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Shao S, Zhou D, Feng J, Liu Y, Baturuhu, Yin H, Zhan D. Regulation of inflammation and immunity in sepsis by E3 ligases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1124334. [PMID: 37465127 PMCID: PMC10351979 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1124334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by an abnormal infection-induced immune response. Despite significant advances in supportive care, sepsis remains a considerable therapeutic challenge and is the leading cause of death in the intensive care unit (ICU). Sepsis is characterized by initial hyper-inflammation and late immunosuppression. Therefore, immune-modulatory therapies have great potential for novel sepsis therapies. Ubiquitination is an essential post-translational protein modification, which has been known to be intimately involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. Several E3 ubiquitin ligases have been implicated in innate immune signaling and T-cell activation and differentiation. In this article, we review the current literature and discuss the role of E3 ligases in the regulation of immune response and their effects on the course of sepsis to provide insights into the prevention and therapy for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Shao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Daixing Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Baturuhu
- Department of Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit (ICU), People’s Hospital of Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Bole, China
| | - Huimei Yin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, People’s Hospital of Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Bole, China
| | - Daqian Zhan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Wang P, Zhao J, Tan Y, Sheng J, He S, Chen Y, Nie D, You X, Luo J, Zhang Y, Hu S. RNF157 attenuates CD4 + T cell-mediated autoimmune response by promoting HDAC1 ubiquitination and degradation. Theranostics 2023; 13:3509-3523. [PMID: 37441600 PMCID: PMC10334825 DOI: 10.7150/thno.86307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: CD4+ T cells play an important role in body development and homeostasis. Quantitative and functional changes in CD4+ T cells result in abnormal immune responses, which lead to inflammation, cancer, or autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Ubiquitination plays an essential role in the differentiation and functioning of CD4+ T cells. However, the function of several E3 ubiquitin ligases in CD4+ T cell differentiation and T cell-mediated pathological diseases remains unclear. Methods: RNA sequencing data were analyzed to identify the E3 ubiquitin ligases that participate in the pathogenesis of MS. Furthermore, conditional knockout mice were generated. Specifically, flow cytometry, qPCR, western blot, CO-IP and cell transfer adoptive experiments were performed. Results: In this study, we identified The RING finger 157 (RNF157) as a vital regulator of CD4+ T cell differentiation; it promoted Th1 differentiation but attenuated Th17 differentiation and CCR4 and CXCR3 expressions in CD4+ T cells, thereby limiting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis development. Mechanistically, RNF157 in CD4+ T cells targeted HDAC1 for K48-linked ubiquitination and degradation. Notably, RNF157 expression was significantly decreased and showed a significant negative correlation with RORγt expression in patients with MS. Conclusions: Our study highlights the critical role of RNF157 in regulating CD4+ T cell functions in autoimmune diseases and suggests RNF157 as a potential target in adaptive immune responses against MS and other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunke Tan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junli Sheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shitong He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yitian Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingnai Nie
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong You
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinmei Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Intensive Care Unit and Division of Respiratory Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Experimental Center of Teaching and Scientific Research, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengfeng Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Fujimoto S, Kyuichi K, Kaede Y, Chihiro Y, Emi I, Ryo I, Reiji H, Toshiki Y, Yokomise H. RNF128 expression in lung adenocarcinoma is a favorable prognostic factor associated with decreased tumor-associated macrophages. Thorac Cancer 2023. [PMID: 37186218 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.14901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Molecular-level research has linked RING finger (RNF) protein family members to carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Among them, RNF128 is related to tumor progression, but reports on its association with lung cancer are few. This study aimed to clarify the unknown association between RNF128 expression and clinical outcomes in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS Clinical data of 545 patients with therapy-naïve lung adenocarcinoma who underwent lobectomy with systematic lymph node dissection between 1999 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between RNF128 expression and prognosis. RESULTS Among adenocarcinoma histologic types, acinar, micropapillary, and solid tumors did not express RNF128 compared with other histologic types (p < 0.001). Patients with high RNF128 expression exhibited fewer clusters of differentiated (CD) 68+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and CD163+ TAMs. Multivariate analysis of relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) revealed that the lack of RNF128 expression was an independent prognostic factor for poor RFS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.60, p = 0.029) and OS (HR 1.83, p = 0.041), suggesting that RNF128 expression is a favorable prognostic factor. CONCLUSION RNF128 expression may be an independent predictor of favorable outcomes in Japanese patients with untreated lung adenocarcinoma who undergo surgical resection. Further elucidation of the role of TAM-related E3 ubiquitin ligase in immune function may facilitate the development of effective immunomodulatory therapies for lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yamada Kaede
- Thoracic Surgery, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshida Chihiro
- Thoracic Surgery, Kochi Health Sciences Center, Kochi, Japan
| | - Ibuki Emi
- Diagnostic Pathology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Ishikawa Ryo
- Diagnostic Pathology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Haba Reiji
- Diagnostic Pathology, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
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Zhang J, Chen W, Du J, Chu L, Zhou Z, Zhong W, Liu D, Huang H, Huang Y, Qiao Y, Meng X, Zou F, Cai S, Dong H. RNF130 protects against pulmonary fibrosis through suppressing aerobic glycolysis by mediating c-myc ubiquitination. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109985. [PMID: 36893517 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and fatal disease,characterized by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in response to chronic lung injury. Current evidence suggests that metabolic reprogramming is always accompanied by myofibroblast activation in IPFof whichthe underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Ring finger protein 130 (RNF130), was demonstrated involved in multiple diseases. However, whether RNF130 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of IPF needs to be clarified. METHODS We first investigated the expression of RNF130 in pulmonary fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. We then observed the effect and explored the molecular mechanism of RNF130 on the transition of fibroblast to myofibroblast and aerobic glycolysis. Further, we assessed the effects of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-induced RNF130 overexpression in the pulmonary fibrosis model, conducting pulmonary function, assessment of collagen depositionusing the hydroxyproline assay, and biochemical and histopathological analyses. RESULTS We found that RNF130 was down-regulated in lung tissues of mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and lung fibroblasts treated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Then we demonstrated that RNF130 inhibitedthe transition of fibroblast to myofibroblast by suppressing aerobic glycolysis. Mechanistically, we revealed that RNF130 promotedc-myc ubiquitination and degradation, while c-myc overexpression reverses the inhibitory effects of RNF130. Importantly, pulmonary function, collagen deposition and fibroblast differentiation were significantly alleviated in adeno-associated virus serotype (AAV)6-RNF130 treated mice, which further validated the contribution of RNF130/c-myc signaling axis in pulmonary fibrosis pathological process. CONCLUSIONS In summary, RNF130 participates in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the transition of fibroblast to myofibroblast and aerobic glycolysis through promoting c-myc ubiquitination and degradation. Targeting RNF130-c-myc axismightrepresent a promising strategy to alleviate the progression of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Zhang
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weimou Chen
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangzhou Du
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanhe Chu
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zili Zhou
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenshan Zhong
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongyu Liu
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haohua Huang
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Qiao
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoxi Cai
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hangming Dong
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Gut commensal bacteria enhance pathogenesis of a tumorigenic murine retrovirus. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111341. [PMID: 36103821 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the microbiota on viral transmission and replication is well appreciated. However, its impact on retroviral pathogenesis outside of transmission/replication control remains unknown. Using murine leukemia virus (MuLV), we found that some commensal bacteria promoted the development of leukemia induced by this retrovirus. The promotion of leukemia development by commensals is due to suppression of the adaptive immune response through upregulation of several negative regulators of immunity. These negative regulators include Serpinb9b and Rnf128, which are associated with a poor prognosis of some spontaneous human cancers. Upregulation of Serpinb9b is mediated by sensing of bacteria by the NOD1/NOD2/RIPK2 pathway. This work describes a mechanism by which the microbiota enhances tumorigenesis within gut-distant organs and points at potential targets for cancer therapy.
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The RING finger protein family in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:300. [PMID: 36042206 PMCID: PMC9424811 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a highly conserved and fundamental posttranslational modification (PTM) in all eukaryotes regulating thousands of proteins. The RING (really interesting new gene) finger (RNF) protein, containing the RING domain, exerts E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates the covalent attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) to target proteins. Multiple reviews have summarized the critical roles of the tripartite-motif (TRIM) protein family, a subgroup of RNF proteins, in various diseases, including cancer, inflammatory, infectious, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Except for TRIMs, since numerous studies over the past decades have delineated that other RNF proteins also exert widespread involvement in several diseases, their importance should not be underestimated. This review summarizes the potential contribution of dysregulated RNF proteins, except for TRIMs, to the pathogenesis of some diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorder. Since viral infection is broadly involved in the induction and development of those diseases, this manuscript also highlights the regulatory roles of RNF proteins, excluding TRIMs, in the antiviral immune responses. In addition, we further discuss the potential intervention strategies targeting other RNF proteins for the prevention and therapeutics of those human diseases.
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Ashouri JF, Lo W, Nguyen TTT, Shen L, Weiss A. ZAP70, too little, too much can lead to autoimmunity*. Immunol Rev 2021; 307:145-160. [PMID: 34923645 PMCID: PMC8986586 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Establishing both central and peripheral tolerance requires the appropriate TCR signaling strength to discriminate self‐ from agonist‐peptide bound to self MHC molecules. ZAP70, a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, directly interacts with the TCR complex and plays a central and requisite role in TCR signaling in both thymocytes and peripheral T cells. By studying ZAP70 hypomorphic mutations in mice and humans with a spectrum of hypoactive or hyperactive activities, we have gained insights into mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance. Interestingly, both hypoactive and hyperactive ZAP70 can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases, albeit through distinct mechanisms. Immature thymocytes and mature T cells rely on normal ZAP70 function to complete their development in the thymus and to modulate T cell responses in the periphery. Hypoactive ZAP70 function compromises key developmental checkpoints required to establish central tolerance, allowing thymocytes with potentially self‐reactive TCRs a greater chance to escape negative selection. Such ‘forbidden clones’ may escape into the periphery and may pose a greater risk for autoimmune disease development since they may not engage negative regulatory mechanisms as effectively. Hyperactive ZAP70 enhances thymic negative selection but some thymocytes will, nonetheless, escape negative selection and have greater sensitivity to weak and self‐ligands. Such cells must be controlled by mechanisms involved in anergy, expansion of Tregs, and upregulation of inhibitory receptors or signaling molecules. However, such potentially autoreactive cells may still be able to escape control by peripheral negative regulatory constraints. Consistent with findings in Zap70 mutants, the signaling defects in at least one ZAP70 substrate, LAT, can also lead to autoimmune disease. By dissecting the similarities and differences among mouse models of patient disease or mutations in ZAP70 that affect TCR signaling strength, we have gained insights into how perturbed ZAP70 function can lead to autoimmunity. Because of our work and that of others on ZAP70, it is likely that perturbations in other molecules affecting TCR signaling strength will be identified that also overcome tolerance mechanisms and cause autoimmunity. Delineating these molecular pathways could lead to the development of much needed new therapeutic targets in these complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith F. Ashouri
- Department of Medicine Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Wan‐Lin Lo
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology Department of Pathology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Trang T. T. Nguyen
- Department of Medicine Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Medicine Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Department of Medicine Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
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Gavali S, Liu J, Li X, Paolino M. Ubiquitination in T-Cell Activation and Checkpoint Inhibition: New Avenues for Targeted Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10800. [PMID: 34639141 PMCID: PMC8509743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of T-cell-based immunotherapy has remarkably transformed cancer patient treatment. Despite their success, the currently approved immunotherapeutic protocols still encounter limitations, cause toxicity, and give disparate patient outcomes. Thus, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of T-cell activation and inhibition is much needed to rationally expand targets and possibilities to improve immunotherapies. Protein ubiquitination downstream of immune signaling pathways is essential to fine-tune virtually all immune responses, in particular, the positive and negative regulation of T-cell activation. Numerous studies have demonstrated that deregulation of ubiquitin-dependent pathways can significantly alter T-cell activation and enhance antitumor responses. Consequently, researchers in academia and industry are actively developing technologies to selectively exploit ubiquitin-related enzymes for cancer therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the molecular and functional roles of ubiquitination in key T-cell activation and checkpoint inhibitory pathways to highlight the vast possibilities that targeting ubiquitination offers for advancing T-cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Magdalena Paolino
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 17176 Solna, Sweden; (S.G.); (J.L.); (X.L.)
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Yan Z, Wang H, Mu L, Hu ZD, Zheng WQ. Regulatory roles of extracellular vesicles in immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:7311-7318. [PMID: 34616797 PMCID: PMC8464473 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i25.7311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cystic vesicles naturally released by most mammalian cells and bacteria. EV contents include proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. EVs can act as messengers to transmit a variety of molecules to recipient cells and thus play important regulatory roles in intercellular signal transduction. EVs, released by either a host cell or a pathogen, can carry pathogen-associated antigens and thus act as modulators of immune responses. EVs derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected cells can regulate the innate immune response through various pathways, such as regulating the release of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, EVs can mediate antigen presentation and regulate the adaptive immune response by transmitting immunoregulatory molecules to T helper cells. In this review, we summarize the regulatory roles of EVs in the immune response against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Parasitology, the College of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Parasitology, the College of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lan Mu
- Department of Parasitology, the College of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhi-De Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wen-Qi Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Parasitology, the College of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
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Kang SJ, Park IB, Chun T. Open reading frame 5 protein of porcine circovirus type 2 induces RNF128 (GRAIL) which inhibits mRNA transcription of interferon-β in porcine epithelial cells. Res Vet Sci 2021; 140:79-82. [PMID: 34416463 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A previous study has indicated that mRNA transcript of Rnf128 (Grail) is significantly increased in porcine epithelial cells expressing porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) open reading frame 5 (ORF5). RNF128 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that can modulate the activity of target protein via ubiquitination of specific lysine residues. However, the function of RNF128 in PCV2-infected epithelial cells has not been well studied yet. Thus, the objective of the present study was to examine the functional role of RNF128 in porcine epithelial cells (PK15 cells) after PCV2 infection. Results clearly indicated that PCV2 ORF5 increased the expression of RNF128 which inhibited type I IFN production and enhanced viral replication of PCV2 in PK15 cells. Therefore, up-regulating RNF128 by PCV2 ORF5 can help PCV2 circumvent initial immune surveillance of porcine epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jin Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Byung Park
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehoon Chun
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Nguyen TTT, Wang ZE, Shen L, Schroeder A, Eckalbar W, Weiss A. Cbl-b deficiency prevents functional but not phenotypic T cell anergy. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212089. [PMID: 33974042 PMCID: PMC8117209 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell anergy is an important peripheral tolerance mechanism. We studied how T cell anergy is established using an anergy model in which the Zap70 hypermorphic mutant W131A is coexpressed with the OTII TCR transgene (W131AOTII). Anergy was established in the periphery, not in the thymus. Contrary to enriched tolerance gene signatures and impaired TCR signaling in mature peripheral CD4 T cells, CD4SP thymocytes exhibited normal TCR signaling in W131AOTII mice. Importantly, the maintenance of T cell anergy in W131AOTII mice required antigen presentation via MHC-II. We investigated the functional importance of the inhibitory receptor PD-1 and the E3 ubiquitin ligases Cbl-b and Grail in this model. Deletion of each did not affect expression of phenotypic markers of anergic T cells or T reg numbers. However, deletion of Cbl-b, but not Grail or PD-1, in W131AOTII mice restored T cell responsiveness and signaling. Thus, Cbl-b plays an essential role in the establishment and/or maintenance of unresponsiveness in T cell anergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang T T Nguyen
- Russell/Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Zhi-En Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lin Shen
- Russell/Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Andrew Schroeder
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Walter Eckalbar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Russell/Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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12
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Zhou X, Sun SC. Targeting ubiquitin signaling for cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:16. [PMID: 33436547 PMCID: PMC7804490 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has become an attractive approach of cancer treatment with tremendous success in treating various advanced malignancies. The development and clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors represent one of the most extraordinary accomplishments in cancer immunotherapy. In addition, considerable progress is being made in understanding the mechanism of antitumor immunity and characterizing novel targets for developing additional therapeutic approaches. One active area of investigation is protein ubiquitination, a post-translational mechanism of protein modification that regulates the function of diverse immune cells in antitumor immunity. Accumulating studies suggest that E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases form a family of potential targets to be exploited for enhancing antitumor immunity in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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13
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Yukawa M, Jagannathan S, Vallabh S, Kartashov AV, Chen X, Weirauch MT, Barski A. AP-1 activity induced by co-stimulation is required for chromatin opening during T cell activation. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20182009. [PMID: 31653690 PMCID: PMC7037242 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20182009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of T cells is dependent on the organized and timely opening and closing of chromatin. Herein, we identify AP-1 as the transcription factor that directs most of this remodeling. Chromatin accessibility profiling showed quick opening of closed chromatin in naive T cells within 5 h of activation. These newly opened regions were strongly enriched for the AP-1 motif, and indeed, ChIP-seq demonstrated AP-1 binding at >70% of them. Broad inhibition of AP-1 activity prevented chromatin opening at AP-1 sites and reduced the expression of nearby genes. Similarly, induction of anergy in the absence of co-stimulation during activation was associated with reduced induction of AP-1 and a failure of proper chromatin remodeling. The translational relevance of these findings was highlighted by the substantial overlap of AP-1-dependent elements with risk loci for multiple immune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and allergic disease. Our findings define AP-1 as the key link between T cell activation and chromatin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Yukawa
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Sajjeev Jagannathan
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Sushmitha Vallabh
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Andrey V Kartashov
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.,Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Artem Barski
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.,Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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14
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Ruan J, Schlüter D, Wang X. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs): DoUBle-edged swords in CNS autoimmunity. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:102. [PMID: 32248814 PMCID: PMC7132956 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common autoimmune disease of the CNS. The etiology of MS is still unclear but it is widely recognized that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its pathogenesis. Immune signaling and responses are critically regulated by ubiquitination, a posttranslational modification that is promoted by ubiquitinating enzymes and inhibited by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) identified that polymorphisms in or in the vicinity of two human DUB genes TNFAIP3 and USP18 were associated with MS susceptibility. Studies with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, have provided biological rationale for the correlation between these DUBs and MS. Additional studies have shown that other DUBs are also involved in EAE by controlling distinct cell populations. Therefore, DUBs are emerging as crucial regulators of MS/EAE and might become potential therapeutic targets for the clinical treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ruan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Dirk Schlüter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße-1, 30626, Hannover, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Xu Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan High Education Park, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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15
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Beyond the Cell Surface: Targeting Intracellular Negative Regulators to Enhance T cell Anti-Tumor Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235821. [PMID: 31756921 PMCID: PMC6929154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that extracellular proteins that negatively regulate T cell function, such as Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and Programmed Cell Death protein 1 (PD-1), can be effectively targeted to enhance cancer immunotherapies and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells (CAR-T cells). Intracellular proteins that inhibit T cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction, though less well studied, are also potentially useful therapeutic targets to enhance T cell activity against tumor. Four major classes of enzymes that attenuate TCR signaling include E3 ubiquitin kinases such as the Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proteins (Cbl-b and c-Cbl), and Itchy (Itch), inhibitory tyrosine phosphatases, such as Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatases (SHP-1 and SHP-2), inhibitory protein kinases, such as C-terminal Src kinase (Csk), and inhibitory lipid kinases such as Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (SHIP) and Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs). This review describes the mechanism of action of eighteen intracellular inhibitory regulatory proteins in T cells within these four classes, and assesses their potential value as clinical targets to enhance the anti-tumor activity of endogenous T cells and CAR-T cells.
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16
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Strainic MG, Liu J, An F, Bailey E, Esposito A, Hamann J, Heeger PS, Medof ME. CD55 Is Essential for CD103 + Dendritic Cell Tolerogenic Responses that Protect against Autoimmunity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1386-1401. [PMID: 31103439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies traced inflammatory bowel disease in some patients to deficiency of CD55 [decay-accelerating factor (DAF)], but the mechanism underlying the linkage remained unclear. Herein, we studied the importance of DAF in enabling processes that program tolerance in the gut and the eye, two immune-privileged sites where immunosuppressive responses are continuously elicited. Unlike oral feeding or ocular injection of ovalbumin in wild-type (WT) mice, which induced dominant immune tolerance, identical treatment of DAF-/- mice or DAF-/- to WT bone marrow chimeras did not. While 10% to 30% of mesenteric and submandibular lymph node CD4+ cells became robust T-regulatory cells (Tregs) in WT forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)-green fluorescent protein mice, few in either site became Tregs with little suppressor activity in DAF-/- Foxp3-green fluorescent protein mice. Phenotyping of CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) from the ovalbumin-fed DAF-/- mice showed impaired expression of inducer of costimulation (ICOS) ligand, programmed death receptor 1-ligand 1 (PD1-L1), CxxxC chemokine receptor 1 (Cx3CR1), CCR7, and CCR9. Analyses of elicited DAF-/- Foxp3+ Tregs showed reduced expression of interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF-8)/aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A2 (Aldh1a2) and glycoprotein A repetitions predominant/latency-associated protein associated with Treg transforming growth factor-β production and presentation, as well as integrin β6/integrin β8 associated with Treg and CD103+ DC transforming growth factor-β release. Thus, DAF is required for the properties of CD103+ DCs and their naïve CD4+ cell partners that together program tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Strainic
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Fengqi An
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Erin Bailey
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Andrew Esposito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jörg Hamann
- Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter S Heeger
- Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - M Edward Medof
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
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17
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Fujita Y, Tinoco R, Li Y, Senft D, Ronai ZA. Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer Immunotherapy - Balancing Antitumor and Autoimmunity. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:428-443. [PMID: 30898473 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in understanding the contribution of E3 ubiquitin ligases to health and disease, including the pathogenesis of immunological disorders. Ubiquitin ligases exert exquisite spatial and temporal control over protein stability and function, and are thus crucial for the regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity. Given that immune responses can be both detrimental (autoimmunity) and beneficial (antitumor immunity), it is vital to understand how ubiquitin ligases maintain immunological homeostasis. Such knowledge could reveal novel mechanisms underlying immune regulation and identify new therapeutic approaches to enhance antitumor immunity and safeguard against autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fujita
- National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Present address: Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Roberto Tinoco
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yan Li
- National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Senft
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich, Germany
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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18
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Lork M, Staal J, Beyaert R. Ubiquitination and phosphorylation of the CARD11-BCL10-MALT1 signalosome in T cells. Cell Immunol 2018; 340:103877. [PMID: 30514565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antigen receptor-induced signaling plays an important role in inflammation and immunity. Formation of a CARD11-BCL10-MALT1 (CBM) signaling complex is a key event in T- and B cell receptor-induced gene expression by regulating NF-κB activation and mRNA stability. Deregulated CARD11, BCL10 or MALT1 expression or CBM signaling have been associated with immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and cancer, indicating that CBM formation and function have to be tightly regulated. Over the past years great progress has been made in deciphering the molecular mechanisms of assembly and disassembly of the CBM complex. In this context, several posttranslational modifications play an indispensable role in regulating CBM function and downstream signal transduction. In this review we summarize how the different CBM components as well as their interplay are regulated by protein ubiquitination and phosphorylation in the context of T cell receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lork
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jens Staal
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.
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19
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Bulatov E, Valiullina A, Sayarova R, Rizvanov A. Promising new therapeutic targets for regulation of inflammation and immunity: RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases. Immunol Lett 2018; 202:44-51. [PMID: 30099009 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a primary signaling pathway for regulation of protein turnover and removal of misfolded proteins in eukaryotic cells. Enzymes of the UPS pathway - E1 activating, E2 conjugating, E3 ligating - act together to covalently tag substrate proteins with a chain of ubiquitins, small regulatory proteins. The poly-ubiquitin chain then serves as a recognition motif for 26S proteasome to recognize and degrade the substrate. In recent years UPS has emerged as attractive enzymatic cascade for development of novel therapeutics against various human diseases. Building on the previous success of targeting this pathway in cancer - the broader scientific community is currently looking for ways to elucidate functions of E3 ligases, substrate-specific members of the UPS. RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases, the largest class of E3s, represent prospective targets for small molecule modulation and their importance is reinforced by ever growing evidence of playing role in non-cancer diseases, primarily associated with inflammatory and immune disorders. In this review, we aim to briefly cover the current knowledge of biological functions of RING-type E3 ligases in inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Bulatov
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation.
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20
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Zhang Y, Li LF, Munir M, Qiu HJ. RING-Domain E3 Ligase-Mediated Host-Virus Interactions: Orchestrating Immune Responses by the Host and Antagonizing Immune Defense by Viruses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1083. [PMID: 29872431 PMCID: PMC5972323 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The RING-domain E3 ligases (RING E3s), a group of E3 ligases containing one or two RING finger domains, are involved in various cellular processes such as cell proliferation, immune regulation, apoptosis, among others. In the host, a substantial number of the RING E3s have been implicated to inhibit viral replication through regulating immune responses, including activation and inhibition of retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors, toll-like receptors, and DNA receptor signaling pathways, modulation of cell-surface expression of major histocompatibility complex, and co-stimulatory molecules. During the course of evolution and adaptation, viruses encode RING E3s to antagonize host immune defense, such as the infected cell protein 0 of herpes simplex virus type 1, the non-structural protein 1 of rotavirus, and the K3 and K5 of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. In addition, recent studies suggest that viruses can hijack the host RING E3s to facilitate viral replication. Based on emerging and interesting discoveries, the RING E3s present novel links among the host and viruses. Herein, we focus on the latest research progresses in the RING E3s-mediated host–virus interactions and discuss the outlooks of the RING E3s for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, City of Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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21
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Liu P, Hsieh P, Lin H, Liu T, Wu H, Chen C, Chen Y. Grail is involved in adipocyte differentiation and diet-induced obesity. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:525. [PMID: 29743578 PMCID: PMC5943410 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Grail is a crucial regulator of various biological processes, including the development of T-cell anergy, antiviral innate immune response, and cancer. However, the role of Grail in adipogenesis and obesity remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that Grail knockdown in vitro leads to a decrease in PPARγ expression, resulting in adipogenesis inhibition. However, Grail overexpression induced the same effects. Grail was shown to interact with PPARγ, targeting it for degradation and modulating its adipogenic activity. PPARγ expression was shown to be considerably reduced in Grail knockout (KO) mice fed normal diet or high-fat diet (HFD). The administration of both normal diet or HFD to Grail KO mice led to lower adipose mass and body weight than those in the wild-type mice. HFD-fed Grail KO mice had improved glucose and insulin tolerance. Taken together, our results indicate that Grail plays a pivotal role in adipogenesis and diet-induced obesity by regulating PPARγ activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyao Liu
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, 114, Republic of China
| | - Poshiuan Hsieh
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, 114, Republic of China.,Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City, Taiwan, 114, Republic of China
| | - Huitsu Lin
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City, Taiwan, 114, Republic of China
| | - Tejung Liu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, 114, Republic of China.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, 114, Republic of China.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taoyuan Armed Force General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, 114, Republic of China
| | - Hsuehling Wu
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City, Taiwan, 114, Republic of China
| | - Chengcheung Chen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City, Taiwan, 114, Republic of China
| | - Yingchuan Chen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, New Taipei City, Taiwan, 114, Republic of China.
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22
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Dar AA, Bhat SA, Gogoi D, Gokhale A, Chiplunkar SV. Inhibition of Notch signalling has ability to alter the proximal and distal TCR signalling events in human CD3 + αβ T-cells. Mol Immunol 2017; 92:116-124. [PMID: 29078088 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Notch signalling pathway is an important regulator of T cell function and is known to regulate the effector functions of T cells driven by T cell receptor (TCR). However, the mechanism integrating these pathways in human CD3+ αβ T cells is not well understood. The present study was carried out to investigate how Notch and TCR driven signalling are synchronized in human αβ T cells. Differential expression of Notch receptors, ligands, and target genes is observed on human αβ T cells which are upregulated on stimulation with α-CD3/CD28 mAb. Inhibition of Notch signalling by GSI-X inhibited the activation of T cells and affected proximal T cell signalling by regulating CD3-ζ chain expression. Inhibition of Notch signalling decreased the protein expression of CD3-ζ chain and induced expression of E3 ubiquitin ligase (GRAIL) in human αβ T cells. Apart from affecting proximal TCR signalling, Notch signalling also regulated the distal TCR signalling events. In the absence of Notch signalling, α-CD3/CD28 mAb induced activation and IFN-γ production by αβ T cells was down-modulated. The absence of Notch signalling in human αβ T cells inhibited proliferative responses despite strong signalling through TCR and IL-2 receptor. This study shows how Notch signalling cooperates with TCR signalling by regulating CD3-ζ chain expression to support proliferation and activation of human αβ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif A Dar
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400094, India
| | - Sajad A Bhat
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400094, India
| | - Dimpu Gogoi
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400094, India
| | - Abhiram Gokhale
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India
| | - Shubhada V Chiplunkar
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400094, India.
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23
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Haymaker C, Yang Y, Wang J, Zou Q, Sahoo A, Alekseev A, Singh D, Ritthipichai K, Hailemichael Y, Hoang ON, Qin H, Schluns KS, Wang T, Overwijk WW, Sun SC, Bernatchez C, Kwak LW, Neelapu SS, Nurieva R. Absence of Grail promotes CD8 + T cell anti-tumour activity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:239. [PMID: 28798332 PMCID: PMC5552797 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00252-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell tolerance is a major obstacle to successful cancer immunotherapy; thus, developing strategies to break immune tolerance is a high priority. Here we show that expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Grail is upregulated in CD8+ T cells that have infiltrated into transplanted lymphoma tumours, and Grail deficiency confers long-term tumour control. Importantly, therapeutic transfer of Grail-deficient CD8+ T cells is sufficient to repress established tumours. Mechanistically, loss of Grail enhances anti-tumour reactivity and functionality of CD8+ T cells. In addition, Grail-deficient CD8+ T cells have increased IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) expression and hyperresponsiveness to IL-21 signalling as Grail promotes IL-21R ubiquitination and degradation. Moreover, CD8+ T cells isolated from lymphoma patients express higher levels of Grail and lower levels of IL-21R, compared with CD8+ T cells from normal donors. Our data demonstrate that Grail is a crucial factor controlling CD8+ T-cell function and is a potential target to improve cytotoxic T-cell activity.Grail is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that inhibits T-cell receptor signalling in CD4+ T cells. Here the authors show Grail also limits IL-21 receptor expression and function in CD8+ T cells, is overactive in these cells in patients with lymphoma, and promotes tumour development in a lymphoma transplant mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Haymaker
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Immunology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang St., Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130041, China
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Immunology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of Immunology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Anupama Sahoo
- Department of Immunology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Andrei Alekseev
- Department of Immunology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Divyendu Singh
- Department of Immunology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Krit Ritthipichai
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yared Hailemichael
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Oanh N Hoang
- Department of Immunology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hong Qin
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Kimberly S Schluns
- Department of Immunology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tiejun Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang St., Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130041, China
| | - Willem W Overwijk
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chantale Bernatchez
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Larry W Kwak
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Sattva S Neelapu
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Roza Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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24
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Rezende RM, Weiner HL. History and mechanisms of oral tolerance. Semin Immunol 2017; 30:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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26
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Athman JJ, Sande OJ, Groft SG, Reba SM, Nagy N, Wearsch PA, Richardson ET, Rojas R, Boom WH, Shukla S, Harding CV. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Membrane Vesicles Inhibit T Cell Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2028-2037. [PMID: 28122965 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis utilizes multiple mechanisms to evade host immune responses, and inhibition of effector CD4+ T cell responses by M. tuberculosis may contribute to immune evasion. TCR signaling is inhibited by M. tuberculosis cell envelope lipoglycans, such as lipoarabinomannan and lipomannan, but a mechanism for lipoglycans to traffic from M. tuberculosis within infected macrophages to reach T cells is unknown. In these studies, we found that membrane vesicles produced by M. tuberculosis and released from infected macrophages inhibited the activation of CD4+ T cells, as indicated by reduced production of IL-2 and reduced T cell proliferation. Flow cytometry and Western blot demonstrated that lipoglycans from M. tuberculosis-derived bacterial vesicles (BVs) are transferred to T cells, where they inhibit T cell responses. Stimulation of CD4+ T cells in the presence of BVs induced expression of GRAIL, a marker of T cell anergy; upon restimulation, these T cells showed reduced ability to proliferate, confirming a state of T cell anergy. Furthermore, lipoarabinomannan was associated with T cells after their incubation with infected macrophages in vitro and when T cells were isolated from lungs of M. tuberculosis-infected mice, confirming the occurrence of lipoarabinomannan trafficking to T cells in vivo. These studies demonstrate a novel mechanism for the direct regulation of CD4+ T cells by M. tuberculosis lipoglycans conveyed by BVs that are produced by M. tuberculosis and released from infected macrophages. These lipoglycans are transferred to T cells to inhibit T cell responses, providing a mechanism that may promote immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaffre J Athman
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Obondo J Sande
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106.,Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Sarah G Groft
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Scott M Reba
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Nancy Nagy
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Pamela A Wearsch
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Edward T Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Roxana Rojas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106.,Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | - W Henry Boom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106.,Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; and.,Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Supriya Shukla
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Clifford V Harding
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; .,Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; and.,Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
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27
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Stempin CC, Rojas Marquez JD, Ana Y, Cerban FM. GRAIL and Otubain-1 are Related to T Cell Hyporesponsiveness during Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005307. [PMID: 28114324 PMCID: PMC5289611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi infection is associated with severe T cell unresponsiveness to antigens and mitogens and is characterized by decreased IL-2 synthesis. In addition, the acquisition of the anergic phenotype is correlated with upregulation of "gene related to anergy in lymphocytes" (GRAIL) protein in CD4 T cells. We therefore sought to examine the role of GRAIL in CD4 T cell proliferation during T. cruzi infection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Balb/c mice were infected intraperitoneally with 500 blood-derived trypomastigotes of Tulahuen strain, and spleen cells from control non-infected or infected animals were obtained. CD4 T cell proliferation was assessed by CFSE staining, and the expression of GRAIL in splenic T cells was measured by real-time PCR, flow cytometry and Western blot. We found increased GRAIL expression at the early stages of infection, coinciding with the peak of parasitemia, with these findings correlating with impaired proliferation and poor IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion in response to plate-bound antibodies. In addition, we showed that the expression of GRAIL E3-ubiquitin ligase in CD4 T cells during the acute phase of infection was complemented by a high expression of inhibitory receptors such as PD-1 and CTLA-4. We demonstrated that GRAIL expression during infection was modulated by the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, since addition of IL-2 or CTLA-4 blockade in splenocytes from mice 21 days post infection led to a reduction in GRAIL expression. Furthermore, addition of IL-2 was able to activate the mTOR pathway, inducing Otubain-1 expression, which mediated GRAIL degradation and improved T cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that GRAIL expression induced by the parasite may be maintained by the increased expression of inhibitory molecules, which blocked mTOR activation and IL-2 secretion. Consequently, the GRAIL regulator Otubain-1 was not expressed and GRAIL maintained the brake on T cell proliferation. Our findings reveal a novel association between increased GRAIL expression and impaired CD4 T cell proliferation during Trypanosoma cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia C. Stempin
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jorge D. Rojas Marquez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Yamile Ana
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fabio M. Cerban
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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28
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Song G, Liu B, Li Z, Wu H, Wang P, Zhao K, Jiang G, Zhang L, Gao C. E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF128 promotes innate antiviral immunity through K63-linked ubiquitination of TBK1. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1342-1351. [PMID: 27776110 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
TBK1 is essential for interferon-β (IFN-β) production and innate antiviral immunity. Here we identified the T cell anergy-related E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF128 as a positive regulator of TBK1 activation. RNF128 directly interacted with TBK1 through its protease-associated (PA) domain and catalyzed the K63-linked polyubiquitination of TBK1, which led to TBK1 activation, IRF3 activation and IFN-β production. Deficiency of RNF128 expression attenuated IRF3 activation, IFN-β production and innate antiviral immune responses to RNA and DNA viruses, in vitro and in vivo. Our study identified RNF128 as an E3 ligase for K63-linked ubiquitination and activation of TBK1 and delineated a previously unrecognized function for RNF128.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Song
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University the School of Medicine, Jinan, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Bingyu Liu
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University the School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Haifeng Wu
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University the School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University the School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University the School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guosheng Jiang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University the School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chengjiang Gao
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University the School of Medicine, Jinan, China
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29
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Abstract
Itch or itchy E3 ubiquitin ligase was initially discovered by genetic studies on the mouse coat color changes, and its deletion results in an itchy phenotype with constant skin scratching and multi-organ inflammation. It is a member of the homologous to E6-associated protein C-terminus (HECT)-type family of E3 ligases, with the protein-interacting WW-domains for the recruitment of substrate and the HECT domain for the transfer of ubiquitin to the substrate. Since its discovery, numerous studies have demonstrated that Itch is involved in the control of many aspects of immune responses including T-cell activation and tolerance and T-helper cell differentiation. Itch is also implicated in other biological contexts such as tumorigenesis, development, and stress responses. Many signaling pathways are regulated by Itch-promoted ubiquitylation of diverse target proteins. Itch is also involved in human diseases. Here, we discuss the major progress in understanding the biological significance of Itch-promoted protein ubiquitylation in the immune and other systems and in Itch-mediated regulation of signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Aki
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Cai Liu
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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30
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Lutz MB. Induction of CD4(+) Regulatory and Polarized Effector/helper T Cells by Dendritic Cells. Immune Netw 2016; 16:13-25. [PMID: 26937228 PMCID: PMC4770096 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered to play major roles during the induction of T cell immune responses as well as the maintenance of T cell tolerance. Naive CD4(+) T cells have been shown to respond with high plasticity to signals inducing their polarization into effector/helper or regulatory T cells. Data obtained from in vitro generated bone-marrow (BM)-derived DCs as well as genetic mouse models revealed an important but not exclusive role of DCs in shaping CD4(+) T cell responses. Besides the specialization of some conventional DC subsets for the induction of polarized immunity, also the maturation stage, activation of specialized transcription factors and the cytokine production of DCs have major impact on CD4(+) T cells. Since in vitro generated BM-DCs show a high diversity to shape CD4(+) T cells and their high similarity to monocyte-derived DCs in vivo, this review reports data mainly on BM-DCs in this process and only touches the roles of transcription factors or of DC subsets, which have been discussed elsewhere. Here, recent findings on 1) the conversion of naive into anergic and further into Foxp3(-) regulatory T cells (Treg) by immature DCs, 2) the role of RelB in steady state migratory DCs (ssmDCs) for conversion of naive T cells into Foxp3(+) Treg, 3) the DC maturation signature for polarized Th2 cell induction and 4) the DC source of IL-12 for Th1 induction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred B Lutz
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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31
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O'Leary CE, Lewis EL, Oliver PM. Ubiquitylation as a Rheostat for TCR Signaling: From Targeted Approaches Toward Global Profiling. Front Immunol 2015; 6:618. [PMID: 26732666 PMCID: PMC4679856 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) signaling must be precisely tuned to limit collateral damage and prevent reactivity to self, while still allowing robust protective immune responses that control pathogen invasion. One process that can be used to promote, modify, or terminate TCR signaling is ubiquitylation. During ubiquitylation, ubiquitin is covalently attached to target proteins through a multistep process, in which E3 ubiquitin ligases promote the formation of ubiquitin chains on selected substrates. Ubiquitylation can facilitate protein–protein interactions, direct a protein to a specific subcellular location, or initiate protein destruction. Like phosphorylation, ubiquitylation is a reversible process – deubiquitylating enzymes counteract ligase function by removing ubiquitin chains. This reversibility also allows for ubiquitin chain “editing.” Based on an emerging wealth of information from genetic loss-of-function studies showing that deregulation of ubiquitylation pathways leads to immune dysfunction, it has become increasingly apparent that the dynamic process of ubiquitylation is critical for normal immune cell function. In this review, we will describe how ubiquitylation acts as a key modulator and integrator of signaling downstream of TCR engagement. Specifically, we highlight the known roles of the substrate-specific E3 ligases and deubiquitylating enzymes in TCR signaling and T cell activation. While it is clear that ubiquitin enzymes tune T cell signaling and T cell function, elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which these proteins modulate T cells has met with significant challenges. Identifying substrates of these enzymes has been a particular challenge, and thus substrates of many E3 ligases and deubiquitylating enzymes remain largely unknown. To that end, we discuss the promise, and some practical considerations, of using proteomics-based techniques for unbiased identification of putative substrates of ubiquitin cascade proteins within primary T cells. These methods provide an exciting opportunity for further defining how TCR signals are regulated and for identifying new targets for therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E O'Leary
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Emma L Lewis
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Paula M Oliver
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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32
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Sande OJ, Karim AF, Li Q, Ding X, Harding CV, Rojas RE, Boom WH. Mannose-Capped Lipoarabinomannan from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces CD4+ T Cell Anergy via GRAIL. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:691-702. [PMID: 26667170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall glycolipid, lipoarabinomannan, can inhibit CD4(+) T cell activation by downregulating the phosphorylation of key proximal TCR signaling molecules: Lck, CD3ζ, ZAP70, and LAT. Inhibition of proximal TCR signaling can result in T cell anergy, in which T cells are inactivated following an Ag encounter, yet remain viable and hyporesponsive. We tested whether mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (LAM)-induced inhibition of CD4(+) T cell activation resulted in CD4(+) T cell anergy. The presence of LAM during primary stimulation of P25 TCR-transgenic murine CD4(+) T cells with M. tuberculosis Ag85B peptide resulted in decreased proliferation and IL-2 production. P25 TCR-transgenic CD4(+) T cells primed in the presence of LAM also exhibited decreased response upon restimulation with Ag85B. The T cell anergic state persisted after the removal of LAM. Hyporesponsiveness to restimulation was not due to apoptosis, generation of Foxp3-positive regulatory T cells, or inhibitory cytokines. Acquisition of the anergic phenotype correlated with upregulation of gene related to anergy in lymphocytes (GRAIL) protein in CD4(+) T cells. Inhibition of human CD4(+) T cell activation by LAM also was associated with increased GRAIL expression. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of GRAIL before LAM treatment abrogated LAM-induced hyporesponsiveness. In addition, exogenous IL-2 reversed defective proliferation by downregulating GRAIL expression. These results demonstrate that LAM upregulates GRAIL to induce anergy in Ag-reactive CD4(+) T cells. Induction of CD4(+) T cell anergy by LAM may represent one mechanism by which M. tuberculosis evades T cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obondo J Sande
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; and Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Ahmad F Karim
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | - Xuedong Ding
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | - Clifford V Harding
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Roxana E Rojas
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | - W Henry Boom
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; and Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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33
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Ndrg1 is a T-cell clonal anergy factor negatively regulated by CD28 costimulation and interleukin-2. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8698. [PMID: 26507712 PMCID: PMC4846325 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of T-cell clonal anergy involves serial activation of transcription factors, including NFAT and Egr2/3. However, downstream effector mechanisms of these transcription factors are not fully understood yet. Here we identify Ndrg1 as an anergy factor induced by Egr2. Ndrg1 is upregulated by anergic signalling and maintained at high levels in resting anergic T cells. Overexpression of Ndrg1 mimics the anergic state and knockout of the gene prevents anergy induction. Interestingly, Ndrg1 is phosphorylated and degraded by CD28 signalling in a proteasome-dependent manner, explaining the costimulation dependence of anergy prevention. Similarly, IL-2 treatment of anergic T cells, under conditions that lead to the reversal of anergy, also induces Ndrg1 phosphorylation and degradation. Finally, older Ndrg1-deficient mice show T-cell hyperresponsiveness and Ndrg1-deficient T cells aggravate inducible autoimmune inflammation. Thus, Ndrg1 contributes to the maintenance of clonal anergy and inhibition of T-cell-mediated inflammation.
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34
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K33-linked polyubiquitination of Zap70 by Nrdp1 controls CD8(+) T cell activation. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:1253-62. [PMID: 26390156 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The key molecular mechanisms that control signaling via T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) remain to be fully elucidated. Here we found that Nrdp1, a ring finger-type E3 ligase, mediated Lys33 (K33)-linked polyubiquitination of the signaling kinase Zap70 and promoted the dephosphorylation of Zap70 by the acidic phosphatase-like proteins Sts1 and Sts2 and thereby terminated early TCR signaling in CD8(+) T cells. Nrdp1 deficiency significantly promoted the activation of naive CD8(+) T cells but not that of naive CD4(+) T cells after engagement of the TCR. Nrdp1 interacted with Zap70 and with Sts1 and Sts2 and connected K33 linkage of Zap70 to Sts1- and Sts2-mediated dephosphorylation. Our study suggests that Nrdp1 terminates early TCR signaling by inactivating Zap70 and provides new mechanistic insights into the non-proteolytic regulation of TCR signaling by E3 ligases.
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35
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Parigi SM, Eldh M, Larssen P, Gabrielsson S, Villablanca EJ. Breast Milk and Solid Food Shaping Intestinal Immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:415. [PMID: 26347740 PMCID: PMC4541369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
After birth, the intestinal immune system enters a critical developmental stage, in which tolerogenic and pro-inflammatory cells emerge to contribute to the overall health of the host. The neonatal health is continuously challenged by microbial colonization and food intake, first in the form of breast milk or formula and later in the form of solid food. The microbiota and dietary compounds shape the newborn immune system, which acquires the ability to induce tolerance against innocuous antigens or induce pro-inflammatory immune responses against pathogens. Disruption of these homeostatic mechanisms might lead to undesired immune reactions, such as food allergies and inflammatory bowel disease. Hence, a proper education and maturation of the intestinal immune system is likely important to maintain life-long intestinal homeostasis. In this review, the most recent literature regarding the effects of dietary compounds in the development of the intestinal immune system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Parigi
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Maria Eldh
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Pia Larssen
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Susanne Gabrielsson
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Eduardo J Villablanca
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
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36
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Banerji J. Asparaginase treatment side-effects may be due to genes with homopolymeric Asn codons (Review-Hypothesis). Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:607-26. [PMID: 26178806 PMCID: PMC4533780 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present treatment of childhood T-cell leukemias involves the systemic administration of prokary-otic L-asparaginase (ASNase), which depletes plasma Asparagine (Asn) and inhibits protein synthesis. The mechanism of therapeutic action of ASNase is poorly understood, as are the etiologies of the side-effects incurred by treatment. Protein expression from genes bearing Asn homopolymeric coding regions (N-hCR) may be particularly susceptible to Asn level fluctuation. In mammals, N-hCR are rare, short and conserved. In humans, misfunctions of genes encoding N-hCR are associated with a cluster of disorders that mimic ASNase therapy side-effects which include impaired glycemic control, dislipidemia, pancreatitis, compromised vascular integrity, and neurological dysfunction. This paper proposes that dysregulation of Asn homeostasis, potentially even by ASNase produced by the microbiome, may contribute to several clinically important syndromes by altering expression of N-hCR bearing genes. By altering amino acid abundance and modulating ribosome translocation rates at codon repeats, the microbiomic environment may contribute to genome decoding and to shaping the proteome. We suggest that impaired translation at poly Asn codons elevates diabetes risk and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Banerji
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, MGH, Simches Research Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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37
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Friend SF, Deason-Towne F, Peterson LK, Berger AJ, Dragone LL. Regulation of T cell receptor complex-mediated signaling by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifications. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 3:107-123. [PMID: 25628960 PMCID: PMC4299764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational protein modifications are a dynamic method of regulating protein function in response to environmental signals. As with any cellular process, T cell receptor (TCR) complex-mediated signaling is highly regulated, since the strength and duration of TCR-generated signals governs T cell development and activation. While regulation of TCR complex-mediated signaling by phosphorylation has been well studied, regulation by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifiers is still an emerging area of investigation. This review will examine how ubiquitin, E3 ubiquitin ligases, and other ubiquitin-like modifications such as SUMO and NEDD8 regulate TCR complex-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha F Friend
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of MedicineAurora, CO 80045, USA
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and National Jewish HealthDenver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Francina Deason-Towne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of MedicineAurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Biology, Regis UniversityDenver, CO 80221, USA
| | - Lisa K Peterson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of MedicineAurora, CO 80045, USA
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and National Jewish HealthDenver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Allison J Berger
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co.Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leonard L Dragone
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of MedicineAurora, CO 80045, USA
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and National Jewish HealthDenver, CO 80206, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Colorado Children’s HospitalAurora, CO 80045, USA
- Since completing this study, Dr. Dragone has joined Genentech, a member of the Roche group. GenentechSouth San Francisco, CA 94090, USA
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Pletinckx K, Vaeth M, Schneider T, Beyersdorf N, Hünig T, Berberich-Siebelt F, Lutz MB. Immature dendritic cells convert anergic nonregulatory T cells into Foxp3- IL-10+ regulatory T cells by engaging CD28 and CTLA-4. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:480-91. [PMID: 25382658 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anergic T cells can survive for long time periods passively in a hyporesponsive state without obvious active functions. Thus, the immunological reason for their maintenance is unclear. Here, we induced peptide-specific anergy in T cells from mice by coculturing these cells with immature murine dendritic cells (DCs). We found that these anergic, nonsuppressive IL-10(-) Foxp3(-) CTLA-4(+) CD25(low) Egr2(+) T cells could be converted into suppressive IL-10(+) Foxp3(-) CTLA-4(+) CD25(high) Egr2(+) cells resembling type-1 Treg cells (Tr1) when stimulated a second time by immature DCs in vitro. Addition of TGF-β during anergy induction favored Foxp3(+) Treg-cell induction, while TGF-β had little effect when added to the second stimulation. Expression of both CD28 and CTLA-4 molecules on anergic T cells was required to allow their conversion into Tr1-like cells. Suppressor activity was enabled via CD28-mediated CD25 upregulation, acting as an IL-2 sink, together with a CTLA-4-mediated inhibition of NFATc1/α activation to shut down IL-2-mediated proliferation. Together, these data provide evidence and mechanistical insights into how persistent anergic T cells may serve as a resting memory pool for Tr1-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Pletinckx
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Barbi J, Pardoll D, Pan F. Treg functional stability and its responsiveness to the microenvironment. Immunol Rev 2014; 259:115-39. [PMID: 24712463 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) prevent autoimmunity and tissue damage resulting from excessive or unnecessary immune activation through their suppressive function. While their importance for proper immune control is undeniable, the stability of the Treg lineage has recently become a controversial topic. Many reports have shown dramatic loss of the signature Treg transcription factor Forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) and Treg function under various inflammatory conditions. Other recent studies demonstrate that most Tregs are extremely resilient in their expression of Foxp3 and the retention of suppressive function. While this debate is unlikely to be settled in the immediate future, improved understanding of the considerable heterogeneity within the Foxp3(+) Treg population and how Treg subsets respond to ranging environmental cues may be keys to reconciliation. In this review, we discuss the diverse mechanisms responsible for the observed stability or instability of Foxp3(+) Treg identity and function. These include transcriptional and epigenetic programs, transcript targeting, and posttranslational modifications that appear responsive to numerous elements of the microenvironment. These mechanisms for Treg functional modulation add to the discussion of Treg stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Barbi
- Department of Oncology, Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Xie A, Zheng X, Khattar M, Schroder P, Stepkowski S, Xia J, Chen W. TCR stimulation without co-stimulatory signals induces expression of "tolerogenic" genes in memory CD4 T cells but does not compromise cell proliferation. Mol Immunol 2014; 63:406-11. [PMID: 25306961 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cells resist co-stimulatory blockade and present a unique therapeutic challenge in transplantation and autoimmune diseases. Herein, we determined whether memory T cells express less "tolerogenic" genes than naïve T cells to reinforce a proliferative response under the deprivation of co-stimulatory signals. The expression of ∼40 tolerogenic genes in memory and naïve CD4(+) T cells was thus assessed during an in vitro TCR stimulation without co-stimulation. Briefly, upon TCR stimulation with an anti-CD3 mAb alone, memory CD4(+) T cells exhibited more proliferation than naïve CD4(+) T cells. To our surprise, at 24h upon anti-CD3 mAb stimulation, memory CD4(+) T cells expressed more than a 5-fold higher level of the transcription factor Egr2 and a 20-fold higher level of the transmembrane E3 ubiquitin ligase GRAIL than those in naïve T cells. Hence, the high-level expression of tolerogenic genes, Egr2 and GRAIL, in memory CD4(+) T cells does not prevent cell proliferation. Importantly, anti-CD3 mAb-stimulated memory CD4(+) T cells expressed high protein/gene levels of phosphorylated STAT5, Nedd4, Bcl-2, and Bcl-XL. Therefore, co-stimulation-independent proliferation of memory CD4(+) T cells may be due to elevated expression of molecules that support cell proliferation and survival, but not lack of tolerogenic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aini Xie
- Center for Immunobiology and Transplantation Research, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Xiong Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Luwan Branch, Shanghai 200020, China
| | - Mithun Khattar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo OH 43614, United States
| | - Paul Schroder
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo OH 43614, United States
| | - Stanislaw Stepkowski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo OH 43614, United States.
| | - Jiahong Xia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China.
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Center for Immunobiology and Transplantation Research, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo OH 43614, United States
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Sahoo A, Alekseev A, Obertas L, Nurieva R. Grail controls Th2 cell development by targeting STAT6 for degradation. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4732. [PMID: 25145352 PMCID: PMC5100808 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper (Th)-2 cells are the major players in allergic asthma; however, the mechanisms that control Th2-mediated inflammation are poorly understood. Here we find that enhanced expression of Grail, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, in Th2 cells depends on IL-4-signaling components, Stat6 and Gata3 that bind to and transactivate the Grail promoter. Grail-deficiency in T cells leads to increased expression of Th2 effector cytokines in vitro and in vivo and Grail deficient mice are more susceptible to allergic asthma. Mechanistically, the enhanced effector function of Grail-deficient Th2 cells is mediated by increased expression of Stat6 and IL-4 receptor α-chain. Grail interacts with Stat6 and targets it for ubiquitination and degradation. Thus, our results indicate that Grail plays a critical role in controlling Th2 development through a negative feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Sahoo
- Department of Immunology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Andrei Alekseev
- Department of Immunology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lidiya Obertas
- Department of Immunology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Roza Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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42
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Pan F, Barbi J. Ubiquitous points of control over regulatory T cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:555-69. [PMID: 24777637 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modification by ubiquitin tagging is crucial for regulating the stability, activity and cellular localization of many target proteins involved in processes including DNA repair, cell cycle progression, protein quality control, and signal transduction. It has long been appreciated that ubiquitin-mediated events are important for certain signaling pathways leading to leukocyte activation and the stimulation of effector function. Now it is clear that the activities of molecules and pathways central to immune regulation are also modified and controlled by ubiquitin tagging. Among the mechanisms of immune control, regulatory T cells (or Tregs) are themselves particularly sensitive to such regulation. E3 ligases and deubiquitinases both influence Tregs through their effects on the signaling pathways pertinent to these cells or through the direct, posttranslational regulation of Foxp3. In this review, we will summarize and discuss several examples of ubiquitin-mediated control over multiple aspects of Treg biology including the generation, function and phenotypic fidelity of these cells. Fully explored and exploited, these potential opportunities for Treg modulation may lead to novel immunotherapies for both positive and negative fine-tuning of immune restraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Pan
- Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA,
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Isayenkov SV. Plant vacuoles: Physiological roles and mechanisms of vacuolar sorting and vesicular trafficking. CYTOL GENET+ 2014. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452714020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Choi UY, Hur JY, Lee MS, Zhang Q, Choi WY, Kim LK, Lee WB, Oh GT, Kim YJ. Tripartite motif-containing protein 30 modulates TCR-activated proliferation and effector functions in CD4+ T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95805. [PMID: 24756037 PMCID: PMC3995923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To avoid excessive activation, immune signals are tightly controlled by diverse inhibitory proteins. TRIM30, a tripartite motif (TRIM)-containing protein is one of such inhibitors known to function in macrophages. To define the roles of TRIM30, we generated Trim30 knockout (Trim30−/−) mice. Trim30 deletion caused no major developmental defects in any organs, nor showed any discernable defect in the activation of macrophages. But, Trim30−/− mice showed increased CD4/CD8 ratio when aged and Trim30−/− CD4+ T cells exhibited an abnormal response upon TCR activation, in particular in the absence of a costimulatory signal. Adoptive transfer of wild-type and Trim30−/− CD4+ T cells together into lymphopenic hosts confirmed higher proliferation of the Trim30−/− CD4+ T cells in vivo. Despite the enhanced proliferation, Trim30−/− T cells showed decreased levels of NF-κB activation and IL-2 production compared to wild-type cells. These results indicate a distinct requirement for TRIM30 in modulation of NF-κB activation and cell proliferation induced by TCR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un Yung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Hur
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myeong Sup Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Quanri Zhang
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Young Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lark Kyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wook-Bin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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45
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Aziz M, Yang WL, Matsuo S, Sharma A, Zhou M, Wang P. Upregulation of GRAIL is associated with impaired CD4 T cell proliferation in sepsis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:2305-14. [PMID: 24477910 PMCID: PMC3943916 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The loss of numbers and functionality of CD4 T cells is observed in sepsis; however, the mechanism remains elusive. Gene related to anergy in lymphocytes (GRAIL) is critical for the impairment of CD4 T cell proliferation. We therefore sought to examine the role of GRAIL in CD4 T cell proliferation during sepsis. Sepsis was induced in 10-wk-old male C57BL/6 mice by cecal ligation and puncture. Splenocytes were isolated and subjected to flow cytometry to determine CD4 T cell contents. CD4 T cell proliferation was assessed by CFSE staining, and the expression of GRAIL in splenocytes was measured by immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR, and flow cytometry. The expressions of IL-2 and early growth response-2 were determined by real-time PCR. As compared with shams, the numbers of CD4 T cells were significantly reduced in spleens. Septic CD4 T cells were less efficient in proliferation than shams. The IL-2 expression was significantly reduced, whereas the GRAIL expression was significantly increased in septic mice splenocytes as compared with shams. The small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of GRAIL expression re-established the CD4 T cell proliferation ability ex vivo. Similarly, the treatment with recombinant murine IL-2 to the septic CD4 T cells restored their proliferation ability by downregulating GRAIL expression. Our findings reveal a novel association of the increased GRAIL expression with impaired CD4 T cell proliferation, implicating an emerging therapeutic tool in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monowar Aziz
- Center for Translational Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030
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Abstract
The ubiquitin system plays a pivotal role in the regulation of immune responses. This system includes a large family of E3 ubiquitin ligases of over 700 proteins and about 100 deubiquitinating enzymes, with the majority of their biological functions remaining unknown. Over the last decade, through a combination of genetic, biochemical, and molecular approaches, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of how the process of protein ubiquitination and its reversal deubiquitination controls the basic aspect of the immune system including lymphocyte development, differentiation, activation, and tolerance induction and regulates the pathophysiological abnormalities such as autoimmunity, allergy, and malignant formation. In this review, we selected some of the published literature to discuss the roles of protein-ubiquitin conjugation and deubiquitination in T-cell activation and anergy, regulatory T-cell and T-helper cell differentiation, regulation of NF-κB signaling, and hematopoiesis in both normal and dysregulated conditions. A comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the ubiquitin system and immunity will provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of immune regulation and at the same time will advance new therapeutic intervention for human immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Park
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hyung-seung Jin
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Daisuke Aki
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jeeho Lee
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yun-Cai Liu
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA.
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Abstract
T cells are the master regulators of adaptive immune responses and maintenance of their tolerance is critical to prevent autoimmunity. However, in the case of carcinogenesis, the tumor microenvironment aids T-cell tolerance, which contributes to uncontrolled tumor growth. Recently, there has been significant progress in understanding the intrinsic extracellular (positive and negative costimulatory molecules on APCs) and intracellular mechanisms (E3 ubiquitin ligases, transcriptional and epigenetic repressors), as well as extrinsic mechanisms (Tregs and tolerogenic dendritic cells) that are required for the implementation and maintenance of T-cell tolerance. Ultimately, understanding and manipulating T-cell tolerance will help to break the tolerance state in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza Nurieva
- Department of Immunology & Center for Inflammation & Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Immunology & Center for Inflammation & Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anupama Sahoo
- Department of Immunology & Center for Inflammation & Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
One of the mechanisms that are in place to control the activation of mature T cells that bear self-reactive antigen receptors is anergy, a long-term state of hyporesponsiveness that is established in T cells in response to suboptimal stimulation. T cells receive signals that result not only from antigen recognition and costimulation but also from other sources, including cytokine receptors, inhibitory receptors or metabolic sensors. Integration of those signals will determine T cell fate. Under conditions that induce anergy, T cells activate a program of gene expression that leads to the production of proteins that block T cell receptor signaling and inhibit cytokine gene expression. In this review we will examine those signals that determine functional outcome following antigen encounter, review current knowledge of the factors that ensure signaling inhibition and epigenetic gene silencing in anergic cells and explore the mechanisms that lead to the reversal of anergy and the reacquisition of effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Valdor
- Department of Pathology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Bronx, NY. USA
| | - Fernando Macian
- Department of Pathology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Bronx, NY. USA
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Tle4 regulates epigenetic silencing of gamma interferon expression during effector T helper cell tolerance. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 34:233-45. [PMID: 24190972 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00902-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to suboptimal activation, T cells become hyporesponsive, with a severely reduced capacity to proliferate and produce cytokines upon reencounter with antigen. Chromatin analysis of T cells made tolerant by use of different in vitro and in vivo approaches reveals that the expression of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) is epigenetically silenced in anergic effector TH1 cells. In those T cells, calcium signaling triggers the expression of Tle4, a member of the Groucho family of corepressors, which is then recruited to a distal regulatory element in the Ifng locus and causes the establishment of repressive epigenetic marks at the Ifng gene regulatory elements. Consequently, impaired Tle4 activity results in a markedly reduced capacity to inhibit IFN-γ production in tolerized T cells. We propose that Blimp1-dependent recruitment of Tle4 to the Ifng locus causes epigenetic silencing of the expression of the Ifng gene in anergic TH1 cells. These results define a novel function of Groucho family corepressors in peripheral T cells and demonstrate that specific mechanisms are activated in tolerant T helper cells to directly repress expression of effector cytokines, supporting the hypothesis that stable epigenetic imprinting contributes to the maintenance of the tolerance-associated hyporesponsive phenotype in T cells.
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50
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Can we produce true tolerance in patients with food allergy? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:14-22. [PMID: 23265693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Immune tolerance is defined as nonresponsiveness of the adaptive immune system to antigens. Immune mechanisms preventing inappropriate immune reactivity to innocuous antigens include deletion of reactive lymphocytes and generation of regulatory T (Treg) cells. The normal response to food antigens is the generation of antigen-specific Treg cells. In patients with food allergy, the dominant immune response is a T(H)2-skewed T-cell response and the generation of food-specific IgE antibodies from B cells. It is not known whether a failure of the Treg cell response is behind this inappropriate immune response, but interventions that boost the Treg cell response, such as mucosal immunotherapy, might lead to a restoration of immune tolerance to foods. Tolerance has been notoriously difficult to restore in animal disease models, but limited data from human trials suggest that tolerance (sustained nonresponsiveness) can be re-established in a subset of patients. Furthermore, studies on the natural history of food allergy indicate that spontaneous development of tolerance to foods over time is not uncommon. The current challenge is to understand the mechanisms responsible for restoration of natural or induced tolerance so that interventions can be developed to more successfully induce tolerance in the majority of patients with food allergy.
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