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Chang CS, Yu SS, Ho LC, Chao SH, Chou TY, Shao AN, Kao LZ, Chang CY, Chen YH, Wu MS, Tsai PJ, Maeda N, Tsai YS. Inguinal Fat Compensates Whole Body Metabolic Functionality in Partially Lipodystrophic Mice with Reduced PPARγ Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3904. [PMID: 36835312 PMCID: PMC9966317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) gene mutations in humans and mice lead to whole-body insulin resistance and partial lipodystrophy. It is unclear whether preserved fat depots in partial lipodystrophy are beneficial for whole-body metabolic homeostasis. We analyzed the insulin response and expression of metabolic genes in the preserved fat depots of PpargC/- mice, a familial partial lipodystrophy type 3 (FPLD3) mouse model resulting from a 75% decrease in Pparg transcripts. Perigonadal fat of PpargC/- mice in the basal state showed dramatic decreases in adipose tissue mass and insulin sensitivity, whereas inguinal fat showed compensatory increases. Preservation of inguinal fat metabolic ability and flexibility was reflected by the normal expression of metabolic genes in the basal or fasting/refeeding states. The high nutrient load further increased insulin sensitivity in inguinal fat, but the expression of metabolic genes became dysregulated. Inguinal fat removal resulted in further impairment of whole-body insulin sensitivity in PpargC/- mice. Conversely, the compensatory increase in insulin sensitivity of the inguinal fat in PpargC/- mice diminished as activation of PPARγ by its agonists restored insulin sensitivity and metabolic ability of perigonadal fat. Together, we demonstrated that inguinal fat of PpargC/- mice plays a compensatory role in combating perigonadal fat abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherng-Shyang Chang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Shiuan Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chun Ho
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hsin Chao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Chou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Ning Shao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Zhen Kao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Chang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shan Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Nobuyo Maeda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yau-Sheng Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan
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Lugol Increases Lipolysis through Upregulation of PPAR-Gamma and Downregulation of C/EBP-Alpha in Mature 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. J Nutr Metab 2020; 2020:2302795. [PMID: 33014457 PMCID: PMC7519197 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2302795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are defined as excessive and abnormal fat accumulation that is harmful to health. This study analyzes the effect of different concentrations of the lugol solution (molecular iodine dissolved in potassium iodide) on lipolysis in cultured 3T3-L1-differentiated adipocytes. The mature adipocytes were treated with doses from 1 to 100 µm of lugol for 0.5, 6, and 24 h. The results showed that mature adipocytes exposed to lugol decrease their viability and increase caspase-3 activity with a lethal dose (LD50) of 473 µm. In mature adipocytes, lugol decreased the total intracellular lipid content, being significant at doses of 10 and 100 µm after 6 and 24 h of treatment (P < 0.01), and the accumulation of intracellular triglycerides decreased after 24 h of exposure to lugol (P < 0.05). Lugol treatment significantly increases the release of glycerol to the culture medium (P < 0.05). The levels of adipocyte-specific transcription factors C/EBP-α were downregulated and PPAR-γ upregulated after 30 min with lugol. These results indicate a lipolytic effect of lugol dependent on PPAR-γ and C/EBP-α expression in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Liu L, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Bi X, Nie L, Liu C, Xiong J, He T, Xu X, Yu Y, Yang K, Gu J, Huang Y, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Zhao J. High phosphate-induced downregulation of PPARγ contributes to CKD-associated vascular calcification. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 114:264-275. [PMID: 29197521 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Medial arterial calcification associated with hyperphosphatemia is a main cause of cardiovascular mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the mechanisms underlying high phosphate-induced vascular calcification remain largely unknown. Here, we observed a significant decrease in the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) in calcified arteries both in CKD patients and in a mouse model of CKD with hyperphosphatemia. In vitro, high phosphate treatment led to a decreased expression of PPARγ in mouse vascular smooth muscle cells (VMSCs), accompanied by apparent osteogenic differentiation and calcification. Pretreatment with PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone significantly reversed high phosphate-induced VSMCs calcification. Further investigation showed that methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (Mecp2)-mediated epigenetic repression was involved in high phosphate-induced PPARγ downregulation. Moreover, the expression of Klotho that has the ability to inhibit vascular calcification by regulating phosphate uptake decreased with the PPARγ reduction in VSMCs after high phosphate treatment, and rosiglitazone failed to inhibit high phosphate-induced calcification in VSMCs with knockdown of Klotho or in aortic rings from Klotho-deficient (kl/kl) mice. Finally, an in vivo study demonstrated that oral administration of rosiglitazone could increase Klotho expression and protect against high phosphate-induced vascular calcification in CKD mice. These findings suggest that the inhibition of PPARγ expression may contribute to the pathogenesis of high phosphate-induced vascular calcification, which may provide a new therapeutic target for vascular calcification in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xianjin Bi
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ling Nie
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jiachuan Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ting He
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xinlin Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yanlin Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yunjian Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhiren Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jinghong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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Cai W, Yang T, Liu H, Han L, Zhang K, Hu X, Zhang X, Yin KJ, Gao Y, Bennett MVL, Leak RK, Chen J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ): A master gatekeeper in CNS injury and repair. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 163-164:27-58. [PMID: 29032144 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a widely expressed ligand-modulated transcription factor that governs the expression of genes involved in inflammation, redox equilibrium, trophic factor production, insulin sensitivity, and the metabolism of lipids and glucose. Synthetic PPARγ agonists (e.g. thiazolidinediones) are used to treat Type II diabetes and have the potential to limit the risk of developing brain injuries such as stroke by mitigating the influence of comorbidities. If brain injury develops, PPARγ serves as a master gatekeeper of cytoprotective stress responses, improving the chances of cellular survival and recovery of homeostatic equilibrium. In the acute injury phase, PPARγ directly restricts tissue damage by inhibiting the NFκB pathway to mitigate inflammation and stimulating the Nrf2/ARE axis to neutralize oxidative stress. During the chronic phase of acute brain injuries, PPARγ activation in injured cells culminates in the repair of gray and white matter, preservation of the blood-brain barrier, reconstruction of the neurovascular unit, resolution of inflammation, and long-term functional recovery. Thus, PPARγ lies at the apex of cell fate decisions and exerts profound effects on the chronic progression of acute injury conditions. Here, we review the therapeutic potential of PPARγ in stroke and brain trauma and highlight the novel role of PPARγ in long-term tissue repair. We describe its structure and function and identify the genes that it targets. PPARγ regulation of inflammation, metabolism, cell fate (proliferation/differentiation/maturation/survival), and many other processes also has relevance to other neurological diseases. Therefore, PPARγ is an attractive target for therapies against a number of progressive neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cai
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Huan Liu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lijuan Han
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Xuejing Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Michael V L Bennett
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
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Quantitative PPARγ expression affects the balance between tolerance and immunity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26646. [PMID: 27221351 PMCID: PMC4879582 DOI: 10.1038/srep26646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PPARγ modulates energy metabolism and inflammation. However, its specific functions in the balance of immunity in vivo have been explored incompletely. In this study, by the age of 14 mo, PpargC/− mice with PPARγ expression at 25% of the normal level exhibited high autoantibody levels and developed mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, which resembled systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like autoimmune disease. These symptoms were preceded by splenomegaly at an early age, which was associated with increases in splenocyte accumulation and B-cell activation but not with relocation of hematopoiesis to the spleen. The mechanism of splenic lymphocyte accumulation involved reduced sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) expression and diminished migration toward S1P in the PpargC/− splenocytes, which impeded lymphocyte egression. Mechanistically, increased Th17 polarization and IL-17 signaling in the PpargC/− CD4+ T cells contributed to B-cell hyperactivation in the spleen. Finally, the activation of the remaining PPARγ in PpargC/− mice by pioglitazone increased S1P1 levels, reduced the Th17 population in the spleen, and ameliorated splenomegaly. Taken together, our data demonstrated that reduction of Pparg expression in T-helper cells is critical for spontaneous SLE-like autoimmune disease development; we also revealed a novel function of PPARγ in lymphocyte trafficking and cross talk between Th17 and B cells.
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Tai HC, Tsai PJ, Chen JY, Lai CH, Wang KC, Teng SH, Lin SC, Chang AYW, Jiang MJ, Li YH, Wu HL, Maeda N, Tsai YS. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Level Contributes to Structural Integrity and Component Production of Elastic Fibers in the Aorta. Hypertension 2016; 67:1298-308. [PMID: 27045031 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Loss of integrity and massive disruption of elastic fibers are key features of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) has been shown to attenuate AAA through inhibition of inflammation and proteolytic degradation. However, its involvement in elastogenesis during AAA remains unclear. PPARγ was highly expressed in human AAA within all vascular cells, including inflammatory cells and fibroblasts. In the aortas of transgenic mice expressing PPARγ at 25% normal levels (Pparg(C) (/-) mice), we observed the fragmentation of elastic fibers and reduced expression of vital elastic fiber components of elastin and fibulin-5. These were not observed in mice with 50% normal PPARγ expression (Pparg(+/-) mice). Infusion of a moderate dose of angiotensin II (500 ng/kg per minute) did not induce AAA but Pparg(+/-) aorta developed flattened elastic lamellae, whereas Pparg(C/-) aorta showed severe destruction of elastic fibers. After infusion of angiotensin II at 1000 ng/kg per minute, 73% of Pparg(C/-) mice developed atypical suprarenal aortic aneurysms: superior mesenteric arteries were dilated with extensive collagen deposition in adventitia and infiltrations of inflammatory cells. Although matrix metalloproteinase inhibition by doxycycline somewhat attenuated the dilation of aneurysm, it did not reduce the incidence nor elastic lamella deterioration in angiotensin II-infused Pparg(C/-) mice. Furthermore, PPARγ antagonism downregulated elastin and fibulin-5 in fibroblasts, but not in vascular smooth muscle cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated PPARγ binding in the genomic sequence of fibulin-5 in fibroblasts. Our results underscore the importance of PPARγ in AAA development though orchestrating proper elastogenesis and preserving elastic fiber integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haw-Chih Tai
- From the Institute of Clinical Medicine (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., Y.-S.T.), Cardiovascular Research Center (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., K.-C.W., M.-J.J., Y.-H.L., H.-L.W., Y.-S.T.), Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology (P.-J.T.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.-C.W., H.-L.W.), Physiology (S.-C.L., A.Y.W.C.), Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.-J.J.), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Departments of Internal Medicine (J.-Y.C., Y.-H.L.), Surgery (C.-H.L.), and Research Center of Clinical Medicine (Y.-S.T.), National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China (S.-H.T.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- From the Institute of Clinical Medicine (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., Y.-S.T.), Cardiovascular Research Center (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., K.-C.W., M.-J.J., Y.-H.L., H.-L.W., Y.-S.T.), Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology (P.-J.T.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.-C.W., H.-L.W.), Physiology (S.-C.L., A.Y.W.C.), Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.-J.J.), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Departments of Internal Medicine (J.-Y.C., Y.-H.L.), Surgery (C.-H.L.), and Research Center of Clinical Medicine (Y.-S.T.), National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China (S.-H.T.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Ju-Yi Chen
- From the Institute of Clinical Medicine (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., Y.-S.T.), Cardiovascular Research Center (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., K.-C.W., M.-J.J., Y.-H.L., H.-L.W., Y.-S.T.), Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology (P.-J.T.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.-C.W., H.-L.W.), Physiology (S.-C.L., A.Y.W.C.), Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.-J.J.), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Departments of Internal Medicine (J.-Y.C., Y.-H.L.), Surgery (C.-H.L.), and Research Center of Clinical Medicine (Y.-S.T.), National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China (S.-H.T.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Chao-Han Lai
- From the Institute of Clinical Medicine (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., Y.-S.T.), Cardiovascular Research Center (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., K.-C.W., M.-J.J., Y.-H.L., H.-L.W., Y.-S.T.), Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology (P.-J.T.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.-C.W., H.-L.W.), Physiology (S.-C.L., A.Y.W.C.), Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.-J.J.), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Departments of Internal Medicine (J.-Y.C., Y.-H.L.), Surgery (C.-H.L.), and Research Center of Clinical Medicine (Y.-S.T.), National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China (S.-H.T.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Kuan-Chieh Wang
- From the Institute of Clinical Medicine (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., Y.-S.T.), Cardiovascular Research Center (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., K.-C.W., M.-J.J., Y.-H.L., H.-L.W., Y.-S.T.), Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology (P.-J.T.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.-C.W., H.-L.W.), Physiology (S.-C.L., A.Y.W.C.), Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.-J.J.), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Departments of Internal Medicine (J.-Y.C., Y.-H.L.), Surgery (C.-H.L.), and Research Center of Clinical Medicine (Y.-S.T.), National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China (S.-H.T.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Shih-Hua Teng
- From the Institute of Clinical Medicine (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., Y.-S.T.), Cardiovascular Research Center (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., K.-C.W., M.-J.J., Y.-H.L., H.-L.W., Y.-S.T.), Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology (P.-J.T.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.-C.W., H.-L.W.), Physiology (S.-C.L., A.Y.W.C.), Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.-J.J.), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Departments of Internal Medicine (J.-Y.C., Y.-H.L.), Surgery (C.-H.L.), and Research Center of Clinical Medicine (Y.-S.T.), National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China (S.-H.T.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Shih-Chieh Lin
- From the Institute of Clinical Medicine (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., Y.-S.T.), Cardiovascular Research Center (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., K.-C.W., M.-J.J., Y.-H.L., H.-L.W., Y.-S.T.), Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology (P.-J.T.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.-C.W., H.-L.W.), Physiology (S.-C.L., A.Y.W.C.), Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.-J.J.), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Departments of Internal Medicine (J.-Y.C., Y.-H.L.), Surgery (C.-H.L.), and Research Center of Clinical Medicine (Y.-S.T.), National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China (S.-H.T.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Alice Y W Chang
- From the Institute of Clinical Medicine (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., Y.-S.T.), Cardiovascular Research Center (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., K.-C.W., M.-J.J., Y.-H.L., H.-L.W., Y.-S.T.), Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology (P.-J.T.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.-C.W., H.-L.W.), Physiology (S.-C.L., A.Y.W.C.), Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.-J.J.), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Departments of Internal Medicine (J.-Y.C., Y.-H.L.), Surgery (C.-H.L.), and Research Center of Clinical Medicine (Y.-S.T.), National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China (S.-H.T.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Meei-Jyh Jiang
- From the Institute of Clinical Medicine (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., Y.-S.T.), Cardiovascular Research Center (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., K.-C.W., M.-J.J., Y.-H.L., H.-L.W., Y.-S.T.), Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology (P.-J.T.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.-C.W., H.-L.W.), Physiology (S.-C.L., A.Y.W.C.), Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.-J.J.), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Departments of Internal Medicine (J.-Y.C., Y.-H.L.), Surgery (C.-H.L.), and Research Center of Clinical Medicine (Y.-S.T.), National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China (S.-H.T.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Yi-Heng Li
- From the Institute of Clinical Medicine (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., Y.-S.T.), Cardiovascular Research Center (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., K.-C.W., M.-J.J., Y.-H.L., H.-L.W., Y.-S.T.), Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology (P.-J.T.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.-C.W., H.-L.W.), Physiology (S.-C.L., A.Y.W.C.), Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.-J.J.), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Departments of Internal Medicine (J.-Y.C., Y.-H.L.), Surgery (C.-H.L.), and Research Center of Clinical Medicine (Y.-S.T.), National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China (S.-H.T.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Hua-Lin Wu
- From the Institute of Clinical Medicine (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., Y.-S.T.), Cardiovascular Research Center (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., K.-C.W., M.-J.J., Y.-H.L., H.-L.W., Y.-S.T.), Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology (P.-J.T.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.-C.W., H.-L.W.), Physiology (S.-C.L., A.Y.W.C.), Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.-J.J.), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Departments of Internal Medicine (J.-Y.C., Y.-H.L.), Surgery (C.-H.L.), and Research Center of Clinical Medicine (Y.-S.T.), National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China (S.-H.T.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Nobuyo Maeda
- From the Institute of Clinical Medicine (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., Y.-S.T.), Cardiovascular Research Center (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., K.-C.W., M.-J.J., Y.-H.L., H.-L.W., Y.-S.T.), Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology (P.-J.T.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.-C.W., H.-L.W.), Physiology (S.-C.L., A.Y.W.C.), Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.-J.J.), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Departments of Internal Medicine (J.-Y.C., Y.-H.L.), Surgery (C.-H.L.), and Research Center of Clinical Medicine (Y.-S.T.), National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China (S.-H.T.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Yau-Sheng Tsai
- From the Institute of Clinical Medicine (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., Y.-S.T.), Cardiovascular Research Center (H.-C.T., J.-Y.C., C.-H.L., K.-C.W., M.-J.J., Y.-H.L., H.-L.W., Y.-S.T.), Departments of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology (P.-J.T.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.-C.W., H.-L.W.), Physiology (S.-C.L., A.Y.W.C.), Cell Biology and Anatomy (M.-J.J.), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Departments of Internal Medicine (J.-Y.C., Y.-H.L.), Surgery (C.-H.L.), and Research Center of Clinical Medicine (Y.-S.T.), National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China (S.-H.T.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.).
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7
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma in cardiovascular disorders and cardiovascular surgery. J Cardiol 2015; 66:271-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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8
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Leu HB, Chung CM, Lin SJ, Chiang KM, Yang HC, Ho HY, Ting CT, Lin TH, Sheu SH, Tsai WC, Chen JH, Yin WH, Chiu TY, Chen CI, Fann CS, Chen YT, Pan WH, Chen JW. Association of circadian genes with diurnal blood pressure changes and non-dipper essential hypertension: a genetic association with young-onset hypertension. Hypertens Res 2014; 38:155-62. [PMID: 25410879 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that circadian genes have important roles in maintaining the circadian rhythm of the cardiovascular system. However, the associations between diurnal BP changes and circadian genes remain undetermined. We conducted a genetic association study of young-onset hypertension, in which 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring was performed. A total of 23 tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 11 genes involved in circadian rhythms were genotyped for correlations with diurnal BP variation phenotypes. A permutation test was used to correct for multiple testing. Five tag SNPs within five loci, including rs3888170 in NPAS2, rs6431590 in PER2, rs1410225 in RORββ, rs3816358 in BMAL1 and rs10519096 in RORα, were significantly associated with the non-dipper phenotype in 372 young hypertensive patients. A genetic risk score was generated by counting the risk alleles and effects for each individual. Genotyping was performed in an additional independent set of 619 young-onset hypertensive subjects. Altogether, non-dippers had a higher weighted genetic risk score than dippers (1.67±0.56 vs. 1.54±0.55, P<0.001), and the additive genetic risk score also indicated a graded association with decreased diurnal BP changes (P=0.006), as well as a non-dipper phenotype (P=0.031). After multivariable logistic analysis, only the circadian genetic risk score (odds ratio (OR), 1550; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.225-1.961, P<0.001) and the use of β-blockers (OR, 1.519; 95% CI, 1.164-1.982, P=0.003) were independently associated with the presence of non-dippers among subjects with young-onset hypertension. Genetic variants in circadian genes were associated with the diurnal phenotype of hypertension, suggesting a genetic association with diurnal BP changes in essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Bang Leu
- 1] Institute of Clinical Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Heath Care and Management Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [3] Divison of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Min Chung
- 1] Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Environment-Omics-Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan [3] Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Jong Lin
- 1] Institute of Clinical Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Divison of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Mao Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chou Yang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yun Ho
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Tai Ting
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Lin
- Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiung Sheu
- Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Jyh-Hong Chen
- National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsian Yin
- Cheng Hsin Rehabilitation Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Cathy Sj Fann
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tsong Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Harn Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- 1] Institute of Clinical Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Divison of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [3] Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Suppression of PPARγ through MKRN1-mediated ubiquitination and degradation prevents adipocyte differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:594-603. [PMID: 24336050 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The central regulator of adipogenesis, PPARγ, is a nuclear receptor that is linked to obesity and metabolic diseases. Here we report that MKRN1 is an E3 ligase of PPARγ that induces its ubiquitination, followed by proteasome-dependent degradation. Furthermore, we identified two lysine sites at 184 and 185 that appear to be targeted for ubiquitination by MKRN1. Stable overexpression of MKRN1 reduced PPARγ protein levels and suppressed adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 and C3H10T1/2 cells. In contrast, MKRN1 depletion stimulated adipocyte differentiation in these cells. Finally, MKRN1 knockout MEFs showed an increased capacity for adipocyte differentiation compared with wild-type MEFs, with a concomitant increase of PPARγ and adipogenic markers. Together, these data indicate that MKRN1 is an elusive PPARγ E3 ligase that targets PPARγ for proteasomal degradation by ubiquitin-dependent pathways, and further depict MKRN1 as a novel target for diseases involving PPARγ.
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10
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Auclair M, Vigouroux C, Boccara F, Capel E, Vigeral C, Guerci B, Lascols O, Capeau J, Caron-Debarle M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ mutations responsible for lipodystrophy with severe hypertension activate the cellular renin-angiotensin system. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:829-38. [PMID: 23393388 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inactivating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) mutations lead to a syndrome of familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD3) associated with early-onset severe hypertension. PPARγ can repress the vascular renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and angiotensin II receptor 1 expression. We evaluated the relationships between PPARγ inactivation and cellular RAS using FPLD3 patients' cells and human vascular smooth muscle cells expressing mutant or wild-type PPARγ. Approach and Results- We identified 2 novel PPARG mutations, R165T and L339X, located in the DNA and ligand-binding domains of PPARγ, respectively in 4 patients from 2 FPLD3 families. In cultured skin fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the 4 patients and healthy controls, we compared markers of RAS activation, oxidative stress, and inflammation, and tested the effect of modulators of PPARγ and angiotensin II receptor 1. We studied the impact of the 2 mutations on the transcriptional activity of PPARγ and on the vascular RAS in transfected human vascular smooth muscle cells. Systemic RAS was not altered in patients. However, RAS markers were overexpressed in patients' fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as in vascular cells expressing mutant PPARγ. Angiotensin II-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase activity increased in patients' fibroblasts, consistent with RAS constitutive activation. Patients' cells also displayed oxidative stress and inflammation. PPARγ activation and angiotensin II receptor 1 mRNA silencing reversed RAS overactivation, oxidative stress, and inflammation, arguing for a role of angiotensin II receptor 1 in these processes. CONCLUSIONS Two novel FPLD3-linked PPARG mutations are associated with a defective transrepression of cellular RAS leading to cellular dysfunction, which might contribute to the specific FPLD3-linked severe hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Auclair
- INSERM UMRS938, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, Paris, France
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11
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Kohsaka A, Waki H, Cui H, Gouraud SS, Maeda M. Integration of metabolic and cardiovascular diurnal rhythms by circadian clock. Endocr J 2012; 59:447-56. [PMID: 22361995 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej12-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the 24-hour blood-pressure rhythm is programmed has been one of the most challenging questions in cardiovascular research. The 24-hour blood-pressure rhythm is primarily driven by the circadian clock system, in which the master circadian pacemaker within the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus is first entrained to the light/dark cycle and then transmits synchronizing signals to the peripheral clocks common to most tissues, including the heart and blood vessels. However, the circadian system is more complex than this basic hierarchical structure, as indicated by the discovery that peripheral clocks are either influenced to some degree or fully driven by temporal changes in energy homeostasis, independent of the light entrainment pathway. Through various comparative genomic approaches and through studies exploiting mouse genetics and transgenics, we now appreciate that cardiovascular tissues possess a large number of metabolic genes whose expression cycle and reciprocally affect the transcriptional control of major circadian clock genes. These findings indicate that metabolic cycles can directly or indirectly affect the diurnal rhythm of cardiovascular function. Here, we discuss a framework for understanding how the 24-hour blood-pressure rhythm is driven by the circadian system that integrates cardiovascular and metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kohsaka
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Japan.
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12
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Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor PPARγ is activated by several agonists, including members of the thiazolidinedione group of insulin sensitizers. Pleiotropic beneficial effects of these agonists, independent of their blood glucose-lowering effects, have recently been demonstrated in the vasculature. PPARγ agonists have been shown to lower blood pressure in animals and humans, perhaps by suppressing the renin-angiotensin (Ang)-aldosterone system (RAAS), including the inhibition of Ang II type 1 receptor expression, Ang-II-mediated signaling pathways, and Ang-II-induced adrenal aldosterone synthesis/secretion. PPARγ agonists also inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis in animals and humans, possibly through a pathway involving the suppression of RAAS and the thromboxane A₂ system, as well as the protection of endothelial function. Moreover, PPARγ-agonist-mediated renal protection, especially the reduction of albuminuria, has been observed in diabetic nephropathy, including animal models of the disease, and in non-diabetic renal dysfunction. The renal protective activities may reflect, at least in part, the ability of PPARγ agonists to lower blood pressure, protect endothelial function, and cause vasodilation of the glomerular efferent arterioles. Additionally, anti-neoplastic effects of PPARγ agonists have recently been described. Based on the multiple therapeutic actions of PPARγ agonists, they will no doubt lead to novel approaches in the treatment of lifestyle-related and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sugawara
- Department of Advanced Biological Sciences for Regeneration, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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13
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Doherty HE, Kim HS, Hiller S, Sulik KK, Maeda N. A mouse strain where basal connective tissue growth factor gene expression can be switched from low to high. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12909. [PMID: 20877562 PMCID: PMC2943916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a signaling molecule that primarily functions in extracellular matrix maintenance and repair. Increased Ctgf expression is associated with fibrosis in chronic organ injury. Studying the role of CTGF in fibrotic disease in vivo, however, has been hampered by perinatal lethality of the Ctgf null mice as well as the limited scope of previous mouse models of Ctgf overproduction. Here, we devised a new approach and engineered a single mutant mouse strain where the endogenous Ctgf-3' untranslated region (3'UTR) was replaced with a cassette containing two 3'UTR sequences arranged in tandem. The modified Ctgf allele uses a 3'UTR from the mouse FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene (c-Fos) and produces an unstable mRNA, resulting in 60% of normal Ctgf expression (Lo allele). Upon Cre-expression, excision of the c-Fos-3'UTR creates a transcript utilizing the more stable bovine growth hormone (bGH) 3'UTR, resulting in increased Ctgf expression (Hi allele). Using the Ctgf Lo and Hi mutants, and crosses to a Ctgf knockout or Cre-expressing mice, we have generated a series of strains with a 30-fold range of Ctgf expression. Mice with the lowest Ctgf expression, 30% of normal, appear healthy, while a global nine-fold overexpression of Ctgf causes abnormalities, including developmental delay and craniofacial defects, and embryonic death at E10-12. Overexpression of Ctgf by tamoxifen-inducible Cre in the postnatal life, on the other hand, is compatible with life. The Ctgf Lo-Hi mutant mice should prove useful in further understanding the function of CTGF in fibrotic diseases. Additionally, this method can be used for the production of mouse lines with quantitative variations in other genes, particularly with genes that are broadly expressed, have distinct functions in different tissues, or where altered gene expression is not compatible with normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E. Doherty
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hyung-Suk Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sylvia Hiller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kathleen K. Sulik
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nobuyo Maeda
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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14
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Zhang J, Villacorta L, Chang L, Fan Z, Hamblin M, Zhu T, Chen CS, Cole MP, Schopfer FJ, Deng CX, Garcia-Barrio MT, Feng YH, Freeman BA, Chen YE. Nitro-oleic acid inhibits angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Circ Res 2010; 107:540-8. [PMID: 20558825 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.218404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nitro-oleic acid (OA-NO(2)) is a bioactive, nitric-oxide derived fatty acid with physiologically relevant vasculoprotective properties in vivo. OA-NO(2) exerts cell signaling actions as a result of its strong electrophilic nature and mediates pleiotropic cell responses in the vasculature. OBJECTIVE The present study sought to investigate the protective role of OA-NO(2) in angiotensin (Ang) II-induced hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that systemic administration of OA-NO(2) results in a sustained reduction of Ang II-induced hypertension in mice and exerts a significant blood pressure lowering effect on preexisting hypertension established by Ang II infusion. OA-NO(2) significantly inhibits Ang II contractile response as compared to oleic acid (OA) in mesenteric vessels. The improved vasoconstriction is specific for the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT(1)R)-mediated signaling because vascular contraction by other G-protein-coupled receptors is not altered in response to OA-NO(2) treatment. From the mechanistic viewpoint, OA-NO(2) lowers Ang II-induced hypertension independently of peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma activation. Rather, OA-NO(2), but not OA, specifically binds to the AT(1)R, reduces heterotrimeric G-protein coupling, and inhibits IP(3) (inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate) and calcium mobilization, without inhibiting Ang II binding to the receptor. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that OA-NO(2) diminishes the pressor response to Ang II and inhibits AT(1)R-dependent vasoconstriction, revealing OA-NO(2) as a novel antagonist of Ang II-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Zhang
- Cardiovascular Center, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, USA
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15
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Arck P, Toth B, Pestka A, Jeschke U. Nuclear receptors of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family in gestational diabetes: from animal models to clinical trials. Biol Reprod 2010; 83:168-76. [PMID: 20427759 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.083550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as impaired glucose tolerance and affects 2%-8% of all pregnancies. Among other complications, GDM can lead to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM 2) in both mother and child. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are major regulators of glucose and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, PPARs are mediators of inflammation and angiogenesis and are involved in the maternal adaptational dynamics during pregnancy to serve the requirements of the growing fetus. PPARs were originally named for their ability to induce hepatic peroxisome proliferation in mice in response to xenobiotic stimuli. The expression of three PPAR isoforms, alpha, beta/delta, and gamma, have been described. Each of them is encoded by different genes; however, they share 60%-80% homology in their ligand-binding and DNA-binding domains. PPARs are involved in trophoblast differentiation, invasion, metabolism, and parturition and are expressed in invasive extravillous trophoblast and villous trophoblast cells. Nuclear receptors, to which PPARs belong, are promising targets for disease-specific treatment strategies because they act as transcription factors controlling cellular processes at the level of gene expression and may produce selective alterations in downstream gene expression. To date, PPAR agonists are therapeutically used in patients with DM 2 and in patients with reproductive disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome. Because of safety concerns and limited data, PPAR agonists are not yet included in GDM-related treatment strategies. Our objective herein is to review newly emerging generations of selective PPAR modulators and panagonists, which may have potent therapeutic implications in the context of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Arck
- Center for Internal Medicine, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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