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Wang L, Bitar M, Lu X, Jacquelin S, Nair S, Sivakumaran H, Hillman KM, Kaufmann S, Ziegman R, Casciello F, Gowda H, Rosenbluh J, Edwards SL, French JD. CRISPR-Cas13d screens identify KILR, a breast cancer risk-associated lncRNA that regulates DNA replication and repair. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:101. [PMID: 38745269 PMCID: PMC11094906 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have surpassed the number of protein-coding genes, yet the majority have no known function. We previously discovered 844 lncRNAs that were genetically linked to breast cancer through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Here, we show that a subset of these lncRNAs alter breast cancer risk by modulating cell proliferation, and provide evidence that a reduced expression on one lncRNA increases breast cancer risk through aberrant DNA replication and repair. METHODS We performed pooled CRISPR-Cas13d-based knockdown screens in breast cells to identify which of the 844 breast cancer-associated lncRNAs alter cell proliferation. We selected one of the lncRNAs that increased cell proliferation, KILR, for follow-up functional studies. KILR pull-down followed by mass spectrometry was used to identify binding proteins. Knockdown and overexpression studies were performed to assess the mechanism by which KILR regulates proliferation. RESULTS We show that KILR functions as a tumor suppressor, safeguarding breast cells against uncontrolled proliferation. The half-life of KILR is significantly reduced by the risk haplotype, revealing an alternative mechanism by which variants alter cancer risk. Mechanistically, KILR sequesters RPA1, a subunit of the RPA complex required for DNA replication and repair. Reduced KILR expression promotes breast cancer cell proliferation by increasing the available pool of RPA1 and speed of DNA replication. Conversely, KILR overexpression promotes apoptosis in breast cancer cells, but not normal breast cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm lncRNAs as mediators of breast cancer risk, emphasize the need to annotate noncoding transcripts in relevant cell types when investigating GWAS variants and provide a scalable platform for mapping phenotypes associated with lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mainá Bitar
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xue Lu
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sebastien Jacquelin
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Macrophage Biology Laboratory, Mater Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sneha Nair
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Haran Sivakumaran
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kristine M Hillman
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Susanne Kaufmann
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rebekah Ziegman
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Francesco Casciello
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Joseph Rosenbluh
- Cancer Research Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Functional Genomics Platform, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Stacey L Edwards
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Juliet D French
- Cancer Research Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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2
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Oh K, Gallagher KJ, Hyun M, Schott D, Wisnoskie S, Lei Y, Hendley S, Wong J, Wang S, Graff B, Jenkins C, Rutar F, Ahmed M, McNeur J, Taylor J, Schmidt M, Senadheera L, Smith W, Umstadter D, Lele SM, Dai R, Jianghu (James) D, Yan Y, Su‐min Z. Initial experience with an electron FLASH research extension (FLEX) for the Clinac system. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2024; 25:e14159. [PMID: 37735808 PMCID: PMC10860433 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.14159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy delivered at ultra-high-dose-rates (≥40 Gy/s), that is, FLASH, has the potential to effectively widen the therapeutic window and considerably improve the care of cancer patients. The underlying mechanism of the FLASH effect is not well understood, and commercial systems capable of delivering such dose rates are scarce. The purpose of this study was to perform the initial acceptance and commissioning tests of an electron FLASH research product for preclinical studies. METHODS A linear accelerator (Clinac 23EX) was modified to include a non-clinical FLASH research extension (the Clinac-FLEX system) by Varian, a Siemens Healthineers company (Palo Alto, CA) capable of delivering a 16 MeV electron beam with FLASH and conventional dose rates. The acceptance, commissioning, and dosimetric characterization of the FLEX system was performed using radiochromic film, optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters, and a plane-parallel ionization chamber. A radiation survey was conducted for which the shielding of the pre-existing vault was deemed sufficient. RESULTS The Clinac-FLEX system is capable of delivering a 16 MeV electron FLASH beam of approximately 1 Gy/pulse at isocenter and reached a maximum dose rate >3.8 Gy/pulse near the upper accessory mount on the linac gantry. The percent depth dose curves of the 16 MeV FLASH and conventional modes for the 10 × 10 cm2 applicator agreed within 0.5 mm at a range of 50% of the maximum dose. Their respective profiles agreed well in terms of flatness but deviated for field sizes >10 × 10 cm2 . The output stability of the FLASH system exhibited a dose deviation of <1%. Preliminary cell studies showed that the FLASH dose rate (180 Gy/s) had much less impact on the cell morphology of 76N breast normal cells compared to the non-FLASH dose rate (18 Gy/s), which induced large-size cells. CONCLUSION Our studies characterized the non-clinical Clinac-FLEX system as a viable solution to conduct FLASH research that could substantially increase access to ultra-high-dose-rate capabilities for scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuhak Oh
- University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | | | - Megan Hyun
- University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Diane Schott
- University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | | | - Yu Lei
- University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | | | - Jeffrey Wong
- University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Shuo Wang
- University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Brendan Graff
- University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | | | - Frank Rutar
- University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Md Ahmed
- Varian Medical SystemsPalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Wendy Smith
- Varian Medical SystemsPalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Ran Dai
- University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | | | - Ying Yan
- University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Zhou Su‐min
- University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
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3
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Graff BT, Palanivel C, Jenkins CB, Baranowska-Kortylewicz J, Yan Y. Benzimidazole carbamate induces cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells via two distinct cell death mechanisms. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:162. [PMID: 37179350 PMCID: PMC10183037 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer (mBC) is responsible for >90% of breast cancer-related deaths. Microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) are the front-line treatment for mBC. However, the effectiveness of MTAs is frequently limited by the primary or acquired resistance. Furthermore, recurrent mBC derived from cancer cells that survived MTA treatment are typically more chemoresistant. The overall response rates for the second- and third-line MTAs in mBC patients previously treated with MTAs are 12-35%. Thus, there is an ongoing search for novel MTAs with a distinct mode of action that can circumvent chemoresistance mechanisms. Our results show that methyl N-(6-benzoyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)carbamate (BCar), a microtubule-disrupting anthelmintic that binds to the colchicine binding site separate from the binding sites of clinically used MTAs, has the potential to treat MTA-resistant mBC. We have comprehensively evaluated the cellular effects of BCar in a panel of human breast cancer (BC) cell lines and normal breast cells. BCar effects on the clonogenic survival, cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy, senescence, and mitotic catastrophe were measured. Approximately 25% of BCs harbor mutant p53. For this reason, the p53 status was included as a variable. The results show that BC cells are >10x more sensitive to BCar than normal mammary epithelial cells (HME). p53-mutant BC cells are significantly more sensitive to BCar treatment than p53 wild-type BC cells. Furthermore, BCar appears to kill BC cells primarily via either p53-dependent apoptosis or p53-independent mitotic catastrophe. When compared to docetaxel and vincristine, two clinical MTAs, BCar is fairly innocuous in HME cells, providing a much wider therapeutic window than docetaxel and vincristine. Together, the results strongly support the notion that BCar-based therapeutics may serve as a new line of MTAs for mBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T Graff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Chitra Palanivel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Christopher B Jenkins
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Janina Baranowska-Kortylewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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Tuano NK, Beesley J, Manning M, Shi W, Perlaza-Jimenez L, Malaver-Ortega LF, Paynter JM, Black D, Civitarese A, McCue K, Hatzipantelis A, Hillman K, Kaufmann S, Sivakumaran H, Polo JM, Reddel RR, Band V, French JD, Edwards SL, Powell DR, Chenevix-Trench G, Rosenbluh J. CRISPR screens identify gene targets at breast cancer risk loci. Genome Biol 2023; 24:59. [PMID: 36991492 PMCID: PMC10053147 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02898-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified > 200 loci associated with breast cancer risk. The majority of candidate causal variants are in non-coding regions and likely modulate cancer risk by regulating gene expression. However, pinpointing the exact target of the association, and identifying the phenotype it mediates, is a major challenge in the interpretation and translation of GWAS.
Results
Here, we show that pooled CRISPR screens are highly effective at identifying GWAS target genes and defining the cancer phenotypes they mediate. Following CRISPR mediated gene activation or suppression, we measure proliferation in 2D, 3D, and in immune-deficient mice, as well as the effect on DNA repair. We perform 60 CRISPR screens and identify 20 genes predicted with high confidence to be GWAS targets that promote cancer by driving proliferation or modulating the DNA damage response in breast cells. We validate the regulation of a subset of these genes by breast cancer risk variants.
Conclusions
We demonstrate that phenotypic CRISPR screens can accurately pinpoint the gene target of a risk locus. In addition to defining gene targets of risk loci associated with increased breast cancer risk, we provide a platform for identifying gene targets and phenotypes mediated by risk variants.
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Luan H, Bielecki TA, Mohapatra BC, Islam N, Mushtaq I, Bhat AM, Mirza S, Chakraborty S, Raza M, Storck MD, Toss MS, Meza JL, Thoreson WB, Coulter DW, Rakha EA, Band V, Band H. EHD2 overexpression promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer by regulating store-operated calcium entry. eLife 2023; 12:81288. [PMID: 36625722 PMCID: PMC9988264 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
With nearly all cancer deaths a result of metastasis, elucidating novel pro-metastatic cellular adaptations could provide new therapeutic targets. Here, we show that overexpression of the EPS15-Homology Domain-containing 2 (EHD2) protein in a large subset of breast cancers (BCs), especially the triple-negative (TNBC) and HER2+ subtypes, correlates with shorter patient survival. The mRNAs for EHD2 and Caveolin-1/2, structural components of caveolae, show co-overexpression across breast tumors, predicting shorter survival in basal-like BC. EHD2 shRNA knockdown and CRISPR-Cas9 knockout with mouse Ehd2 rescue, in TNBC cell line models demonstrate a major positive role of EHD2 in promoting tumorigenesis and metastasis. Mechanistically, we link these roles of EHD2 to store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), with EHD2-dependent stabilization of plasma membrane caveolae ensuring high cell surface expression of the SOCE-linked calcium channel Orai1. The novel EHD2-SOCE oncogenic axis represents a potential therapeutic target in EHD2- and CAV1/2-overexpressing BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Luan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
| | - Timothy A Bielecki
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
| | - Bhopal C Mohapatra
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
| | - Namista Islam
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
| | - Insha Mushtaq
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
| | - Aaqib M Bhat
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
| | - Sameer Mirza
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
| | - Sukanya Chakraborty
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
| | - Mohsin Raza
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
| | - Matthew D Storck
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
| | - Michael S Toss
- Department of Histopathology, Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust, City Hospital CampusNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Jane L Meza
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
| | - Wallace B Thoreson
- Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
| | - Donald W Coulter
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Department of Histopathology, Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust, City Hospital CampusNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Vimla Band
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
| | - Hamid Band
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaUnited States
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6
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You D, Guo J, Zhang Y, Guo L, Lu X, Huang X, Sun S, Li H. The heterogeneity of mammalian utricular cells over the course of development. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1052. [PMID: 36178017 PMCID: PMC9523683 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inner ear organ is a delicate tissue consisting of hair cells (HCs) and supporting cells (SCs).The mammalian inner ear HCs are terminally differentiated cells that cannot spontaneously regenerate in adults. Epithelial non-hair cells (ENHCs) in the utricle include HC progenitors and SCs, and the progenitors share similar characteristics with SCs in the neonatal inner ear. METHODS We applied single-cell sequencing to whole mouse utricles from the neonatal period to adulthood, including samples from postnatal day (P)2, P7 and P30 mice. Furthermore, using transgenic mice and immunostaining, we traced the source of new HC generation. RESULTS We identified several sensory epithelial cell clusters and further found that new HCs arose mainly through differentiation from Sox9+ progenitor cells and that only a few cells were produced by mitotic proliferation in both neonatal and adult mouse utricles. In addition, we identified the proliferative cells using the marker UbcH10 and demonstrated that in adulthood the mitotically generated HCs were primarily found in the extrastriola. Moreover, we observed that not only Type II, but also Type I HCs could be regenerated by either mitotic cell proliferation or progenitor cell differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings expand our understanding of ENHC cell fate and the characteristics of the vestibular organs in mammals over the course of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan You
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Department of Otorhinolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jin Guo
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yunzhong Zhang
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Luo Guo
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xinsheng Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shan Sun
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Huawei Li
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Institutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina,NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina,The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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7
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Dave A, Nekritz E, Charytonowicz D, Beaumont M, Smith M, Beaumont K, Silva J, Sebra R. Integration of Single-Cell Transcriptomics With a High Throughput Functional Screening Assay to Resolve Cell Type, Growth Kinetics, and Stemness Heterogeneity Within the Comma-1D Cell Line. Front Genet 2022; 13:894597. [PMID: 36630696 PMCID: PMC9237515 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.894597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell lines are one of the most frequently implemented model systems in life sciences research as they provide reproducible high throughput testing. Differentiation of cell cultures varies by line and, in some cases, can result in functional modifications within a population. Although research is increasingly dependent on these in vitro model systems, the heterogeneity within cell lines has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we have leveraged high throughput single-cell assays to investigate the Comma-1D mouse cell line that is known to differentiate in culture. Using scRNASeq and custom single-cell phenotype assays, we resolve the clonal heterogeneity within the referenced cell line on the genomic and functional level. We performed a cohesive analysis of the transcriptome of 5,195 sequenced cells, of which 85.3% of the total reads successfully mapped to the mm10-3.0.0 reference genome. Across multiple gene expression analysis pipelines, both luminal and myoepithelial lineages were observed. Deep differential gene expression analysis revealed eight subclusters identified as luminal progenitor, luminal differentiated, myoepithelial differentiated, and fibroblast subpopulations-suggesting functional clustering within each lineage. Gene expression of published mammary stem cell (MaSC) markers Epcam, Cd49f, and Sca-1 was detected across the population, with 116 (2.23%) sequenced cells expressing all three markers. To gain insight into functional heterogeneity, cells with patterned MaSC marker expression were isolated and phenotypically investigated through a custom single-cell high throughput assay. The comparison of growth kinetics demonstrates functional heterogeneity within each cell cluster while also illustrating significant limitations in current cell isolation methods. We outlined the upstream use of our novel automated cell identification platform-to be used prior to single-cell culture-for reduced cell stress and improved rare cell identification and capture. Through compounding single-cell pipelines, we better reveal the heterogeneity within Comma-1D to identify subpopulations with specific functional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Dave
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Erin Nekritz
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel Charytonowicz
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael Beaumont
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Melissa Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Kristin Beaumont
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jose Silva
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Advanced Genomics Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Sema4, A Mount Sinai Venture, Stamford, CT, United States
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8
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Goldhammer N, Kim J, Villadsen R, Rønnov-Jessen L, Petersen OW. Myoepithelial progenitors as founder cells of hyperplastic human breast lesions upon PIK3CA transformation. Commun Biol 2022; 5:219. [PMID: 35273332 PMCID: PMC8913783 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The myoepithelial (MEP) lineage of human breast comprises bipotent and multipotent progenitors in ducts and terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs). We here assess whether this heterogeneity impacts on oncogenic PIK3CA transformation. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and multicolor imaging reveal that terminal ducts represent the most enriched source of cells with ductal MEP markers including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), keratin K14, K17 and CD200. Furthermore, we find neighboring CD200high and CD200low progenitors within terminal ducts. When sorted and kept in ground state conditions, their CD200low and CD200high phenotypes are preserved. Upon differentiation, progenitors remain multipotent and bipotent, respectively. Immortalized progenitors are transduced with mutant PIK3CA on an shp53 background. Upon transplantation, CD200low MEP progenitors distinguish from CD200high by the formation of multilayered structures with a hyperplastic inner layer of luminal epithelial cells. We suggest a model with spatially distributed MEP progenitors as founder cells of biphasic breast lesions with implications for early detection and prevention strategies. Breast myoepithelial cells are characterised using single cell sequencing, where they are distinguished by CD200 expression. Distinct properties of CD200-low and CD200-high are found, which suggest that CD200-low cells are multipotent, whereas CD200-high cells are bipotent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Goldhammer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - René Villadsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lone Rønnov-Jessen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ole William Petersen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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9
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Majhi PD, Sharma A, Roberts AL, Daniele E, Majewski AR, Chuong LM, Black AL, Vandenberg LN, Schneider SS, Dunphy KA, Jerry DJ. Effects of Benzophenone-3 and Propylparaben on Estrogen Receptor-Dependent R-Loops and DNA Damage in Breast Epithelial Cells and Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:17002. [PMID: 31939680 PMCID: PMC7015622 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been shown to have broad effects on development, but their mutagenic actions that can lead to cancer have been less clearly demonstrated. Physiological levels of estrogen have been shown to stimulate DNA damage in breast epithelial cells through mechanisms mediated by estrogen-receptor alpha (ERα). Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and propylparaben (PP) are xenoestrogens found in the urine of >96% of U.S. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of BP-3 and PP on estrogen receptor-dependent transactivation and DNA damage at concentrations relevant to exposures in humans. METHODS In human breast epithelial cells, DNA damage following treatment with 17β-estradiol (E2), BP-3, and PP was determined by immunostaining with antibodies against γ-H2AX and 53BP1. Estrogenic responses were determined using luciferase reporter assays and gene expression. Formation of R-loops was determined with DNA: RNA hybrid-specific S9.6 antibody. Short-term exposure to the chemicals was also studied in ovariectomized mice. Immunostaining of mouse mammary epithelium was performed to quantify R-loops and DNA damage in vivo. RESULTS Concentrations of 1μM and 5μM BP-3 or PP increased DNA damage similar to that of E2 treatment in a ERα-dependent manner. However, BP-3 and PP had limited transactivation of target genes at 1μM and 5μM concentrations. BP-3 and PP exposure caused R-loop formation in a normal human breast epithelial cell line when ERα was introduced. R-loops and DNA damage were also detected in mammary epithelial cells of mice treated with BP-3 and PP. CONCLUSIONS Acute exposure to xenoestrogens (PP and BP-3) in mice induce DNA damage mediated by formation of ERα-dependent R-loops at concentrations 10-fold lower than those required for transactivation. Exposure to these xenoestrogens may cause deleterious estrogenic responses, such as DNA damage, in susceptible individuals. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5221.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabin Dhangada Majhi
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Botany, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy L. Roberts
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth Daniele
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aliza R. Majewski
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lynn M. Chuong
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amye L. Black
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura N. Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sallie S. Schneider
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Baystate Campus, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen A. Dunphy
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D. Joseph Jerry
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Kumar B, Prasad M, Bhat-Nakshatri P, Anjanappa M, Kalra M, Marino N, Storniolo AM, Rao X, Liu S, Wan J, Liu Y, Nakshatri H. Normal Breast-Derived Epithelial Cells with Luminal and Intrinsic Subtype-Enriched Gene Expression Document Interindividual Differences in Their Differentiation Cascade. Cancer Res 2018; 78:5107-5123. [PMID: 29997232 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell-type origin is one of the factors that determine molecular features of tumors, but resources to validate this concept are scarce because of technical difficulties in propagating major cell types of adult organs. Previous attempts to generate such resources to study breast cancer have yielded predominantly basal-type cell lines. We have created a panel of immortalized cell lines from core breast biopsies of ancestry-mapped healthy women that form ductal structures similar to normal breast in 3D cultures and expressed markers of major cell types, including the luminal-differentiated cell-enriched ERα-FOXA1-GATA3 transcription factor network. We have also created cell lines from PROCR (CD201)+/EpCAM- cells that are likely the "normal" counterpart of the claudin-low subtype of breast cancers. RNA-seq and PAM50-intrinsic subtype clustering identified these cell lines as the "normal" counterparts of luminal A, basal, and normal-like subtypes and validated via immunostaining with basal-enriched KRT14 and luminal-enriched KRT19. We further characterized these cell lines by flow cytometry for distribution patterns of stem/basal, luminal-progenitor, mature/differentiated, multipotent PROCR+ cells, and organogenesis-enriched epithelial/mesenchymal hybrid cells using CD44/CD24, CD49f/EpCAM, CD271/EpCAM, CD201/EpCAM, and ALDEFLUOR assays and E-cadherin/vimentin double staining. These cell lines showed interindividual heterogeneity in stemness/differentiation capabilities and baseline activity of signaling molecules such as NF-κB, AKT2, pERK, and BRD4. These resources can be used to test the emerging concept that genetic variations in regulatory regions contribute to widespread differences in gene expression in "normal" conditions among the general population and can delineate the impact of cell-type origin on tumor progression.Significance: In addition to providing a valuable resource for the breast cancer research community to investigate cell-type origin of different subtypes of breast cancer, this study highlights interindividual differences in normal breast, emphasizing the need to use "normal" cells from multiple sources as controls to decipher the effects of cancer-specific genomic aberrations. Cancer Res; 78(17); 5107-23. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Kumar
- Departments of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mayuri Prasad
- Departments of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Manjushree Anjanappa
- Departments of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Maitri Kalra
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Natascia Marino
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Anna Maria Storniolo
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xi Rao
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Harikrishna Nakshatri
- Departments of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana. .,Deaprtment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,VA Roudebush Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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11
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Rhee J, Park K, Kim KC, Shin CY, Chung C. Impaired Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Enhanced Excitatory Transmission in a Novel Animal Model of Autism Spectrum Disorders with Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Overexpression. Mol Cells 2018; 41:486-494. [PMID: 29696935 PMCID: PMC5974625 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have reported that animals with telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) overexpression exhibit reduced social interaction, decreased preference for novel social interaction and poor nest-building behaviors symptoms that mirror those observed in human autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Overexpression of TERT also alters the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) ratio in the medial prefrontal cortex. However, the effects of TERT overexpression on hippocampal-dependent learning and synaptic efficacy have not been investigated. In the present study, we employed electrophysiological approaches in combination with behavioral analysis to examine hippocampal function of TERT transgenic (TERT-tg) mice and FVB controls. We found that TERT overexpression results in enhanced hippocampal excitation with no changes in inhibition and significantly impairs long-term synaptic plasticity. Interestingly, the expression levels of phosphorylated CREB and phosphory-lated CaMKIIα were significantly decreased while the expression level of CaMKIIα was slightly increased in the hippocampus of TERT-overexpressing mice. Our observations highlight the importance of TERT in normal synaptic function and behavior and provide additional information on a novel animal model of ASD associated with TERT overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehae Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Kwanghoon Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Ki Chan Kim
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - ChiHye Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
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12
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Hopkinson BM, Klitgaard MC, Petersen OW, Villadsen R, Rønnov-Jessen L, Kim J. Establishment of a normal-derived estrogen receptor-positive cell line comparable to the prevailing human breast cancer subtype. Oncotarget 2018; 8:10580-10593. [PMID: 28076334 PMCID: PMC5354682 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding human cancer increasingly relies on insight gained from subtype specific comparisons between malignant and non-malignant cells. The most frequent subtype in breast cancer is the luminal. By far the most frequently used model for luminal breast cancer is the iconic estrogen receptor-positive (ERpos) MCF7 cell line. However, luminal specific comparisons have suffered from the lack of a relevant non-malignant counterpart. Our previous work has shown that transforming growth factor-β receptor (TGFβR) inhibition suffices to propagate prospectively isolated ERpos human breast luminal cells from reduction mammoplasties (HBEC). Here we demonstrate that transduction of these cells with hTERT/shp16 renders them immortal while remaining true to the luminal lineage including expression of functional ER (iHBECERpos). Under identical culture conditions a major difference between MCF7 and normal-derived cells is the dependence of the latter on TGFβR inhibition for ER expression. In a breast fibroblast co-culture model we further show that whereas MCF7 proliferate concurrently with ER expression, iHBECERpos form correctly polarized acini, and segregate into proliferating and ER expressing cells. We propose that iHBECERpos may serve to shed light on hitherto unappreciated differences in ER regulation and function between normal breast and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branden M Hopkinson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Stem Cell Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie C Klitgaard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Stem Cell Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole William Petersen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Stem Cell Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Villadsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Stem Cell Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lone Rønnov-Jessen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Stem Cell Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Characterization of primary human mammary epithelial cells isolated and propagated by conditional reprogrammed cell culture. Oncotarget 2017; 9:11503-11514. [PMID: 29545915 PMCID: PMC5837767 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Conditional reprogramming methods allow for the inexhaustible in vitro proliferation of primary epithelial cells from human tissue specimens. This methodology has the potential to enhance the utility of primary cell culture as a model for mammary gland research. However, few studies have systematically characterized this method in generating in vitro normal human mammary epithelial cell models. Results We show that cells derived from fresh normal breast tissues can be propagated and exhibit heterogeneous morphologic features. The cultures are composed of CK18, desmoglein 3, and CK19-positive luminal cells and vimentin, p63, and CK14-positive myoepithelial cells, suggesting the maintenance of in vivo heterogeneity. In addition, the cultures contain subpopulations with different CD49f and EpCAM expression profiles. When grown in 3D conditions, cells self-organize into distinct structures that express either luminal or basal cell markers. Among these structures, CK8-positive cells enclosing a lumen are capable of differentiation into milk-producing cells in the presence of lactogenic stimulus. Furthermore, our short-term cultures retain the expression of ERα, as well as its ability to respond to estrogen stimulation. Materials and Methods We have investigated conditionally reprogrammed normal epithelial cells in terms of cell type heterogeneity, cellular marker expression, and structural arrangement in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) systems. Conclusions The conditional reprogramming methodology allows generation of a heterogeneous culture from normal human mammary tissue in vitro. We believe that this cell culture model will provide a valuable tool to study mammary cell function and malignant transformation.
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14
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Sigston EAW, Williams BRG. An Emergence Framework of Carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2017; 7:198. [PMID: 28959682 PMCID: PMC5603758 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental paradigms provide the framework for the understanding of cancer, and drive research and treatment, but are rarely considered by clinicians. The somatic mutation theory (SMT), in which cancer is considered a genetic disease, has been the predominant traditional model of cancer for over 50 years. More recently, alternative theories have been proposed, such as tissue organization field theory (TOFT), evolutionary models, and inflammatory models. Key concepts within the various models have led to them being difficult to reconcile. Progressively, it has been recognized that biological systems cannot be fully explained by the physicochemical properties of their constituent parts. There is an increasing call for a 'systems' approach. Incorporating the concepts of 'emergence', 'systems', 'thermodynamics', and 'chaos', a single integrated framework for carcinogenesis has been developed, enabling existing theories to become compatible as alternative mechanisms, facilitating the integration of bioinformatics and providing a structure in which translational research can flow from both 'benchtop to bedside' and 'bedside to benchtop'. In this review, a basic understanding of the key concepts of 'emergence', 'systems', 'system levels', 'complexity', 'thermodynamics', 'entropy', 'chaos', and 'fractals' is provided. Non-linear mathematical equations are included where possible to demonstrate compatibility with bioinformatics. Twelve principles that define the 'emergence framework of carcinogenesis' are developed, with principles 1-10 encapsulating the key concepts upon which the framework is built and their application to carcinogenesis. Principle 11 relates the framework to cancer progression. Principle 12 relates to the application of the framework to translational research. The 'emergence framework of carcinogenesis' collates current paradigms, concepts, and evidence around carcinogenesis into a single framework that incorporates previously incompatible viewpoints and ideas. Any researcher, scientist, or clinician involved in research, treatment, or prevention of cancer can employ this framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A W Sigston
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bryan R G Williams
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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15
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Bhagirath D, Zhao X, Mirza S, West WW, Band H, Band V. Mutant PIK3CA Induces EMT in a Cell Type Specific Manner. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167064. [PMID: 27941987 PMCID: PMC5152840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is characterized into different molecular subtypes, and each subtype is characterized by differential gene expression that are associated with distinct survival outcomes in patients. PIK3CA mutations are commonly associated with most breast cancer subtypes. More recently PIK3CA mutations have been shown to induce tumor heterogeneity and are associated with activation of EGFR-signaling and reduced relapse free survival in basal subtype of breast cancer. Thus, understanding what determines PIK3CA induced heterogeneity and oncogenesis, is an important area of investigation. In this study, we assessed the effect of mutant PIK3CA together with mutant Ras plus mutant p53 on oncogenic behavior of two distinct stem/progenitor breast cell lines, designated as K5+/K19- and K5+/K19+. Constructs were ectopically overexpressed in K5+/K19- and K5+/K19+ stem/progenitor cells, followed by various in-vitro and in-vivo analyses. Oncogene combination m-Ras/m-p53/m-PIK3CA efficiently transformed both K5+/K19- and K5+/K19+ cell lines in-vitro, as assessed by anchorage-independent soft agar colony formation assay. Significantly, while this oncogene combination induced a complete epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in K5+/K19- cell line, mostly epithelial phenotype with minor EMT component was seen in K5+/K19+ cell line. However, both K5+/K19- and K5+/K19+ transformed cells exhibited increased invasion and migration abilities. Analyses of CD44 and CD24 expression showed both cell lines had tumor-initiating CD44+/CD24low cell population, however transformed K5+/K19- cells had more proportion of these cells. Significantly, both cell types exhibited in-vivo tumorigenesis, and maintained their EMT and epithelial nature in-vivo in mice tumors. Notably, while both cell types exhibited increase in tumor-initiating cell population, differential EMT phenotype was observed in these cell lines. These results suggest that EMT is a cell type dependent phenomenon and does not dictate oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bhagirath
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Xiangshan Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Sameer Mirza
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - William W. West
- Pathology & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Hamid Band
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Pathology & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Eppley Institute for Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Vimla Band
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Hu H, Zheng N, Gao H, Dai W, Zhang Y, Li S, Wang J. Immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cells express stem cell markers and differentiate in vitro. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:861-72. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Hu
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100193 China
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key laboratory of Pollinating Biology; Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100193 China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100193 China
| | - Haina Gao
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key laboratory of Pollinating Biology; Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100193 China
| | - Wenting Dai
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key laboratory of Pollinating Biology; Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100193 China
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key laboratory of Pollinating Biology; Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100193 China
| | - Songli Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key laboratory of Pollinating Biology; Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100193 China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key laboratory of Pollinating Biology; Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100193 China
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17
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Hein AL, Post CM, Sheinin YM, Lakshmanan I, Natarajan A, Enke CA, Batra SK, Ouellette MM, Yan Y. RAC1 GTPase promotes the survival of breast cancer cells in response to hyper-fractionated radiation treatment. Oncogene 2016; 35:6319-6329. [PMID: 27181206 PMCID: PMC5112160 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a staple approach for cancer treatment, whereas radioresistance of cancer cells remains a substantial clinical problem. In response to ionizing radiation (IR) induced DNA-damage, cancer cells can sustain/activate pro-survival signaling pathways, leading to apoptotic resistance and induction of cell cycle checkpoint/DNA repair. Previous studies show that Rac1 GTPase is overexpressed/hyperactivated in breast cancer cells and is associated with poor prognosis. Studies from our laboratory reveal that Rac1 activity is necessary for G2/M checkpoint activation and cell survival in response to IR exposure of breast and pancreatic cancer cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Rac1 on the survival of breast cancer cells treated with hyper-fractionated radiation (HFR), which is used clinically for cancer treatment. Results in this report indicate that Rac1 protein expression is increased in the breast cancer cells that survived HFR compared to parental cells. Furthermore, this increase of Rac1 is associated with enhanced activities of ERK1/2 and NF-κB signaling pathways and increased levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, which are downstream targets of ERK1/2 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Using Rac1 specific inhibitor and dominant negative mutant N17Rac1, here we demonstrate that Rac1 inhibition decreases the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and IκBα, as well as the levels of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 protein in the HFR-selected breast cancer cells. Moreover, inhibition of Rac1 using either small molecule inhibitor or dominant negative N17Rac1 abrogates clonogenic survival of HFR-selected breast cancer cells and decreases the level of intact PARP, which is indicative of apoptosis induction. Collectively, results in this report suggest that Rac1 signaling is essential for the survival of breast cancer cells subjected to HFR and implicate Rac1 in radioresistance of breast cancer cells. These studies also provide the basis to explore Rac1 as a therapeutic target for radioresistant breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Hein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - C M Post
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Y M Sheinin
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - I Lakshmanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - A Natarajan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - C A Enke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - S K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - M M Ouellette
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Y Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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18
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Cell type of origin as well as genetic alterations contribute to breast cancer phenotypes. Oncotarget 2016; 6:9018-30. [PMID: 25940703 PMCID: PMC4496199 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is classified into different subtypes that are associated with different patient survival outcomes, underscoring the importance of understanding the role of precursor cell and genetic alterations in determining tumor subtypes. In this study, we evaluated the oncogenic phenotype of two distinct mammary stem/progenitor cell types designated as K5+/K19− or K5+/K19+ upon introduction of identical combinations of oncogenes-mutant H-Ras (mRas) and mutant p53 (mp53), together with either wild-type ErbB2(wtErbB2) or wild-type EGFR (wtEGFR). We examined their tumor forming and metastasis potential, using both in-vitro and in-vivo assays. Both the combinations efficiently transformed K5+/K19− or K5+/K19+ cells. Xenograft tumors formed by these cells were histologically heterogeneous, with variable proportions of luminal, basal-like and claudin-low type components depending on the cell types and oncogene combinations. Notably, K5+/K19− cells transformed with mRas/mp53/wtEGFR combination had a significantly longer latency for primary tumor development than other cell lines but more lung metastasis incidence than same cells expressing mRas/mp53/wtErbB2. K5+/K19+ cells exhibit shorter overall tumor latency, and high metastatic potential than K5+/K19− cells, suggesting that these K19+ progenitors are more susceptible to oncogenesis and metastasis. Our results suggest that both genetic alterations and cell type of origin contribute to oncogenic phenotype of breast tumors.
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19
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Bele A, Mirza S, Zhang Y, Ahmad Mir R, Lin S, Kim JH, Gurumurthy CB, West W, Qiu F, Band H, Band V. The cell cycle regulator ecdysoneless cooperates with H-Ras to promote oncogenic transformation of human mammary epithelial cells. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:990-1000. [PMID: 25616580 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1006982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian ortholog of Drosophila ecdysoneless (Ecd) gene product regulates Rb-E2F interaction and is required for cell cycle progression. Ecd is overexpressed in breast cancer and its overexpression predicts shorter survival in patients with ErbB2-positive tumors. Here, we demonstrate Ecd knock down (KD) in human mammary epithelial cells (hMECs) induces growth arrest, similar to the impact of Ecd Knock out (KO) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Furthermore, whole-genome mRNA expression analysis of control vs. Ecd KD in hMECs demonstrated that several of the top 40 genes that were down-regulated were E2F target genes. To address the role of Ecd in mammary oncogenesis, we overexpressed Ecd and/or mutant H-Ras in hTERT-immortalized hMECs. Cell cycle analyses revealed hMECs overexpressing Ecd+Ras showed incomplete arrest in G1 phase upon growth factor deprivation, and more rapid cell cycle progression in growth factor-containing medium. Analyses of cell migration, invasion, acinar structures in 3-D Matrigel and anchorage-independent growth demonstrated that Ecd+Ras-overexpressing cells exhibit substantially more dramatic transformed phenotype as compared to cells expressing vector, Ras or Ecd. Under conditions of nutrient deprivation, Ecd+Ras-overexpressing hMECs exhibited better survival, with substantial upregulation of the autophagy marker LC3 both at the mRNA and protein levels. Significantly, while hMECs expressing Ecd or mutant Ras alone did not form tumors in NOD/SCID mice, Ecd+Ras-overexpressing hMECs formed tumors, clearly demonstrating oncogenic cooperation between Ecd and mutant Ras. Collectively, we demonstrate an important co-oncogenic role of Ecd in the progression of mammary oncogenesis through promoting cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bele
- a Departments of Genetics ; Cell Biology and Anatomy ; Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE USA
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Flemban A, Qualtrough D. The Potential Role of Hedgehog Signaling in the Luminal/Basal Phenotype of Breast Epithelia and in Breast Cancer Invasion and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1863-84. [PMID: 26389956 PMCID: PMC4586799 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7030866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelium of the lactiferous ducts in the breast is comprised of luminal epithelial cells and underlying basal myoepithelial cells. The regulation of cell fate and transit of cells between these two cell types remains poorly understood. This relationship becomes of greater importance when studying the subtypes of epithelial breast carcinoma, which are categorized according to their expression of luminal or basal markers. The epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a pivotal event in tumor invasion. It is important to understand mechanisms that regulate this process, which bears relation to the normal dynamic of epithelial/basal phenotype regulation in the mammary gland. Understanding this process could provide answers for the regulation of EMT in breast cancer, and thereby identify potential targets for therapy. Evidence points towards a role for hedgehog signaling in breast tissue homeostasis and also in mammary neoplasia. This review examines our current understanding of role of the hedgehog-signaling (Hh) pathway in breast epithelial cells both during breast development and homeostasis and to assess the potential misappropriation of Hh signals in breast neoplasia, cancer stem cells and tumor metastasis via EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Flemban
- Department of Biological, Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia.
| | - David Qualtrough
- Department of Biological, Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
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Loss of anchorage primarily induces non-apoptotic cell death in a human mammary epithelial cell line under atypical focal adhesion kinase signaling. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1619. [PMID: 25611393 PMCID: PMC4669778 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anchorage dependence of cellular growth and survival prevents inappropriate cell growth or survival in ectopic environments, and serves as a potential barrier to metastasis of cancer cells. Therefore, obtaining a better understanding of anchorage-dependent responses in normal cells is the first step to understand and impede anchorage independence of growth and survival in cancer cells and finally to eradicate cancer cells during metastasis. Anoikis, a type of apoptosis specifically induced by lack of appropriate cell-extracellular matrix adhesion, has been established as the dominant response of normal epithelial cells to anchorage loss. For example, under detached conditions, the untransformed mammary epithelial cell (MEC) line MCF-10 A, which exhibits myoepithelial characteristics, underwent anoikis dependent on classical ERK signaling. On the other hand, recent studies have revealed a variety of phenotypes resulting in cell death modalities distinct from anoikis, such as autophagy, necrosis, and cornification, in detached epithelial cells. In the present study, we characterized detachment-induced cell death (DICD) in primary human MECs immortalized with hTERT (TertHMECs), which are bipotent progenitor-like cells with a differentiating phenotype to luminal cells. In contrast to MCF-10 A cells, apoptosis was not observed in detached TertHMECs; instead, non-apoptotic cell death marked by features of entosis, cornification, and necrosis was observed along with downregulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling. Cell death was overcome by anchorage-independent activities of FAK but not PI3K/AKT, SRC, and MEK/ERK, suggesting critical roles of atypical FAK signaling pathways in the regulation of non-apoptotic cell death. Further analysis revealed an important role of TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) as a mediator of FAK signaling in regulation of entosis and necrosis and a role of p38 MAPK in the induction of necrosis. Overall, the present study highlighted outstanding cell subtype or differentiation stage specificity in cell death phenotypes induced upon anchorage loss in human MECs.
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The role of Sox9 in mouse mammary gland development and maintenance of mammary stem and luminal progenitor cells. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 14:47. [PMID: 25527186 PMCID: PMC4297388 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-014-0047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification and characterization of molecular controls that regulate mammary stem and progenitor cell homeostasis are critical to our understanding of normal mammary gland development and its pathology. RESULTS We demonstrate that conditional knockout of Sox9 in the mouse mammary gland results in impaired postnatal development. In short-term lineage tracing in the postnatal mouse mammary gland using Sox9-CreER driven reporters, Sox9 marked primarily the luminal progenitors and bipotent stem/progenitor cells within the basal mammary epithelial compartment. In contrast, long-term lineage tracing studies demonstrate that Sox9+ precursors gave rise to both luminal and myoepithelial cell lineages. Finally, fate mapping of Sox9 deleted cells demonstrates that Sox9 is essential for luminal, but not myoepithelial, lineage commitment and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS These studies identify Sox9 as a key regulator of mammary gland development and stem/progenitor maintenance.
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Sun QY, Ding LW, Xiao JF, Chien W, Lim SL, Hattori N, Goodglick L, Chia D, Mah V, Alavi M, Kim SR, Doan NB, Said JW, Loh XY, Xu L, Liu LZ, Yang H, Hayano T, Shi S, Xie D, Lin DC, Koeffler HP. SETDB1 accelerates tumourigenesis by regulating the WNT signalling pathway. J Pathol 2014; 235:559-70. [PMID: 25404354 DOI: 10.1002/path.4482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the oncogenic role of SETDB1, focusing on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which has high expression of this protein. A total of 387 lung cancer cases were examined by immunohistochemistry; 72% of NSCLC samples were positive for SETDB1 staining, compared to 46% samples of normal bronchial epithelium (106 cases) (p <0.0001). The percentage of positive cells and the intensity of staining increased significantly with increased grade of disease. Forced expression of SETDB1 in NSCLC cell lines enhanced their clonogenic growth in vitro and markedly increased tumour size in a murine xenograft model, while silencing (shRNA) SETDB1 in NSCLC cells slowed their proliferation. SETDB1 positively stimulated activity of the WNT-β-catenin pathway and diminished P53 expression, resulting in enhanced NSCLC growth in vitro and in vivo. Our finding suggests that therapeutic targeting of SETDB1 may benefit patients whose tumours express high levels of SETDB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Yang Sun
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Garcia-Martin F, Matsushita T, Hinou H, Nishimura SI. Fast epitope mapping for the anti-MUC1 monoclonal antibody by combining a one-bead-one-glycopeptide library and a microarray platform. Chemistry 2014; 20:15891-902. [PMID: 25303614 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Anti-MUC1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are powerful tools that can be used to recognize cancer-related MUC1 molecules, the O-glycosylation status of which is believed to affect binding affinity. We demonstrate the feasibility of using a rapid screening methodology to elucidate those effects. The approach involves i) "one-bead-one-compound"-based preparation of bilayer resins carrying glycopeptides on the shell and mass-tag tripeptides coding O-glycan patterns in the core, ii) on-resin screening with an anti-MUC1 mAb, iii) separating positive resins by utilizing secondary antibody conjugation with magnetic beads, and (iv) decoding the mass-tag that is detached from the positive resins pool by using mass spectrometric analysis. We tested a small library consisting of 27 MUC1 glycopeptides with different O-glycosylations against anti-MUC1 mAb clone VU-3C6. Qualitative mass-tag analysis showed that increasing the number of glycans leads to an increase in the binding affinity. Six glycopeptides selected from the library were validated by using a microarray-based assay. Our screening provides valuable information on O-glycosylations of epitopes leading to high affinity with mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayna Garcia-Martin
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21, W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 11-706-9042
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Directed differentiation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells identifies the transcriptional repression and epigenetic modification of NKX2-5, HAND1, and NOTCH1 in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102796. [PMID: 25050861 PMCID: PMC4106834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) remains unknown, and the lack of animal models to reconstitute the cardiac maldevelopment has hampered the study of this disease. This study investigated the altered control of transcriptional and epigenetic programs that may affect the development of HLHS by using disease-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) were isolated from patients with congenital heart diseases to generate patient-specific iPS cells. Comparative gene expression analysis of HLHS- and biventricle (BV) heart-derived iPS cells was performed to dissect the complex genetic circuits that may promote the disease phenotype. Both HLHS- and BV heart-derived CPCs were reprogrammed to generate disease-specific iPS cells, which showed characteristic human embryonic stem cell signatures, expressed pluripotency markers, and could give rise to cardiomyocytes. However, HLHS-iPS cells exhibited lower cardiomyogenic differentiation potential than BV-iPS cells. Quantitative gene expression analysis demonstrated that HLHS-derived iPS cells showed transcriptional repression of NKX2-5, reduced levels of TBX2 and NOTCH/HEY signaling, and inhibited HAND1/2 transcripts compared with control cells. Although both HLHS-derived CPCs and iPS cells showed reduced SRE and TNNT2 transcriptional activation compared with BV-derived cells, co-transfection of NKX2-5, HAND1, and NOTCH1 into HLHS-derived cells resulted in synergistic restoration of these promoters activation. Notably, gain- and loss-of-function studies revealed that NKX2-5 had a predominant impact on NPPA transcriptional activation. Moreover, differentiated HLHS-derived iPS cells showed reduced H3K4 dimethylation as well as histone H3 acetylation but increased H3K27 trimethylation to inhibit transcriptional activation on the NKX2-5 promoter. These findings suggest that patient-specific iPS cells may provide molecular insights into complex transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms, at least in part, through combinatorial expression of NKX2-5, HAND1, and NOTCH1 that coordinately contribute to cardiac malformations in HLHS.
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Qin Y, Guo H, Tang B, Yang SM. The non-reverse transcriptase activity of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase promotes tumor progression (review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:525-31. [PMID: 24888567 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In human cancer, high expression of telomerase is correlated with tumor aggressiveness and metastatic potential. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), which regulates telomere length, can promote tumor development. Most research on hTERT has been focused on its crucial function of telomere maintenance. However, there are many phenomena that cannot be explained by its reverse transcriptase activity. Accumulating evidence suggests that hTERT has functions independent of its protective function at the telomere ends, such as increasing the anti-apoptotic capacity of cells, enhancing DNA repair, maintaining stem cells and regulating gene expression. This review will provide an update on the non-reverse transcriptase activity of hTERT and its contribution to tumor formation, metastasis and cancer stem cell maintenance. Repression of the non-reverse transcriptase activity of hTERT may be a new strategy for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Ming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
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Rhie SK, Hazelett DJ, Coetzee SG, Yan C, Noushmehr H, Coetzee GA. Nucleosome positioning and histone modifications define relationships between regulatory elements and nearby gene expression in breast epithelial cells. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:331. [PMID: 24885402 PMCID: PMC4035062 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The precise nature of how cell type specific chromatin structures at enhancer sites affect gene expression is largely unknown. Here we identified cell type specific enhancers coupled with gene expression in two different types of breast epithelial cells, HMEC (normal breast epithelial cells) and MDAMB231 (triple negative breast cancer cell line). Results Enhancers were defined by modified neighboring histones [using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq)] and nucleosome depletion [using formaldehyde-assisted isolation of regulatory elements followed by sequencing (FAIRE-seq)]. Histone modifications at enhancers were related to the expression levels of nearby genes up to 750 kb away. These expression levels were correlated with enhancer status (poised or active), defined by surrounding histone marks. Furthermore, about fifty percent of poised and active enhancers contained nucleosome-depleted regions. We also identified response element motifs enriched at these enhancer sites that revealed key transcription factors (e.g. TP63) likely involved in regulating breast epithelial enhancer-mediated gene expression. By utilizing expression data, potential target genes of more than 600 active enhancers were identified. These genes were involved in proteolysis, epidermis development, cell adhesion, mitosis, cell cycle, and DNA replication. Conclusions These findings facilitate the understanding of epigenetic regulation specifically, such as the relationships between regulatory elements and gene expression and generally, how breast epithelial cellular phenotypes are determined by cell type specific enhancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-331) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gerhard A Coetzee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Zhou W, Wang G, Guo S. Regulation of angiogenesis via Notch signaling in breast cancer and cancer stem cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:304-20. [PMID: 24183943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer angiogenesis is elicited and regulated by a number of factors including the Notch signaling. Notch receptors and ligands are expressed in breast cancer cells as well as in the stromal compartment and have been implicated in carcinogenesis. Signals exchanged between neighboring cells through the Notch pathway can amplify and consolidate molecular differences, which eventually dictate cell fates. Notch signaling and its crosstalk with many signaling pathways play an important role in breast cancer cell growth, migration, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis, as well as cancer stem cell (CSC) self-renewal. Therefore, significant attention has been paid in recent years toward the development of clinically useful antagonists of Notch signaling. Better understanding of the structure, function and regulation of Notch intracellular signaling pathways, as well as its complex crosstalk with other oncogenic signals in breast cancer cells will be essential to ensure rational design and application of new combinatory therapeutic strategies. Novel opportunities have emerged from the discovery of Notch crosstalk with inflammatory and angiogenic cytokines and their links to CSCs. Combinatory treatments with drugs designed to prevent Notch oncogenic signal crosstalk may be advantageous over λ secretase inhibitors (GSIs) alone. In this review, we focus on the more recent advancements in our knowledge of aberrant Notch signaling contributing to breast cancer angiogenesis, as well as its crosstalk with other factors contributing to angiogenesis and CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 North Huanghe St, Huanggu Dis, Shenyang City, Liaoning Pro 110034, PR China.
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Mukhopadhyay C, Zhao X, Maroni D, Band V, Naramura M. Distinct effects of EGFR ligands on human mammary epithelial cell differentiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75907. [PMID: 24124521 PMCID: PMC3790811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on gene expression patterns, breast cancers can be divided into subtypes that closely resemble various developmental stages of normal mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Thus, understanding molecular mechanisms of MEC development is expected to provide critical insights into initiation and progression of breast cancer. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligands play essential roles in normal and pathological mammary gland. Signals through EGFR is required for normal mammary gland development. Ligands for EGFR are over-expressed in a significant proportion of breast cancers, and elevated expression of EGFR is associated with poorer clinical outcome. In the present study, we examined the effect of signals through EGFR on MEC differentiation using the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT)-immortalized human stem/progenitor MECs which express cytokeratin 5 but lack cytokeratin 19 (K5+K19- hMECs). As reported previously, these cells can be induced to differentiate into luminal and myoepithelial cells under appropriate culture conditions. K5+K19- hMECs acquired distinct cell fates in response to EGFR ligands epidermal growth factor (EGF), amphiregulin (AREG) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) in differentiation-promoting MEGM medium. Specifically, presence of EGF during in vitro differentiation supported development into both luminal and myoepithelial lineages, whereas cells differentiated only towards luminal lineage when EGF was replaced with AREG. In contrast, substitution with TGFα led to differentiation only into myoepithelial lineage. Chemical inhibition of the MEK-Erk pathway, but not the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway, interfered with K5+K19- hMEC differentiation. The present data validate the utility of the K5+K19- hMEC cells for modeling key features of human MEC differentiation. This system should be useful in studying molecular/biochemical mechanisms of human MEC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrani Mukhopadhyay
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Xiangshan Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Dulce Maroni
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Vimla Band
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Mayumi Naramura
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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A comprehensive, multi-scale dynamical model of ErbB receptor signal transduction in human mammary epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61757. [PMID: 23637902 PMCID: PMC3630219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src and receptor tyrosine kinase epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB1) have been established as collaborators in cellular signaling and their combined dysregulation plays key roles in human cancers, including breast cancer. In part due to the complexity of the biochemical network associated with the regulation of these proteins as well as their cellular functions, the role of Src in EGFR regulation remains unclear. Herein we present a new comprehensive, multi-scale dynamical model of ErbB receptor signal transduction in human mammary epithelial cells. This model, constructed manually from published biochemical literature, consists of 245 nodes representing proteins and their post-translational modifications sites, and over 1,000 biochemical interactions. Using computer simulations of the model, we find it is able to reproduce a number of cellular phenomena. Furthermore, the model predicts that overexpression of Src results in increased endocytosis of EGFR in the absence/low amount of the epidermal growth factor (EGF). Our subsequent laboratory experiments also suggest increased internalization of EGFR upon Src overexpression under EGF-deprived conditions, further supporting this model-generated hypothesis.
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Spaas JH, Chiers K, Bussche L, Burvenich C, Van de Walle GR. Stem/progenitor cells in non-lactating versus lactating equine mammary gland. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:3055-67. [PMID: 22574831 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a highly regenerative organ that can undergo multiple cycles of proliferation, lactation, and involution. Based on the facts that (i) mammary stem/progenitor cells (MaSC) are proposed to be the driving forces behind mammary growth and function and (ii) variation exists between mammalian species with regard to physiological and pathological functioning of this organ, we believe that studying MaSC from different mammals is of great comparative interest. Over the years, important data has been gathered on MaSC of men and mice, although knowledge on MaSC in other mammals remains limited. Therefore, the aim of this work was to isolate and characterize MaSC from the mammary gland of horses. Hereby, our salient findings were that the isolated equine cells met the 2 in vitro hallmark properties of stem cells, namely the ability to self-renew and to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. Moreover, the cells were immunophenotyped using markers for CD29, CD44, CD49f, and Ki67. Finally, we propose the mammosphere assay as a valuable in vitro assay to study MaSC during different physiological phases since it was observed that equine lactating mammary gland contains significantly more mammosphere-initiating cells than the inactive, nonlactating gland (a reflection of MaSC self-renewal) and, moreover, that these spheres were significantly larger in size upon initial cultivation (a reflection of progenitor cell proliferation). Taken together, this study not only extends the current knowledge of mammary gland biology, but also benefits the comparative approach to study and compare MaSC in different mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Spaas
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Qiao B, Gopalan V, Chen Z, Smith RA, Tao Q, Lam AKY. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and mesenchymal-epithelial transition are essential for the acquisition of stem cell properties in hTERT-immortalised oral epithelial cells. Biol Cell 2012; 104:476-89. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li Y, Maitah MY, Ahmad A, Kong D, Bao B, Sarkar FH. Targeting the Hedgehog signaling pathway for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:49-66. [PMID: 22243133 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.617367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays key roles in embryonic development, formation and maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and acquisition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Since CSCs and EMT are important biological factors responsible for cancer cell invasion, metastasis, drug resistance and tumor recurrence, the Hh signaling pathway is believed to be an important target for cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED In recent years, small-molecule inhibitors of Hh signaling have been synthesized for cancer treatment. Clinical trials using these inhibitors are being conducted to determine their toxicity profiles and efficacies. In addition, nutraceuticals (such as isoflavones, curcumin, vitamin D, etc) have been shown to inhibit cancer growth through downregulation of Hh signaling. EXPERT OPINION Inhibition of Hh signaling is important for suppression of cancer growth, invasion, metastasis and recurrence in cancer therapy. However, targeting only one molecule in Hh signaling may not be sufficient to kill cancer cells because cancers show deregulation of multiple signals. Therefore, utilizing new technologies to determine alterations in Hh and other signals for individuals and designing combination strategies with small-molecule Hh inhibitors, nutraceuticals and other chemotherapeutics in targeted personalized therapy could have a significant effect on improving the overall survival of patients with cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Zhao X, Malhotra GK, Band H, Band V. Derivation of myoepithelial progenitor cells from bipotent mammary stem/progenitor cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35338. [PMID: 22514728 PMCID: PMC3325967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that breast and other cancers originate from and are maintained by a small fraction of stem/progenitor cells with self-renewal properties. Recent molecular profiling has identified six major subtypes of breast cancer: basal-like, ErbB2-overexpressing, normal breast epithelial-like, luminal A and B, and claudin-low subtypes. To help understand the relationship among mammary stem/progenitor cells and breast cancer subtypes, we have recently derived distinct hTERT-immortalized human mammary stem/progenitor cell lines: a K5(+)/K19(-) type, and a K5(+)/K19(+) type. Under specific culture conditions, bipotent K5(+)/K19(-) stem/progenitor cells differentiated into stable clonal populations that were K5(-)/K19(-) and exhibit self-renewal and unipotent myoepithelial differentiation potential in contrast to the parental K5(+)/K19(-) cells which are bipotent. These K5(-)/K19(-) cells function as myoepithelial progenitor cells and constitutively express markers of an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and show high invasive and migratory abilities. In addition, these cells express a microarray signature of claudin-low breast cancers. The EMT characteristics of an un-transformed unipotent mammary myoepithelial progenitor cells together with claudin-low signature suggests that the claudin-low breast cancer subtype may arise from myoepithelial lineage committed progenitors. Availability of immortal MPCs should allow a more definitive analysis of their potential to give rise to claudin-low breast cancer subtype and facilitate biological and molecular/biochemical studies of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangshan Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Gautam K. Malhotra
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Hamid Band
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Vimla Band
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yan Y, Greer PM, Cao PT, Kolb RH, Cowan KH. RAC1 GTPase plays an important role in γ-irradiation induced G2/M checkpoint activation. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R60. [PMID: 22494620 PMCID: PMC3446395 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In response to gamma-irradiation (IR)-induced double-strand DNA breaks, cells undergo cell-cycle arrest, allowing time for DNA repair before reentering the cell cycle. G2/M checkpoint activation involves activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)/ATM- and rad3-related (ATR) kinases and inhibition of Cdc25 phosphatases, resulting in inhibition of Cdc2 kinase and subsequent G2/M cell-cycle arrest. Previous studies from our laboratory showed that the G2/M checkpoint activation after IR exposure of MCF-7 breast cancer cells is dependent on the activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signaling. In the present studies, we investigated the role of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) in IR-induced G2/M checkpoint response and ERK1/2 activation, as well as in cell survival after IR. Methods With Rac1-specific inhibitor, dominant negative mutant Rac1 (N17Rac1) and specific small interfering RNA, the effect of Rac1 on IR-induced G2/M checkpoint response and ERK1/2 activation was examined in human breast cancer cells. In addition, the effect of Rac1 on cell survival after irradiation was assessed by using Rac1-specific inhibitor. Results IR exposure of MCF-7 breast cancer cells was associated with a marked activation of Rac1 GTPase. Furthermore, inhibition of Rac1 by using specific inhibitor, dominant-negative Rac1 mutant, or specific siRNA resulted in attenuation of IR-induced G2/M arrest and concomitant diminution of IR-induced activation of ATM, ATR, Chk1, and Chk2 kinases, as well as phosphorylation of Cdc2-Tyr15. Moreover, Rac1 inhibition or decreased Rac1 expression also abrogated IR-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 and 2 (MEK1/2) and ERK1/2. Ultimately, inhibition of Rac1 markedly increased cellular sensitivity to IR exposure, which involves induction of apoptosis. Conclusion Studies in this report suggest that Rac1 GTPase plays an essential role in the activation of IR-induced ERK1/2 signaling and subsequent G2/M checkpoint response. Furthermore, results also support a role for Rac1 in promoting cell survival after irradiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Isolation of stem-like cells from spontaneous feline mammary carcinomas: Phenotypic characterization and tumorigenic potential. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:847-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zhao X, Gurumurthy CB, Malhotra G, Mirza S, Mohibi S, Bele A, Quinn MG, Band H, Band V. Breast cancer subtypes: two decades of journey from cell culture to patients. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 720:135-44. [PMID: 21901624 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0254-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent molecular profiling has identified six major subtypes of breast cancers that exhibit different survival outcomes for patients. To address the origin of different subtypes of breast cancers, we have now identified, isolated, and immortalized (using hTERT) mammary stem/progenitor cells which maintain their stem/progenitor properties even after immortalization. Our decade long research has shown that these stem/progenitor cells are highly susceptible to oncogenesis. Given the emerging evidence that stem/progenitor cells are precursors of cancers and that distinct subtypes of breast cancer have different survival outcome, these cellular models provide novel tools to understand the oncogenic process leading to various subtypes of breast cancers and for future development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat different subtypes of breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangshan Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Zhao X, Malhotra GK, Band H, Band V. A block in lineage differentiation of immortal human mammary stem / progenitor cells by ectopically-expressed oncogenes. J Carcinog 2011; 10:39. [PMID: 22279424 PMCID: PMC3263028 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.91415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emerging evidence suggests a direct role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the development of breast cancer. In vitro cellular models that recapitulate properties of CSCs are therefore highly desirable. We have previously shown that normal human mammary epithelial cells (hMECs) immortalized with human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) possess properties of mammary stem / progenitor cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, we used this cell system to test the idea that other known hMEC-immortalizing oncogenes (RhoA, HPVE6, HPVE7, p53 mutant, and treatment with γ-radiation), share with hTERT, the ability to maintain mammary stem / progenitor cells. RESULTS The results presented here demonstrate that similar to hMECs immortalized with hTERT, all hMEC cell lines immortalized using various oncogenic strategies express stem / progenitor cell markers. Furthermore, analyses using 2D and 3D culture assays demonstrate that all the immortal cell lines retain their ability to self-renew and to differentiate along the luminal lineage. Remarkably, the stem / progenitor cell lines generated using various oncogenic strategies exhibit a block in differentiation along the myoepithelial lineage, a trait that is retained on hTERT-immortalized stem / progenitors. The inability to differentiate along the myoepithelial lineage could be induced by ectopic mutant p53 expression in hTERT-immortalized hMEC. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate that stem / progenitor cell characteristics of hMECs are maintained upon immortalization by using various cancer-relevant oncogenic strategies. Oncogene-immortalized hMECs show a block in their ability to differentiate along the myoepithelial lineage. Abrogation of the myoepithelial differentiation potential by a number of distinct oncogenic insults suggests a potential explanation for the predominance of luminal and rarity of myoepithelial breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangshan Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Inhibitory activity of YKL-40 in mammary epithelial cell differentiation and polarization induced by lactogenic hormones: a role in mammary tissue involution. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25819. [PMID: 21991364 PMCID: PMC3185048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that a secreted glycoprotein YKL-40 acts as an angiogenic factor to promote breast cancer angiogenesis. However, its functional role in normal mammary gland development is poorly understood. Here we investigated its biophysiological activity in mammary epithelial development and mammary tissue morphogenesis. YKL-40 was expressed exclusively by ductal epithelial cells of parous and non-parous mammary tissue, but was dramatically up-regulated at the beginning of involution. To mimic ductal development and explore activity of elevated YKL-40 during mammary tissue regression in vivo, we grew a mammary epithelial cell line 76N MECs in a 3-D Matrigel system in the presence of lactogenic hormones including prolactin, hydrocortisone, and insulin. Treatment of 76N MECs with recombinant YKL-40 significantly inhibited acinar formation, luminal polarization, and secretion. YKL-40 also suppressed expression of E-cadherin but increased MMP-9 and cell motility, the crucial mechanisms that mediate mammary tissue remodeling during involution. In addition, engineering of 76N MECs with YKL-40 gene to express ectopic YKL-40 recapitulated the same activities as recombinant YKL-40 in the inhibition of cell differentiation. These results suggest that YKL-40-mediated inhibition of cell differentiation and polarization in the presence of lactogenic hormones may represent its important function during mammary tissue involution. Identification of this biophysiological property will enhance our understanding of its pathologic role in the later stage of breast cancer that is developed from poorly differentiated and highly invasive cells.
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40
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Introduction of SV40ER and hTERT into mammospheres generates breast cancer cells with stem cell properties. Oncogene 2011; 31:1896-909. [PMID: 21874052 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that cancers arise in stem/progenitor cells. Yet, the requirements for transformation of these primitive cells remains poorly understood. In this study, we have exploited the 'mammosphere' system that selects for primitive mammary stem/progenitor cells to explore their potential and requirements for transformation. Introduction of Simian Virus 40 Early Region and hTERT into mammosphere-derived cells led to the generation of NBLE, an immortalized mammary epithelial cell line. The NBLEs largely comprised of bi-potent progenitors with long-term self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation potential. Clonal and karyotype analyses revealed the existence of heterogeneous population within NBLEs with varied proliferation, differentiation and sphere-forming potential. Significantly, injection of NBLEs into immunocompromised mice resulted in the generation of invasive ductal adenocarcinomas. Further, these cells harbored a sub-population of CD44(+)/CD24(-) fraction that alone had sphere- and tumor-initiating potential and resembled the breast cancer stem cell gene signature. Interestingly, prolonged in vitro culturing led to their further enrichment. The NBLE cells also showed increased expression of stemness and epithelial to mesenchymal transition markers, deregulated self-renewal pathways, activated DNA-damage response and cancer-associated chromosomal aberrations-all of which are likely to have contributed to their tumorigenic transformation. Thus, unlike previous in vitro transformation studies that used adherent, more differentiated human mammary epithelial cells our study demonstrates that the mammosphere-derived, less-differentiated cells undergo tumorigenic conversion with only two genetic elements, without requiring oncogenic Ras. Moreover, the striking phenotypic and molecular resemblance of the NBLE-generated tumors with naturally arising breast adenocarcinomas supports the notion of a primitive breast cell as the origin for this subtype of breast cancer. Finally, the NBLEs represent a heterogeneous population of cells with striking plasticity, capable of differentiation, self-renewal and tumorigenicity, thus offering a unique model system to study the molecular mechanisms involved with these processes.
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You N, Liu W, Zhong X, Ji R, Zhang M, You H, Dou K, Tao K. Tg737 inhibition results in malignant transformation in fetal liver stem/progenitor cells by promoting cell-cycle progression and differentiation arrest. Mol Carcinog 2011; 51:659-73. [PMID: 21837759 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem/progenitor cells (CSPCs) may originate from the malignant transformation of normal stem cells. However, the mechanism by which normal stem cells undergo such transformation is not understood. Our previous studies provided evidence that Tg737 may play an important role in carcinogenesis of liver stem cells. In this study, we investigated the role of Tg737 in the malignant transformation of fetal liver stem/progenitor cells (FLSPCs). We inhibited Tg737 in FLSPCs using short hairpin RNA (shRNA). The microscopic observations of freshly purified Tg737 normal FLSPCs (nFLSPCs) and Tg737-silent FLSPCs (sFLSPCs), which showed high expression levels of stem cell markers, revealed no significant morphological changes in sFLSPCs. Following RNAi of Tg737, the mRNA and protein levels of sFLSPCs decreased by 81.81% and 80.10% as shown by PCR, Western blot and immunocytochemistry analyses. Excluding apoptosis-related effects, we found that silencing of Tg737 resulted in enhanced cell proliferation through promoting cell-cycle progression via upregulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin B expression (P < 0.05). Silencing of Tg737 also resulted in significant arrest of cell differentiation (P < 0.05), stable expression of both albumin (ALB) and alpha fetoprotein (AFP) (P > 0.05) and quiescent ultrastructure. Assessment of cell malignant traits by transwell migration assays and by growth of xenograft tumors in athymic mice showed that reduced expression of Tg737 greatly promoted cell invasion and hepatocarcinogenesis of FLSPCs (P < 0.05). This work shows that inactivation of Tg737 may play an important role in malignant transformation of FLSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan You
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
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Proia TA, Keller PJ, Gupta PB, Klebba I, Jones AD, Sedic M, Gilmore H, Tung N, Naber SP, Schnitt S, Lander ES, Kuperwasser C. Genetic predisposition directs breast cancer phenotype by dictating progenitor cell fate. Cell Stem Cell 2011; 8:149-63. [PMID: 21295272 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Women with inherited mutations in the BRCA1 gene have increased risk of developing breast cancer but also exhibit a predisposition for the development of aggressive basal-like breast tumors. We report here that breast epithelial cells derived from patients harboring deleterious mutations in BRCA1 (BRCA1(mut /+) give rise to tumors with increased basal differentiation relative to cells from BRCA1+/+ patients. Molecular analysis of disease-free breast tissues from BRCA1(mut /+) patients revealed defects in progenitor cell lineage commitment even before cancer incidence. Moreover, we discovered that the transcriptional repressor Slug is an important functional suppressor of human breast progenitor cell lineage commitment and differentiation and that it is aberrantly expressed in BRCA1(mut /+) tissues. Slug expression is necessary for increased basal-like phenotypes prior to and after neoplastic transformation. These findings demonstrate that the genetic background of patient populations, in addition to affecting incidence rates, significantly impacts progenitor cell fate commitment and, therefore, tumor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Proia
- Department of Anatomy & Cellular Biology, Sackler School of Biomedical Research, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Mi HW, Lee MC, Fu E, Chow LP, Lin CP. Highly efficient multipotent differentiation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts induced by combined BMP4 and hTERT gene transfer. Gene Ther 2011; 18:452-61. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Guo S, Liu M, Gonzalez-Perez RR. Role of Notch and its oncogenic signaling crosstalk in breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2010; 1815:197-213. [PMID: 21193018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Notch signaling plays a key role in cell differentiation, survival, and proliferation through diverse mechanisms. Notch signaling is also involved in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Moreover, Notch expression is regulated by hypoxia and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and leptin). Entangled crosstalk between Notch and other developmental signaling (Hedgehog and Wnt), and signaling triggered by growth factors, estrogens and oncogenic kinases, could impact on Notch targeted genes. Thus, alterations of the Notch signaling can lead to a variety of disorders, including human malignancies. Notch signaling is activated by ligand binding, followed by ADAM/tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme (TACE) metalloprotease and γ-secretase cleavages that produce the Notch intracellular domain (NICD). Translocation of NICD into the nucleus induces the transcriptional activation of Notch target genes. The relationships between Notch deregulated signaling, cancer stem cells and the carcinogenesis process reinforced by Notch crosstalk with many oncogenic signaling pathways suggest that Notch signaling may be a critical drug target for breast and other cancers. Since current status of knowledge in this field changes quickly, our insight should be continuously revised. In this review, we will focus on recent advancements in identification of aberrant Notch signaling in breast cancer and the possible underlying mechanisms, including potential role of Notch in breast cancer stem cells, tumor angiogenesis, as well as its crosstalk with other oncogenic signaling pathways in breast cancer. We will also discuss the prognostic value of Notch proteins and therapeutic potential of targeting Notch signaling for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanchun Guo
- Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
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Malhotra GK, Zhao X, Band H, Band V. Histological, molecular and functional subtypes of breast cancers. Cancer Biol Ther 2010; 10:955-60. [PMID: 21057215 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.10.10.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased understanding of the molecular heterogeneity that is intrinsic to the various subtypes of breast cancer will likely shape the future of breast cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Advances in the field over the last several decades have been remarkable and have clearly translated into better patient care as evidenced by the earlier detection, better prognosis, and new targeted therapies. There have been two recent advances in the breast cancer research field that have lead to paradigm shifts: first, the identification of intrinsic breast tumor subtypes, which has changed the way we think about breast cancer and second, the recent characterization of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are suspected to be responsible for tumor initiation, recurrence and resistance to therapy, have opened new exciting avenues to think about breast cancer therapeutic strategies. While these advances constitute major paradigm shifts within the research realm, the clinical arena has yet to adopt and apply our understanding of the molecular basis of the disease to early diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of breast cancers. Here, we will review the current clinical approach to classification of breast cancers, newer molecular-based classification schemes, and potential future of biomarkers representing a functional classification of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam K Malhotra
- Department of Genetics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
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Qiao M, Shi Q, Pardee AB. The pursuit of oncotargets through understanding defective cell regulation. Oncotarget 2010; 1:544-51. [PMID: 21317450 PMCID: PMC3248140 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.101010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
More effective anticancer agents are essential, as has too often been demonstrated by the paucity of therapeutics which preserve life. Their discovery is very difficult. Many approaches are being applied, from testing folk medicines to automated high throughput screening of large chemical libraries. Mutations in cancer cells create dysfunctional regulatory systems. This Perspective summarizes an approach to applying defective molecular control mechanisms as oncotargets on which drug discoveries against cancer can be based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qiao
- University of California, Irvine Biological Chemistry, 140 Sprague Hall, 839 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA 92697-1700
| | - Qian Shi
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University,130 Dong An Road, Box 281, Shanghai, China 20003
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47
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Qiao M, Shi Q, Pardee AB. The pursuit of oncotargets through understanding defective cell regulation. Oncotarget 2010; 1:544-551. [PMID: 21317450 PMCID: PMC3248140 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
More effective anticancer agents are essential, as has too often been demonstrated by the paucity of therapeutics which preserve life. Their discovery is very difficult. Many approaches are being applied, from testing folk medicines to automated high throughput screening of large chemical libraries. Mutations in cancer cells create dysfunctional regulatory systems. This Perspective summarizes an approach to applying defective molecular control mechanisms as oncotargets on which drug discoveries against cancer can be based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qiao
- University of California, Irvine Biological Chemistry, 140 Sprague Hall, 839 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA 92697-1700
| | - Qian Shi
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University,130 Dong An Road, Box 281, Shanghai, China 20003
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