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Williams WB, Alam SM, Ofek G, Erdmann N, Montefiori DC, Seaman MS, Wagh K, Korber B, Edwards RJ, Mansouri K, Eaton A, Cain DW, Martin M, Hwang J, Arus-Altuz A, Lu X, Cai F, Jamieson N, Parks R, Barr M, Foulger A, Anasti K, Patel P, Sammour S, Parsons RJ, Huang X, Lindenberger J, Fetics S, Janowska K, Niyongabo A, Janus BM, Astavans A, Fox CB, Mohanty I, Evangelous T, Chen Y, Berry M, Kirshner H, Van Itallie E, Saunders KO, Wiehe K, Cohen KW, McElrath MJ, Corey L, Acharya P, Walsh SR, Baden LR, Haynes BF. Vaccine induction of heterologous HIV-1-neutralizing antibody B cell lineages in humans. Cell 2024; 187:2919-2934.e20. [PMID: 38761800 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
A critical roadblock to HIV vaccine development is the inability to induce B cell lineages of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) in humans. In people living with HIV-1, bnAbs take years to develop. The HVTN 133 clinical trial studied a peptide/liposome immunogen targeting B cell lineages of HIV-1 envelope (Env) membrane-proximal external region (MPER) bnAbs (NCT03934541). Here, we report MPER peptide-liposome induction of polyclonal HIV-1 B cell lineages of mature bnAbs and their precursors, the most potent of which neutralized 15% of global tier 2 HIV-1 strains and 35% of clade B strains with lineage initiation after the second immunization. Neutralization was enhanced by vaccine selection of improbable mutations that increased antibody binding to gp41 and lipids. This study demonstrates proof of concept for rapid vaccine induction of human B cell lineages with heterologous neutralizing activity and selection of antibody improbable mutations and outlines a path for successful HIV-1 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilton B Williams
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Gilad Ofek
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | | | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Robert J Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Katayoun Mansouri
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Derek W Cain
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mitchell Martin
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - JongIn Hwang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Aria Arus-Altuz
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaozhi Lu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Fangping Cai
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nolan Jamieson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Maggie Barr
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew Foulger
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kara Anasti
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Parth Patel
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Salam Sammour
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ruth J Parsons
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiao Huang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jared Lindenberger
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Susan Fetics
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Katarzyna Janowska
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Aurelie Niyongabo
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Benjamin M Janus
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Anagh Astavans
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - Ipsita Mohanty
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tyler Evangelous
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yue Chen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Madison Berry
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Helene Kirshner
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | | | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stephen R Walsh
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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2
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García-Porras M, Torralba J, Insausti S, Valle J, Andreu D, Apellániz B, Nieva JL. A two-step mechanism for the binding of the HIV-1 MPER epitope by the 10E8 antibody onto biosensor-supported lipid bilayers. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:787-800. [PMID: 38339834 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
HIV-1 antibodies targeting the carboxy-terminal area of the membrane-proximal external region (ctMPER) are close to exerting viral pan-neutralization. Here, we reconstituted the ctMPER epitope as the N-terminal extremity of the Env glycoprotein transmembrane domain helix and immobilized it onto biosensor-supported lipid bilayers. We assessed the binding mechanism of anti-MPER antibody 10E8 through Surface Plasmon Resonance, and found, through equilibrium and kinetic binding analyses as a function of bilayer thickness, peptide length, and paratope mutations, that 10E8 engages first with the epitope peptide (encounter), limited by ctMPER helix accessibility at the membrane surface, and then inserts into the lipid bilayer assisted by favorable Fab-membrane interactions (docking). This mechanistic information may help in devising new strategies to develop more efficient MPER-targeting vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel García-Porras
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Johana Torralba
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sara Insausti
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Javier Valle
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Protein Chemistry, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Andreu
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Protein Chemistry, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Apellániz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - José L Nieva
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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3
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Basu S, Gohain N, Kim J, Trinh HV, Choe M, Joyce MG, Rao M. Determination of Binding Affinity of Antibodies to HIV-1 Recombinant Envelope Glycoproteins, Pseudoviruses, Infectious Molecular Clones, and Cell-Expressed Trimeric gp160 Using Microscale Thermophoresis. Cells 2023; 13:33. [PMID: 38201237 PMCID: PMC10778174 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing a preventative vaccine for HIV-1 has been a global priority. The elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against a broad range of HIV-1 envelopes (Envs) from various strains appears to be a critical requirement for an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine. To understand their ability to neutralize HIV-1, it is important to characterize the binding characteristics of bNAbs. Our work is the first to utilize microscale thermophoresis (MST), a rapid, economical, and flexible in-solution temperature gradient method to quantitatively determine the binding affinities of bNAbs and non-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to HIV-1 recombinant envelope monomer and trimer proteins of different subtypes, pseudoviruses (PVs), infectious molecular clones (IMCs), and cells expressing the trimer. Our results demonstrate that the binding affinities were subtype-dependent. The bNAbs exhibited a higher affinity to IMCs compared to PVs and recombinant proteins. The bNAbs and mAbs bound with high affinity to native-like gp160 trimers expressed on the surface of CEM cells compared to soluble recombinant proteins. Interesting differences were seen with V2-specific mAbs. Although they recognize linear epitopes, one of the antibodies also bound to the Envs on PVs, IMCs, and a recombinant trimer protein, suggesting that the epitope was not occluded. The identification of epitopes on the envelope surface that can bind to high affinity mAbs could be useful for designing HIV-1 vaccines and for down-selecting vaccine candidates that can induce high affinity antibodies to the HIV-1 envelope in their native conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Basu
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; (S.B.); (N.G.); (J.K.); (H.V.T.); (M.C.); (M.G.J.)
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Neelakshi Gohain
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; (S.B.); (N.G.); (J.K.); (H.V.T.); (M.C.); (M.G.J.)
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Jiae Kim
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; (S.B.); (N.G.); (J.K.); (H.V.T.); (M.C.); (M.G.J.)
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Hung V. Trinh
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; (S.B.); (N.G.); (J.K.); (H.V.T.); (M.C.); (M.G.J.)
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Misook Choe
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; (S.B.); (N.G.); (J.K.); (H.V.T.); (M.C.); (M.G.J.)
- Emerging Infectious Disease Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - M. Gordon Joyce
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; (S.B.); (N.G.); (J.K.); (H.V.T.); (M.C.); (M.G.J.)
- Emerging Infectious Disease Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Mangala Rao
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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4
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Tan K, Chen J, Kaku Y, Wang Y, Donius L, Khan RA, Li X, Richter H, Seaman MS, Walz T, Hwang W, Reinherz EL, Kim M. Inadequate structural constraint on Fab approach rather than paratope elicitation limits HIV-1 MPER vaccine utility. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7218. [PMID: 37940661 PMCID: PMC10632514 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV-1 target conserved envelope (Env) epitopes to block viral replication. Here, using structural analyses, we provide evidence to explain why a vaccine targeting the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 elicits antibodies with human bnAb-like paratopes paradoxically unable to bind HIV-1. Unlike in natural infection, vaccination with MPER/liposomes lacks a necessary structure-based constraint to select for antibodies with an adequate approach angle. Consequently, the resulting Abs cannot physically access the MPER crawlspace on the virion surface. By studying naturally arising Abs, we further reveal that flexibility of the human IgG3 hinge mitigates the epitope inaccessibility and additionally facilitates Env spike protein crosslinking. Our results suggest that generation of IgG3 subtype class-switched B cells is a strategy for anti-MPER bnAb induction. Moreover, the findings illustrate the need to incorporate topological features of the target epitope in immunogen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemin Tan
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Junjian Chen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Kaku
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- NeoCura Bio-Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Luke Donius
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, AbbVie Inc., Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rafiq Ahmad Khan
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Hannah Richter
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Walz
- Laboratory of Molecular Electron Microscopy, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wonmuk Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ellis L Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Mikyung Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Haynes BF, Wiehe K, Alam SM, Weissman D, Saunders KO. Progress with induction of HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies in the Duke Consortia for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:300-308. [PMID: 37751363 PMCID: PMC10552807 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Design of an HIV vaccine that can induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a major goal. However, HIV bnAbs are not readily made by the immune system. Rather HIV bnAbs are disfavored by a number of virus and host factors. The purpose of the review is to discuss recent progress made in the design and use of immunogens capable of inducing HIV bnAbs in the Duke Consortia for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development. RECENT FINDINGS New immunogens capable of binding with high affinity to unmutated common ancestors (UCAs) of bnAb B cell lineages have been designed and strategies for stabilization of HIV Env in its prefusion state are being developed. Success is starting to be translated from preclinical studies of UCA-targeting immunogens in animals, to success of initiating bnAb lineages in humans. SUMMARY Recent progress has been made in both immunogen design and in achieving bnAb B cell lineage induction in animal models and now in human clinical trials. With continued progress, a practical HIV/AIDS vaccine may be possible. However, host constraints on full bnAb maturation remain as potential roadblocks for full maturation of some types of bnAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine and Immunology
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Drew Weissman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin O. Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Surgery, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Nguyen K, Li K, Flores K, Tomaras GD, Dennison SM, McCarthy JM. Parameter estimation and identifiability analysis for a bivalent analyte model of monoclonal antibody-antigen binding. Anal Biochem 2023; 679:115263. [PMID: 37549723 PMCID: PMC10511885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is an extensively used technique to characterize antigen-antibody interactions. Affinity measurements by SPR typically involve testing the binding of antigen in solution to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) immobilized on a chip and fitting the kinetics data using 1:1 Langmuir binding model to derive rate constants. However, when it is necessary to immobilize antigens instead of the mAbs, a bivalent analyte (1:2) binding model is required for kinetics analysis. This model is lacking in data analysis packages associated with high throughput SPR instruments and the packages containing this model do not explore multiple local minima and parameter identifiability issues that are common in non-linear optimization. Therefore, we developed a method to use a system of ordinary differential equations for analyzing 1:2 binding kinetics data. Salient features of this method include a grid search on parameter initialization and a profile likelihood approach to determine parameter identifiability. Using this method we found a non-identifiable parameter in data set collected under the standard experimental design. A simulation-guided improved experimental design led to reliable estimation of all rate constants. The method and approach developed here for analyzing 1:2 binding kinetics data will be valuable for expeditious therapeutic antibody discovery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Nguyen
- Biomathematics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607, NC, USA; Center for Research in Scientific Computation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607, NC, USA.
| | - Kan Li
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, 27701, NC, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - Kevin Flores
- Center for Research in Scientific Computation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607, NC, USA; Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607, NC, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, 27701, NC, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, 27710, NC, USA; Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, 27710, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, 27710, NC, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - S Moses Dennison
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, 27701, NC, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - Janice M McCarthy
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, 27701, NC, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
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7
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Foka FET, Mufhandu HT. Current ARTs, Virologic Failure, and Implications for AIDS Management: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2023; 15:1732. [PMID: 37632074 PMCID: PMC10458198 DOI: 10.3390/v15081732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) have revolutionized the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, significantly improved patient outcomes, and reduced the mortality rate and incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, despite the remarkable efficacy of ART, virologic failure remains a challenge in the long-term management of HIV-infected individuals. Virologic failure refers to the persistent detectable viral load in patients receiving ART, indicating an incomplete suppression of HIV replication. It can occur due to various factors, including poor medication adherence, drug resistance, suboptimal drug concentrations, drug interactions, and viral factors such as the emergence of drug-resistant strains. In recent years, extensive efforts have been made to understand and address virologic failure in order to optimize treatment outcomes. Strategies to prevent and manage virologic failure include improving treatment adherence through patient education, counselling, and supportive interventions. In addition, the regular monitoring of viral load and resistance testing enables the early detection of treatment failure and facilitates timely adjustments in ART regimens. Thus, the development of novel antiretroviral agents with improved potency, tolerability, and resistance profiles offers new options for patients experiencing virologic failure. However, new treatment options would also face virologic failure if not managed appropriately. A solution to virologic failure requires a comprehensive approach that combines individualized patient care, robust monitoring, and access to a range of antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Eric Tatsing Foka
- Department of Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mafikeng, Private Bag, Mmabatho X2046, South Africa
| | - Hazel Tumelo Mufhandu
- Department of Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mafikeng, Private Bag, Mmabatho X2046, South Africa
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8
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Tan K, Chen J, Kaku Y, Wang Y, Donius L, Khan RA, Li X, Richter H, Seaman MS, Walz T, Hwang W, Reinherz EL, Kim M. Inadequate structural constraint on Fab approach rather than paratope elicitation limits HIV-1 MPER vaccine utility. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.27.546734. [PMID: 37425731 PMCID: PMC10327024 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.27.546734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV-1 target conserved epitopes, thereby inhibiting viral entry. Yet surprisingly, those recognizing linear epitopes in the HIV-1 gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER) are elicited neither by peptide nor protein scaffold vaccines. Here, we observe that while Abs generated by MPER/liposome vaccines may exhibit human bnAb-like paratopes, B-cell programming without constraints imposed by the gp160 ectodomain selects Abs unable to access the MPER within its native "crawlspace". During natural infection, the flexible hinge of IgG3 partially mitigates steric occlusion of less pliable IgG1 subclass Abs with identical MPER specificity, until affinity maturation refines entry mechanisms. The IgG3 subclass maintains B-cell competitiveness, exploiting bivalent ligation resulting from greater intramolecular Fab arm length, offsetting weak antibody affinity. These findings suggest future immunization strategies.
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9
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Enhancing HIV-1 Neutralization by Increasing the Local Concentration of Membrane-Proximal External Region-Directed Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J Virol 2023; 97:e0164722. [PMID: 36541800 PMCID: PMC9888200 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01647-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the gp41 component of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) are characterized by long, hydrophobic, heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3s (HCDR3s) that interact with the MPER and some viral membrane lipids to achieve increased local concentrations. Here, we show that increasing the local concentration of MPER-directed bNAbs at the cell surface via binding to the high-affinity Fc receptor FcγRI potentiates their ability to prevent viral entry in a manner analogous to the previously reported observation wherein the lipid-binding activity of MPER bNAbs increases their concentration at the viral surface membrane. However, binding of MPER-directed bNAb 10E8 to FcγRI abolishes the neutralization synergy that is seen with the N-heptad repeat (NHR)-targeting antibody D5_AR and NHR-targeting small molecule enfuvirtide (T20), possibly due to decreased accessibility of the NHR in the FcγRI-10E8-MPER complex. Taken together, our results suggest that lipid-binding activity and FcγRI-mediated potentiation function in concert to improve the potency of MPER-directed bNAbs by increasing their local concentration near the site of viral fusion. Therefore, lipid binding may not be a strict requirement for potent neutralization by MPER-targeting bNAbs, as alternative methods can achieve similar increases in local concentrations while avoiding potential liabilities associated with immunologic host tolerance. IMPORTANCE The trimeric glycoprotein Env, the only viral protein expressed on the surface of HIV-1, is the target of broadly neutralizing antibodies and the focus of most vaccine development efforts. Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of Env show lipid-binding characteristics, and modulating this interaction affects neutralization. In this study, we tested the neutralization potencies of variants of the MPER-targeting antibody 10E8 with different viral-membrane-binding and host FcγRI-binding capabilities. Our results suggest that binding to both lipid and FcγRI improves the neutralization potency of MPER-directed antibodies by concentrating the antibodies at sites of viral fusion. As such, lipid binding may not be uniquely required for MPER-targeting broadly neutralizing antibodies, as alternative methods to increase local concentration can achieve similar improvements in potency.
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Jaiswal D, Verma S, Nair DT, Salunke DM. Antibody multispecificity: A necessary evil? Mol Immunol 2022; 152:153-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li X, Liao D, Li Z, Li J, Diaz M, Verkoczy L, Gao F. Autoreactivity and broad neutralization of antibodies against HIV-1 are governed by distinct mutations: Implications for vaccine design strategies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:977630. [PMID: 36479128 PMCID: PMC9720396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.977630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the best HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) known have poly-/autoreactive features that disfavor normal B cell development and maturation, posing a major hurdle in developing an effective HIV-1 vaccine. Key to resolving this problem is to understand if, and to what extent, neutralization breadth-conferring mutations acquired by bnAbs contribute to their autoreactivity. Here, we back-mutated all known changes made by a prototype CD4 binding site-directed bnAb lineage, CH103-106, during its later maturation steps. Strikingly, of 29 mutations examined, only four were crucial for increased autoreactivity, with minimal or no impact on neutralization. Furthermore, three of these residues were clustered in the heavy chain complementarity-determining region 2 (HCDR2). Our results demonstrate that broad neutralization activity and autoreactivity in the CH103-106 bnAb lineage can be governed by a few, distinct mutations during maturation. This provides strong rationale for developing immunogens that favor bnAb lineages bearing "neutralization-only" mutations into current HIV-1 vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Li
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Dongmei Liao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Zhengyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jixi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marilyn Diaz
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Institute of Molecular and Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdongg, China
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12
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Insausti S, Garcia-Porras M, Torralba J, Morillo I, Ramos-Caballero A, de la Arada I, Apellaniz B, Caaveiro JMM, Carravilla P, Eggeling C, Rujas E, Nieva JL. Functional Delineation of a Protein-Membrane Interaction Hotspot Site on the HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody 10E8. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810767. [PMID: 36142694 PMCID: PMC9504841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody engagement with the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) of HIV-1 constitutes a distinctive molecular recognition phenomenon, the full appreciation of which is crucial for understanding the mechanisms that underlie the broad neutralization of the virus. Recognition of the HIV-1 Env antigen seems to depend on two specific features developed by antibodies with MPER specificity: (i) a large cavity at the antigen-binding site that holds the epitope amphipathic helix; and (ii) a membrane-accommodating Fab surface that engages with viral phospholipids. Thus, besides the main Fab-peptide interaction, molecular recognition of MPER depends on semi-specific (electrostatic and hydrophobic) interactions with membranes and, reportedly, on specific binding to the phospholipid head groups. Here, based on available cryo-EM structures of Fab-Env complexes of the anti-MPER antibody 10E8, we sought to delineate the functional antibody-membrane interface using as the defining criterion the neutralization potency and binding affinity improvements induced by Arg substitutions. This rational, Arg-based mutagenesis strategy revealed the position-dependent contribution of electrostatic interactions upon inclusion of Arg-s at the CDR1, CDR2 or FR3 of the Fab light chain. Moreover, the contribution of the most effective Arg-s increased the potency enhancement induced by inclusion of a hydrophobic-at-interface Phe at position 100c of the heavy chain CDR3. In combination, the potency and affinity improvements by Arg residues delineated a protein-membrane interaction site, whose surface and position support a possible mechanism of action for 10E8-induced neutralization. Functional delineation of membrane-interacting patches could open new lines of research to optimize antibodies of therapeutic interest that target integral membrane epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Insausti
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Miguel Garcia-Porras
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Johana Torralba
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Izaskun Morillo
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ander Ramos-Caballero
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Igor de la Arada
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Beatriz Apellaniz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad, 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jose M. M. Caaveiro
- Laboratory of Global Healthcare, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Pablo Carravilla
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Eggeling
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Edurne Rujas
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Microbiology, Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, Bioaraba, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.R.); (J.L.N.)
| | - Jose L. Nieva
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.R.); (J.L.N.)
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13
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Rujas E, Leaman DP, Insausti S, Carravilla P, García-Porras M, Largo E, Morillo I, Sánchez-Eugenia R, Zhang L, Cui H, Iloro I, Elortza F, Julien JP, Eggeling C, Zwick MB, Caaveiro JM, Nieva JL. Focal accumulation of aromaticity at the CDRH3 loop mitigates 4E10 polyreactivity without altering its HIV neutralization profile. iScience 2021; 24:102987. [PMID: 34505005 PMCID: PMC8413895 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV-1 are frequently associated with the presence of autoreactivity/polyreactivity, a property that can limit their use as therapeutic agents. The bnAb 4E10, targeting the conserved Membrane proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1, displays almost pan-neutralizing activity across globally circulating HIV-1 strains but exhibits nonspecific off-target interactions with lipid membranes. The hydrophobic apex of the third complementarity-determining region of the heavy chain (CDRH3) loop, which is essential for viral neutralization, critically contributes to this detrimental effect. Here, we have replaced the aromatic/hydrophobic residues from the apex of the CDRH3 of 4E10 with a single aromatic molecule through chemical modification to generate a variant that preserves the neutralization potency and breadth of 4E10 but with reduced autoreactivity. Collectively, our study suggests that the localized accumulation of aromaticity by chemical modification provides a pathway to ameliorate the adverse effects triggered by the CDRH3 of anti-HIV-1 MPER bnAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edurne Rujas
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Daniel P. Leaman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sara Insausti
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pablo Carravilla
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Miguel García-Porras
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Eneko Largo
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Izaskun Morillo
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rubén Sánchez-Eugenia
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hong Cui
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Ibon Iloro
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Félix Elortza
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Christian Eggeling
- Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, UK
| | - Michael B. Zwick
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jose M.M. Caaveiro
- Laboratory of Global Healthcare, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - José L. Nieva
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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The high-affinity immunoglobulin receptor FcγRI potentiates HIV-1 neutralization via antibodies against the gp41 N-heptad repeat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2018027118. [PMID: 33431684 PMCID: PMC7826338 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018027118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research, an effective HIV-1 vaccine remains elusive. One potential vaccine target is the N-heptad repeat (NHR) region of gp41, which is the target of the FDA-approved drug enfuvirtide. However, monoclonal antibodies and antisera targeting this region have only been modestly neutralizing to date. Here, we show that the neutralization potency of the well-characterized anti-NHR antibody D5 is increased >5,000-fold by expression of FcγRI (CD64) on cells. Since FcγRI is expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells, which are implicated in the early establishment of HIV-1 infection following sexual transmission, these results may be important to HIV-1 vaccine development. The HIV-1 gp41 N-heptad repeat (NHR) region of the prehairpin intermediate, which is transiently exposed during HIV-1 viral membrane fusion, is a validated clinical target in humans and is inhibited by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug enfuvirtide. However, vaccine candidates targeting the NHR have yielded only modest neutralization activities in animals; this inhibition has been largely restricted to tier-1 viruses, which are most sensitive to neutralization by sera from HIV-1–infected individuals. Here, we show that the neutralization activity of the well-characterized NHR-targeting antibody D5 is potentiated >5,000-fold in TZM-bl cells expressing FcγRI compared with those without, resulting in neutralization of many tier-2 viruses (which are less susceptible to neutralization by sera from HIV-1–infected individuals and are the target of current antibody-based vaccine efforts). Further, antisera from guinea pigs immunized with the NHR-based vaccine candidate (ccIZN36)3 neutralized tier-2 viruses from multiple clades in an FcγRI-dependent manner. As FcγRI is expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells, which are present at mucosal surfaces and are implicated in the early establishment of HIV-1 infection following sexual transmission, these results may be important in the development of a prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine.
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15
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HIV-1 Entry and Membrane Fusion Inhibitors. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050735. [PMID: 33922579 PMCID: PMC8146413 DOI: 10.3390/v13050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) infection begins with the attachment of the virion to a host cell by its envelope glycoprotein (Env), which subsequently induces fusion of viral and cell membranes to allow viral entry. Upon binding to primary receptor CD4 and coreceptor (e.g., chemokine receptor CCR5 or CXCR4), Env undergoes large conformational changes and unleashes its fusogenic potential to drive the membrane fusion. The structural biology of HIV-1 Env and its complexes with the cellular receptors not only has advanced our knowledge of the molecular mechanism of how HIV-1 enters the host cells but also provided a structural basis for the rational design of fusion inhibitors as potential antiviral therapeutics. In this review, we summarize our latest understanding of the HIV-1 membrane fusion process and discuss related therapeutic strategies to block viral entry.
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Caillat C, Guilligay D, Sulbaran G, Weissenhorn W. Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting HIV-1 gp41. Viruses 2020; 12:E1210. [PMID: 33114242 PMCID: PMC7690876 DOI: 10.3390/v12111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 vaccine research has obtained an enormous boost since the discovery of many broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) targeting all accessible sites on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). This in turn facilitated high-resolution structures of the Env glycoprotein in complex with bnAbs. Here we focus on gp41, its highly conserved heptad repeat region 1 (HR1), the fusion peptide (FP) and the membrane-proximal external region (MPER). Notably, the broadest neutralizing antibodies target MPER. Both gp41 HR1 and MPER are only fully accessible once receptor-induced conformational changes have taken place, although some studies suggest access to MPER in the close to native Env conformation. We summarize the data on the structure and function of neutralizing antibodies targeting gp41 HR1, FP and MPER and we review their access to Env and their complex formation with gp41 HR1, MPER peptides and FP within native Env. We further discuss MPER bnAb binding to lipids and the role of somatic mutations in recognizing a bipartite epitope composed of the conserved MPER sequence and membrane components. The problematic of gp41 HR1 access and MPER bnAb auto- and polyreactivity is developed in the light of inducing such antibodies by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Caillat
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Delphine Guilligay
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Guidenn Sulbaran
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 38000 Grenoble, France
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The influence of proline isomerization on potency and stability of anti-HIV antibody 10E8. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14313. [PMID: 32868832 PMCID: PMC7458915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) 10E8 recognizes a highly conserved epitope on HIV and is capable of neutralizing > 95% of circulating viral isolates making it one of the most promising Abs against HIV. Solution instability and biochemical heterogeneity of 10E8 has hampered its development for clinical use. We identify the source of 10E8 heterogeneity being linked to cis/trans isomerization at two prolines within the YPP motif in the CRD3 loop that exists as two predominant conformers that interconvert on a slow timescale. The YtransP conformation conformer can bind the HIV gp41 epitope, while the YcisP is not binding competent and shows a higher aggregation propensity. The high barrier of isomerization and propensity to adopt non-binding competent proline conformers provides novel insight into the slow binding kinetics, low potency, and poor solubility of 10E8. This study highlights how proline isomerization should be considered a critical quality attribute for biotherapeutics with paratopes containing potential cis proline amide bonds.
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Lim RM, Rong L, Zhen A, Xie J. A Universal CAR-NK Cell Targeting Various Epitopes of HIV-1 gp160. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2299-2310. [PMID: 32667183 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Engineering T cells and natural killer (NK) cells with anti-HIV chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) has emerged as a promising strategy to eradicate HIV-infected cells. However, current anti-HIV CARs are limited by targeting a single epitope of the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp160, which cannot counter the enormous diversity and mutability of viruses. Here, we report the development of a universal CAR-NK cell, which recognizes 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) and can subsequently be redirected to target various epitopes of gp160 using DNP-conjugated antibodies as adaptor molecules. We show that this CAR-NK cell can recognize and kill mimic HIV-infected cell lines expressing subtypes B and C gp160. We additionally find that anti-gp160 antibodies targeting membrane-distal epitopes (including V1/V2, V3, and CD4bs) are more likely to activate universal CAR-NK cells against gp160+ target cells, compared with those targeting membrane-proximal epitopes located in the gp41 MPER. Finally, we confirm that HIV-infected primary human CD4+ T cells can be effectively killed using the same approach. Given that numerous anti-gp160 antibodies with different antigen specificities are readily available, this modular universal CAR-NK cell platform can potentially overcome HIV diversity, thus providing a promising strategy to eradicate HIV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Lim
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Liang Rong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jianming Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Planchais C, Kök A, Kanyavuz A, Lorin V, Bruel T, Guivel-Benhassine F, Rollenske T, Prigent J, Hieu T, Prazuck T, Lefrou L, Wardemann H, Schwartz O, Dimitrov JD, Hocqueloux L, Mouquet H. HIV-1 Envelope Recognition by Polyreactive and Cross-Reactive Intestinal B Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 27:572-585.e7. [PMID: 30970259 PMCID: PMC6458971 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal immune responses to HIV-1 involve the recognition of the viral envelope glycoprotein (gp)160 by tissue-resident B cells and subsequent secretion of antibodies. To characterize the B cells “sensing” HIV-1 in the gut of infected individuals, we probed monoclonal antibodies produced from single intestinal B cells binding to recombinant gp140 trimers. A large fraction of mucosal B cell antibodies were polyreactive and showed only low affinity to HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins, particularly the gp41 moiety. A few high-affinity gp140 antibodies were isolated but lacked neutralizing, potent ADCC, and transcytosis-blocking capacities. Instead, they displayed cross-reactivity with defined self-antigens. Specifically, intestinal HIV-1 gp41 antibodies targeting the heptad repeat 2 region (HR2) cluster II cross-reacted with the p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14). Hence, physiologic polyreactivity of intestinal B cells and molecular mimicry-based self-reactivity of HIV-1 antibodies are two independent phenomena, possibly diverting and/or impairing mucosal humoral immunity to HIV-1. Polyreactive B cells in HIV-1+ intestinal mucosa interact with HIV-1 Env proteins High-affinity intestinal HIV-1 gp140 antibodies display poor antiviral activities Antibodies targeting the gp41 cluster II region cross-react with MAPK14
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Planchais
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Ayrin Kök
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Alexia Kanyavuz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France
| | - Valérie Lorin
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA3015, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Florence Guivel-Benhassine
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA3015, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Tim Rollenske
- Division of B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Julie Prigent
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Thierry Hieu
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Thierry Prazuck
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHR d'Orléans-La Source, Orléans 45067, France
| | - Laurent Lefrou
- Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, CHR d'Orléans-La Source, Orléans 45067, France
| | - Hedda Wardemann
- Division of B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA3015, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France
| | - Laurent Hocqueloux
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHR d'Orléans-La Source, Orléans 45067, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France.
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20
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Murphy RE, Saad JS. The Interplay between HIV-1 Gag Binding to the Plasma Membrane and Env Incorporation. Viruses 2020; 12:E548. [PMID: 32429351 PMCID: PMC7291237 DOI: 10.3390/v12050548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancement in drug therapies and patient care have drastically improved the mortality rates of HIV-1 infected individuals. Many of these therapies were developed or improved upon by using structure-based techniques, which underscore the importance of understanding essential mechanisms in the replication cycle of HIV-1 at the structural level. One such process which remains poorly understood is the incorporation of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) into budding virus particles. Assembly of HIV particles is initiated by targeting of the Gag polyproteins to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM), a process mediated by the N-terminally myristoylated matrix (MA) domain and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). There is strong evidence that formation of the Gag lattice on the PM is a prerequisite for the incorporation of Env into budding particles. It is also suggested that Env incorporation is mediated by an interaction between its cytoplasmic tail (gp41CT) and the MA domain of Gag. In this review, we highlight the latest developments and current efforts to understand the interplay between gp41CT, MA, and the membrane during assembly. Elucidation of the molecular determinants of Gag-Env-membrane interactions may help in the development of new antiviral therapeutic agents that inhibit particle assembly, Env incorporation and ultimately virus production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamil S. Saad
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
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21
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Identification of HIV-1 Envelope Mutations that Enhance Entry Using Macaque CD4 and CCR5. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020241. [PMID: 32098152 PMCID: PMC7077290 DOI: 10.3390/v12020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Rhesus macaques are an important animal model for HIV-1 vaccine development research, most transmitted HIV-1 strains replicate poorly in macaque cells. A major genetic determinant of this species-specific restriction is a non-synonymous mutation in macaque CD4 that results in reduced HIV-1 Envelope (Env)-mediated viral entry compared to human CD4. Recent research efforts employing either laboratory evolution or structure-guided design strategies have uncovered several mutations in Env’s gp120 subunit that enhance binding of macaque CD4 by transmitted/founder HIV-1 viruses. In order to identify additional Env mutations that promote infection of macaque cells, we utilized deep mutational scanning to screen thousands of Env point mutants for those that enhance HIV-1 entry via macaque receptors. We identified many uncharacterized amino acid mutations in the N-terminal heptad repeat (NHR) and C-terminal heptad repeat (CHR) regions of gp41 that increased entry into cells bearing macaque receptors up to 9-fold. Many of these mutations also modestly increased infection of cells bearing human CD4 and CCR5 (up to 1.5-fold). NHR/CHR mutations identified by deep mutational scanning that enhanced entry also increased sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies targeting the MPER epitope, and to inactivation by cold-incubation, suggesting that they promote sampling of an intermediate trimer conformation between closed and receptor bound states. Identification of this set of mutations can inform future macaque model studies, and also further our understanding of the relationship between Env structure and function.
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22
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Bradley T, Kuraoka M, Yeh CH, Tian M, Chen H, Cain DW, Chen X, Cheng C, Ellebedy AH, Parks R, Barr M, Sutherland LL, Scearce RM, Bowman CM, Bouton-Verville H, Santra S, Wiehe K, Lewis MG, Ogbe A, Borrow P, Montefiori D, Bonsignori M, Anthony Moody M, Verkoczy L, Saunders KO, Ahmed R, Mascola JR, Kelsoe G, Alt FW, Haynes BF. Immune checkpoint modulation enhances HIV-1 antibody induction. Nat Commun 2020; 11:948. [PMID: 32075963 PMCID: PMC7031230 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14670-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliciting protective titers of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a goal of HIV-1 vaccine development, but current vaccine strategies have yet to induce bnAbs in humans. Many bnAbs isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals are encoded by immunoglobulin gene rearrangments with infrequent naive B cell precursors and with unusual genetic features that may be subject to host regulatory control. Here, we administer antibodies targeting immune cell regulatory receptors CTLA-4, PD-1 or OX40 along with HIV envelope (Env) vaccines to rhesus macaques and bnAb immunoglobulin knock-in (KI) mice expressing diverse precursors of CD4 binding site HIV-1 bnAbs. CTLA-4 blockade augments HIV-1 Env antibody responses in macaques, and in a bnAb-precursor mouse model, CTLA-4 blocking or OX40 agonist antibodies increase germinal center B and T follicular helper cells and plasma neutralizing antibodies. Thus, modulation of CTLA-4 or OX40 immune checkpoints during vaccination can promote germinal center activity and enhance HIV-1 Env antibody responses. Elucidation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAb) is a goal in HIV vaccine development. Here, Bradley et al. show that administration of CTLA-4 blocking antibody with vaccine antigens increases HIV-1 envelope antibody responses in macaques and a bnAb precursor mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Bradley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
| | - Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Chen-Hao Yeh
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ming Tian
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetic, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Huan Chen
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetic, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Derek W Cain
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30317, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Maggie Barr
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Laura L Sutherland
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Richard M Scearce
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Cindy M Bowman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Hilary Bouton-Verville
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Ane Ogbe
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30317, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Genetic, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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23
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Finney J, Yang G, Kuraoka M, Song S, Nojima T, Verkoczy L, Kitamura D, Haynes BF, Kelsoe G. Cross-Reactivity to Kynureninase Tolerizes B Cells That Express the HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody 2F5. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3268-3281. [PMID: 31732530 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
2F5 is an HIV-1 broadly neutralizing Ab that also binds the autoantigens kynureninase (KYNU) and anionic lipids. Generation of 2F5-like Abs is proscribed by immune tolerance, but it is unclear which autospecificity is responsible. We sampled the BCR repertoire of 2F5 knock-in mice before and after the first and second tolerance checkpoints. Nearly all small pre-B (precheckpoint) and 35-70% of anergic peripheral B cells (postcheckpoint) expressed the 2F5 BCR and maintained KYNU, lipid, and HIV-1 gp41 reactivity. In contrast, all postcheckpoint mature follicular (MF) B cells had undergone L chain editing that purged KYNU and gp41 binding but left lipid reactivity largely intact. We conclude that specificity for KYNU is the primary driver of tolerization of 2F5-expressing B cells. The MF and anergic B cell populations favored distinct collections of editor L chains; surprisingly, however, MF and anergic B cells also frequently expressed identical BCRs. These results imply that BCR autoreactivity is the primary determinant of whether a developing B cell enters the MF or anergic compartments, with a secondary role for stochastic factors that slightly mix the two pools. Our study provides mechanistic insights into how immunological tolerance impairs humoral responses to HIV-1 and supports activation of anergic B cells as a potential method for HIV-1 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Finney
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Shengli Song
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Takuya Nojima
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan; and
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710.,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710; .,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
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24
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Carravilla P, Darré L, Oar-Arteta IR, Vesga AG, Rujas E, de Las Heras-Martínez G, Domene C, Nieva JL, Requejo-Isidro J. The Bilayer Collective Properties Govern the Interaction of an HIV-1 Antibody with the Viral Membrane. Biophys J 2019; 118:44-56. [PMID: 31787208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient engagement with the envelope glycoprotein membrane-proximal external region (MPER) results in robust blocking of viral infection by a class of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Developing an accommodation surface that engages with the viral lipid envelope appears to correlate with the neutralizing potency displayed by these bnAbs. The nature of the interactions established between the antibody and the lipid is nonetheless a matter of debate, with some authors arguing that anti-MPER specificity arises only under pathological conditions in autoantibodies endowed with stereospecific binding sites for phospholipids. However, bnAb-lipid interactions are often studied in systems that do not fully preserve the biophysical properties of lipid bilayers, and therefore, questions on binding specificity and the effect of collective membrane properties on the interaction are still open. Here, to evaluate the specificity of lipid interactions of an anti-MPER bnAb (4E10) in an intact membrane context, we determine quantitatively its association with lipid bilayers by means of scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and all-atom molecular dynamic simulations. Our data support that 4E10 establishes electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with the viral membrane surface and that the collective physical properties of the lipid bilayer influence 4E10 dynamics therein. We conclude that establishment of peripheral, nonspecific electrostatic interactions with the viral membrane through accommodation surfaces may assist high-affinity binding of HIV-1 MPER epitope at membrane interfaces. These findings highlight the importance of considering antibody-lipid interactions in the design of antibody-based anti-HIV strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Carravilla
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain; Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Leonardo Darré
- Functional Genomics Laboratory & Biomolecular Simulations Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Itziar R Oar-Arteta
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Arturo G Vesga
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Edurne Rujas
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Domene
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jose L Nieva
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Jose Requejo-Isidro
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Spain; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Nanobiotecnología, CNB-CSIC-IMDEA Nanociencia Associated Unit, Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Prigent J, Jarossay A, Planchais C, Eden C, Dufloo J, Kök A, Lorin V, Vratskikh O, Couderc T, Bruel T, Schwartz O, Seaman MS, Ohlenschläger O, Dimitrov JD, Mouquet H. Conformational Plasticity in Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Triggers Polyreactivity. Cell Rep 2019; 23:2568-2581. [PMID: 29847789 PMCID: PMC5990490 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human high-affinity antibodies to pathogens often recognize unrelated ligands. The molecular origin and the role of this polyreactivity are largely unknown. Here, we report that HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are frequently polyreactive, cross-reacting with non-HIV-1 molecules, including self-antigens. Mutating bNAb genes to increase HIV-1 binding and neutralization also results in de novo polyreactivity. Unliganded paratopes of polyreactive bNAbs with improved HIV-1 neutralization exhibit a conformational flexibility, which contributes to enhanced affinity of bNAbs to various HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins and non-HIV antigens. Binding adaptation of polyreactive bNAbs to the divergent ligands mainly involves hydrophophic interactions. Plasticity of bNAbs' paratopes may, therefore, facilitate accommodating divergent viral variants, but it simultaneously triggers promiscuous binding to non-HIV-1 antigens. Thus, a certain level of polyreactivity can be a mark of adaptable antibodies displaying optimal pathogens' recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Prigent
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Annaëlle Jarossay
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Caroline Eden
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA3015, Paris 75015, France
| | - Ayrin Kök
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Valérie Lorin
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Oxana Vratskikh
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Thérèse Couderc
- Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM U1117, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA3015, Paris 75015, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA3015, Paris 75015, France
| | | | | | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France.
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France.
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26
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Pinto D, Fenwick C, Caillat C, Silacci C, Guseva S, Dehez F, Chipot C, Barbieri S, Minola A, Jarrossay D, Tomaras GD, Shen X, Riva A, Tarkowski M, Schwartz O, Bruel T, Dufloo J, Seaman MS, Montefiori DC, Lanzavecchia A, Corti D, Pantaleo G, Weissenhorn W. Structural Basis for Broad HIV-1 Neutralization by the MPER-Specific Human Broadly Neutralizing Antibody LN01. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 26:623-637.e8. [PMID: 31653484 PMCID: PMC6854463 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are the hallmark of HIV-1 protection by vaccination. The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the HIV-1 gp41 fusion protein is targeted by the most broadly reactive HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies. Here, we examine the structural and molecular mechansims of neutralization by anti-MPER bnAb, LN01, which was isolated from lymph-node-derived germinal center B cells of an elite controller and exhibits broad neutralization breadth. LN01 engages both MPER and the transmembrane (TM) region, which together form a continuous helix in complex with LN01. The tilted TM orientation allows LN01 to interact simultaneously with the peptidic component of the MPER epitope and membrane via two specific lipid binding sites of the antibody paratope. Although LN01 carries a high load of somatic mutations, most key residues interacting with the MPER epitope and lipids are germline encoded, lending support for the LN01 epitope as a candidate for lineage-based vaccine development. bNAb LN01 neutralizes 92% of a 118-strain virus panel LN01 targets the HIV-1 gp41 MPER, the TM region, and lipids LN01-complexed MPER forms a continuous helix with TM Most LN01 paratope residues interacting with MPER-TM and lipids are germline encoded
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Pinto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona 6500, Ticino, Switzerland
| | - Craig Fenwick
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Caillat
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Chiara Silacci
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona 6500, Ticino, Switzerland
| | - Serafima Guseva
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - François Dehez
- LPCT, UMR 7019 Université de Lorraine CNRS, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Laboratoire International Associé CNRS and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, LPCT, UMR 7019 Universiteé de Lorraine CNRS, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54500, France
| | - Christophe Chipot
- LPCT, UMR 7019 Université de Lorraine CNRS, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Laboratoire International Associé CNRS and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, LPCT, UMR 7019 Universiteé de Lorraine CNRS, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54500, France; Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sonia Barbieri
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona 6500, Ticino, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Minola
- Humabs Biomed SA, Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Ticino, Switzerland
| | - David Jarrossay
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona 6500, Ticino, Switzerland
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75013, France
| | | | - Agostino Riva
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Università di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Maciej Tarkowski
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Università di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Virus & Immunity Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris 75015, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Institut Pasteur, Virus & Immunity Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris 75015, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Institut Pasteur, Virus & Immunity Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris 75015, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94000 Créteil, France; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75013, France
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Ticino, Switzerland.
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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Topological analysis of the gp41 MPER on lipid bilayers relevant to the metastable HIV-1 envelope prefusion state. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:22556-22566. [PMID: 31624123 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912427116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (gp) 41 is an attractive vaccine target for elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) by vaccination. However, current details regarding the quaternary structural organization of the MPER within the native prefusion trimer [(gp120/41)3] are elusive and even contradictory, hindering rational MPER immunogen design. To better understand the structural topology of the MPER on the lipid bilayer, the adjacent transmembrane domain (TMD) was appended (MPER-TMD) and studied. Membrane insertion of the MPER-TMD was sensitive both to the TMD sequence and cytoplasmic residues. Antigen binding of MPER-specific bNAbs, in particular 10E8 and DH511.2_K3, was significantly impacted by the presence of the TMD. Furthermore, MPER-TMD assembly into 10-nm diameter nanodiscs revealed a heterogeneous membrane array comprised largely of monomers and dimers, as enumerated by bNAb Fab binding using single-particle electron microscopy analysis, arguing against preferential trimeric association of native MPER and TMD protein segments. Moreover, introduction of isoleucine mutations in the C-terminal heptad repeat to induce an extended MPER α-helical bundle structure yielded an antigenicity profile of cell surface-arrayed Env variants inconsistent with that found in the native prefusion state. In line with these observations, electron paramagnetic resonance analysis suggested that 10E8 inhibits viral membrane fusion by lifting the MPER N-terminal region out of the viral membrane, mandating the exposure of residues that would be occluded by MPER trimerization. Collectively, our data suggest that the MPER is not a stable trimer, but rather a dynamic segment adapted for structural changes accompanying fusion.
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V H1-69 antiviral broadly neutralizing antibodies: genetics, structures, and relevance to rational vaccine design. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:149-159. [PMID: 30884330 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are potential therapeutic molecules and valuable tools for studying conserved viral targets for vaccine and drug design. Interestingly, antibody responses to conserved epitopes can be highly convergent at the molecular level. Human antibodies targeting a number of viral antigens have often been found to utilize a restricted set of immunoglobulin germline genes in different individuals. Here we review recent knowledge on VH1-69-encoded antibodies in antiviral responses to influenza virus, HCV, and HIV-1. These antibodies share common genetic and structural features, and often develop neutralizing activity against a broad spectrum of viral strains. Understanding the genetic and structural characteristics of such antibodies and the target epitopes should help advance novel strategies to elicit bnAbs through vaccination.
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Longitudinal Analysis Reveals Early Development of Three MPER-Directed Neutralizing Antibody Lineages from an HIV-1-Infected Individual. Immunity 2019; 50:677-691.e13. [PMID: 30876875 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lineage-based vaccine design is an attractive approach for eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1. However, most bNAb lineages studied to date have features indicative of unusual recombination and/or development. From an individual in the prospective RV217 cohort, we identified three lineages of bNAbs targeting the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the HIV-1 envelope. Antibodies RV217-VRC42.01, -VRC43.01, and -VRC46.01 used distinct modes of recognition and neutralized 96%, 62%, and 30%, respectively, of a 208-strain virus panel. All three lineages had modest levels of somatic hypermutation and normal antibody-loop lengths and were initiated by the founder virus MPER. The broadest lineage, VRC42, was similar to the known bNAb 4E10. A multimeric immunogen based on the founder MPER activated B cells bearing the unmutated common ancestor of VRC42, with modest maturation of early VRC42 intermediates imparting neutralization breadth. These features suggest that VRC42 may be a promising template for lineage-based vaccine design.
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30
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Bresk CA, Hofer T, Wilmschen S, Krismer M, Beierfuß A, Effantin G, Weissenhorn W, Hogan MJ, Jordan APO, Gelman RS, Montefiori DC, Liao HX, Schmitz JE, Haynes BF, von Laer D, Kimpel J. Induction of Tier 1 HIV Neutralizing Antibodies by Envelope Trimers Incorporated into a Replication Competent Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vector. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020159. [PMID: 30769947 PMCID: PMC6409518 DOI: 10.3390/v11020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus with the glycoprotein of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, VSV-GP, is a potent viral vaccine vector that overcomes several of the limitations of wild-type VSV. Here, we evaluated the potential of VSV-GP as an HIV vaccine vector. We introduced genes for different variants of the HIV-1 envelope protein Env, i.e., secreted or membrane-anchored, intact or mutated furin cleavage site or different C-termini, into the genome of VSV-GP. We found that the addition of the Env antigen did not attenuate VSV-GP replication. All HIV-1 Env variants were expressed in VSV-GP infected cells and some were incorporated very efficiently into VSV-GP particles. Crucial epitopes for binding of broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 such as MPER (membrane-proximal external region), CD4 binding site, V1V2 and V3 loop were present on the surface of VSV-GP-Env particles. Binding of quaternary antibodies indicated a trimeric structure of VSV-GP incorporated Env. We detected high HIV-1 antibody titers in mice and showed that vectors expressing membrane-anchored Env elicited higher antibody titers than vectors that secreted Envs. In rabbits, Tier 1A HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies were detectable after prime immunization and titers further increased after boosting with a second immunization. Taken together, VSV-GP-Env is a promising vector vaccine against HIV-1 infection since this vector permits incorporation of native monomeric and/or trimeric HIV-1 Env into a viral membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Anika Bresk
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Tamara Hofer
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Sarah Wilmschen
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Marina Krismer
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Anja Beierfuß
- Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Grégory Effantin
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CNRS, CEA, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38044 Grenoble, France.
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CNRS, CEA, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38044 Grenoble, France.
| | - Michael J Hogan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Andrea P O Jordan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Rebecca S Gelman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Joern E Schmitz
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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31
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Carravilla P, Chojnacki J, Rujas E, Insausti S, Largo E, Waithe D, Apellaniz B, Sicard T, Julien JP, Eggeling C, Nieva JL. Molecular recognition of the native HIV-1 MPER revealed by STED microscopy of single virions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:78. [PMID: 30622256 PMCID: PMC6325134 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07962-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against the Membrane-Proximal External Region (MPER) of the Env gp41 subunit neutralize HIV-1 with exceptional breadth and potency. Due to the lack of knowledge on the MPER native structure and accessibility, different and exclusive models have been proposed for the molecular mechanism of MPER recognition by broadly neutralizing antibodies. Here, accessibility of antibodies to the native Env MPER on single virions has been addressed through STED microscopy. STED imaging of fluorescently labeled Fabs reveals a common pattern of native Env recognition for HIV-1 antibodies targeting MPER or the surface subunit gp120. In the case of anti-MPER antibodies, the process evolves with extra contribution of interactions with the viral lipid membrane to binding specificity. Our data provide biophysical insights into the recognition of the potent and broadly neutralizing MPER epitope on HIV virions, and as such is of importance for the design of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Carravilla
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jakub Chojnacki
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Edurne Rujas
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sara Insausti
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Eneko Largo
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Dominic Waithe
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Beatriz Apellaniz
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Taylor Sicard
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
- Institute of Applied Optics Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien Platz 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - José L Nieva
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain.
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32
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Role of the Ebola membrane in the protection conferred by the three-mAb cocktail MIL77. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17628. [PMID: 30514891 PMCID: PMC6279787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MIL77, which has a higher manufacturing capacity than ZMapp, comprises MIL77-1, MIL77-2, and MIL77-3. The mechanisms by which these antibodies inhibit glycoprotein are unclear. Infection by viruses with lipid-bilayer envelopes occurs via the fusion of the viral membrane with the membrane of the target cell. Therefore, the interaction between the antibodies and the EBOV membrane is crucial. We examined the interactions between MIL77 and the viral membrane using SPR. MIL77-1 selectively binds to viral membranes, while MIL77-2 and MIL77-3 do not. MIL77-1’s ability to screen the more rigid domains of the membranes results in a locally increased concentration of the drug at the fusion site. Although MIL77-2 recognizes an epitope of GP, it is not necessary in the MIL77 cocktail. These results highlight the importance of EBOV membrane interactions in improving the efficiency of a neutralizing antibody. Furthermore, the viral membrane may be an important target of antibodies against EBOV.
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33
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Structure of the membrane proximal external region of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8892-E8899. [PMID: 30185554 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807259115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) bears epitopes of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) from infected individuals; it is thus a potential vaccine target. We report an NMR structure of the MPER and its adjacent transmembrane domain in bicelles that mimic a lipid-bilayer membrane. The MPER lies largely outside the lipid bilayer. It folds into a threefold cluster, stabilized mainly by conserved hydrophobic residues and potentially by interaction with phospholipid headgroups. Antigenic analysis and comparison with published images from electron cryotomography of HIV-1 Env on the virion surface suggest that the structure may represent a prefusion conformation of the MPER, distinct from the fusion-intermediate state targeted by several well-studied bnAbs. Very slow bnAb binding indicates that infrequent fluctuations of the MPER structure give these antibodies occasional access to alternative conformations of MPER epitopes. Mutations in the MPER not only impede membrane fusion but also influence presentation of bnAb epitopes in other regions. These results suggest strategies for developing MPER-based vaccine candidates.
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34
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Blasi M, Negri D, LaBranche C, Alam SM, Baker EJ, Brunner EC, Gladden MA, Michelini Z, Vandergrift NA, Wiehe KJ, Parks R, Shen X, Bonsignori M, Tomaras GD, Ferrari G, Montefiori DC, Santra S, Haynes BF, Moody MA, Cara A, Klotman ME. IDLV-HIV-1 Env vaccination in non-human primates induces affinity maturation of antigen-specific memory B cells. Commun Biol 2018; 1:134. [PMID: 30272013 PMCID: PMC6125466 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV continues to be a major global health issue. In spite of successful prevention interventions and treatment methods, the development of an HIV vaccine remains a major priority for the field and would be the optimal strategy to prevent new infections. We showed previously that a single immunization with a SIV-based integrase-defective lentiviral vector (IDLV) expressing the 1086.C HIV-1-envelope induced durable, high-magnitude immune responses in non-human primates (NHPs). In this study, we have further characterized the humoral responses by assessing antibody affinity maturation and antigen-specific memory B-cell persistence in two vaccinated macaques. These animals were also boosted with IDLV expressing the heterologous 1176.C HIV-1-Env to determine if neutralization breadth could be increased, followed by evaluation of the injection sites to assess IDLV persistence. IDLV-Env immunization was associated with persistence of the vector DNA for up to 6 months post immunization and affinity maturation of antigen-specific memory B cells. Maria Blasi et al. report the anti-HIV-1 humoral response elicited in rhesus macaques following vaccination with an SIV-based integrase-defective lentiviral vector (IDLV). They find that a single IDLV-Env immunization induces continuous antibody avidity maturation and boosting with a heterologous HIV-1 Env results in lower peak antibody titers than autologous boost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Blasi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA. .,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA.
| | - Donatella Negri
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA.,Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - Erich J Baker
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Brunner
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - Morgan A Gladden
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | | | - Nathan A Vandergrift
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - Kevin J Wiehe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, 02215, MA, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - Michael A Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - Andrea Cara
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA. .,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA. .,Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Mary E Klotman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA. .,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA.
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35
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Flemming J, Wiesen L, Herschhorn A. Conformation-Dependent Interactions Between HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins and Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:794-803. [PMID: 29905080 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins (Env) mediate virus entry and are the target of neutralizing antibodies. Binding of the metastable HIV-1 Env trimer to the CD4 receptor triggers structural rearrangements that mediate Env conformational transitions from a closed conformation to a more open state through an intermediate step. Recent studies have revealed new insights on the dynamics, regulation, and molecular mechanisms of Env transitions along the entry pathway. In this study, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on Env conformational dynamics and the relationship between Env conformational states and neutralization selectivity of the broadly neutralizing antibodies that develop in 10%-20% of infected individuals and may provide guidance for the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Flemming
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lisa Wiesen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Alon Herschhorn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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36
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Ferrari G. Tandem bispecific broadly neutralizing antibody - a novel approach to HIV-1 treatment. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2189-2191. [PMID: 29683434 DOI: 10.1172/jci121078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has led to a significant advance in our knowledge of HIV-1 latency and immunity. However, we are still not close to finding a cure for HIV-1. Although combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has led to increased survival, almost close to that of the general population, it is still not curative. In the current issue of the JCI, Wu et al. studied the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of an engineered tandem bispecific broadly neutralizing antibody (bs-bnAb), BiIA-SG. This bnAb's breadth and potency were highly effective in protection and treatment settings, as measured by complete viremia control following direct infusion, as well as elimination of infected cells and delay in viral rebound when delivered with a recombinant vector. These observations underscore the need for the clinical development of BiIA-SG for the prevention of HIV-1.
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37
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The development of HIV vaccines targeting gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER): challenges and prospects. Protein Cell 2018; 9:596-615. [PMID: 29667004 PMCID: PMC6019655 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0534-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) vaccine which is able to effectively prevent infection would be the most powerful method of extinguishing pandemic of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Yet, achieving such vaccine remains great challenges. The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) is a highly conserved region of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) gp41 subunit near the viral envelope surface, and it plays a key role in membrane fusion. It is also the target of some reported broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Thus, MPER is deemed to be one of the most attractive vaccine targets. However, no one can induce these bNAbs by immunization with immunogens containing the MPER sequence(s). The few attempts at developing a vaccine have only resulted in the induction of neutralizing antibodies with quite low potency and limited breadth. Thus far, vaccine failure can be attributed to various characteristics of MPER, such as those involving structure and immunology; therefore, we will focus on these and review the recent progress in the field from the following perspectives: (1) MPER structure and its role in membrane fusion, (2) the epitopes and neutralization mechanisms of MPER-specific bNAbs, as well as the limitations in eliciting neutralizing antibodies, and (3) different strategies for MPER vaccine design and current harvests.
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38
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Functional Optimization of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibody 10E8 by Promotion of Membrane Interactions. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02249-17. [PMID: 29386285 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02249-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 10E8 antibody targets a helical epitope in the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) and transmembrane domain (TMD) of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) subunit gp41 and is among the broadest known neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1. Accordingly, this antibody and its mechanism of action valuably inform the design of effective vaccines and immunotherapies. 10E8 exhibits unusual adaptations to attain specific, high-affinity binding to the MPER at the viral membrane interface. Reversing the charge of the basic paratope surface (from net positive to net negative) reportedly lowered its neutralization potency. Here, we hypothesized that by increasing the net positive charge in similar polar surface patches, the neutralization potency of the antibody may be enhanced. We found that an increased positive charge at this paratope surface strengthened an electrostatic interaction between the antibody and lipid bilayers, enabling 10E8 to interact spontaneously with membranes. Notably, the modified 10E8 antibody did not gain any apparent polyreactivity and neutralized virus with a significantly greater potency. Binding analyses indicated that the optimized 10E8 antibody bound with a higher affinity to the epitope peptide anchored in lipid bilayers and to Env spikes on virions. Overall, our data provide a proof of principle for the rational optimization of 10E8 via manipulation of its interaction with the membrane element of its epitope. However, the observation that a similar mutation strategy did not affect the potency of the first-generation anti-MPER antibody 4E10 shows possible limitations of this principle. Altogether, our results emphasize the crucial role played by the viral membrane in the antigenicity of the MPER-TMD of HIV-1.IMPORTANCE The broadly neutralizing antibody 10E8 blocks infection by nearly all HIV-1 isolates, a capacity which vaccine design seeks to reproduce. Engineered versions of this antibody also represent a promising treatment for HIV infection by passive immunization. Understanding its mechanism of action is therefore important to help in developing effective vaccines and biologics to combat HIV/AIDS. 10E8 engages its helical MPER epitope where the base of the envelope spike submerges into the viral membrane. To enable this interaction, this antibody evolved an unusual property: the ability to interact with the membrane surface. Here, we provide evidence that 10E8 can be made more effective by enhancing its interactions with membranes. Our findings strengthen the idea that to elicit antibodies similar to 10E8, vaccines must reproduce the membrane environment where these antibodies perform their function.
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39
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Zhang R, Verkoczy L, Wiehe K, Munir Alam S, Nicely NI, Santra S, Bradley T, Pemble CW, Zhang J, Gao F, Montefiori DC, Bouton-Verville H, Kelsoe G, Larimore K, Greenberg PD, Parks R, Foulger A, Peel JN, Luo K, Lu X, Trama AM, Vandergrift N, Tomaras GD, Kepler TB, Moody MA, Liao HX, Haynes BF. Initiation of immune tolerance-controlled HIV gp41 neutralizing B cell lineages. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:336ra62. [PMID: 27122615 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Development of an HIV vaccine is a global priority. A major roadblock to a vaccine is an inability to induce protective broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). HIV gp41 bnAbs have characteristics that predispose them to be controlled by tolerance. We used gp41 2F5 bnAb germline knock-in mice and macaques vaccinated with immunogens reactive with germline precursors to activate neutralizing antibodies. In germline knock-in mice, bnAb precursors were deleted, with remaining anergic B cells capable of being activated by germline-binding immunogens to make gp41-reactive immunoglobulin M (IgM). Immunized macaques made B cell clonal lineages targeted to the 2F5 bnAb epitope, but 2F5-like antibodies were either deleted or did not attain sufficient affinity for gp41-lipid complexes to achieve the neutralization potency of 2F5. Structural analysis of members of a vaccine-induced antibody lineage revealed that heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) hydrophobicity was important for neutralization. Thus, gp41 bnAbs are controlled by immune tolerance, requiring vaccination strategies to transiently circumvent tolerance controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nathan I Nicely
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Todd Bradley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Charles W Pemble
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Larimore
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Phillip D Greenberg
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew Foulger
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jessica N Peel
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kan Luo
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaozhi Lu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ashley M Trama
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nathan Vandergrift
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Murphy RE, Samal AB, Vlach J, Saad JS. Solution Structure and Membrane Interaction of the Cytoplasmic Tail of HIV-1 gp41 Protein. Structure 2017; 25:1708-1718.e5. [PMID: 29056482 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic tail of gp41 (gp41CT) remains the last HIV-1 domain with an unknown structure. It plays important roles in HIV-1 replication such as mediating envelope (Env) intracellular trafficking and incorporation into assembling virions, mechanisms of which are poorly understood. Here, we present the solution structure of gp41CT in a micellar environment and characterize its interaction with the membrane. We show that the N-terminal 45 residues are unstructured and not associated with the membrane. However, the C-terminal 105 residues form three membrane-bound amphipathic α helices with distinctive structural features such as variable degree of membrane penetration, hydrophobic and basic surfaces, clusters of aromatic residues, and a network of cation-π interactions. This work fills a major gap by providing the structure of the last segment of HIV-1 Env, which will provide insights into the mechanisms of Gag-mediated Env incorporation as well as the overall Env mobility and conformation on the virion surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Elliot Murphy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Alexandra B Samal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jiri Vlach
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jamil S Saad
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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41
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Molinos-Albert LM, Clotet B, Blanco J, Carrillo J. Immunologic Insights on the Membrane Proximal External Region: A Major Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Vaccine Target. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1154. [PMID: 28970835 PMCID: PMC5609547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting conserved regions within the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) can be generated by the human immune system and their elicitation by vaccination will be a key point to protect against the wide range of viral diversity. The membrane proximal external region (MPER) is a highly conserved region within the Env gp41 subunit, plays a major role in membrane fusion and is targeted by naturally induced bNAbs. Therefore, the MPER is considered as an attractive vaccine target. However, despite many attempts to design MPER-based immunogens, further study is still needed to understand its structural complexity, its amphiphilic feature, and its limited accessibility by steric hindrance. These particular features compromise the development of MPER-specific neutralizing responses during natural infection and limit the number of bNAbs isolated against this region, as compared with other HIV-1 vulnerability sites, and represent additional hurdles for immunogen development. Nevertheless, the analysis of MPER humoral responses elicited during natural infection as well as the MPER bNAbs isolated to date highlight that the human immune system is capable of generating MPER protective antibodies. Here, we discuss the recent advances describing the immunologic and biochemical features that make the MPER a unique HIV-1 vulnerability site, the different strategies to generate MPER-neutralizing antibodies in immunization protocols and point the importance of extending our knowledge toward new MPER epitopes by the isolation of novel monoclonal antibodies. This will be crucial for the redesign of immunogens able to skip non-neutralizing MPER determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Molinos-Albert
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Kepler TB, Wiehe K. Genetic and structural analyses of affinity maturation in the humoral response to HIV-1. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:129-144. [PMID: 28133793 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most broadly neutralizing antibodies (BNAbs) elicited in response to HIV-1 infection are extraordinarily mutated. One goal of HIV-1 vaccine development is to induce antibodies that are similar to the most potent and broad BNAbs isolated from infected subjects. The most effective BNAbs have very high mutation frequencies, indicative of the long periods of continual activation necessary to acquire the BNAb phenotype through affinity maturation. Understanding the mutational patterns that define the maturation pathways in BNAb development is critical to vaccine design efforts to recapitulate through vaccination the successful routes to neutralization breadth and potency that have occurred in natural infection. Studying the mutational changes that occur during affinity maturation, however, requires accurate partitioning of sequence data into B-cell clones and identification of the starting point of a B-cell clonal lineage, the initial V(D)J rearrangement. Here, we describe the statistical framework we have used to perform these tasks. Through the recent advancement of these and similar computational methods, many HIV-1 ancestral antibodies have been inferred, synthesized and their structures determined. This has allowed, for the first time, the investigation of the structural mechanisms underlying the affinity maturation process in HIV-1 antibody development. Here, we review what has been learned from this atomic-level structural characterization of affinity maturation in HIV-1 antibodies and the implications for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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43
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Verkoczy L, Alt FW, Tian M. Human Ig knockin mice to study the development and regulation of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:89-107. [PMID: 28133799 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge for HIV-1 vaccine research is developing a successful immunization approach for inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). A key shortcoming in meeting this challenge has been the lack of animal models capable of identifying impediments limiting bnAb induction and ranking vaccine strategies for their ability to promote bnAb development. Since 2010, immunoglobulin knockin (KI) technology, involving inserting functional rearranged human variable exons into the mouse IgH and IgL loci has been used to express bnAbs in mice. This approach has allowed immune tolerance mechanisms limiting bnAb production to be elucidated and strategies to overcome such limitations to be evaluated. From these studies, along with the wealth of knowledge afforded by analyses of recombinant Ig-based bnAb structures, it became apparent that key functional features of bnAbs often are problematic for their elicitation in mice by classic vaccine paradigms, necessitating more iterative testing of new vaccine concepts. In this regard, bnAb KI models expressing deduced precursor V(D)J rearrangements of mature bnAbs or unrearranged germline V, D, J segments (that can be assembled into variable region exons that encode bnAb precursors), have been engineered to evaluate novel immunogens/regimens for effectiveness in driving bnAb responses. One promising approach emerging from such studies is the ability of sequentially administered, modified immunogens (designed to bind progressively more mature bnAb precursors) to initiate affinity maturation. Here, we review insights gained from bnAb KI studies regarding the regulation and induction of bnAbs, and discuss new Ig KI methodologies to manipulate the production and/or expression of bnAbs in vivo, to further facilitate vaccine-guided bnAb induction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Verkoczy
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ming Tian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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44
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Cerutti N, Loredo-Varela JL, Caillat C, Weissenhorn W. Antigp41 membrane proximal external region antibodies and the art of using the membrane for neutralization. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2017; 12:250-256. [PMID: 28422789 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We summarize the latest research on the progress to understand the neutralizing epitopes present within the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of the HIV-1 fusion protein subunit gp41. RECENT FINDINGS The HIV-1 fusion protein subunit gp41 contains a highly conserved sequence that is essential for membrane fusion and targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies such as 2F5, 4E10, Z13e1, and 10E8. These antibodies recognize a linear gp41 epitope with high affinity, but require additional hydrophobic sequences present in their heavy chain CDR3 for neutralization. Recent structural studies on mAbs 4E10 and 10E8 provide molecular details for specific interactions with lipids and implicate part of the transmembrane region as the relevant 10E8 epitope. Although many different approaches have been applied to engineer gp41 immunogens that can induce broadly neutralizing antibodies directed toward MPER, only modest success has yet been reported. SUMMARY The new structural details on the complex gp41-lipidic epitope will spur new approaches to design gp41-MPER immunogens that might induce broadly neutralizing antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Cerutti
- aUniversity Grenoble Alpes bCEA cCNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
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45
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Meador LR, Kessans SA, Kilbourne J, Kibler KV, Pantaleo G, Roderiguez ME, Blattman JN, Jacobs BL, Mor TS. A heterologous prime-boosting strategy with replicating Vaccinia virus vectors and plant-produced HIV-1 Gag/dgp41 virus-like particles. Virology 2017; 507:242-256. [PMID: 28458036 PMCID: PMC5529300 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Showing modest efficacy, the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine clinical trial utilized a non-replicating canarypox viral vector and a soluble gp120 protein boost. Here we built upon the RV144 strategy by developing a novel combination of a replicating, but highly-attenuated Vaccinia virus vector, NYVAC-KC, and plant-produced HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs). Both components contained the full-length Gag and a membrane anchored truncated gp41 presenting the membrane proximal external region with its conserved broadly neutralizing epitopes in the pre-fusion conformation. We tested different prime/boost combinations of these components in mice and showed that the group primed with NYVAC-KC and boosted with both the viral vectors and plant-produced VLPs have the most robust Gag-specific CD8 T cell responses, at 12.7% of CD8 T cells expressing IFN-γ in response to stimulation with five Gag epitopes. The same immunization group elicited the best systemic and mucosal antibody responses to Gag and dgp41 with a bias towards IgG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia R Meador
- Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Sarah A Kessans
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Kilbourne
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Karen V Kibler
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Joseph N Blattman
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Bertram L Jacobs
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Tsafrir S Mor
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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46
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Molecular and Physicochemical Factors Governing Solubility of the HIV gp41 Ectodomain. Biophys J 2017; 111:700-709. [PMID: 27558714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV gp41 ectodomain (e-gp41) is an attractive target for the development of vaccines and drugs against HIV because of its crucial role in viral fusion to the host cell. However, because of the high insolubility of e-gp41, most biophysical and structural analyses have relied on the production of truncated versions removing the loop region of gp41 or the utilization of nonphysiological solubilizing conditions. The loop region of gp41 is also known as principal immunodominant domain (PID) because of its high immunogenicity, and it is essential for gp41-mediated HIV fusion. In this study we identify the aggregation-prone regions of the amino acid sequence of the PID and engineer a highly soluble mutant that preserves the trimeric structure of the wild-type e-gp41 under physiological pH. Furthermore, using a reverse mutagenesis approach, we analyze the role of mutated amino acids upon the physicochemical factors that govern solubility of e-gp41. On this basis, we propose a molecular model for e-gp41 self-association, which can guide the production of soluble e-gp41 mutants for future biophysical analyses and biotechnological applications.
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47
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Augusto MT, Hollmann A, Troise F, Veiga AS, Pessi A, Santos NC. Lipophilicity is a key factor to increase the antiviral activity of HIV neutralizing antibodies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 152:311-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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48
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Polonskaya Z, Deng S, Sarkar A, Kain L, Comellas-Aragones M, McKay CS, Kaczanowska K, Holt M, McBride R, Palomo V, Self KM, Taylor S, Irimia A, Mehta SR, Dan JM, Brigger M, Crotty S, Schoenberger SP, Paulson JC, Wilson IA, Savage PB, Finn MG, Teyton L. T cells control the generation of nanomolar-affinity anti-glycan antibodies. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1491-1504. [PMID: 28287405 DOI: 10.1172/jci91192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines targeting glycan structures at the surface of pathogenic microbes must overcome the inherent T cell-independent nature of immune responses against glycans. Carbohydrate conjugate vaccines achieve this by coupling bacterial polysaccharides to a carrier protein that recruits heterologous CD4 T cells to help B cell maturation. Yet they most often produce low- to medium-affinity immune responses of limited duration in immunologically fit individuals and disappointing results in the elderly and immunocompromised patients. Here, we hypothesized that these limitations result from suboptimal T cell help. To produce the next generation of more efficacious conjugate vaccines, we have explored a synthetic design aimed at focusing both B cell and T cell recognition to a single short glycan displayed at the surface of a virus-like particle. We tested and established the proof of concept of this approach for 2 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. In both cases, these vaccines elicited serotype-specific, protective, and long-lasting IgG antibodies of nanomolar affinity against the target glycans in mice. We further identified a requirement for CD4 T cells in the anti-glycan antibody response. Our findings establish the design principles for improved glycan conjugate vaccines. We surmise that the same approach can be used for any microbial glycan of interest.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibodies, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antibody Affinity
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Child
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Female
- Glycopeptides/immunology
- Humans
- Hybridomas
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Models, Molecular
- Pneumococcal Infections/immunology
- Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Pneumococcal Vaccines/chemistry
- Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
- Protein Binding
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccine Potency
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49
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Rujas E, Insausti S, García-Porras M, Sánchez-Eugenia R, Tsumoto K, Nieva JL, Caaveiro JMM. Functional Contacts between MPER and the Anti-HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody 4E10 Extend into the Core of the Membrane. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:1213-1226. [PMID: 28300601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The exceptional breadth of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the transmembrane protein gp41 makes this class of antibodies an ideal model to design HIV vaccines. From a practical point of view, however, the preparation of vaccines eliciting bNAbs is still a major roadblock that limits their clinical application. Fresh mechanistic insights are necessary to develop more effective strategies. In particular, the function of the unusually long complementarity-determining region three of the heavy chain (CDRH3) of 4E10, an anti-MPER bNAb, is an open question that fascinates researchers in the field. Residues comprising the apex region are dispensable for engagement of the epitope in solution; still, their single mutation profoundly impairs the neutralization capabilities of the antibody. Since this region is very hydrophobic, it has been proposed that the apex is essential for anchoring the antibody to the viral membrane where MPER resides. Herein, we have critically examined this idea using structural, biophysical, biochemical, and cell-based approaches. Our results demonstrate that the apex region is not just a "greasy" spot merely increasing the affinity of the antibody for the membrane. We demonstrate the three-dimensional engagement of the apex region of the CDRH3 with the conglomerate of gp41 epitope and membrane lipids as a means of effective binding and neutralization of the virus. This mechanism of recognition suggests a standard route of antibody ontogeny. Therefore, we need to focus our efforts on recreating a more realistic MPER/lipid immunogen in order to generate more effective anti-HIV-1 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edurne Rujas
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain; Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Sara Insausti
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
| | - Miguel García-Porras
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
| | - Rubén Sánchez-Eugenia
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - José L Nieva
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain.
| | - Jose M M Caaveiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Laboratory of Global Healthcare, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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50
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Lipid interactions and angle of approach to the HIV-1 viral membrane of broadly neutralizing antibody 10E8: Insights for vaccine and therapeutic design. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006212. [PMID: 28225819 PMCID: PMC5338832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Among broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV, 10E8 exhibits greater neutralizing breadth than most. Consequently, this antibody is the focus of prophylactic/therapeutic development. The 10E8 epitope has been identified as the conserved membrane proximal external region (MPER) of gp41 subunit of the envelope (Env) viral glycoprotein and is a major vaccine target. However, the MPER is proximal to the viral membrane and may be laterally inserted into the membrane in the Env prefusion form. Nevertheless, 10E8 has not been reported to have significant lipid-binding reactivity. Here we report x-ray structures of lipid complexes with 10E8 and a scaffolded MPER construct and mutagenesis studies that provide evidence that the 10E8 epitope is composed of both MPER and lipid. 10E8 engages lipids through a specific lipid head group interaction site and a basic and polar surface on the light chain. In the model that we constructed, the MPER would then be essentially perpendicular to the virion membrane during 10E8 neutralization of HIV-1. As the viral membrane likely also plays a role in selecting for the germline antibody as well as size and residue composition of MPER antibody complementarity determining regions, the identification of lipid interaction sites and the MPER orientation with regard to the viral membrane surface during 10E8 engagement can be of great utility for immunogen and therapeutic design. The trimeric Env glycoprotein located on HIV surface is the target of broadly neutralizing antibodies and is the focus of vaccine and therapeutic approaches to prevent HIV infection. Structural studies with HIV Env trimers have shed light on the complete epitopes of several broadly neutralizing antibodies. However, structural determination of the complete epitopes of the highly cross-reactive MPER antibodies has been technically difficult due to the viral membrane component and that these epitopes are probably only exposed transiently after Env engages CD4. In this study, we structurally characterize the interaction of the broadest and most potent MPER-targeting antibody, 10E8, with viral membrane lipids and scaffolded MPER and propose how 10E8 approaches the MPER-viral membrane epitope during neutralization. Our results indicate that 10E8 interacts with the viral membrane via its light chain and engages MPER in an upright orientation with respect to the HIV-1 membrane. These findings are of interest for design of HIV-1 vaccines and therapeutics.
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