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Gestels A, Gabrieli F, De Kerf T, Vanmeert F, García HF, Delaney J, Janssens K, Steenackers G, Vanlanduit S. High-resolution compound-specific mapping in works of art via data fusion of MA-XRPD with hyperspectral data (part 1: Method evaluation). Talanta 2024; 280:126731. [PMID: 39167937 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperspectral imaging techniques have emerged as powerful tools for non-invasive investigation of artworks. This paper employs either reflectance imaging spectroscopy (RIS) or macroscopic X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) imaging in combination with macroscopic X-ray powder diffraction (MA-XRPD) for state-of-the-art chemical imaging of painted cultural heritage artefacts. While RIS can provide molecular information and MA-XRF can offer elemental distribution maps of paintings of high lateral resolution, the unique advantage of MA-XRPD lies in its ability to visualize the distributions of specific pigments and estimate in a quantitative manner the relative concentrations of the crystalline phases at the surface of artworks. However, MA-XRPD is more time-consuming and offers a lower lateral resolution than RIS and MA-XRF. RESULTS This study introduces a machine learning (ML) approach to obtain the distribution of specific compounds on the surface of artworks with a resolution that is comparable to that of RIS and MA-XRF data but with the compound specificity of MA-XRPD. The general aim is to expedite non-destructive artwork imaging analysis by fusing data from different imaging modalities via machine learning models. The effect of preprocessing techniques to enhance the predictive accuracy of the models is explored. The paper demonstrates the method's efficacy on a 16th-century illuminated manuscript, showcasing the feasibility of predicting compound-specific distribution maps. Three evaluation methods-visual examination of the predicted distribution, root mean square errors (RMSE), and feature permutation importance (FPI)-are employed to assess model performance. Fusing MA-XRF with MA-XRPD led to the best RMSE scores overall. However, fusing the RIS and MA-XRPD data blocks also yield very satisfactory and easily interpretable high-resolution compound maps. SIGNIFICANCE While MA-XRPD allows for highly specific imaging of artworks, its time-consuming nature and limited resolution presents a bottleneck during non-invasive imaging of painted works of art. By integrating data from more time-efficient hyperspectral techniques such as MA-XRF and RIS, and employing machine learning, we expedite the process without compromising accuracy. The fusion process can also denoise the distribution maps, improving their readability for heritage professionals and art historical scholars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Gestels
- University of Antwerp, Department of Physics, AXIS Research Group, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Faculty of Applied Engineering, Department Electromechanics InViLab Research Group, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Francesca Gabrieli
- Conservation and Science Department, Rijksmuseum, Hobbemastraat 22, 1017 ZC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas De Kerf
- University of Antwerp, Faculty of Applied Engineering, Department Electromechanics InViLab Research Group, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Frederik Vanmeert
- Conservation and Science Department, Rijksmuseum, Hobbemastraat 22, 1017 ZC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hernan Fernández García
- University of Antwerp, Department of Physics, AXIS Research Group, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - John Delaney
- Scientific Research Department, National Gallery of Art, 6th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20565, USA
| | - Koen Janssens
- University of Antwerp, Department of Physics, AXIS Research Group, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gunther Steenackers
- University of Antwerp, Faculty of Applied Engineering, Department Electromechanics InViLab Research Group, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steve Vanlanduit
- University of Antwerp, Faculty of Applied Engineering, Department Electromechanics InViLab Research Group, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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Marazioti V, Douvas AM, Katsaros F, Koralli P, Chochos C, Gregoriou VG, Boyatzis S, Facorellis Y. Chemical characterisation of artists' spray-paints: A diagnostic tool for urban art conservation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 291:122375. [PMID: 36680833 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study the chemical characterisation of 24 commercial spray-paints in different colours as used in contemporary public murals, street art, and graffiti is presented. The analyses were focused on the identification of the binding media, pigments, and additives. In addition, four spray-paint samples were analysed in the form of bi-layered paint films to explore the possibility of determining the composition of multi-layered samples. The aim of the study was to provide a useful diagnostic tool for the conservation of spray-paints and the removal of overpaintings from both commissioned murals and any other form of cultural heritage. To achieve this goal, a multi-analytical approach was developed using Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) for the identification of the main binder, pigments, and fillers/extenders, while Raman spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) were used as complementary tools for the determination of organic and inorganic pigments, and fillers. Five kinds of binders were detected in this work: (1) acrylic resins combined with nitrocellulose, (2) acrylic resins modified with styrene and combined with nitrocellulose, (3) alkyd resins modified with styrene and combined with nitrocellulose, (4) combined acrylic and alkyd resins modified with styrene and blended with nitrocellulose, and (5) combined polystyrene and acrylic resins. Also, a wide variety of organic pigments and inorganic components were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Marazioti
- Department of Conservation of Antiquities & Works of Art, University of West Attica, 12243, Egaleo, Attica, Greece.
| | - Antonios M Douvas
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Centre for Scientific Research (NCSR) "Demokritos", 15310, Agia Paraskevi, Attica, Greece
| | - Fotios Katsaros
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Centre for Scientific Research (NCSR) "Demokritos", 15310, Agia Paraskevi, Attica, Greece
| | - Panagiota Koralli
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Christos Chochos
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Vasilis G Gregoriou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Stamatios Boyatzis
- Department of Conservation of Antiquities & Works of Art, University of West Attica, 12243, Egaleo, Attica, Greece
| | - Yorgos Facorellis
- Department of Conservation of Antiquities & Works of Art, University of West Attica, 12243, Egaleo, Attica, Greece
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Caterino S, Pajer N, Crestini C. Iron-galls inks: preparation, structure and characterisation. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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4
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Espina A, Cañamares MV, Jurašeková Z, Sanchez-Cortes S. Analysis of Iron Complexes of Tannic Acid and Other Related Polyphenols as Revealed by Spectroscopic Techniques: Implications in the Identification and Characterization of Iron Gall Inks in Historical Manuscripts. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:27937-27949. [PMID: 35990485 PMCID: PMC9386834 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a structural analysis of the polyphenol complexes with iron and copper at several conditions is reported. The investigated polyphenols were tannic acid, gallic acid, pyrogallol, and syringic acid, being components and molecular models of the gallnuts usually employed in the past in fabrication of iron gall inks (IGIs). Commercial tannic acid extracted from gallnuts, which is a complex mixture of different gallotannins and simpler galloylglucoses, was also employed in this analysis. This analysis comprised the use of Raman, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), UV-vis absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The complexation of iron with these molecules leads to a strong change in color due to the deep restructuring of the polyphenol that can be clearly seen by Raman and FTIR spectra. Three main Raman bands appeared at 1450-1490 cm-1 (ν1), 1320-1345 cm-1 (ν2), and 400-650 cm-1 (ν3), which are characteristic of the metal complexes. The structural changes of the polyphenol complexes with iron were also investigated at different pHs and different polyphenol/iron stoichiometries. Other effects of the interaction of polyphenols with iron are the pH decrease of the mixture upon metal complexation and fluorescence quenching induced by the interaction of iron. This quenching is important since it facilitates the Raman inspection of manuscripts since polyphenols show a strong fluorescence emission that overlaps the Raman spectrum. Furthermore, DFT calculations were performed for the first time on the gallic acid complex with iron in order to elaborate a detailed assignment of the vibrational modes of polyphenols and their metal complexes, something that was missed in previous applications of Raman to IGIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Espina
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice 04154, Slovakia
| | | | - Zuzana Jurašeková
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice 04154, Slovakia
| | - Santiago Sanchez-Cortes
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano, 121. Madrid 28006, Spain
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice 04154, Slovakia
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Abstract
Impurities in paint layers executed with green and blue copper pigments, although relatively common, have been studied only little to date. Yet, their proper identification is a powerful tool for classification of paintings, and, potentially, for future provenance studies. In this paper, we present analyses of copper pigments layers from wall paintings situated in the vicinity of copper ore deposits (the palace in Kielce, the palace in Ciechanowice, and the parish church in Chotków) located within the contemporary borders of Poland. We compare the results with the analyses of copper minerals from three deposits, two local, and one historically important for the supply of copper in Europe, i.e., Miedzianka in the Holy Cross Mountains, Miedzianka in the Sudetes, and, as a reference, Špania Dolina in the Slovakian Low Tatra. Optical (OM) and electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) have been used for a detailed investigation of the minute grains. Special attention has been devoted to antimony and nickel phases, as more unusual than the commonly described iron oxides. Analyses of minerals from the deposits helped to interpret the results obtained from the paint samples. For the first time, quantitative analyses of copper pigments’ impurities have been described.
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ORMANCI Ö, BAKİLER M. Complementary Use of Raman and µ-XRF Spectroscopy for Non-destructive Characterization of an Oil Painting by Turkish Painter İbrahim Çallı. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.842525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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7
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Watteeuw L, Van Bos M, Gersten T, Vandermeulen B, Hameeuw H. An applied complementary use of macro X-ray fluorescence scanning and multi-light reflectance imaging to study Medieval Illuminated Manuscripts. The Rijmbijbel of Jacob van Maerlant. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Review of Methods for Documentation, Management, and Sustainability of Cultural Heritage. Case Study: Museum of King Jan III’s Palace at Wilanów. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11247046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
All countries around the world are blessed with particularly rich cultural heritage. Nowadays, many researchers are exploring different methods for documentation, management, and sustainability of cultural heritage. The aim of this article is to review the state-of-the-art documentation, management, and sustainability techniques in the field of cultural heritage based on the case study in the Museum of King Jan III’s Palace at Wilanów. Various 2D/3D image and range-based methods are discussed demonstrating their applications and drawbacks. The geographical information system (GIS) is presented as a method for management, storage, and maintenance of cultural heritage documentation.
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Newton J, Ramage G, Gadegaard N, Zachs W, Rogers S, Barrett MP, Carruthers G, Burgess K. Minimally-destructive atmospheric ionisation mass spectrometry authenticates authorship of historical manuscripts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10944. [PMID: 30050048 PMCID: PMC6062563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Authentic historic manuscripts fetch high sums, but establishing their authenticity is challenging, relies on a host of stylistic clues and requires expert knowledge. High resolution mass spectrometry has not, until now, been applied to guide the authentication of historic manuscripts. Robert Burns is a well-known Scottish poet, whose fame, and the eponymous 'Burns Night' are celebrated world-wide. Authenticity of his works is complicated by the 'industrial' production of fakes by Alexander Smith in the 1890s, many of which were of good quality and capable of fooling experts. This study represents the first analysis of the inks and paper used in Burns poetry, in a minimally destructive manner that could find application in many areas. Applying direct infusion mass spectrometry to a panel of selected authenticated Burns and Smith manuscripts, we have produced a Support Vector Machine classifier that distinguishes Burns from Smith with a 0.77 AUC. Using contemporary recipes for inks, we were also able to match features of each to the inks used to produce some of Burns' original manuscripts. We anticipate the method and classifier having broad application in authentication of manuscripts, and our analysis of contemporary inks to provide insights into the production of written works of art.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Newton
- Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - William Zachs
- School of Literature, Language and Culture, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon Rogers
- School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael P Barrett
- Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Karl Burgess
- Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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10
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Vanmeert F, De Nolf W, De Meyer S, Dik J, Janssens K. Macroscopic X-ray Powder Diffraction Scanning, a New Method for Highly Selective Chemical Imaging of Works of Art: Instrument Optimization. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6436-6444. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Vanmeert
- AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wout De Nolf
- AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meyer
- AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joris Dik
- Department of Materials Science, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Janssens
- AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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11
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Bonizzoni L, Gargano M, Ludwig N, Martini M, Galli A. Looking for Common Fingerprints in Leonardo's Pupils Using Nondestructive Pigment Characterization. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:1915-1926. [PMID: 28756701 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817694901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive, portable analytical techniques are becoming increasingly widespread for the study and conservation in the field of cultural heritage, proving that a good data handling, supported by a deep knowledge of the techniques themselves, and the right synergy can give surprisingly substantial results when using portable but reliable instrumentation. In this work, pigment characterization was carried out on 21 Leonardesque paintings applying in situ X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and fiber optic reflection spectroscopy (FORS) analyses. In-depth data evaluation allowed to get information on the color palette and the painting technique of the different artists and workshops . Particular attention was paid to green pigments (for which a deeper study of possible pigments and alterations was performed with FORS analyses), flesh tones (for which a comparison with available data from cross-sections was made), and ground preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Bonizzoni
- 1 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Gargano
- 1 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ludwig
- 1 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Martini
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- 3 INFN, Sezione Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Galli
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- 3 INFN, Sezione Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- 4 CNR-IFN, Milan, Italy
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12
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Chaplin TD, Clark RJH, Jones R, Gibbs R. Pigment analysis by Raman microscopy and portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) of thirteenth to fourteenth century illuminations and cuttings from Bologna. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:rsta.2016.0043. [PMID: 27799427 PMCID: PMC5095523 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-destructive pigment analysis by Raman microscopy (RM) and portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) has been carried out on some Bolognese illuminations and cuttings chosen to represent the beginnings, evolution and height of Bolognese illuminated manuscript production. Dating to the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and held in a private collection, the study provides evidence for the pigments generally used in this period. The results, which are compared with those obtained for other north Italian artwork, show the developments in usage of artistic materials and technique. Also addressed in this study is an examination of the respective roles of RM and pXRF analysis in this area of technical art history.This article is part of the themed issue 'Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey D Chaplin
- Christopher Ingold Laboratories, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Robin J H Clark
- Christopher Ingold Laboratories, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Richard Jones
- Archaeology, University of Glasgow, Gregory Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Robert Gibbs
- History of Art, University of Glasgow, 8 University Gardens, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Raman Spectroscopy of cultural heritage Materials: Overview of Applications and New Frontiers in Instrumentation, Sampling Modalities, and Data Processing. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:62. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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Non-invasive in situ analytical techniques working in synergy: The application on graduals held in the Certosa di Pavia. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Orsini S, Zinna F, Biver T, Di Bari L, Bonaduce I. Circularly polarized luminescence reveals interaction between commercial stains and protein matrices used in paintings. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14795j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we show that circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) can give unique insight into interactions between fluorescent commercial stains and protein-based materials used in painting. CPL can complement information from ECD and fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibilla Orsini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56126 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56126 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Tarita Biver
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56126 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56126 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Ilaria Bonaduce
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- I-56126 Pisa
- Italy
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Zaffino C, Guglielmi V, Faraone S, Vinaccia A, Bruni S. Exploiting external reflection FTIR spectroscopy for the in-situ identification of pigments and binders in illuminated manuscripts. Brochantite and posnjakite as a case study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 136 Pt B:1076-1085. [PMID: 25459505 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.09.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the use of portable instrumentation allowing in-situ reflection FTIR analyses is exploited to identify the coloring matters of northern-Italian illuminations dating to the XVI century. In order to build a database of spectra, reference paint samples were prepared spreading the pigments on parchment with two different binders, i.e. gum arabic and egg white, used in antiquity. Pigments for the database were chosen considering their use in the Middle Ages and in the Renaissance and their response in the mid- and near-IR region. The reflection FTIR spectra obtained resulted to be dominated by the specular reflection component, allowing the use of the Kramers-Kronig transform to convert them to the more conventional absorbance FTIR spectra. Several pigments could thus be identified in ancient illuminations, even if some green details showed a spectral pattern different with respect to the most common commercial green pigments of the database. Therefore, in addition, basic copper sulfates brochantite and posnjakite were synthesized and characterized. In three green details, posnjakite was identified, both as a pure compound and together with malachite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zaffino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vittoria Guglielmi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvio Faraone
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vinaccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Bruni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Clark RJH. Rayleigh, Ramsay, Rutherford and Raman – their connections with, and contributions to, the discovery of the Raman effect. Analyst 2013; 138:729-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an90124b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Hamdan NM, Alawadhi H, Jisrawi N. Integration of μ-XRF, and u-Raman techniques to study ancient Islamic manuscripts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/37/1/012006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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19
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Muralha VSF, Burgio L, Clark RJH. Raman spectroscopy analysis of pigments on 16-17th c. Persian manuscripts. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 92:21-28. [PMID: 22402575 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The palette of four Persian manuscripts of the 16th and 17th centuries were established by Raman microscopy to include lazurite, red lead, vermilion, orpiment, a carbon-based black, lead white, malachite, haematite, indigo, carmine and pararealgar. The first five pigments were identified on all four manuscripts, as previously found for other Islamic manuscripts of this period. The findings were compared with information available in treatises on Persian painting techniques. Red lead, although identified on all of the manuscripts analysed in this study as the main red pigment, is seldom mentioned in the literature. Two unusual pigments were also identified: the intermediate phase between realgar and pararealgar in the manuscript Timur namah, and carmine in the manuscript Shah namah. Although the established palette comprises few pigments, it was found that the illuminations were enhanced by the use of pigment mixtures, the components of which could be identified by Raman microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia S F Muralha
- Christopher Ingold Laboratories, University College London, London, UK.
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Chaplin TD, Clark RJ, Martinón-Torres M. A combined Raman microscopy, XRF and SEM–EDX study of three valuable objects – A large painted leather screen and two illuminated title pages in 17th century books of ordinances of the Worshipful Company of Barbers, London. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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