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Parnas M, McLane-Svoboda AK, Cox E, McLane-Svoboda SB, Sanchez SW, Farnum A, Tundo A, Lefevre N, Miller S, Neeb E, Contag CH, Saha D. Precision detection of select human lung cancer biomarkers and cell lines using honeybee olfactory neural circuitry as a novel gas sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 261:116466. [PMID: 38850736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Human breath contains biomarkers (odorants) that can be targeted for early disease detection. It is well known that honeybees have a keen sense of smell and can detect a wide variety of odors at low concentrations. Here, we employ honeybee olfactory neuronal circuitry to classify human lung cancer volatile biomarkers at different concentrations and their mixtures at concentration ranges relevant to biomarkers in human breath from parts-per-billion to parts-per-trillion. We also validated this brain-based sensing technology by detecting human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines using the 'smell' of the cell cultures. Different lung cancer biomarkers evoked distinct spiking response dynamics in the honeybee antennal lobe neurons indicating that those neurons encoded biomarker-specific information. By investigating lung cancer biomarker-evoked population neuronal responses from the honeybee antennal lobe, we classified individual human lung cancer biomarkers successfully (88% success rate). When we mixed six lung cancer biomarkers at different concentrations to create 'synthetic lung cancer' vs. 'synthetic healthy' human breath, honeybee population neuronal responses were able to classify those complex breath mixtures reliably with exceedingly high accuracy (93-100% success rate with a leave-one-trial-out classification method). Finally, we employed this sensor to detect human NSCLC and SCLC cell lines and we demonstrated that honeybee brain olfactory neurons could distinguish between lung cancer vs. healthy cell lines and could differentiate between different NSCLC and SCLC cell lines successfully (82% classification success rate). These results indicate that the honeybee olfactory system can be used as a sensitive biological gas sensor to detect human lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Parnas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Autumn K McLane-Svoboda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Elyssa Cox
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Summer B McLane-Svoboda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Simon W Sanchez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Alexander Farnum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Anthony Tundo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Noël Lefevre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sydney Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Emily Neeb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Christopher H Contag
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology, Genetics & Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Debajit Saha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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2
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Zboray K, Toth AV, Miskolczi TD, Pesti K, Casanova E, Kreidl E, Mike A, Szenes Á, Sági L, Lukacs P. High-throughput ligand profile characterization in novel cell lines expressing seven heterologous insect olfactory receptors for the detection of volatile plant biomarkers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21757. [PMID: 38066004 PMCID: PMC10709440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Agriculturally important crop plants emit a multitude of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are excellent indicators of their health status and their interactions with pathogens and pests. In this study, we have developed a novel cellular olfactory panel for detecting fungal pathogen-related VOCs we had identified in the field, as well as during controlled inoculations of several crop plants. The olfactory panel consists of seven stable HEK293 cell lines each expressing a functional Drosophila olfactory receptor as a biosensing element along with GCaMP6, a fluorescent calcium indicator protein. An automated 384-well microplate reader was used to characterize the olfactory receptor cell lines for their sensitivity to reference VOCs. Subsequently, we profiled a set of 66 VOCs on all cell lines, covering a concentration range from 1 to 100 μM. Results showed that 49 VOCs (74.2%) elicited a response in at least one olfactory receptor cell line. Some VOCs activated the cell lines even at nanomolar (ppb) concentrations. The interaction profiles obtained here will support the development of biosensors for agricultural applications. Additionally, the olfactory receptor proteins can be purified from these cell lines with sufficient yields for further processing, such as structure determination or integration with sensor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Zboray
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
- TetraLab Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adam V Toth
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tímea D Miskolczi
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Pesti
- TetraLab Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Emilio Casanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emanuel Kreidl
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Novartis AG, 6336, Langkampfen, Austria
| | - Arpad Mike
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Áron Szenes
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Sági
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Peter Lukacs
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary.
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary.
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3
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Deng H, Nakamoto T. Biosensors for Odor Detection: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:1000. [PMID: 38131760 PMCID: PMC10741685 DOI: 10.3390/bios13121000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Animals can easily detect hundreds of thousands of odors in the environment with high sensitivity and selectivity. With the progress of biological olfactory research, scientists have extracted multiple biomaterials and integrated them with different transducers thus generating numerous biosensors. Those biosensors inherit the sensing ability of living organisms and present excellent detection performance. In this paper, we mainly introduce odor biosensors based on substances from animal olfactory systems. Several instances of organ/tissue-based, cell-based, and protein-based biosensors are described and compared. Furthermore, we list some other biological materials such as peptide, nanovesicle, enzyme, and aptamer that are also utilized in odor biosensors. In addition, we illustrate the further developments of odor biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takamichi Nakamoto
- Laboratory for Future Interdisciplinary Research of Science and Technology, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori, Yokohama 226-8503, Kanagawa, Japan;
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4
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Deng H, Sukekawa Y, Mitsuno H, Kanzaki R, Nakamoto T. Active Tracking of Temporally Changing Gas-Phase Odor Mixture Using an Array of Cells Expressing Olfactory Receptors. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37466237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
A cell expressing an olfactory receptor (OR) exhibits excellent odorant detection ability and thus is widely applied in odor biosensors. Most of those biosensors, however, could detect only liquid-phase nonchanging single-component odorants. In this paper, we raised up an odor biosensor for the active tracking of temporally changing gas-phase odor mixture by an array of cells expressing ORs. A thin stable liquid film covered the cell, thus allowing gas-phase odorants to penetrate. The online image processing generated individual cell brightness data which were used to compute the biosensor response. Based on the obtained responses, we adjusted the known odor components to be similar with the unknown odor. The function of our biosensor was validated by tracking the variable single-component odorant or the binary odor mixture. The influence from the sensor drift could be overcome by comparing the adjacent unknown and known odor responses. In the odor mixture quantification, adding the OR label to mixed cells and then quantifying separately (named as the pre-label method) was more efficient, while directly using the cell response pattern (named as the label-free method) was still capable even if the OR odor had cross-sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Deng
- Laboratory for Future Interdisciplinary Research of Science and Technology, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuji Sukekawa
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Mitsuno
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kanzaki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Takamichi Nakamoto
- Laboratory for Future Interdisciplinary Research of Science and Technology, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
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Misawa N, Tomida M, Murakami Y, Mitsuno H, Kanzaki R. Xenopus laevis Oocyte Array Fluidic Device Integrated with Microelectrodes for A Compact Two-Electrode Voltage Clamping System. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2370. [PMID: 36904573 PMCID: PMC10007382 DOI: 10.3390/s23052370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report on a compact two-electrode voltage clamping system composed of microfabricated electrodes and a fluidic device for Xenopus laevis oocytes. The device was fabricated by assembling Si-based electrode chips and acrylic frames to form fluidic channels. After the installation of Xenopus oocytes into the fluidic channels, the device can be separated in order to measure changes in oocyte plasma membrane potential in each channel using an external amplifier. Using fluid simulations and experiments, we investigated the success rates of Xenopus oocyte arrays and electrode insertion with respect to the flow rate. We successfully located each oocyte in the array and detected oocyte responses to chemical stimuli using our device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Misawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Tomida
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8580, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuji Murakami
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, 2200-2 Toyosawa, Fukuroi 437-8555, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Mitsuno
- Research Centre for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku 153-8904, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kanzaki
- Research Centre for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku 153-8904, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Tanaka Y, Ma D, Amaya S, Aishan Y, Shen Y, Funano SI, Tang T, Hosokawa Y, Gusev O, Okuda T, Kikawada T, Yalikun Y. Anhydrobiotic chironomid larval motion-based multi-sensing microdevice for the exploration of survivable locations. iScience 2022; 25:104639. [PMID: 36039361 PMCID: PMC9418600 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
African chironomid (Polypedilum vanderplanki) larvae can suspend their metabolism by undergoing severe desiccation and then resume this activity by simple rehydration. We present a microdevice using interdigital comb electrodes to detect the larval motion using the natural surface charge of the living larvae in water. The larvae were most active 2 h after soaking them in water at 30°C; they exhibited motions with 2 Hz frequency. This was comparable to the signal obtained from the microdevice via fast Fourier transform (FFT) processing. The amplitude of the voltage and current were 0.11 mV and 730 nA, respectively. They would be enough to be detected by a low power consumption microcomputer. Temperature and pH sensing were demonstrated by detecting the vital motions of the revived larvae under different conditions. This multi-functional biosensor will be a useful microdevice to search for survivable locations under extreme environmental conditions like those on other planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Tanaka
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Doudou Ma
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Amaya
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusufu Aishan
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yigang Shen
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shun-ichi Funano
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tao Tang
- Graduate School of Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayamacho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayamacho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Oleg Gusev
- RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub (RCSTI), RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Okuda
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kikawada
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Yaxiaer Yalikun
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayamacho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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7
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Saito T, Nishida Y, Tabata M, Isobayashi A, Tomizawa H, Miyahara Y, Sugizaki Y. Molecular Interactions between an Enzyme and Its Inhibitor for Selective Detection of Limonene. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7692-7702. [PMID: 35543317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Researchers widely apply enzyme inhibition to chemicals such as pesticides, nerve gases, and anti-Alzheimer's drugs. However, application of enzyme inhibition to odorant sensors is less common because the corresponding reaction mechanisms have not yet been clarified in detail. In this study, we propose a new strategy for highly selective detection of odorant molecules by using an inhibitor-specific enzyme. As an example, we analyzed the selective interactions between acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and limonene─the major odorant of citrus and an AChE inhibitor─using molecular dynamics simulations. In these simulations, limonene was found to be captured at specific binding sites of AChE by modifying the binding site of acetylcholine (ACh), which induced inhibition of the catalytic activity of AChE toward ACh hydrolysis. We confirmed the simulation results by experiments using an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor, and the degree of inhibition of ACh hydrolysis depended on the limonene concentration. Accordingly, we quantitatively detected limonene at a detection limit of 5.7 μM. We furthermore distinguished the response signals to limonene from those to other odorants, such as pinene and perillic acid. Researchers will use our proposed odorant detection method for other odorant-enzyme combinations and applications of miniaturized odorant-sensing systems based on rapid testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Saito
- Toshiba Corporation, 1 Komukai-Toshiba-cho, Saiwai, Kawasaki 212-8582, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Nishida
- Toshiba Corporation, 1 Komukai-Toshiba-cho, Saiwai, Kawasaki 212-8582, Japan
| | - Miyuki Tabata
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Atsunobu Isobayashi
- Toshiba Corporation, 1 Komukai-Toshiba-cho, Saiwai, Kawasaki 212-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Tomizawa
- Toshiba Corporation, 1 Komukai-Toshiba-cho, Saiwai, Kawasaki 212-8582, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyahara
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sugizaki
- Toshiba Corporation, 1 Komukai-Toshiba-cho, Saiwai, Kawasaki 212-8582, Japan
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8
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Cheema JA, Carraher C, Plank NOV, Travas-Sejdic J, Kralicek A. Insect odorant receptor-based biosensors: Current status and prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107840. [PMID: 34606949 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Whilst the senses of vision and hearing have been successfully automated and miniaturized in portable formats (e.g. smart phone), this is yet to be achieved with the sense of smell. This is because the sensing challenge is not trivial as it involves navigating a chemosensory space comprising thousands of volatile organic compounds. Distinct aroma recognition is based on detecting unique combinations of volatile organic compounds. In natural olfactory systems this is accomplished by employing odorant receptors (ORs) with varying specificities, together with combinatorial neural coding mechanisms. Attempts to mimic the remarkable sensitivity and accuracy of natural olfactory systems has therefore been challenging. Current portable chemical sensors for odorant detection are neither sensitive nor selective, prompting research exploring artificial olfactory devices that use natural OR proteins for sensing. Much research activity to develop OR based biosensors has concentrated on mammalian ORs, however, insect ORs have not been explored as extensively. Insects possess an extraordinary sense of smell due to a repertoire of odorant receptors evolved to interpret olfactory cues vital to the insects' survival. The potential of insect ORs as sensing elements is only now being unlocked through recent research efforts to understand their structure, ligand binding mechanisms and development of odorant biosensors. Like their mammalian counterparts, there are many challenges with working with insect ORs. These include expression, purification and presentation of the insect OR in a stable display format compatible with an effective transduction methodology while maintaining OR structure and function. Despite these challenges, significant progress has been demonstrated in developing OR-based biosensors which exploit insect ORs in cells, lipid bilayers, liposomes and nanodisc formats. Ultrasensitive and highly selective detection of volatile organic compounds has been validated by coupling these insect OR display formats with transduction methodologies spanning optical (fluorescence) and electrical (field effect transistors, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) techniques. This review summarizes the current status of insect OR based biosensors and their future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Ahmed Cheema
- Polymer Biointerface Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Colm Carraher
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Natalie O V Plank
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Polymer Biointerface Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew Kralicek
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Scentian Bio Limited, 1c Goring Road, Sandringham, Auckland 1025, New Zealand.
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Hirata Y, Oda H, Osaki T, Takeuchi S. Biohybrid sensor for odor detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2643-2657. [PMID: 34132291 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00233c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biohybrid odorant sensors that directly integrate a biological olfactory system have been increasingly studied and are suggested to be the next generation of ultrasensitive sensors by taking advantage of the sensitivity and selectivity of living organisms. In this review, we provide a detailed description of the recent developments of biohybrid odorant sensors, especially considering the requisites for their perspective of on-site applications. We introduce the methodologies to effectively capture the biological signals from olfactory systems by readout devices, and describe the essential properties regarding the gaseous detection, stability, quality control, and portability. Moreover, we address the recent progress on multiple odorant recognition using multiple sensors as well as the current screening approaches for pairs of orphan receptors and ligands necessary for the extension of the currently available range of biohybrid sensors. Finally, we discuss our perspectives for the future for the development of practical odorant sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hirata
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Haruka Oda
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Toshihisa Osaki
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan and Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan. and Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan and Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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10
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Oda H, Kihara K, Morimoto Y, Takeuchi S. Cell-Based Biohybrid Sensor Device for Chemical Source Direction Estimation. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2021; 2021:8907148. [PMID: 36285129 PMCID: PMC9494699 DOI: 10.34133/2021/8907148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a method to estimate the direction from which the signal molecule reaches the sensor by using living cells. In this context, biohybrid sensors that utilize a sophisticated sensing system of cells can potentially offer high levels of chemical-detection sensitivity and selectivity. However, biohybrid-sensor-based chemical-source-direction estimation has not received research attention because the cellular response to chemicals has not been examined in the context of directional information. In our approach, we fabricated a device that can limit the interface between the cell-laden hydrogel and the chemical solution of interest to enhance the time difference over which the chemical solution reaches the cells. Chemical detection by cells that express specific receptors is reflected as the fluorescence of the calcium indicator within the cells. Our device has eight chambers that each house 3D cell-laden collagen hydrogels facing circularly outward. The device also works as a cover to prevent chemicals from permeating the hydrogel from above. In our study, by observing the time course of the fluorescence emission of each chamber, we were able to successfully estimate the chemical-source direction within an error range of 7–13°. Our results suggest that a combination of microstructure devices embedded with living cells can be used to exploit cell functionalities to yield chemical-source directional information.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Oda
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - K. Kihara
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y. Morimoto
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. Takeuchi
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Yamada T, Sugiura H, Mimura H, Kamiya K, Osaki T, Takeuchi S. Highly sensitive VOC detectors using insect olfactory receptors reconstituted into lipid bilayers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/3/eabd2013. [PMID: 33523876 PMCID: PMC7806217 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a volatile organic compound (VOC) sensor based on olfactory receptors that were reconstituted into a lipid bilayer and used in a specifically designed gas flow system for rapid parts per billion (ppb)-level detection. This VOC sensor achieves both rapid detection and high detection probability because of its gas flow system and array design. Specifically, the gas flow system includes microchannels and hydrophobic microslits, which facilitate both the introduction of gas into the droplet and droplet mixing. We installed this system into a parallel lipid bilayer device and subsequently demonstrated parts per billion-level (0.5 ppb) detection of 1-octen-3-ol in human breath. Therefore, this system extends the various applications of biological odorant sensing, including breath diagnosis systems and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yamada
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sugiura
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Mimura
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
| | - Koki Kamiya
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu city, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Osaki
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan.
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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12
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Nie M, Takeuchi S. 3D Biofabrication Using Living Cells for Applications in Biohybrid Sensors and Actuators. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:8121-8126. [PMID: 35019594 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we highlight the concept of biohybrid sensors and actuators built by incorporating living cells into artificial systems. Instead of using the materials extracted from cells, these approaches utilize cells to dynamically generate functional materials and to provide the native intracellular environment for the proper functioning of the materials. By incorporating the functional cells into artificial devices/chips, the cell-based biohybrid approaches can be applied to create portable odorant sensors with high sensitivity and to create biohybrid muscle actuators for applications in both drug screening and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Nie
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
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13
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Khadka R, Carraher C, Hamiaux C, Travas-Sejdic J, Kralicek A. Synergistic improvement in the performance of insect odorant receptor based biosensors in the presence of Orco. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 153:112040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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The Emergence of Insect Odorant Receptor-Based Biosensors. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10030026. [PMID: 32192133 PMCID: PMC7146604 DOI: 10.3390/bios10030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory receptor neurons of insects and vertebrates are gated by odorant receptor (OR) proteins of which several members have been shown to exhibit remarkable sensitivity and selectivity towards volatile organic compounds of significant importance in the fields of medicine, agriculture and public health. Insect ORs offer intrinsic amplification where a single binding event is transduced into a measurable ionic current. Consequently, insect ORs have great potential as biorecognition elements in many sensor configurations. However, integrating these sensing components onto electronic transducers for the development of biosensors has been marginal due to several drawbacks, including their lipophilic nature, signal transduction mechanism and the limited number of known cognate receptor-ligand pairs. We review the current state of research in this emerging field and highlight the use of a group of indole-sensitive ORs (indolORs) from unexpected sources for the development of biosensors.
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15
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Misawa N, Osaki T, Takeuchi S. Membrane protein-based biosensors. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2017.0952. [PMID: 29669891 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This review highlights recent development of biosensors that use the functions of membrane proteins. Membrane proteins are essential components of biological membranes and have a central role in detection of various environmental stimuli such as olfaction and gustation. A number of studies have attempted for development of biosensors using the sensing property of these membrane proteins. Their specificity to target molecules is particularly attractive as it is significantly superior to that of traditional human-made sensors. In this review, we classified the membrane protein-based biosensors into two platforms: the lipid bilayer-based platform and the cell-based platform. On lipid bilayer platforms, the membrane proteins are embedded in a lipid bilayer that bridges between the protein and a sensor device. On cell-based platforms, the membrane proteins are expressed in a cultured cell, which is then integrated in a sensor device. For both platforms we introduce the fundamental information and the recent progress in the development of the biosensors, and remark on the outlook for practical biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Misawa
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu, Kawasaki 213-0012, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Osaki
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu, Kawasaki 213-0012, Japan.,Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu, Kawasaki 213-0012, Japan .,Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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16
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Shigaki S, Okajima K, Sanada K, Kurabayashi D. Experimental Analysis of the Influence of Olfactory Property on Chemical Plume Tracing Performance. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2019.2921948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Hirata Y, Morimoto Y, Nam E, Takeuchi S. Portable biohybrid odorant sensors using cell-laden collagen micropillars. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1971-1976. [PMID: 30997462 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00131j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biohybrid odorant sensors (BOSs) composed of biological materials and artificial detectors have recently attracted much attention due to their high degree of sensitivity and selectivity. Although portability is crucial for the practical use of BOSs on site, the currently used artificial detectors for biological signals are unportable. In this study, we propose a portable cell-based odorant sensor, which uses cell-laden collagen micropillars to compensate the low optical abilities of portable artificial detectors. The micropillars were composed of HEK293T cells expressing olfactory receptors, which emit a fluorescence signal based on the extent of odorant stimulation using a calcium fluorescent indicator. By stacking cells vertically in the micropillars, we achieved different levels of amplification of the fluorescence signals by varying the height of the micropillars. As a working demonstration of the portable BOS, we successfully detected different concentrations of odorants using an inexpensive web camera. The BOS was also able to distinguish the slight differences between an agonist and an antagonist. We believe that the portability of our BOS would facilitate its applications in point-of-care testing and on-site detection of hazardous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hirata
- Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems (CIBiS), Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Yuya Morimoto
- Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems (CIBiS), Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Eunryel Nam
- Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems (CIBiS), Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems (CIBiS), Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan. and International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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18
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Lu D, Xu Q, Pang G. A bombykol electrochemical receptor sensor and its kinetics. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 128:263-273. [PMID: 31051432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the interaction between bombykol and BmOR1 and also provide a paradigm for agroforestry pest control. The electrochemical biosensor signal amplification system was used: nanogold with horseradish peroxidase. An electrochemical bilayer nanogold membrane receptor sensor was developed using the following schemes and processes: twice self-assembly of nanogold and succeeding absorption of Bombyx mori olfactory receptor 1 (BmOR1); sex pheromone-binding protein; spectral scanning and transmission electron microscope to characterize nanogold sol; and atomic force microscope, cyclic voltammetry, and AC impedance methods to characterize individual processes of sensor assembly. The amperometric I-T curve was adopted to measure the response current upon interaction with different concentrations of bombykol (diluted in phosphate-buffered saline) and BmOR1. The results demonstrated the receptor-ligand interaction pattern, which was similar to enzymatic reaction kinetics, with the activation constant Ka of up to 8.57 × 10-20 mol/L and signal magnification of about 10,000-fold. In this study, the simulation of intracellular receptor signaling cascade by an electrochemical signal amplification system helped in directly measuring BmOR1-bombykol ligand interaction and exploring the kinetics after the self-assembly of BmOR1 on the biosensor. It provided a novel platform for future studies on receptor-ligand interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingqiang Lu
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Qiuda Xu
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Guangchang Pang
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China.
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19
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Misawa N, Fujii S, Kamiya K, Osaki T, Takaku T, Takahashi Y, Takeuchi S. Construction of a Biohybrid Odorant Sensor Using Biological Olfactory Receptors Embedded into Bilayer Lipid Membrane on a Chip. ACS Sens 2019; 4:711-716. [PMID: 30829476 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes an odorant sensor based on mosquito olfactory receptors (ORs) that is sensitive to the volatile organic compound octenol. The ORs and OR coreceptors were reconstructed in the lipid bilayer membrane in a chamber device equipped with electrodes. Using this odorant sensor, we obtained ion current changes caused by specific OR responses to octenol. We installed the odorant sensor into a mobile robot and succeeded in the demonstration of coupling octenol gas detection and robot actuation. We believe that this biohybrid odorant sensing system will be a key technology for future artificial olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Misawa
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
| | - Koki Kamiya
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Osaki
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Takaku
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited, Konohana, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Takahashi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited, Konohana, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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20
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Murugathas T, Zheng HY, Colbert D, Kralicek AV, Carraher C, Plank NOV. Biosensing with Insect Odorant Receptor Nanodiscs and Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:9530-9538. [PMID: 30740970 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Insect odorant receptors have been reconstituted into lipid nanodiscs and tethered to carbon nanotube field-effect transistors to function as a biosensor. Here, four different insect odorant receptors (ORs) from Drosophila melanogaster (DmelOR10a, DmelOR22a, DmelOR35a, and DmelOR71a) were expressed in Sf9 cells, purified, and reconstituted into lipid nanodiscs. We have demonstrated that each of these ORs produce a selective and highly sensitive electrical response to their respective positive ligands, methyl salicylate, methyl hexanoate, trans-2-hexen-1-al, and 4-ethylguaiacol, with limits of detection in the low femtomolar range. No detection was observed for each OR against control ligands, and empty nanodiscs showed no specific sensor signal for any of the odorant molecules. Our results are the first evidence that insect ORs can be integrated into lipid nanodiscs and used as primary sensing elements for bioelectronic nose technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanihaichelvan Murugathas
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences , Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6021 , New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Wellington 6021 , New Zealand
- Department of Physics , University of Jaffna , Jaffna 40000 , Sri Lanka
| | - Han Yue Zheng
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences , Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6021 , New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Wellington 6021 , New Zealand
| | - Damon Colbert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd. , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Andrew V Kralicek
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd. , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Colm Carraher
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd. , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Natalie O V Plank
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences , Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington 6021 , New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Wellington 6021 , New Zealand
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21
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Khadka R, Aydemir N, Carraher C, Hamiaux C, Colbert D, Cheema J, Malmström J, Kralicek A, Travas-Sejdic J. An ultrasensitive electrochemical impedance-based biosensor using insect odorant receptors to detect odorants. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 126:207-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Xu Q, Lu D, Pang G. Study on Bombykol Receptor Self-Assembly and Universality of G Protein Cellular Signal Amplification System. ACS Sens 2019; 4:257-264. [PMID: 30618240 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The G protein cascade amplification system couples with several receptors to sense/amplify the cellular signal, implying universal application. In order to explore whether GPCRs can trigger G protein signal amplification in tissues/cells from different species, bombykol receptor was isolated and purified from antennas of male Bombyx mori, which subsequently self-assembled on the cell membrane in rat taste buds/rat vomeronasa/catfish tentacles/taste bud tissues of rabbits/pig/cattle in those lacking endogenous bombykol receptor, followed by immobilization between two sheets of nucleopore membranes fixed by sodium alginate-starch gel, forming the sandwich-type sensing membrane, which in turn was immobilized on the glass-carbon electrode. Thus, bombykol receptor sensors were established with different tissues. The response current of bombykol receptor sensor toward bombykol was measured with an electrochemical workstation. Every bombykol receptor sensor could sense bombykol based on enzyme-substrate kinetics. The double reciprocal plot and the activation constant values of bombykol receptor sensors assembled with rat taste buds, rat vomeronasa, catfish tentacles, rabbit taste buds, pig taste buds, and cattle taste buds were calculated. Approximately 2-3 receptors could trigger the G protein cascade amplification system and achieve the maximum signal output. Moreover, the detection lower limit indicated that the bombykol receptor self-assembled on the cell membranes of different tissues that transmitted and amplified the bombykol signal with hypersensitivity. Also, cattle taste bud tissues served as an ideal system for heterogeneous GPCRs self-assembly and signal sensing/amplification. This sensing technique and method had promising potential in studies of biological pest control, sex pheromone detection, and receptor structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuda Xu
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Dingqiang Lu
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Tianjin 300134, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science &Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Guangchang Pang
- College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Tianjin 300134, China
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23
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Kuznetsov AE, Komarova NV, Kuznetsov EV, Andrianova MS, Grudtsov VP, Rybachek EN, Puchnin KV, Ryazantsev DV, Saurov AN. Integration of a field effect transistor-based aptasensor under a hydrophobic membrane for bioelectronic nose applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 129:29-35. [PMID: 30682686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A new bioelectronic nose based on a field effect transistor coupled with an aptamer as the sensing element was developed. The gas-to-liquid extraction interface required for appropriate aptamer function was integrated into standard CMOS technology. It was developed with the use of a sacrificial aluminium etching technique combined with surface modifications by silanes for wettability control. As a proof of concept, aptamer Van74 for vanillin was immobilized on the sensitive surface of the ISFET. The developed microsystem can selectively detect vanillin vapor in a concentration range from 2.7 ppt to 0.3 ppm, with a detection limit of 2.7 ppt. The sensor was able to detect vanillin in a gas sample obtained from roasted coffee beans. This outcome provides a foundation for developing a new generation of bioelectronic noses for the detection and discrimination of volatile compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Kuznetsov
- Scientific-Manufacturing Complex Technological Centre, 1-7 Shokin Square, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Natalia V Komarova
- Scientific-Manufacturing Complex Technological Centre, 1-7 Shokin Square, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeniy V Kuznetsov
- Scientific-Manufacturing Complex Technological Centre, 1-7 Shokin Square, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maria S Andrianova
- Scientific-Manufacturing Complex Technological Centre, 1-7 Shokin Square, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vitaliy P Grudtsov
- Scientific-Manufacturing Complex Technological Centre, 1-7 Shokin Square, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena N Rybachek
- Scientific-Manufacturing Complex Technological Centre, 1-7 Shokin Square, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill V Puchnin
- Scientific-Manufacturing Complex Technological Centre, 1-7 Shokin Square, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitriy V Ryazantsev
- Scientific-Manufacturing Complex Technological Centre, 1-7 Shokin Square, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander N Saurov
- Scientific-Manufacturing Complex Technological Centre, 1-7 Shokin Square, Zelenograd, 124498 Moscow, Russian Federation
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24
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Kida H, Fukutani Y, Mainland JD, de March CA, Vihani A, Li YR, Chi Q, Toyama A, Liu L, Kameda M, Yohda M, Matsunami H. Vapor detection and discrimination with a panel of odorant receptors. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4556. [PMID: 30385742 PMCID: PMC6212438 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06806-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory systems have evolved the extraordinary capability to detect and discriminate volatile odorous molecules (odorants) in the environment. Fundamentally, this process relies on the interaction of odorants and their cognate olfactory receptors (ORs) encoded in the genome. Here, we conducted a cell-based screen using over 800 mouse ORs against seven odorants, resulting in the identification of a set of high-affinity and/or broadly-tuned ORs. We then test whether heterologously expressed ORs respond to odors presented in vapor phase by individually expressing 31 ORs to measure cAMP responses against vapor phase odor stimulation. Comparison of response profiles demonstrates this platform is capable of discriminating between structural analogs. Lastly, co-expression of carboxyl esterase Ces1d expressed in olfactory mucosa resulted in marked changes in activation of specific odorant-OR combinations. Altogether, these results establish a cell-based volatile odor detection and discrimination platform and form the basis for an OR-based volatile odor sensor. Biomimetic “noses” have been proposed to replace trained animals for chemical detection. Here the authors select 31 mouse olfactory receptors (ORs), based on a large cell-based screen of >800 ORs against seven chemicals, to build an OR-based sensor able to discriminate structurally similar compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Kida
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yosuke Fukutani
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Joel D Mainland
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Claire A de March
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Aashutosh Vihani
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Neurobiology graduate program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yun Rose Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qiuyi Chi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Akemi Toyama
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Linda Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Masaharu Kameda
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.,Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yohda
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.,Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Matsunami
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology, Neurobiology graduate program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan. .,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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25
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García-Lizarribar A, Fernández-Garibay X, Velasco-Mallorquí F, Castaño AG, Samitier J, Ramon-Azcon J. Composite Biomaterials as Long-Lasting Scaffolds for 3D Bioprinting of Highly Aligned Muscle Tissue. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1800167. [PMID: 30156756 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
New biocompatible materials have enabled the direct 3D printing of complex functional living tissues, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle. Gelatinmethacryloyl (GelMA) is a photopolymerizable hydrogel composed of natural gelatin functionalized with methacrylic anhydride. However, it is difficult to obtain a single hydrogel that meets all the desirable properties for tissue engineering. In particular, GelMA hydrogels lack versatility in their mechanical properties and lasting 3D structures. In this work, a library of composite biomaterials to obtain versatile, lasting, and mechanically tunable scaffolds are presented. Two polysaccharides, alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose chemically functionalized with methacrylic anhydride, and a synthetic material, such as poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate are combined with GelMA to obtain photopolymerizable hydrogel blends. Physical properties of the obtained composite hydrogels are screened and optimized for the growth and development of skeletal muscle fibers from C2C12 murine cells, and compared with pristine GelMA. All these composites show high resistance to degradation maintaining the 3D structure with high fidelity over several weeks. Altogether, in this study a library of biocompatible novel and totally versatile composite biomaterials are developed and characterized, with tunable mechanical properties that give structure and support myotube formation and alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea García-Lizarribar
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12,, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xiomara Fernández-Garibay
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12,, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Velasco-Mallorquí
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12,, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert G Castaño
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12,, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12,, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona,, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Ramon-Azcon
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12,, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Cave JW, Wickiser JK, Mitropoulos AN. Progress in the development of olfactory-based bioelectronic chemosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 123:211-222. [PMID: 30201333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Artificial chemosensory devices have a wide range of applications in industry, security, and medicine. The development of these devices has been inspired by the speed, sensitivity, and selectivity by which the olfactory system in animals can probe the chemical nature of the environment. In this review, we examine how molecular and cellular components of natural olfactory systems have been incorporated into artificial chemosensors, or bioelectronic sensors. We focus on the biological material that has been combined with signal transduction systems to develop artificial chemosensory devices. The strengths and limitations of different biological chemosensory material at the heart of these devices, as well as the reported overall effectiveness of the different bioelectronic sensor designs, is examined. This review also discusses future directions and challenges for continuing to advance development of bioelectronic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Cave
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States; Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - J Kenneth Wickiser
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Alexander N Mitropoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States; Department of Mathematical Sciences, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States.
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Detection of Odorant Molecules in the Gaseous Phase Using α-, β-, and γ-Cyclodextrin Films on a Quartz Crystal Microbalance. TECHNOLOGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/technologies6030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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Biomimetic Sensors for the Senses: Towards Better Understanding of Taste and Odor Sensation. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17122881. [PMID: 29232897 PMCID: PMC5750803 DOI: 10.3390/s17122881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Taste and smell are very important chemical senses that provide indispensable information on food quality, potential mates and potential danger. In recent decades, much progress has been achieved regarding the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of taste and odor senses. Recently, biosensors have been developed for detecting odorants and tastants as well as for studying ligand-receptor interactions. This review summarizes the currently available biosensing approaches, which can be classified into two main categories: in vitro and in vivo approaches. The former is based on utilizing biological components such as taste and olfactory tissues, cells and receptors, as sensitive elements. The latter is dependent on signals recorded from animals' signaling pathways using implanted microelectrodes into living animals. Advantages and disadvantages of these two approaches, as well as differences in terms of sensing principles and applications are highlighted. The main current challenges, future trends and prospects of research in biomimetic taste and odor sensors are discussed.
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Shin SH, Park DH, Jung JY, Lee MH, Nah J. Ferroelectric Zinc Oxide Nanowire Embedded Flexible Sensor for Motion and Temperature Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:9233-9238. [PMID: 28276233 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple method to realize multifunctional flexible motion sensor using ferroelectric lithium-doped ZnO-PDMS. The ferroelectric layer enables piezoelectric dynamic sensing and provides additional motion information to more precisely discriminate different motions. The PEDOT:PSS-functionalized AgNWs, working as electrode layers for the piezoelectric sensing layer, resistively detect a change of both movement or temperature. Thus, through the optimal integration of both elements, the sensing limit, accuracy, and functionality can be further expanded. The method introduced here is a simple and effective route to realize a high-performance flexible motion sensor with integrated multifunctionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ho Shin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chungnam National University , Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Dae Hoon Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chungnam National University , Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Joo-Yun Jung
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, Korea
| | - Min Hyung Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University , Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Korea
| | - Junghyo Nah
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chungnam National University , Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Ahmed T, Zhang T, Wang Z, He K, Bai S. Molecular cloning, expression profile, odorant affinity, and stability of two odorant-binding proteins in Macrocentrus cingulum Brischke (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 94:e21374. [PMID: 28134484 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The polyembryonic endoparasitoid wasp Macrocentrus cingulum Brischke (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is deployed successfully as a biocontrol agent for corn pest insects from the Lepidopteran genus Ostrinia in Europe and throughout Asia, including Japan, Korea, and China. The odorants are recognized, bound, and solubilized by odorant-binding protein (OBP) in the initial biochemical recognition steps in olfaction that transport them across the sensillum lymph to initiate behavioral response. In the present study, we examine the odorant-binding effects on thermal stability of McinOBP2, McinOBP3, and their mutant form that lacks the third disulfide bonds. Real-time PCR experiments indicate that these two are expressed mainly in adult antennae, with expression levels differing by sex. Odorant-binding affinities of aldehydes, terpenoids, and aliphatic alcohols were measured with circular dichroism spectroscopy based on changes in the thermal stability of the proteins upon their affinities to odorants. The obtained results reveal higher affinity of trans-caryophelle, farnesene, and cis-3-Hexen-1-ol exhibits to both wild and mutant McinOBP2 and McinOBP3. Although conformational flexibility of the mutants and shape of binding cavity make differences in odorant affinity between the wild-type and mutant, it suggested that lacking the third disulfide bond in mutant proteins may have chance to incorrect folded structures that reduced the affinity to these odorants. In addition, CD spectra clearly indicate proteins enriched with α-helical content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tofael Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory for the Biology of the Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Bangladesh Sugar Crop Research Institute, Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh
| | - Tiantao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Biology of the Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Biology of the Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kanglai He
- State Key Laboratory for the Biology of the Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxiong Bai
- State Key Laboratory for the Biology of the Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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31
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Wu C, Lillehoj PB, Wang P. Bioanalytical and chemical sensors using living taste, olfactory, and neural cells and tissues: a short review. Analyst 2016; 140:7048-61. [PMID: 26308143 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01288k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors utilizing living tissues and cells have recently gained significant attention as functional devices for chemical sensing and biochemical analysis. These devices integrate biological components (i.e. single cells, cell networks, tissues) with micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)-based sensors and transducers. Various types of cells and tissues derived from natural and bioengineered sources have been used as recognition and sensing elements, which are generally characterized by high sensitivity and specificity. This review summarizes the state of the art in tissue- and cell-based biosensing platforms with an emphasis on those using taste, olfactory, and neural cells and tissues. Many of these devices employ unique integration strategies and sensing schemes based on sensitive transducers including microelectrode arrays (MEAs), field effect transistors (FETs), and light-addressable potentiometric sensors (LAPSs). Several groups have coupled these hybrid biosensors with microfluidics which offers added benefits of small sample volumes and enhanced automation. While this technology is currently limited to lab settings due to the limited stability of living biological components, further research to enhance their robustness will enable these devices to be employed in field and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Wu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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32
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Morimoto Y, Hsiao AY, Takeuchi S. Point-, line-, and plane-shaped cellular constructs for 3D tissue assembly. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 95:29-39. [PMID: 26387835 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microsized cellular constructs such as cellular aggregates and cell-laden hydrogel blocks are attractive cellular building blocks to reconstruct 3D macroscopic tissues with spatially ordered cells in bottom-up tissue engineering. In this regard, microfluidic techniques are remarkable methods to form microsized cellular constructs with high production rate and control of their shapes such as point, line, and plane. The fundamental shapes of the cellular constructs allow for the fabrication of larger arbitrary-shaped tissues by assembling them. This review introduces microfluidic formation methods of microsized cellular constructs and manipulation techniques to assemble them with control of their arrangements. Additionally, we show applications of the cellular constructs to biological studies and clinical treatments and discuss future trends as their potential applications.
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33
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Olsson SB, Challiss RAJ, Cole M, Gardeniers JGE, Gardner JW, Guerrero A, Hansson BS, Pearce TC. Biosynthetic infochemical communication. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2015; 10:043001. [PMID: 26158233 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/10/4/043001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is an ever-increasing demand for data to be embedded in our environment at ever-decreasing temporal and spatial scales. Whilst current communication and storage technologies generally exploit the electromagnetic properties of media, chemistry offers us a new alternative for nanoscale signaling using molecules as messengers with high information content. Biological systems effectively overcome the challenges of chemical communication using highly specific biosynthetic pathways for signal generation together with specialized protein receptors and nervous systems. Here we consider a new approach for information transmission based upon nature's quintessential example of infochemical communication, the moth pheromone system. To approach the sensitivity, specificity and versatility of infochemical communication seen in nature, we describe an array of biologically-inspired technologies for the production, transmission, detection, and processing of molecular signals. We show how it is possible to implement each step of the moth pheromone pathway for biosynthesis, transmission, receptor protein binding/transduction, and antennal lobe processing of monomolecular and multimolecular signals. For each implemented step, we discuss the value, current limitations, and challenges for the future development and integration of infochemical communication technologies. Together, these building blocks provide a starting point for future technologies that can utilize programmable emission and detection of multimolecular information for a new and robust means of communicating chemical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Olsson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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34
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Mitsuno H, Sakurai T, Namiki S, Mitsuhashi H, Kanzaki R. Novel cell-based odorant sensor elements based on insect odorant receptors. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 65:287-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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35
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Sato K, Takeuchi S. Chemical Vapor Detection Using a Reconstituted Insect Olfactory Receptor Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Sato K, Takeuchi S. Chemical Vapor Detection Using a Reconstituted Insect Olfactory Receptor Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11798-802. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Harada S, Honda W, Arie T, Akita S, Takei K. Fully printed, highly sensitive multifunctional artificial electronic whisker arrays integrated with strain and temperature sensors. ACS NANO 2014; 8:3921-7. [PMID: 24580035 DOI: 10.1021/nn500845a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian-mimicking functional electrical devices have tremendous potential in robotics, wearable and health monitoring systems, and human interfaces. The keys to achieve these devices are (1) highly sensitive sensors, (2) economically fabricated macroscale devices on flexible substrates, and (3) multifunctions beyond mammalian functions. Although highly sensitive artificial electronic devices have been reported, none have been fabricated using cost-effective macroscale printing methods and demonstrate multifunctionalities of artificial electronics. Herein we report fully printed high-sensitivity multifunctional artificial electronic whiskers (e-whisker) integrated with strain and temperature sensors using printable nanocomposite inks. Importantly, changing the composition ratio tunes the sensitivity of strain. Additionally, the printed temperature sensor array can be incorporated with the strain sensor array beyond mammalian whisker functionalities. The sensitivity for the strain sensor is impressively high (∼59%/Pa), which is the best sensitivity reported to date (>7× improvement). As the proof-of-concept for a truly printable multifunctional artificial e-whisker array, two- and three-dimensional space and temperature distribution mapping are demonstrated. This fully printable flexible sensor array should be applicable to a wide range of low-cost macroscale electrical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Harada
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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38
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Schwaighofer A, Kotlowski C, Araman C, Chu N, Mastrogiacomo R, Becker C, Pelosi P, Knoll W, Larisika M, Nowak C. Honey bee odorant-binding protein 14: effects on thermal stability upon odorant binding revealed by FT-IR spectroscopy and CD measurements. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2013; 43:105-12. [PMID: 24362824 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-013-0939-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we study the effect of odorant binding on the thermal stability of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) odorant-binding protein 14. Thermal denaturation of the protein in the absence and presence of different odorant molecules was monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and circular dichroism (CD). FT-IR spectra show characteristic bands for intermolecular aggregation through the formation of intermolecular β-sheets during the heating process. Transition temperatures in the FT-IR spectra were evaluated using moving-window 2D correlation maps and confirmed by CD measurements. The obtained results reveal an increase of the denaturation temperature of the protein when bound to an odorant molecule. We could also discriminate between high- and low-affinity odorants by determining transition temperatures, as demonstrated independently by the two applied methodologies. The increased thermal stability in the presence of ligands is attributed to a stabilizing effect of non-covalent interactions between odorant-binding protein 14 and the odorant molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schwaighofer
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, AIT, Donau-City Str. 1, 1220, Vienna, Austria
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39
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40
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Liu Q, Hu N, Zhang F, Zhang D, Hsia KJ, Wang P. Olfactory epithelium biosensor: odor discrimination of receptor neurons from a bio-hybrid sensing system. Biomed Microdevices 2013; 14:1055-61. [PMID: 23053447 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-012-9705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bio-hybrid systems provide an opportunity for integrating a living bio-active unit and a proper biosensing system, to employ the unique properties of the bio-active unit. The biological olfactory system can sense and identify thousands of trace odors. The purpose of this study is to combine olfactory epithelium with microelectrode array (MEA) to establish an olfactory epithelium-MEA hybrid system to record the odor-induced electrophysiological activities of the tissue. In our experiments, extracellular potential of olfactory receptor neurons in intact epithelium were measured in the presence of ethyl ether, acetic acid, butanedione, and acetone, respectively. After the odor-induced response signals were analyzed in the time and frequency domain, the temporal characteristics of response signals were extracted. We found that olfactory epithelium-MEA hybrid system can reflect the in vitro odor information of different signal characteristics and firing modes in vitro. The bio-hybrid sensing system can represent a useful instrument to sense and detect the odorant molecules with well recognizing patterns. With the development of sensor technology, bio-hybrid systems will represent emerging and promising platforms for wide applications, ranging from health care to environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Liu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
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41
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Canady R, Lane R, Paoli G, Wilson M, Bialk H, Hermansky S, Kobielush B, Lee JE, Llewellyn C, Scimeca J. Determining the applicability of threshold of toxicological concern approaches to substances found in foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:1239-49. [PMID: 24090142 PMCID: PMC3809586 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.752341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) decision-support methods present a pragmatic approach to using data from well-characterized chemicals and protective estimates of exposure in a stepwise fashion to inform decisions regarding low-level exposures to chemicals for which few data exist. It is based on structural and functional categorizations of chemicals derived from decades of animal testing with a wide variety of chemicals. Expertise is required to use the TTC methods, and there are situations in which its use is clearly inappropriate or not currently supported. To facilitate proper use of the TTC, this paper describes issues to be considered by risk managers when faced with the situation of an unexpected substance in food. Case studies are provided to illustrate the implementation of these considerations, demonstrating the steps taken in deciding whether it would be appropriate to apply the TTC approach in each case. By appropriately applying the methods, employing the appropriate scientific expertise, and combining use with the conservative assumptions embedded within the derivation of the thresholds, the TTC can realize its potential to protect public health and to contribute to efficient use of resources in food safety risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Canady
- Center for Risk Science Innovation and Application (RSIA), ILSI Research Foundation, 1156 Fifteenth Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20005-1743, USA
| | - Richard Lane
- PepsiCo Inc., 350 Columbus Avenue, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Greg Paoli
- Risk Sciences International (RSI), 325 Dalhousie Street, 10th Floor, Ottawa, ON K1N 7G2, Canada
| | - Margaret Wilson
- Risk Sciences International (RSI), 325 Dalhousie Street, 10th Floor, Ottawa, ON K1N 7G2, Canada
| | - Heidi Bialk
- PepsiCo Inc., 350 Columbus Avenue, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Steven Hermansky
- Scientific and Regulatory Affairs and Toxicology, ConAgra Foods Inc., Six ConAgra Drive, Mail Stop 6-460, Omaha, NE 68102-5006, USA
| | - Brent Kobielush
- General Mills Inc., One General Mills Boulevard, W01-B, Minneapolis, MN 55426, USA
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Kellogg Co., 2 Hamblin Avenue E, Battle Creek, MI 49017, USA
| | - Craig Llewellyn
- Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Coca-Cola Company North America, One Coca-Cola Plaza, PO Box Drawer 1734, Atlanta, GA 30301, USA
| | - Joseph Scimeca
- Cargill Inc., 15407 McGinty Road West, MS #56, Wayzata, MN 55391, USA
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42
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Du L, Wu C, Liu Q, Huang L, Wang P. Recent advances in olfactory receptor-based biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 42:570-80. [PMID: 23261691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The biological olfactory system can recognize and discriminate thousands of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with extremely high sensitivity and specificity. The most fundamental elements are olfactory receptors (ORs) in the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), which contribute greatly to the high-performance olfactory system. The excellent properties of ORs are generally recognized in the development of biomimetic OR-based biosensors. Over the past two decades, much work has been done in developing OR-based biosensors due to their promising potential in many applications. In this article, we will outline the latest advances of OR-based biosensors. Two current crucial issues in this field will be discussed, namely, the production methods and immobilization techniques of ORs. We will also elaborate on various OR-based biosensors and their latest developments. Finally, current research trends and future challenges in this field will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Du
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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43
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Du L, Wu C, Peng H, Zhao L, Huang L, Wang P. Bioengineered olfactory sensory neuron-based biosensor for specific odorant detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 40:401-6. [PMID: 23036770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It is highly desirable to obtain functional cells with specific olfactory receptors (ORs) for the development of cell-based biosensors towards odorant detection. In this study, we explored the feasibility of bioengineered primary olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) as sensing elements of biomimetic olfactory-based biosensors, in which light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) was used to monitor bioengineered OSNs membrane potential responses to odorant molecules. An olfactory receptor of C. elegances, ODR-10, as a model receptor, was expressed on the plasma membrane of OSNs by transient transfection. The response profile of bioengineered OSNs to odorant molecules was investigated by analyzing extracellular potential firings features in frequency and time domains. The results indicated that bioengineered OSNs can specifically respond to diacetyl, the natural ligand of ODR-10. In addition, bioengineered OSNs showed different temporal firing patterns in responding to different concentrations of diacetyl. All the results demonstrate that bioengineered OSNs are useful and promising to serve as novel sensing elements of biosensors for specific odorant molecule detection. It is suggested that bioengineering techniques could provide novel approaches for preparing sensitive elements as well as promoting the development of practical applicable olfactory-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Du
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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44
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Ohzono T, Monobe H. Microwrinkles: Shape-tunability and applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 368:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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45
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Tanada N, Sakurai T, Mitsuno H, Bakkum DJ, Kanzaki R, Takahashi H. Dissociated neuronal culture expressing ionotropic odorant receptors as a hybrid odorant biosensor—proof-of-concept study. Analyst 2012; 137:3452-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35058k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Lee SH, Kwon OS, Song HS, Park SJ, Sung JH, Jang J, Park TH. Mimicking the human smell sensing mechanism with an artificial nose platform. Biomaterials 2011; 33:1722-9. [PMID: 22153868 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Sensing smell is a highly complex biological process, and characterizing and mimicking the interaction between the olfactory receptor (OR) protein and its ligands is extremely challenging. Herein, we report a highly sensitive and selective human nose-like nanobioelectronic nose (nbe-nose), which responds to gaseous odorants sensitively and selectively, has a signal specificity pattern similar to that in the cellular signal transduction pathway, and maintains an antagonistic behavior similar to the human nose. The human olfaction mechanism was mimicked by using carboxylated polypyrrole nanotubes (CPNTs) functionalized with human OR protein. The nbe-nose was able to detect gaseous odorants at a concentration as low as 0.02 parts-per-trillion (ppt), which was comparable to a highly trained, human expert's nose. The nbe-nose can be used scientifically for smell mechanism studies. It can be also applied to various fields that rely on smell monitoring for industrial and public purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Ghaemmaghami AM, Hancock MJ, Harrington H, Kaji H, Khademhosseini A. Biomimetic tissues on a chip for drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2011; 17:173-81. [PMID: 22094245 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Developing biologically relevant models of human tissues and organs is an important enabling step for disease modeling and drug discovery. Recent advances in tissue engineering, biomaterials and microfluidics have led to the development of microscale functional units of such models also referred to as 'organs on a chip'. In this review, we provide an overview of key enabling technologies and highlight the wealth of recent work regarding on-chip tissue models. In addition, we discuss the current challenges and future directions of organ-on-chip development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir M Ghaemmaghami
- Division of Immunology, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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48
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Staying alive: new perspectives on cell immobilization for biosensing purposes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:1785-97. [PMID: 21922308 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kim SB, Bae H, Cha JM, Moon SJ, Dokmeci MR, Cropek DM, Khademhosseini A. A cell-based biosensor for real-time detection of cardiotoxicity using lensfree imaging. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:1801-7. [PMID: 21483937 PMCID: PMC3611966 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20098d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A portable and cost-effective real-time cardiotoxicity biosensor was developed using a CMOS imaging module extracted from a commercially available webcam. The detection system consists of a CMOS imaging module, a white LED and a pinhole. Real-time image processing was conducted by comparing reference and live frame images. To evaluate the engineered system, the effects of two different drugs, isoprenaline and doxorubicin, on the beating rate and beat-to-beat variations of ESC-derived cardiomyocytes were measured. The detection system was used to conclude that the beat-to-beat variability increased under treatment with both isoprenaline and doxorubicin. However, the beating rates increased upon the addition of isoprenaline but decreased for cultures supplemented with doxorubicin. Moreover, the response time for both the beating rates and the beat-to-beat variability of ESC-derived cardiomyocytes under treatment of isoprenaline was shorter than for doxorubicin, although the amount of isoprenaline used in the measurement was three orders of magnitude lower than that of doxorubicin. Given its ability to perform real-time cell monitoring in a simple and inexpensive manner, the proposed system may be useful for a range of cell-based biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Bok Kim
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hojae Bae
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jae Min Cha
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sang Jun Moon
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mehmet R. Dokmeci
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Center for High Rate Nanomanufacturing, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Donald M. Cropek
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, IL 61822, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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Extracellular recording of spatiotemporal patterning in response to odors in the olfactory epithelium by microelectrode arrays. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 27:12-7. [PMID: 21775126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In olfactory biosensors, microelectronic sensor chips combined with biological olfactory cells are a promising platform for odor detection. In our investigation, olfactory epithelium stripped from rat was fixed on the surface of microelectrode arrays (MEAs). Electrophysiological activities of olfactory receptor neurons in intact epithelium were measured in the form of extracellular potentials. Based on multi-channel recording performance of MEA and structural and functional integrality of native olfactory epithelium, the spatiotemporal analysis was carried out to study the extracellular activity pattern of neurons in the tissue. The variation of spatiotemporal patterns corresponding to different odors displayed the signals firing image characteristic intuitionally. It is an effective method in the form of patterns for monitoring the state of tissue both in time and space domain, promoting the platform for olfactory sensing mechanism research.
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