1
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Gerschwitz‐Eidt MA, Dillenberger MS, Kadereit JW. Phylogeny of Saxifraga section Saxifraga subsection Arachnoideae (Saxifragaceae) and the origin of low elevation shade-dwelling species. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9728. [PMID: 36636428 PMCID: PMC9829489 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Saxifraga section Saxifraga subsection Arachnoideae is a lineage of 12 species distributed mainly in the European Alps. It is unusual in terms of ecological diversification by containing both high elevation species from exposed alpine habitats and low elevation species from shady habitats such as overhanging rocks and cave entrances. Our aims are to explore which of these habitat types is ancestral, and to identify the possible drivers of this remarkable ecological diversification. Using a Hybseq DNA-sequencing approach and a complete species sample we reconstructed and dated the phylogeny of subsection Arachnoideae. Using Landolt indicator values, this phylogenetic tree was used for the reconstruction of the evolution of temperature, light and soil pH requirements in this lineage. Diversification of subsection Arachnoideae started in the late Pliocene and continued through the Pleistocene. Both diversification among and within clades was largely allopatric, and species from shady habitats with low light requirements are distributed in well-known refugia. We hypothesize that low light requirements evolved when species persisting in cold-stage refugia were forced into marginal habitats by more competitive warm-stage vegetation. While we do not claim that such competition resulted in speciation, it very likely resulted in adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Gerschwitz‐Eidt
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg‐UniversitätMainzGermany
| | - Markus S. Dillenberger
- Institut für Biologie, AG Systematische Botanik und Pflanzengeographie, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Joachim W. Kadereit
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg‐UniversitätMainzGermany,Present address:
Systematik, Biodiversität und Evolution der PflanzenLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
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2
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Paudel BR, Dyer AG, Garcia JE, Shrestha M. The effect of elevational gradient on alpine gingers ( Roscoea alpina and R. purpurea) in the Himalayas. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7503. [PMID: 31576232 PMCID: PMC6753920 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently enormous interest in how morphological and physiological responses of herbaceous plants may be affected by changing elevational gradient. Mountain regions provide an excellent opportunity to understand how closely related species may adapt to the conditions that rapidly change with elevation. We investigated the morphological and physiological responses of two Himalayan alpine gingers (Roscoea alpina and R. purpurea) along two different vertical transects of 400 m, R. purpurea between 2,174-2,574 m a.s.l and R. alpina between 2,675-3,079 m a.s.l. We measured the variables of plant height, leaf length, leaf area, specific leaf area, and stomata density at five plots, along the vertical transect at an elevational gap of ca. 100 m. Results revealed that with increased elevation plant height, and leaf area decreased while stomata density increased, whereas changes in specific leaf area, were not correlated with the elevation. Our results reveal that these alpine gingers undergo local adaptation by modifying their plant height, leaf area and stomata density in response to the varying selection pressure associated with the elevational gradient. Thus, the findings of this research provide valuable information on how a narrow range of elevational gradient affects the herbaceous plants at the alpine habitat of the Himalayas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu Ram Paudel
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaption and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Botany, Prithvi Narayan Campus, Tribhuvan University, Pokhara, Gandaki, Nepal
| | - Adrian G. Dyer
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jair E. Garcia
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mani Shrestha
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Chen T, Lou A. Phylogeography and paleodistribution models of a widespread birch ( Betula platyphylla Suk.) across East Asia: Multiple refugia, multidirectional expansion, and heterogeneous genetic pattern. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:7792-7807. [PMID: 31346441 PMCID: PMC6635942 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Widespread tree species cover large geographical areas and play important roles in various vegetation types. Understanding how these species responded to historical climatic changes is important for understanding community assembly mechanisms with evolutionary and conservation implications. However, the location of refugial areas and postglacial history of widespread trees in East Asia remain poorly known. We combined microsatellite data (63 populations, 1756 individuals) and ecological niche modeling to examine the range-wide population diversity, genetic structure, and historical demography of a pioneer tree species, Asian white birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.) across East Asia. We found a north-to-south trend of declining genetic diversity and five clusters, corresponding to geographical regions. Different clusters were inferred to have diverged through Pleistocene climatic oscillations and have different expansion routes, leading to genetic admixture in some populations. Ecological niche models indicated that the distribution of B. platyphylla during the last glacial maximum still had a large latitude span with slight shifts toward southeast, and northern populations had more variable distribution ranges than those in the south during later climatic oscillations. Our results reflect the relatively stable distribution through the last glacial-interglacial cycles and recent multidirectional expansion of B. platyphylla, providing new hypotheses for the response pattern of widespread tree species to climate change. The gradual genetic pattern from northeast to southwest and alternative distribution dynamics possibly resulted from environmental differences caused by latitude and topographic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian‐Yi Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - An‐Ru Lou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
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4
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Spalink D, MacKay R, Sytsma KJ. Phylogeography, population genetics and distribution modelling reveal vulnerability of
Scirpus longii
(Cyperaceae) and the Atlantic Coastal Plain Flora to climate change. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:2046-2061. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Spalink
- Department of Botany University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management Texas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - Ron MacKay
- Department of Biology Mount Saint Vincent University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Kenneth J. Sytsma
- Department of Botany University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin
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5
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Chambers SM, Emery NC. Conserved thermal performance curves across the geographic range of a gametophytic fern. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:ply050. [PMID: 30338048 PMCID: PMC6185718 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Species-level responses to environmental change depend on the collective responses of their constituent populations and the degree to which populations are specialized to local conditions. Manipulative experiments in common-garden settings make it possible to test for population variation in species' responses to specific climate variables, including those projected to shift as the climate changes in the future. While this approach is being applied to a variety of plant taxa to evaluate their responses to climate change, these studies are heavily biased towards seed-bearing plant species. Given several unique morphological and physiological traits, fern species may exhibit very different responses from angiosperms and gymnosperms. Here, we tested the hypothesis that previously detected population differentiation in a fern species is due to differentiation in thermal performance curves among populations. We collected explants from six populations spanning the species' geographic range and exposed them to 10 temperature treatments. Explant survival, lifespan and the change in photosynthetic area were analysed as a function of temperature, source population and their interaction. Overall results indicated that explants performed better at the lowest temperature examined, and the threshold for explant performance reflects maximum temperatures likely to be experienced in the field. Surprisingly, explant fitness did not differ among source populations, suggesting that temperature is not the driver behind previously detected patterns of population differentiation. These results highlight the importance of other environmental axes in driving population differentiation across a species range, and suggest that the perennial life history strategy, asexual mating system and limited dispersal potential of Vittaria appalachiana may restrict the rise and differentiation of adaptive genetic variation in thermal performance traits among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally M Chambers
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Corresponding author’s email address:
| | - Nancy C Emery
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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6
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de Lafontaine G, Napier JD, Petit RJ, Hu FS. Invoking adaptation to decipher the genetic legacy of past climate change. Ecology 2018; 99:1530-1546. [PMID: 29729183 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Persistence of natural populations during periods of climate change is likely to depend on migration (range shifts) or adaptation. These responses were traditionally considered discrete processes and conceptually divided into the realms of ecology and evolution. In a milestone paper, Davis and Shaw (2001) Science 292:673 argued that the interplay of adaptation and migration was central to biotic responses to Quaternary climate, but since then there has been no synthesis of efforts made to set up this research program. Here we review some of the salient findings from molecular genetic studies assessing ecological and evolutionary responses to Quaternary climate change. These studies have revolutionized our understanding of population processes associated with past species migration. However, knowledge remains limited about the role of natural selection for local adaptation of populations to Quaternary environmental fluctuations and associated range shifts, and for the footprints this might have left on extant populations. Next-generation sequencing technologies, high-resolution paleoclimate analyses, and advances in population genetic theory offer an unprecedented opportunity to test hypotheses about adaptation through time. Recent population genomics studies have greatly improved our understanding of the role of contemporary adaptation to local environments in shaping spatial patterns of genetic diversity across modern-day landscapes. Advances in this burgeoning field provide important conceptual and methodological bases to decipher the historical role of natural selection and assess adaptation to past environmental variation. We suggest that a process called "temporal conditional neutrality" has taken place: some alleles favored in glacial environments become selectively neutral in modern-day conditions, whereas some alleles that had been neutral during glacial periods become under selection in modern environments. Building on this view, we present a new integrative framework for addressing the interplay of demographic and adaptive evolutionary responses to Quaternary climate dynamics, the research agenda initially envisioned by Davis and Shaw (2001) Science 292:673.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume de Lafontaine
- Canada Research Chair in Integrative Biology of Northern Flora, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada.,Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Joseph D Napier
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Rémy J Petit
- Biogeco, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Cestas, 33610, France
| | - Feng Sheng Hu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA.,Department of Geology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
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7
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Li P, Lu RS, Xu WQ, Ohi-Toma T, Cai MQ, Qiu YX, Cameron KM, Fu CX. Comparative Genomics and Phylogenomics of East Asian Tulips ( Amana, Liliaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:451. [PMID: 28421090 PMCID: PMC5378804 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The genus Amana Honda (Liliaceae), when it is treated as separate from Tulipa, comprises six perennial herbaceous species that are restricted to China, Japan and the Korean Peninsula. Although all six Amana species have important medicinal and horticultural uses, studies focused on species identification and molecular phylogenetics are few. Here we report the nucleotide sequences of six complete Amana chloroplast (cp) genomes. The cp genomes of Amana range from 150,613 bp to 151,136 bp in length, all including a pair of inverted repeats (25,629-25,859 bp) separated by the large single-copy (81,482-82,218 bp) and small single-copy (17,366-17,465 bp) regions. Each cp genome equivalently contains 112 unique genes consisting of 30 transfer RNA genes, four ribosomal RNA genes, and 78 protein coding genes. Gene content, gene order, AT content, and IR/SC boundary structure are nearly identical among all Amana cp genomes. However, the relative contraction and expansion of the IR/SC borders among the six Amana cp genomes results in length variation among them. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analyses of these Amana cp genomes indicate that the richest SSRs are A/T mononucleotides. The number of repeats among the six Amana species varies from 54 (A. anhuiensis) to 69 (Amana kuocangshanica) with palindromic (28-35) and forward repeats (23-30) as the most common types. Phylogenomic analyses based on these complete cp genomes and 74 common protein-coding genes strongly support the monophyly of the genus, and a sister relationship between Amana and Erythronium, rather than a shared common ancestor with Tulipa. Nine DNA markers (rps15-ycf1, accD-psaI, petA-psbJ, rpl32-trnL, atpH-atpI, petD-rpoA, trnS-trnG, psbM-trnD, and ycf4-cemA) with number of variable sites greater than 0.9% were identified, and these may be useful for future population genetic and phylogeographic studies of Amana species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and Laboratory of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Sen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and Laboratory of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Wu-Qin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and Laboratory of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Tetsuo Ohi-Toma
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Min-Qi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and Laboratory of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Xiong Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and Laboratory of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | | | - Cheng-Xin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and Laboratory of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
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8
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Stevens SM, Emery NC. Dispersal limitation and population differentiation in performance beyond a northern range limit in an asexually reproducing fern. DIVERS DISTRIB 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sally M. Stevens
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology; 915 W State Street West Lafayette IN 47907-2054 USA
| | - Nancy C. Emery
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Botany and Plant Pathology; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907-2054 USA
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9
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Woolbright SA, Whitham TG, Gehring CA, Allan GJ, Bailey JK. Climate relicts and their associated communities as natural ecology and evolution laboratories. Trends Ecol Evol 2014; 29:406-16. [PMID: 24932850 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Climate relicts, marginal populations that have become isolated via climate-driven range shifts, preserve ecological and evolutionary histories that can span millennia. Studies point to climate relicts as 'natural laboratories' for investigating how long-term environmental change impacts species and populations. However, we propose that such research should be expanded to reveal how climate change affects 'interacting' species in ways that reshape community composition and evolution. Biotic interactions and their community and ecosystem effects are often genetically based and driven by associations with foundation species. We discuss evolution in climate relicts within the context of the emerging fields of community and ecosystem genetics, exploring the idea that foundation relicts are also natural community and ecosystem laboratories and windows to future landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Woolbright
- The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Catherine A Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Gerard J Allan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Joseph K Bailey
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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10
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Nevill PG, Bradbury D, Williams A, Tomlinson S, Krauss SL. Genetic and palaeo-climatic evidence for widespread persistence of the coastal tree species Eucalyptus gomphocephala (Myrtaceae) during the Last Glacial Maximum. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:55-67. [PMID: 24284819 PMCID: PMC3864724 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Few phylogeographic studies have been undertaken of species confined to narrow, linear coastal systems where past sea level and geomorphological changes may have had a profound effect on species population sizes and distributions. In this study, a phylogeographic analysis was conducted of Eucalyptus gomphocephala (tuart), a tree species restricted to a 400 × 10 km band of coastal sand-plain in south west Australia. Here, there is little known about the response of coastal vegetation to glacial/interglacial climate change, and a test was made as to whether this species was likely to have persisted widely through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), or conforms to a post-LGM dispersal model of recovery from few refugia. METHODS The genetic structure over the entire range of tuart was assessed using seven nuclear (21 populations; n = 595) and four chloroplast (24 populations; n = 238) microsatellite markers designed for eucalypt species. Correlative palaeodistribution modelling was also conducted based on five climatic variables, within two LGM models. KEY RESULTS The chloroplast markers generated six haplotypes, which were strongly geographically structured (GST = 0·86 and RST = 0·75). Nuclear microsatellite diversity was high (overall mean HE 0·75) and uniformly distributed (FST = 0·05), with a strong pattern of isolation by distance (r(2) = 0·362, P = 0·001). Distribution models of E. gomphocephala during the LGM showed a wide distribution that extended at least 30 km westward from the current distribution to the palaeo-coastline. CONCLUSIONS The chloroplast and nuclear data suggest wide persistence of E. gomphocephala during the LGM. Palaeodistribution modelling supports the conclusions drawn from genetic data and indicates a widespread westward shift of E. gomphocephala onto the exposed continental shelf during the LGM. This study highlights the importance of the inclusion of complementary, non-genetic data (information on geomorphology and palaeoclimate) to interpret phylogeographic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Nevill
- Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Kings Park and Botanic Garden, West Perth, Western Australia 6005, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Donna Bradbury
- Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Kings Park and Botanic Garden, West Perth, Western Australia 6005, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Anna Williams
- Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Kings Park and Botanic Garden, West Perth, Western Australia 6005, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Sean Tomlinson
- Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Kings Park and Botanic Garden, West Perth, Western Australia 6005, Australia
- School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Siegfried L. Krauss
- Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Kings Park and Botanic Garden, West Perth, Western Australia 6005, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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11
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DeChaine EG, Forester BR, Schaefer H, Davis CC. Deep genetic divergence between disjunct Refugia in the Arctic-Alpine King's Crown, Rhodiola integrifolia (Crassulaceae). PLoS One 2013; 8:e79451. [PMID: 24282505 PMCID: PMC3838311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the strength of climatic variability at high latitudes and upper elevations, we still do not fully understand how plants in North America that are distributed between Arctic and alpine areas responded to the environmental changes of the Quaternary. To address this question, we set out to resolve the evolutionary history of the King's Crown, Rhodiola integrifolia using multi-locus population genetic and phylogenetic analyses in combination with ecological niche modeling. Our population genetic analyses of multiple anonymous nuclear loci revealed two major clades within R. integrifolia that diverged from each other ~ 700 kya: one occurring in Beringia to the north (including members of subspecies leedyi and part of subspecies integrifolia), and the other restricted to the Southern Rocky Mountain refugium in the south (including individuals of subspecies neomexicana and part of subspecies integrifolia). Ecological niche models corroborate our hypothesized locations of refugial areas inferred from our phylogeographic analyses and revealed some environmental differences between the regions inhabited by its two subclades. Our study underscores the role of geographic isolation in promoting genetic divergence and the evolution of endemic subspecies in R. integrifolia. Furthermore, our phylogenetic analyses of the plastid spacer region trnL-F demonstrate that among the native North American species, R. integrifolia and R. rhodantha are more closely related to one another than either is to R. rosea. An understanding of these historic processes lies at the heart of making informed management decisions regarding this and other Arctic-alpine species of concern in this increasingly threatened biome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G. DeChaine
- Department of Biology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brenna R. Forester
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hanno Schaefer
- Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles C. Davis
- Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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12
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Templeton AR. Biological races in humans. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 44:262-71. [PMID: 23684745 PMCID: PMC3737365 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Races may exist in humans in a cultural sense, but biological concepts of race are needed to access their reality in a non-species-specific manner and to see if cultural categories correspond to biological categories within humans. Modern biological concepts of race can be implemented objectively with molecular genetic data through hypothesis-testing. Genetic data sets are used to see if biological races exist in humans and in our closest evolutionary relative, the chimpanzee. Using the two most commonly used biological concepts of race, chimpanzees are indeed subdivided into races but humans are not. Adaptive traits, such as skin color, have frequently been used to define races in humans, but such adaptive traits reflect the underlying environmental factor to which they are adaptive and not overall genetic differentiation, and different adaptive traits define discordant groups. There are no objective criteria for choosing one adaptive trait over another to define race. As a consequence, adaptive traits do not define races in humans. Much of the recent scientific literature on human evolution portrays human populations as separate branches on an evolutionary tree. A tree-like structure among humans has been falsified whenever tested, so this practice is scientifically indefensible. It is also socially irresponsible as these pictorial representations of human evolution have more impact on the general public than nuanced phrases in the text of a scientific paper. Humans have much genetic diversity, but the vast majority of this diversity reflects individual uniqueness and not race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Templeton
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA.
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13
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Knights AM, Koss RS, Robinson LA. Identifying common pressure pathways from a complex network of human activities to support ecosystem-based management. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 23:755-65. [PMID: 23865227 DOI: 10.1890/12-1137.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The marine environment is heavily exploited, but unintentional consequences cause wide-ranging negative effects to its characteristics. Linkage frameworks (e.g., DPSIR [driver-pressure-state-impact-response]) are commonly used to describe an interaction between human activities and ecological characteristics of the ecosystem, but as each linkage is viewed independently, the diversity of pressures that affect those characteristics may not be identified or managed effectively. Here we demonstrate an approach for using linkages to build a simple network to capture the complex relationships arising from multiple sectors and their activities. Using data-analysis tools common to ecology, we show how linkages can be placed into mechanistically similar groups. Management measures can be combined into fewer and more simplified measures that target groups of pressures rather than individual pressures, which is likely to increase compliance and the success of the measure while reducing the cost of enforcement. Given that conservation objectives (regional priorities) can vary, we also demonstrate by way of a case study example from the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, how management priorities might change, and illustrate how the approach can be used to identify sectors for control that best support the conservation objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony M Knights
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Nicholson Building, Liverpool L69 3GP, United Kingdom.
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14
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Knights AM, Firth LB, Walters K. Interactions between multiple recruitment drivers: post-settlement predation mortality and flow-mediated recruitment. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35096. [PMID: 22493734 PMCID: PMC3320868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dispersal is a primary driver in shaping the future distribution of species in both terrestrial and marine systems. Physical transport by advection can regulate the distance travelled and rate of propagule supply to a habitat but post-settlement processes such as predation can decouple supply from recruitment. The effect of flow-mediated recruitment and predation on the recruitment success of an intertidal species, the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica was evaluated in two-replicated field experiments. Two key crab species were manipulated to test predator identity effects on oyster mortality. FINDINGS Recruitment was ∼58% higher in high flow compared to low flow, but predation masked those differences. Predation mortality was primarily attributed to the blue crab Callinectes sapidus, whilst the mud crab Panopeus herbstii had no effect on recruit mortality. Recruit mortality from predation was high when recruit densities were high, but when recruit density was low, predation effects were not seen. Under high recruitment (supply), predation determined maximum population size and in low flow environments, recruitment success is likely determined by a combination of recruitment and resource limitation but not predation. CONCLUSIONS Four processes are demonstrated: (1) Increases in flow rate positively affect recruitment success; (2) In high flow (recruitment) environments, resource availability is less important than predation; (3) predation is an important source of recruit mortality, but is dependent upon recruit density; and (4) recruitment and/or resource limitation is likely a major driver of population structure and functioning, modifying the interaction between predators and prey. Simultaneous testing of flow-mediated recruitment and predation was required to differentiate between the role of each process in determining population size. Our results reinforce the importance of propagule pressure, predation and post-settlement mortality as important determinants of population growth and persistence, but demonstrate that they should not be considered mutually exclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony M Knights
- Department of Marine Science, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina, United States of America.
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