC5157795 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are evolutionarily conserved modules among eukaryotic species that range from yeast, plants, flies to mammals. In eukaryotic cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) has both physiological and toxic effects. Both MAPK cascades and ROS signaling are involved in plant response to various biotic and abiotic stresses. It has been observed that not only can ROS induce MAPK activation, but also that disturbing MAPK cascades can modulate ROS production and responses. This review will discuss the potential mechanisms by which ROS may activate and/or regulate MAPK cascades in plants. The role of MAPK cascades and ROS signaling in regulating gene expression, stomatal function, and programmed cell death (PCD) is also discussed. In addition, the relationship between Rboh-dependent ROS production and MAPK activation in PAMP-triggered immunity will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, 300 Bailong Si, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement & Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, 300 Bailong Si, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengzhong He
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement & Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, 300 Bailong Si, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
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34
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Takahara H, Hacquard S, Kombrink A, Hughes HB, Halder V, Robin GP, Hiruma K, Neumann U, Shinya T, Kombrink E, Shibuya N, Thomma BPHJ, O'Connell RJ. Colletotrichum higginsianum extracellular LysM proteins play dual roles in appressorial function and suppression of chitin-triggered plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:1323-37. [PMID: 27174033 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The genome of the hemibiotrophic anthracnose fungus, Colletotrichum higginsianum, encodes a large repertoire of candidate-secreted effectors containing LysM domains, but the role of such proteins in the pathogenicity of any Colletotrichum species is unknown. Here, we characterized the function of two effectors, ChELP1 and ChELP2, which are transcriptionally activated during the initial intracellular biotrophic phase of infection. Using immunocytochemistry, we found that ChELP2 is concentrated on the surface of bulbous biotrophic hyphae at the interface with living host cells but is absent from filamentous necrotrophic hyphae. We show that recombinant ChELP1 and ChELP2 bind chitin and chitin oligomers in vitro with high affinity and specificity and that both proteins suppress the chitin-triggered activation of two immune-related plant mitogen-activated protein kinases in the host Arabidopsis. Using RNAi-mediated gene silencing, we found that ChELP1 and ChELP2 are essential for fungal virulence and appressorium-mediated penetration of both Arabidopsis epidermal cells and cellophane membranes in vitro. The findings suggest a dual role for these LysM proteins as effectors for suppressing chitin-triggered immunity and as proteins required for appressorium function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takahara
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stéphane Hacquard
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja Kombrink
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H Bleddyn Hughes
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vivek Halder
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Guillaume P Robin
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Kei Hiruma
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulla Neumann
- Central Microscopy, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tomonori Shinya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Erich Kombrink
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Richard J O'Connell
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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35
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Caputo AT, Alonzi DS, Marti L, Reca IB, Kiappes JL, Struwe WB, Cross A, Basu S, Lowe ED, Darlot B, Santino A, Roversi P, Zitzmann N. Structures of mammalian ER α-glucosidase II capture the binding modes of broad-spectrum iminosugar antivirals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4630-8. [PMID: 27462106 PMCID: PMC4987793 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604463113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of enveloped viruses depends heavily on the host cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) glycoprotein quality control (QC) machinery. This dependency exceeds the dependency of host glycoproteins, offering a window for the targeting of ERQC for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals. We determined small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and crystal structures of the main ERQC enzyme, ER α-glucosidase II (α-GluII; from mouse), alone and in complex with key ligands of its catalytic cycle and antiviral iminosugars, including two that are in clinical trials for the treatment of dengue fever. The SAXS data capture the enzyme's quaternary structure and suggest a conformational rearrangement is needed for the simultaneous binding of a monoglucosylated glycan to both subunits. The X-ray structures with key catalytic cycle intermediates highlight that an insertion between the +1 and +2 subsites contributes to the enzyme's activity and substrate specificity, and reveal that the presence of d-mannose at the +1 subsite renders the acid catalyst less efficient during the cleavage of the monoglucosylated substrate. The complexes with iminosugar antivirals suggest that inhibitors targeting a conserved ring of aromatic residues between the α-GluII +1 and +2 subsites would have increased potency and selectivity, thus providing a template for further rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro T Caputo
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic S Alonzi
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Marti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Unit of Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Ida-Barbara Reca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Unit of Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - J L Kiappes
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Weston B Struwe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Cross
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Souradeep Basu
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Edward D Lowe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Darlot
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Angelo Santino
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Unit of Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Pietro Roversi
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom;
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom;
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36
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Liu Y, He C. Regulation of plant reactive oxygen species (ROS) in stress responses: learning from AtRBOHD. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:995-1007. [PMID: 26883222 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are constantly produced in plants, as the metabolic by-products or as the signaling components in stress responses. High levels of ROS are harmful to plants. In contrast, ROS play important roles in plant physiology, including abiotic and biotic tolerance, development, and cellular signaling. Therefore, ROS production needs to be tightly regulated to balance their function. Respiratory burst oxidase homologue (RBOH) proteins, also known as plant nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases, are well studied enzymatic ROS-generating systems in plants. The regulatory mechanisms of RBOH-dependent ROS production in stress responses have been intensively studied. This has greatly advanced our knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate plant ROS production. This review attempts to integrate the regulatory mechanisms of RBOHD-dependent ROS production by discussing the recent advance. AtRBOHD-dependent ROS production could provide a valuable reference for studying ROS production in plant stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, 300 Bailong Si, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, 300 Bailong Si, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengzhong He
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, 300 Bailong Si, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
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37
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Sahu R, Sharaff M, Pradhan M, Sethi A, Bandyopadhyay T, Mishra VK, Chand R, Chowdhury AK, Joshi AK, Pandey SP. Elucidation of defense-related signaling responses to spot blotch infection in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 86:35-49. [PMID: 26932764 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Spot blotch disease, caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, is an important threat to wheat, causing an annual loss of ~17%. Under epidemic conditions, these losses may be 100%, yet the molecular responses of wheat to spot blotch remain almost uncharacterized. Moreover, defense-related phytohormone signaling genes have been poorly characterized in wheat. Here, we have identified 18 central components of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), and enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1) signaling pathways as well as the genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in wheat. In time-course experiments, we characterized the reprogramming of expression of these pathways in two contrasting genotypes: Yangmai #6 (resistant to spot blotch) and Sonalika (susceptible to spot blotch). We further evaluated the performance of a population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) by crossing Yangmai#6 and Sonalika (parents) and subsequent selfing to F10 under field conditions in trials at multiple locations. We characterized the reprogramming of defense-related signaling in these RILs as a consequence of spot blotch attack. During resistance to spot blotch attack, wheat strongly elicits SA signaling (SA biogenesis as well as the NPR1-dependent signaling pathway), along with WRKY33 transcription factor, followed by an enhanced expression of phenylpropanoid pathway genes. These may lead to accumulation of phenolics-based defense metabolites that may render resistance against spot blotch. JA signaling may synergistically contribute to the resistance. Failure to elicit SA (and possibly JA) signaling may lead to susceptibility against spot blotch infection in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranabir Sahu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research - Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Murali Sharaff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research - Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Maitree Pradhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research - Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Avinash Sethi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research - Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Tirthankar Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research - Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Vinod K Mishra
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 22105, India
| | - Ramesh Chand
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 22105, India
| | - Apurba K Chowdhury
- Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Cooch Behar, Varanasi, 736165, West Bengal, India
| | - Arun K Joshi
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 22105, India
- The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) South Asia Office, Singh Durbar Plaza Marg, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shree P Pandey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research - Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
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38
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Saur IML, Kadota Y, Sklenar J, Holton NJ, Smakowska E, Belkhadir Y, Zipfel C, Rathjen JP. NbCSPR underlies age-dependent immune responses to bacterial cold shock protein in Nicotiana benthamiana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3389-94. [PMID: 26944079 PMCID: PMC4812737 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1511847113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants use receptor kinases (RKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are typical of whole classes of microbes. After ligand perception, many leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing PRRs interact with the LRR-RK BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1). BAK1 is thus expected to interact with unknown PRRs. Here, we used BAK1 as molecular bait to identify a previously unknown LRR-RLP required for the recognition of the csp22 peptide derived from bacterial cold shock protein. We established a method to identify proteins that interact with BAK1 only after csp22 treatment. BAK1 was expressed transiently in Nicotiana benthamiana and immunopurified after treatment with csp22. BAK1-associated proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. We identified several proteins including known BAK1 interactors and a previously uncharacterized LRR-RLP that we termed RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN REQUIRED FOR CSP22 RESPONSIVENESS (NbCSPR). This RLP associates with BAK1 upon csp22 treatment, and NbCSPR-silenced plants are impaired in csp22-induced defense responses. NbCSPR confers resistance to bacteria in an age-dependent and flagellin-induced manner. As such, it limits bacterial growth and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of flowering N. benthamiana plants. Transgenic expression of NbCSPR into Arabidopsis thaliana conferred responsiveness to csp22 and antibacterial resistance. Our method may be used to identify LRR-type RKs and RLPs required for PAMP perception/responsiveness, even when the active purified PAMP has not been defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M L Saur
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yasuhiro Kadota
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Holton
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Elwira Smakowska
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology GmbH, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology GmbH, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
| | - John P Rathjen
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia;
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39
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Abstract
Protein glycosylation is an essential co- and post-translational modification of secretory and membrane proteins in all eukaryotes. The initial steps of N-glycosylation and N-glycan processing are highly conserved between plants, mammals and yeast. In contrast, late N-glycan maturation steps in the Golgi differ significantly in plants giving rise to complex N-glycans with β1,2-linked xylose, core α1,3-linked fucose and Lewis A-type structures. While the essential role of N-glycan modifications on distinct mammalian glycoproteins is already well documented, we have only begun to decipher the biological function of this ubiquitous protein modification in different plant species. In this review, I focus on the biosynthesis and function of different protein N-linked glycans in plants. Special emphasis is given on glycan-mediated quality control processes in the ER and on the biological role of characteristic complex N-glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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40
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de Oliveira MVV, Xu G, Li B, de Souza Vespoli L, Meng X, Chen X, Yu X, de Souza SA, Intorne AC, de A. Manhães AME, Musinsky AL, Koiwa H, de Souza Filho GA, Shan L, He P. Specific control of Arabidopsis BAK1/SERK4-regulated cell death by protein glycosylation. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:15218. [PMID: 27250875 PMCID: PMC5572757 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Precise control of cell death is essential for the survival of all organisms. Arabidopsis thaliana BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) and somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 4 (SERK4) redundantly and negatively regulate cell death through elusive mechanisms. By deploying a genetic screen for suppressors of cell death triggered by virus-induced gene silencing of BAK1/SERK4 on Arabidopsis knockout collections, we identified STT3a, a protein involved in N-glycosylation modification, as an important regulator of bak1/serk4 cell death. Systematic investigation of glycosylation pathway and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control (ERQC) components revealed distinct and overlapping mechanisms of cell death regulated by BAK1/SERK4 and their interacting protein BIR1. Genome-wide transcriptional analysis revealed the activation of members of cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase (CRK) genes in the bak1/serk4 mutant. Ectopic expression of CRK4 induced STT3a/N-glycosylation-dependent cell death in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana. Therefore, N-glycosylation and specific ERQC components are essential to activate bak1/serk4 cell death, and CRK4 is likely to be among client proteins of protein glycosylation involved in BAK1/SERK4-regulated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos V. V. de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Luciano de Souza Vespoli
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Center of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Darcy Ribeiro State University of North Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Xiangzong Meng
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Suzane Ariádina de Souza
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Center of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Darcy Ribeiro State University of North Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Aline C. Intorne
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Center of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Darcy Ribeiro State University of North Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Ana Marcia E. de A. Manhães
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Center of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Darcy Ribeiro State University of North Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Abbey L. Musinsky
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Major, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Gonçalo A. de Souza Filho
- Center of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Darcy Ribeiro State University of North Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to L.S. ; and P.H.
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to L.S. ; and P.H.
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Zuluaga AP, Vega-Arreguín JC, Fei Z, Matas AJ, Patev S, Fry WE, Rose JKC. Analysis of the tomato leaf transcriptome during successive hemibiotrophic stages of a compatible interaction with the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:42-54. [PMID: 25808779 PMCID: PMC6638369 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The infection of plants by hemibiotrophic pathogens involves a complex and highly regulated transition from an initial biotrophic, asymptomatic stage to a later necrotrophic state, characterized by cell death. Little is known about how this transition is regulated, and there are conflicting views regarding the significance of the plant hormones jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) in the different phases of infection. To provide a broad view of the hemibiotrophic infection process from the plant perspective, we surveyed the transcriptome of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) during a compatible interaction with the hemibiotrophic oomycete Phytophthora infestans during three infection stages: biotrophic, the transition from biotrophy to necrotrophy, and the necrotrophic phase. Nearly 10 000 genes corresponding to proteins in approximately 400 biochemical pathways showed differential transcript abundance during the three infection stages, revealing a major reorganization of plant metabolism, including major changes in source-sink relations, as well as secondary metabolites. In addition, more than 100 putative resistance genes and pattern recognition receptor genes were induced, and both JA and SA levels and associated signalling pathways showed dynamic changes during the infection time course. The biotrophic phase was characterized by the induction of many defence systems, which were either insufficient, evaded or suppressed by the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Zuluaga
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Julio C Vega-Arreguín
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Laboratory of Agrigenomics, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), ENES-León, 37684, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- USDA Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Antonio J Matas
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sean Patev
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - William E Fry
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Miotto-Vilanova L, Jacquard C, Courteaux B, Wortham L, Michel J, Clément C, Barka EA, Sanchez L. Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN Confers Grapevine Resistance against Botrytis cinerea via a Direct Antimicrobial Effect Combined with a Better Resource Mobilization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1236. [PMID: 27602036 PMCID: PMC4993772 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant innate immunity serves as a surveillance system by providing the first line of powerful weapons to fight against pathogen attacks. Beneficial microorganisms and Microbial-Associated Molecular Patterns might act as signals to trigger this immunity. Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN, a highly efficient plant beneficial endophytic bacterium, promotes growth in a wide variety of plants including grapevine. Further, the bacterium induces plant resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses. However, no study has deciphered triggered-mechanisms during the tripartite interaction between grapevine, B. phytofirmans PsJN and Botrytis cinerea. Herein, we showed that in contrast with classical rhizobacteria, which are restricted in the root system and act through ISR, B. phytofirmans PsJN is able to migrate until aerial part and forms at leaves surface a biofilm around B. cinerea mycelium to restrict the pathogen. Nevertheless, considering the endophytic level of PsJN in leaves, the plant protection efficacy of B. phytofirmans PsJN could not be explained solely by its direct antifungal effect. Deeper investigations showed a callose deposition, H2O2 production and primed expression of PR1, PR2, PR5, and JAZ only in bacterized-plantlets after pathogen challenge. The presence of PsJN modulated changes in leaf carbohydrate metabolism including gene expression, sugar levels, and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging after Botrytis challenge. Our findings indicated that protection induced by B. phytofirmans PsJN was multifaceted and relied on a direct antifungal effect, priming of defense mechanisms as well as the mobilization of carbon sources in grapevine leaf tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane Miotto-Vilanova
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-ArdenneReims, France
| | - Cédric Jacquard
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-ArdenneReims, France
| | - Barbara Courteaux
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-ArdenneReims, France
| | - Laurence Wortham
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, EA 4682, Department of Physics, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-ArdenneReims, France
| | - Jean Michel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, EA 4682, Department of Physics, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-ArdenneReims, France
| | - Christophe Clément
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-ArdenneReims, France
| | - Essaïd A. Barka
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-ArdenneReims, France
| | - Lisa Sanchez
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-ArdenneReims, France
- *Correspondence: Lisa Sanchez,
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43
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Miotto-Vilanova L, Jacquard C, Courteaux B, Wortham L, Michel J, Clément C, Barka EA, Sanchez L. Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN Confers Grapevine Resistance against Botrytis cinerea via a Direct Antimicrobial Effect Combined with a Better Resource Mobilization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 27602036 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant innate immunity serves as a surveillance system by providing the first line of powerful weapons to fight against pathogen attacks. Beneficial microorganisms and Microbial-Associated Molecular Patterns might act as signals to trigger this immunity. Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN, a highly efficient plant beneficial endophytic bacterium, promotes growth in a wide variety of plants including grapevine. Further, the bacterium induces plant resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses. However, no study has deciphered triggered-mechanisms during the tripartite interaction between grapevine, B. phytofirmans PsJN and Botrytis cinerea. Herein, we showed that in contrast with classical rhizobacteria, which are restricted in the root system and act through ISR, B. phytofirmans PsJN is able to migrate until aerial part and forms at leaves surface a biofilm around B. cinerea mycelium to restrict the pathogen. Nevertheless, considering the endophytic level of PsJN in leaves, the plant protection efficacy of B. phytofirmans PsJN could not be explained solely by its direct antifungal effect. Deeper investigations showed a callose deposition, H2O2 production and primed expression of PR1, PR2, PR5, and JAZ only in bacterized-plantlets after pathogen challenge. The presence of PsJN modulated changes in leaf carbohydrate metabolism including gene expression, sugar levels, and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging after Botrytis challenge. Our findings indicated that protection induced by B. phytofirmans PsJN was multifaceted and relied on a direct antifungal effect, priming of defense mechanisms as well as the mobilization of carbon sources in grapevine leaf tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane Miotto-Vilanova
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne Reims, France
| | - Cédric Jacquard
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne Reims, France
| | - Barbara Courteaux
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne Reims, France
| | - Laurence Wortham
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, EA 4682, Department of Physics, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne Reims, France
| | - Jean Michel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, EA 4682, Department of Physics, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne Reims, France
| | - Christophe Clément
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne Reims, France
| | - Essaïd A Barka
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne Reims, France
| | - Lisa Sanchez
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne Reims, France
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Park CJ, Seo YS. Heat Shock Proteins: A Review of the Molecular Chaperones for Plant Immunity. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 31:323-33. [PMID: 26676169 PMCID: PMC4677741 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.08.2015.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are exposed to persistently changing stresses and have to be able to interpret and respond to them. The stresses, drought, salinity, chemicals, cold and hot temperatures, and various pathogen attacks have interconnected effects on plants, resulting in the disruption of protein homeostasis. Maintenance of proteins in their functional native conformations and preventing aggregation of non-native proteins are important for cell survival under stress. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) functioning as molecular chaperones are the key components responsible for protein folding, assembly, translocation, and degradation under stress conditions and in many normal cellular processes. Plants respond to pathogen invasion using two different innate immune responses mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) or resistance (R) proteins. HSPs play an indispensable role as molecular chaperones in the quality control of plasma membrane-resident PRRs and intracellular R proteins against potential invaders. Here, we specifically discuss the functional involvement of cytosolic and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) HSPs/chaperones in plant immunity to obtain an integrated understanding of the immune responses in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jin Park
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and PERI, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747,
Korea
- Corresponding author. C.-J. Park, Phone) +82-2-3408-4378, FAX) +82-2-3408-4318, E-mail) . Y.-S. Seo, Phone) +82-51-510-2267, FAX) +82-51-514-1778, E-mail:) , ORCID, Young-Su Seo, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9191-1405, Chang-Jin Park, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2586-8856
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
- Corresponding author. C.-J. Park, Phone) +82-2-3408-4378, FAX) +82-2-3408-4318, E-mail) . Y.-S. Seo, Phone) +82-51-510-2267, FAX) +82-51-514-1778, E-mail:) , ORCID, Young-Su Seo, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9191-1405, Chang-Jin Park, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2586-8856
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45
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Kørner CJ, Du X, Vollmer ME, Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Signaling in Plant Immunity--At the Crossroad of Life and Death. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26582-98. [PMID: 26556351 PMCID: PMC4661823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and complex immune responses are induced in plants upon pathogen recognition. One form of plant defense response is a programmed burst in transcription and translation of pathogenesis-related proteins, of which many rely on ER processing. Interestingly, several ER stress marker genes are up-regulated during early stages of immune responses, suggesting that enhanced ER capacity is needed for immunity. Eukaryotic cells respond to ER stress through conserved signaling networks initiated by specific ER stress sensors tethered to the ER membrane. Depending on the nature of ER stress the cell prioritizes either survival or initiates programmed cell death (PCD). At present two plant ER stress sensors, bZIP28 and IRE1, have been described. Both sensor proteins are involved in ER stress-induced signaling, but only IRE1 has been additionally linked to immunity. A second branch of immune responses relies on PCD. In mammals, ER stress sensors are involved in activation of PCD, but it is unclear if plant ER stress sensors play a role in PCD. Nevertheless, some ER resident proteins have been linked to pathogen-induced cell death in plants. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of plant ER stress signaling and its cross-talk with immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla J Kørner
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Xinran Du
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Marie E Vollmer
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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46
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Lannoo N, Van Damme EJM. Review/N-glycans: The making of a varied toolbox. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 239:67-83. [PMID: 26398792 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Asparagine (N)-linked protein glycosylation is one of the most crucial, prevalent, and complex co- and post-translational protein modifications. It plays a pivotal role in protein folding, quality control, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) as well as in protein sorting, protein function, and in signal transduction. Furthermore, glycosylation modulates many important biological processes including growth, development, morphogenesis, and stress signaling processes. As a consequence, aberrant or altered N-glycosylation is often associated with reduced fitness, diseases, and disorders. The initial steps of N-glycan synthesis at the cytosolic side of the ER membrane and in the lumen of the ER are highly conserved. In contrast, the final N-glycan processing in the Golgi apparatus is organism-specific giving rise to a wide variety of carbohydrate structures. Despite our vast knowledge on N-glycans in yeast and mammals, the modus operandi of N-glycan signaling in plants is still largely unknown. This review will elaborate on the N-glycosylation biosynthesis pathway in plants but will also critically assess how N-glycans are involved in different signaling cascades, either active during normal development or upon abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nausicaä Lannoo
- Lab Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Lab Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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47
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Lu X, Dittgen J, Piślewska-Bednarek M, Molina A, Schneider B, Svatoš A, Doubský J, Schneeberger K, Weigel D, Bednarek P, Schulze-Lefert P. Mutant Allele-Specific Uncoupling of PENETRATION3 Functions Reveals Engagement of the ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter in Distinct Tryptophan Metabolic Pathways. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:814-27. [PMID: 26023163 PMCID: PMC4741342 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) penetration (PEN) genes quantitatively contribute to the execution of different forms of plant immunity upon challenge with diverse leaf pathogens. PEN3 encodes a plasma membrane-resident pleiotropic drug resistance-type ATP-binding cassette transporter and is thought to act in a pathogen-inducible and PEN2 myrosinase-dependent metabolic pathway in extracellular defense. This metabolic pathway directs the intracellular biosynthesis and activation of tryptophan-derived indole glucosinolates for subsequent PEN3-mediated efflux across the plasma membrane at pathogen contact sites. However, PEN3 also functions in abiotic stress responses to cadmium and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)-mediated auxin homeostasis in roots, raising the possibility that PEN3 exports multiple functionally unrelated substrates. Here, we describe the isolation of a pen3 allele, designated pen3-5, that encodes a dysfunctional protein that accumulates in planta like wild-type PEN3. The specific mutation in pen3-5 uncouples PEN3 functions in IBA-stimulated root growth modulation, callose deposition induced with a conserved peptide epitope of bacterial flagellin (flg22), and pathogen-inducible salicylic acid accumulation from PEN3 activity in extracellular defense, indicating the engagement of multiple PEN3 substrates in different PEN3-dependent biological processes. We identified 4-O-β-D-glucosyl-indol-3-yl formamide (4OGlcI3F) as a pathogen-inducible, tryptophan-derived compound that overaccumulates in pen3 leaf tissue and has biosynthesis that is dependent on an intact PEN2 metabolic pathway. We propose that a precursor of 4OGlcI3F is the PEN3 substrate in extracellular pathogen defense. These precursors, the shared indole core present in IBA and 4OGlcI3F, and allele-specific uncoupling of a subset of PEN3 functions suggest that PEN3 transports distinct indole-type metabolites in distinct biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunli Lu
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| | - Jan Dittgen
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| | - Mariola Piślewska-Bednarek
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| | - Antonio Molina
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| | - Jan Doubský
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| | - Korbinian Schneeberger
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
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Hwang EE, Wang MB, Bravo JE, Banta LM. Unmasking host and microbial strategies in the Agrobacterium-plant defense tango. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:200. [PMID: 25873923 PMCID: PMC4379751 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Coevolutionary forces drive adaptation of both plant-associated microbes and their hosts. Eloquently captured in the Red Queen Hypothesis, the complexity of each plant-pathogen relationship reflects escalating adversarial strategies, but also external biotic and abiotic pressures on both partners. Innate immune responses are triggered by highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs, that are harbingers of microbial presence. Upon cell surface receptor-mediated recognition of these pathogen-derived molecules, host plants mount a variety of physiological responses to limit pathogen survival and/or invasion. Successful pathogens often rely on secretion systems to translocate host-modulating effectors that subvert plant defenses, thereby increasing virulence. Host plants, in turn, have evolved to recognize these effectors, activating what has typically been characterized as a pathogen-specific form of immunity. Recent data support the notion that PAMP-triggered and effector-triggered defenses are complementary facets of a convergent, albeit differentially regulated, set of immune responses. This review highlights the key players in the plant's recognition and signal transduction pathways, with a focus on the aspects that may limit Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection and the ways it might overcome those defenses. Recent advances in the field include a growing appreciation for the contributions of cytoskeletal dynamics and membrane trafficking to the regulation of these exquisitely tuned defenses. Pathogen counter-defenses frequently manipulate the interwoven hormonal pathways that mediate host responses. Emerging systems-level analyses include host physiological factors such as circadian cycling. The existing literature indicates that varying or even conflicting results from different labs may well be attributable to environmental factors including time of day of infection, temperature, and/or developmental stage of the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lois M. Banta
- *Correspondence: Lois M. Banta, Thompson Biology Lab, Department of Biology, Williams College, 59 Lab Campus Drive, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA
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Holton N, Nekrasov V, Ronald PC, Zipfel C. The phylogenetically-related pattern recognition receptors EFR and XA21 recruit similar immune signaling components in monocots and dicots. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004602. [PMID: 25607985 PMCID: PMC4301810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During plant immunity, surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The transfer of PRRs between plant species is a promising strategy for engineering broad-spectrum disease resistance. Thus, there is a great interest in understanding the mechanisms of PRR-mediated resistance across different plant species. Two well-characterized plant PRRs are the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) EFR and XA21 from Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and rice, respectively. Interestingly, despite being evolutionary distant, EFR and XA21 are phylogenetically closely related and are both members of the sub-family XII of LRR-RKs that contains numerous potential PRRs. Here, we compared the ability of these related PRRs to engage immune signaling across the monocots-dicots taxonomic divide. Using chimera between Arabidopsis EFR and rice XA21, we show that the kinase domain of the rice XA21 is functional in triggering elf18-induced signaling and quantitative immunity to the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, the EFR:XA21 chimera associates dynamically in a ligand-dependent manner with known components of the EFR complex. Conversely, EFR associates with Arabidopsis orthologues of rice XA21-interacting proteins, which appear to be involved in EFR-mediated signaling and immunity in Arabidopsis. Our work indicates the overall functional conservation of immune components acting downstream of distinct LRR-RK-type PRRs between monocots and dicots. Pests and diseases cause significant agricultural losses. Plants recognize pathogen-derived molecules via plasma membrane-localized immune receptors (called pattern recognition receptors or PRRs), resulting in pathogen resistance. In recent years, the transfer of PRRs across plant species has emerged as a promising biotechnological approach to improve crop disease resistance. Successful transfers of PRRs suggest that immune signaling components are conserved across plant species. In this study, we demonstrate that the PRR XA21 from the monocot plant rice is functional in the dicot plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and that it confers quantitatively enhanced resistance to bacteria. Furthermore, we show that the rice XA21 and the Arabidopsis EFR, which are evolutionary-distant but phylogenetically closely related, recruit similar signaling components for their function, revealing an overall conservation of immune pathways across monocots and dicots. These findings demonstrate evolutionary conservation of downstream signaling from PRRs and indicate that transfer of PRRs is possible between different plant families, but also between monocots and dicots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Holton
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir Nekrasov
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela C. Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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50
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Ben Khaled S, Postma J, Robatzek S. A moving view: subcellular trafficking processes in pattern recognition receptor-triggered plant immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 53:379-402. [PMID: 26243727 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A significant challenge for plants is to induce localized defense responses at sites of pathogen attack. Therefore, host subcellular trafficking processes enable accumulation and exchange of defense compounds, which contributes to the plant on-site defenses in response to pathogen perception. This review summarizes our current understanding of the transport processes that facilitate immunity, the significance of which is highlighted by pathogens reprogramming membrane trafficking through host cell translocated effectors. Prominent immune-related cargos of plant trafficking pathways are the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which must be present at the plasma membrane to sense microbes in the apoplast. We focus on the dynamic localization of the FLS2 receptor and discuss the pathways that regulate receptor transport within the cell and their link to FLS2-mediated immunity. One emerging theme is that ligand-induced late endocytic trafficking is conserved across different PRR protein families as well as across different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ben Khaled
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
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