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Cifuentes C, Oeste CL, Fernández-Pisonero I, Hortal AM, García-Macías C, Hochart J, Rubira R, Horndler L, Horndler C, Bustelo XR, Alarcón B. Unmutated RRAS2 emerges as a key oncogene in post-partum-associated triple negative breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:142. [PMID: 38987766 PMCID: PMC11234613 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women, with triple negative BC (TNBC) accounting for 20% of cases. While early detection and targeted therapies have improved overall life expectancy, TNBC remains resistant to current treatments. Although parity reduces the lifetime risk of developing BC, pregnancy increases the risk of developing TNBC for years after childbirth. Although numerous gene mutations have been associated with BC, no single gene alteration has been identified as a universal driver. RRAS2 is a RAS-related GTPase rarely found mutated in cancer. METHODS Conditional knock-in mice were generated to overexpress wild type human RRAS2 in mammary epithelial cells. A human sample cohort was analyzed by RT-qPCR to measure RRAS2 transcriptional expression and to determine the frequency of both a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs8570) in the 3'UTR region of RRAS2 and of genomic DNA amplification in tumoral and non-tumoral human BC samples. RESULTS Here we show that overexpression of wild-type RRAS2 in mice is sufficient to develop TNBC in 100% of females in a pregnancy-dependent manner. In human BC, wild-type RRAS2 is overexpressed in 68% of tumors across grade, location, and molecular type, surpassing the prevalence of any previously implicated alteration. Still, RRAS2 overexpression is notably higher and more frequent in TNBC and young parous patients. The increased prevalence of the alternate C allele at the SNP position in tumor samples, along with frequent RRAS2 gene amplification in both tumors and blood of BC patients, suggests a cause-and-effect relationship between RRAS2 overexpression and breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS Higher than normal expression of RRAS2 not bearing activating mutations is a key driver in the majority of breast cancers, especially those of the triple-negative type and those linked to pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cifuentes
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Clara L Oeste
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- LynxCare, Tiensevest 132, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Isabel Fernández-Pisonero
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Alejandro M Hortal
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Macías
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Jeanne Hochart
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Regina Rubira
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Lydia Horndler
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Carlos Horndler
- University Hospital Miguel Servet, P.º de Isabel la Católica, 1-3, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Xosé R Bustelo
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcón
- Immune System Development and Function Program, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
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Ren Y, Feng L, Tan Z, Zhou F, Liu S. Constructing a novel prognostic model for triple-negative breast cancer based on genes associated with vasculogenic mimicry. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:8086-8109. [PMID: 38728245 PMCID: PMC11132006 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown a connection between vasculogenic mimicry (VM) and cancer progression. However, the functions of genes related to VM in the emergence and progression of TNBC have not been completely elucidated. METHODS A survival risk model was constructed by screening biomarkers using DESeq2 and WGCNA based on public TNBC transcriptome data. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis was performed, and tumor microenvironment and drug sensitivity were analyzed. The selected biomarkers were validated via quantitative PCR detection, immunohistochemical staining, and protein detection in breast cancer cell lines. Biomarkers related to the proliferation and migration of TNBC cells were validated via in vitro experiments. RESULTS The findings revealed that 235 target genes were connected to the complement and coagulation cascade pathways. The risk score was constructed using KCND2, NRP1, and VSTM4. The prognosis model using the risk score and pathological T stage yielded good validation results. The clinical risk of TNBC was associated with the angiogenesis signaling pathway, and the low-risk group exhibited better sensitivity to immunotherapy. Quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry indicated that the expression levels of KCND2 in TNBC tissues were higher than those in adjacent nontumor tissues. In the TNBC cell line, the protein expression of KCND2 was increased. Knockdown of KCND2 and VSTM4 inhibited the proliferation and migration of TNBC cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS In this study, three VM-related biomarkers were identified, including KCND2, NRP1, and VSTM4. These findings are likely to aid in deepening our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of VM in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ren
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Luyi Feng
- Information Department of Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhihua Tan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Fulin Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang, China
- The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Li X, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Zhao L, Lin CG, Hu H, Zheng H. Tafazzin mediates tamoxifen resistance by regulating cellular phospholipid composition in ER-positive breast cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:69-81. [PMID: 37935981 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00683-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is the frontline therapeutic agent for the estrogen receptor-positive (ER + ) subtype of breast cancer patients, which accounts for 70-80% of total breast cancer incidents. However, clinical resistance to tamoxifen has become increasingly common, highlighting the need to identify the underlying cellular mechanisms. In our study, we employed a genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screen and validation experiments to discover that Tafazzin (TAZ), a mitochondrial transacylase, is crucial for maintaining the cellular sensitivity of ER+ breast cancer cells to tamoxifen and other chemotherapies. Mechanistically, we found that cardiolipin, whose synthesis and maturation rely on TAZ, is required to maintain cellular sensitivity to tamoxifen. Loss of metabolic enzymatic activity of TAZ causes ERα downregulation and therapy resistance. Interestingly, we observed that TAZ deficiency also led to the upregulation of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), which in turn suppressed ERα expression and nuclear localization, thereby contributing to tamoxifen resistance. LPC is further metabolized to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive molecule that supports cell survival. Thus, our findings suggest that the depletion of TAZ promotes tamoxifen resistance through an LPC-LPA phospholipid synthesis axis, and targeting this lipid metabolic pathway could restore cell susceptibility to tamoxifen treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Tengjiang Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Luyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Christopher G Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Haitian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Hanqiu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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Arratia F, Fierro C, Blanco A, Fuentes S, Nahuelquen D, Montecino M, Rojas A, Aguilar R. Selective Concurrence of the Long Non-Coding RNA MALAT1 and the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 to Promoter Regions of Active Genes in MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4735-4748. [PMID: 37367050 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45060301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer cells, the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MALAT1 has arisen as a key partner for the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), an epigenetic modifier. However, it is unknown whether this partnership occurs genome-wide at the chromatin level, as most of the studies focus on single genes that are usually repressed. Due to the genomic binding properties of both macromolecules, we wondered whether there are binding sites shared by PRC2 and MALAT1. Using public genome-binding datasets for PRC2 and MALAT1 derived from independent ChIP- and CHART-seq experiments performed with the breast cancer cell line MCF7, we searched for regions containing PRC2 and MALAT1 overlapping peaks. Peak calls for each molecule were performed using MACS2 and then overlapping peaks were identified by bedtools intersect. Using this approach, we identified 1293 genomic sites where PRC2 and MALAT1 concur. Interestingly, 54.75% of those sites are within gene promoter regions (<3000 bases from the TSS). These analyses were also linked with the transcription profiles of MCF7 cells, obtained from public RNA-seq data. Hence, it is suggested that MALAT1 and PRC2 can concomitantly bind to promoters of actively-transcribed genes in MCF7 cells. Gene ontology analyses revealed an enrichment of genes related to categories including cancer malignancy and epigenetic regulation. Thus, by re-visiting occupancy and transcriptomic data, we identified a key gene subset controlled by the collaboration of MALAT1 and PRC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Arratia
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile
| | - Cristopher Fierro
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile
| | - Alejandro Blanco
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile
| | - Sebastian Fuentes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile
| | - Daniela Nahuelquen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile
| | - Martin Montecino
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile
| | - Adriana Rojas
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110211, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo Aguilar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile
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Transfection of Sponge Cells and Intracellular Localization of Cancer-Related MYC, RRAS2, and DRG1 Proteins. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020119. [PMID: 36827160 PMCID: PMC9964533 DOI: 10.3390/md21020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of the protein's intracellular localization is essential for understanding its biological function. Protein localization studies are mainly performed on primary and secondary vertebrate cell lines for which most protocols have been optimized. In spite of experimental difficulties, studies on invertebrate cells, including basal Metazoa, have greatly advanced. In recent years, the interest in studying human diseases from an evolutionary perspective has significantly increased. Sponges, placed at the base of the animal tree, are simple animals without true tissues and organs but with a complex genome containing many genes whose human homologs have been implicated in human diseases, including cancer. Therefore, sponges are an innovative model for elucidating the fundamental role of the proteins involved in cancer. In this study, we overexpressed human cancer-related proteins and their sponge homologs in human cancer cells, human fibroblasts, and sponge cells. We demonstrated that human and sponge MYC proteins localize in the nucleus, the RRAS2 in the plasma membrane, the membranes of the endolysosomal vesicles, and the DRG1 in the cell's cytosol. Despite the very low transfection efficiency of sponge cells, we observed an identical localization of human proteins and their sponge homologs, indicating their similar cellular functions.
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K-RAS Associated Gene-Mutation-Based Algorithm for Prediction of Treatment Response of Patients with Subtypes of Breast Cancer and Especially Triple-Negative Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215322. [PMID: 36358741 PMCID: PMC9657686 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: There is an urgent need for developing new biomarker tools to accurately predict treatment response of breast cancer, especially the deadly triple-negative breast cancer. We aimed to develop gene-mutation-based machine learning (ML) algorithms as biomarker classifiers to predict treatment response of first-line chemotherapy with high precision. Methods: Random Forest ML was applied to screen the algorithms of various combinations of gene mutation profiles of primary tumors at diagnosis using a TCGA Cohort (n = 399) with up to 150 months follow-up as a training set and validated in a MSK Cohort (n = 807) with up to 220 months follow-up. Subtypes of breast cancer including triple-negative and luminal A (ER+, PR+ and HER2−) were also assessed. The predictive performance of the candidate algorithms as classifiers was further assessed using logistic regression, Kaplan−Meier progression-free survival (PFS) plot, and univariate/multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses. Results: A novel algorithm termed the 12-Gene Algorithm based on mutation profiles of KRAS, PIK3CA, MAP3K1, MAP2K4, PTEN, TP53, CDH1, GATA3, KMT2C, ARID1A, RunX1, and ESR1, was identified. The performance of this algorithm to distinguish non-progressed (responder) vs. progressed (non-responder) to treatment in the TCGA Cohort as determined using AUC was 0.96 (95% CI 0.94−0.98). It predicted progression-free survival (PFS) with hazard ratio (HR) of 21.6 (95% CI 11.3−41.5) (p < 0.0001) in all patients. The algorithm predicted PFS in the triple-negative subgroup with HR of 19.3 (95% CI 3.7−101.3) (n = 42, p = 0.000). The 12-Gene Algorithm was validated in the MSK Cohort with a similar AUC of 0.97 (95% CI 0.96−0.98) to distinguish responder vs. non-responder patients, and had a HR of 18.6 (95% CI 4.4−79.2) to predict PFS in the triple-negative subgroup (n = 75, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The novel 12-Gene algorithm based on multitude gene-mutation profiles identified through ML has a potential to predict breast cancer treatment response to therapies, especially in triple-negative subgroups patients, which may assist personalized therapies and reduce mortality.
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Krossa I, Strub T, Aplin AE, Ballotti R, Bertolotto C. Lysine Methyltransferase NSD1 and Cancers: Any Role in Melanoma? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194865. [PMID: 36230787 PMCID: PMC9563040 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epigenetic events, which comprise post-translational modifications of histone tails or DNA methylation, control gene expression by altering chromatin structure without change in the DNA sequence. Histone tails modifications are driven by specific cellular enzymes such as histone methyltransferases or histone acetylases, which play a key role in regulating diverse biological processes. Their alteration may have consequences on growth and tumorigenesis. Abstract Epigenetic regulations, that comprise histone modifications and DNA methylation, are essential to processes as diverse as development and cancer. Among the histone post-translational modifications, lysine methylation represents one of the most important dynamic marks. Here, we focused on methyltransferases of the nuclear binding SET domain 1 (NSD) family, that catalyze the mono- and di-methylation of histone H3 lysine 36. We review the loss of function mutations of NSD1 in humans that are the main cause of SOTOS syndrome, a disease associated with an increased risk of developing cancer. We then report the role of NSD1 in triggering tumor suppressive or promoter functions according to the tissue context and we discuss the role of NSD1 in melanoma. Finally, we examine the ongoing efforts to target NSD1 signaling in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imène Krossa
- Université Côte d’Azur, 06100 Nice, France
- Team 1, Biology and Pathologies of melanocytes, Inserm, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2020 and Equipe labellisée ARC 2022, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06200 Nice, France
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Thomas Strub
- Université Côte d’Azur, 06100 Nice, France
- Team 1, Biology and Pathologies of melanocytes, Inserm, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2020 and Equipe labellisée ARC 2022, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Andrew E. Aplin
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Robert Ballotti
- Université Côte d’Azur, 06100 Nice, France
- Team 1, Biology and Pathologies of melanocytes, Inserm, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2020 and Equipe labellisée ARC 2022, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Corine Bertolotto
- Université Côte d’Azur, 06100 Nice, France
- Team 1, Biology and Pathologies of melanocytes, Inserm, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2020 and Equipe labellisée ARC 2022, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06200 Nice, France
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (C.B.)
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A kinase inhibitor screen reveals MEK1/2 as a novel therapeutic target to antagonize IGF1R-mediated antiestrogen resistance in ERα-positive luminal breast cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 204:115233. [PMID: 36041543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Antiestrogen resistance of breast cancer has been related to enhanced growth factor receptor expression and activation. We have previously shown that ectopic expression and subsequent activation of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) or the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in MCF7 or T47D breast cancer cells results in antiestrogen resistance. In order to identify novel therapeutic targets to prevent this antiestrogen resistance, we performed kinase inhibitor screens with 273 different inhibitors in MCF7 cells overexpressing IGF1R or EGFR. Kinase inhibitors that antagonized antiestrogen resistance but are not directly involved in IGF1R or EGFR signaling were prioritized for further analyses. Various ALK (anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase) inhibitors inhibited cell proliferation in IGF1R expressing cells under normal and antiestrogen resistance conditions by preventing IGF1R activation and subsequent downstream signaling; the ALK inhibitors did not affect EGFR signaling. On the other hand, MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase)1/2 inhibitors, including PD0325901, selumetinib, trametinib and TAK733, selectively antagonized IGF1R signaling-mediated antiestrogen resistance but did not affect cell proliferation under normal growth conditions. RNAseq analysis revealed that MEK inhibitors PD0325901 and selumetinib drastically altered cell cycle progression and cell migration networks under IGF1R signaling-mediated antiestrogen resistance. In a group of 219 patients with metastasized ER+ breast cancer, strong pMEK staining showed a significant correlation with no clinical benefit of first-line tamoxifen treatment. We propose a critical role for MEK activation in IGF1R signaling-mediated antiestrogen resistance and anticipate that dual-targeted therapy with a MEK inhibitor and antiestrogen could improve treatment outcome.
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Gou R, Li X, Dong H, Hu Y, Liu O, Liu J, Lin B. RAD21 Confers Poor Prognosis and Affects Ovarian Cancer Sensitivity to Poly(ADP-Ribose)Polymerase Inhibitors Through DNA Damage Repair. Front Oncol 2022; 12:936550. [PMID: 35860572 PMCID: PMC9289200 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.936550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are a class of molecular-targeted cancer drugs. Synthetic lethality is a phenomenon that renders homologous recombination repair defective cells more sensitive to PARP inhibitors. As a component of the cohesin complex, RAD21 regulates DNA damage repair. However, the biological roles of RAD21 in ovarian cancer and their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods An immunohistochemical assay was used to validate the expression of RAD21 in ovarian cancer and its correlation with prognosis. The effects of RAD21 were evaluated through Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8), wound-healing, and invasion assays in vitro and the tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, CCK8 assay and immunofluorescence assay were used to detect the effect of RAD21 on cell sensitivity to PARP inhibitors and their mechanism. The pathway changes were detected by Western blotting. Results RAD21 was markedly upregulated in ovarian cancer samples. High RAD21 expression was correlated with poor differentiation and poor prognosis in patients with ovarian cancer. Functionally, RAD21 overexpression promoted cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Moreover, RAD21 knockdown increased the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to three kinds of PARP inhibitors by affecting DNA damage repair. In vivo experiments indicated that RAD21 promoted tumor growth. Mechanistically, the overexpression of RAD21 led to increased phosphorylation levels of Akt and mTOR. Blocking the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway reversed RAD21 overexpression-induced cancer progression and drug resistance. Conclusions RAD21 can serve as a valuable prognostic marker for ovarian cancer and has the potential as a therapeutic target that can expand the utility of PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuexin Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Ouxuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Bei Lin,
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Han C, Zhong J, Zhang Q, Hu J, Liu R, Liu H, Mo Z, Chen P, Ling F. Development of a dynamic network biomarkers method and its application for detecting the tipping point of prior disease development. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1189-1197. [PMID: 35317238 PMCID: PMC8907966 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic network biomarker (DNB) method has advanced since it was first proposed. This review discusses advances in the DNB method that can identify the dynamic change in the expression signature related to the critical time point of disease progression by utilizing different kinds of transcriptome data. The DNB method is good at identifying potential biomarkers for cancer and other disease development processes that are represented by a limited molecular profile change between the normal and critical stages. We highlight that the cancer tipping point or premalignant state has been widely discovered for different types of cancer by using the DNB method that utilizes bulk or single-cell RNA sequencing data. This method could also be applied to other dynamic research studies and help identify early warning signals, such as the prediction of a pre-outbreak of COVID-19. We also discuss how the identification of reliable biomarkers of cancer and the development of new methods can be utilized for early detection and intervention and provide insights into emerging paths of the widespread biomarker candidate pool for further validation and disease/health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyin Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayuan Zhong
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinqin Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqi Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huisheng Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zongchao Mo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pei Chen
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fei Ling
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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11
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Ring A, Campo D, Porras TB, Kaur P, Forte VA, Tripathy D, Lu J, Kang I, Press MF, Jeong YJ, Snow A, Zhu Y, Zada G, Wagle N, Lang JE. Circulating Tumor Cell Transcriptomics as Biopsy Surrogates in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2022; 29:2882-2894. [PMID: 35000083 PMCID: PMC8989945 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-11135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and the circulating tumor cells (CTCs) leading to macrometastases are inherently different than primary breast cancer. We evaluated whether whole transcriptome RNA-Seq of CTCs isolated via an epitope-independent approach may serve as a surrogate for biopsies of macrometastases. METHODS We performed RNA-Seq on fresh metastatic tumor biopsies, CTCs, and peripheral blood (PB) from 19 newly diagnosed MBC patients. CTCs were harvested using the ANGLE Parsortix microfluidics system to isolate cells based on size and deformability, independent of a priori knowledge of cell surface marker expression. RESULTS Gene expression separated CTCs, metastatic biopsies, and PB into distinct groups despite heterogeneity between patients and sample types. CTCs showed higher expression of immune oncology targets compared with corresponding metastases and PB. Predictive biomarker (n = 64) expression was highly concordant for CTCs and metastases. Repeat observation data post-treatment demonstrated changes in the activation of different biological pathways. Somatic single nucleotide variant analysis showed increasing mutational complexity over time. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that RNA-Seq of CTCs could serve as a surrogate biomarker for breast cancer macrometastasis and yield clinically relevant insights into disease biology and clinically actionable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ring
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery and University of Southern California Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,Present Address: Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Campo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Tania B. Porras
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery and University of Southern California Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Pushpinder Kaur
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery and University of Southern California Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Victoria A. Forte
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Debu Tripathy
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Janice Lu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and University of Southern California Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Irene Kang
- Department of Pathology and University of Southern California Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Michael F. Press
- Department of Pathology and University of Southern California Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Young Ju Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Anson Snow
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery and University of Southern California Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Yue Zhu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery and University of Southern California Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Gabriel Zada
- Department of Neurosurgery and University of Southern California Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Naveed Wagle
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and University of Southern California Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Julie E. Lang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery and University of Southern California Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,Present Address: Division of Breast Services, Department of General Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Breast Cancer Program, Cleveland, Ohio USA
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12
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Tak E, Kim M, Cho Y, Choi S, Kim J, Han B, Kim HD, Jang CSH, Kim JE, Hong YS, Kim SY, Kim TW. Expression of neurofibromin 1 in colorectal cancer and cetuximab resistance. Oncol Rep 2021; 47:15. [PMID: 34779495 PMCID: PMC8611403 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromin 1 (NF1) is a tumor suppressor that has been previously reported to regulate RAS‑MAPK signaling. The present study investigated the possible relationship between NF1 expression and anti‑EGFR antibody (cetuximab) sensitivity in colorectal cancer cell lines. In addition, primary or metastatic colorectal cancer samples from patients treated with cetuximab were assessed for the association of cetuximab sensitivity. The quantities of the NF1 transcript, NF1‑related pathway enrichment and NF1 mutation profile were measured and investigated using RNA sequencing and targeted DNA sequencing. Based on growth inhibition and colony formation assay results, cell lines were designated to be cetuximab‑sensitive (NCI‑H508 and Caco2) or cetuximab‑resistant (KM12C and SM480). Western blotting revealed NF1 was highly expressed in cetuximab‑sensitive cell lines whilst there was little expression in their cetuximab‑resistant counterparts. Knocking down NF1 expression using small interfering RNA in the cetuximab‑sensitive cell lines enhanced the phosphorylation of MEK and ERK according to western blotting. NF1 knockdown also reduced apoptosis, as observed by the decreased number of apoptotic bodies by DAPI nuclear staining and reduced cleavage of caspase and poly‑(ADP ribose) polymerase. NF1 overexpression by transfection with GTPase‑activating protein‑related domain subunit rendered the cetuximab‑resistant cell lines, KM12C and SW480, more susceptible to cetuximab‑induced apoptosis. RNA sequencing of 111 RAS and BRAFV600 wild‑type tumor samples collected from cetuximab‑treated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer revealed that the pre‑treatment NF1 expression levels were not associated with the cetuximab response. However, tumor samples obtained after cetuximab treatment displayed slightly lower NF1 transcript levels compared with those in the pre‑treatment samples, suggesting that exposure to the anti‑EGFR antibody may be associated with reduced NF1 expression levels. Next‑generation sequencing revealed that the frequency of inactivating mutations in NF1 were rare (1.8%) in patients with colorectal cancer and were not associated with the protein expression levels of NF1 except for in a small number of cases (0.5%), where the biallelic inactivation of NF1 was observed. To conclude, the present study showed that modification of NF1 expression can affect sensitivity to cetuximab in colorectal cancer cell lines, though a limitation exists in terms of its potential application as a biomarker for RAS and BRAFV600 wild‑type tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Tak
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhee Kim
- Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngra Cho
- Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sueun Choi
- Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Buhm Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongro, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Don Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chloe Soo-Hyun Jang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongro, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sang Hong
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Won Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
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13
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Tauchmann S, Schwaller J. NSD1: A Lysine Methyltransferase between Developmental Disorders and Cancer. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090877. [PMID: 34575025 PMCID: PMC8465848 DOI: 10.3390/life11090877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent epigenomic alterations associated with multiple human pathologies have increased the interest in the nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 1 (NSD1) lysine methyltransferase. Here, we review the current knowledge about the biochemistry, cellular function and role of NSD1 in human diseases. Several studies have shown that NSD1 controls gene expression by methylation of lysine 36 of histone 3 (H3K36me1/2) in a complex crosstalk with de novo DNA methylation. Inactivation in flies and mice revealed that NSD1 is essential for normal development and that it regulates multiple cell type-specific functions by interfering with transcriptional master regulators. In humans, putative loss of function NSD1 mutations characterize developmental syndromes, such as SOTOS, as well as cancer from different organs. In pediatric hematological malignancies, a recurrent chromosomal translocation forms a NUP98-NSD1 fusion with SET-dependent leukemogenic activity, which seems targetable by small molecule inhibitors. To treat or prevent diseases driven by aberrant NSD1 activity, future research will need to pinpoint the mechanistic correlation between the NSD1 gene dosage and/or mutational status with development, homeostasis, and malignant transformation.
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14
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Lee S, Nam M, Lee AR, Baek ST, Kim MJ, Kim JS, Kong AH, Lee M, Lee SJ, Kim SY, Kim DU, Hoe KL. Genetic alterations in Wnt family of genes and their putative association with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Genomics Inform 2021; 19:e39. [PMID: 35172472 PMCID: PMC8752990 DOI: 10.5808/gi.21049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is an anticancer drug used to treat estrogen receptor (ER)‒positive breast cancer. However, its ER-independent cytotoxic and antifungal activities have prompted debates on its mechanism of action. To achieve a better understanding of the ER-independent antifungal action mechanisms of TAM, we systematically identified TAM-sensitive genes through microarray screening of the heterozygous gene deletion library in fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe). Secondary confirmation was followed by a spotting assay, finally yielding 13 TAM-sensitive genes under the drug-induced haploinsufficient condition. For these 13 TAM-sensitive genes, we conducted a comparative analysis of their Gene Ontology (GO) ‘biological process’ terms identified from other genome-wide screenings of the budding yeast deletion library and the MCF7 breast cancer cell line. Several TAM-sensitive genes overlapped between the yeast strains and MCF7 in GO terms including ‘cell cycle’ (cdc2, rik1, pas1, and leo1), ‘signaling’ (sck2, oga1, and cki3), and ‘vesicle-mediated transport’ (SPCC126.08c, vps54, sec72, and tvp15), suggesting their roles in the ER-independent cytotoxic effects of TAM. We recently reported that the cki3 gene with the ‘signaling’ GO term was related to the ER-independent antifungal action mechanisms of TAM in yeast. In this study, we report that haploinsufficiency of the essential vps54 gene, which encodes the GARP complex subunit, significantly aggravated TAM sensitivity and led to an enlarged vesicle structure in comparison with the SP286 control strain. These results strongly suggest that the vesicle-mediated transport process might be another action mechanism of the ER-independent antifungal or cytotoxic effects of TAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Lee
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Miyoung Nam
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Ah-Reum Lee
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Seung-Tae Baek
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Ju Seong Kim
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Andrew Hyunsoo Kong
- Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Boston 02467, MA, USA
| | - Minho Lee
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea
| | - Sook-Jeong Lee
- Department of Bioactive Material Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Personalized Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Dong-Uk Kim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kwang-Lae Hoe
- Department of New Drug Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.,Korea Research Institute of Chemistry & Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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15
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Zhang S, Zhou Y, Wang Q, Donahue K, Feng J, Yao Y, Chen A, Li X, Hong L. Nipped-B-like Protein Sensitizes Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells to Cisplatin via Upregulation of PUMA. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820960726. [PMID: 33034274 PMCID: PMC7592177 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820960726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipped-B-like protein plays a pivotal role as a cohesin loading factor in the segregation of chromosomes when cells divide. Accumulating evidence indicates that alterations of this protein are involved in human carcinogenesis, especially in the regulation of chemotherapeutic drug response. However, the role of Nipped-B-like protein in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the relevance of Nipped-B-like protein in the regulation of cisplatin sensitivity in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Ectopic expression of Nipped-B-like protein inhibited the growth of COLO-680N cells with low endogenous expression levels of Nipped-B-like protein, and increased sensitivity to cisplatin, a commonly used chemotherapy drug for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. In contrast, loss of Nipped-B-like protein stimulated the growth of EC9706 and Eca-109 cells with high levels of the protein, and resulted in resistance to cisplatin. P53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis, which is essential in the modulation of cisplatin sensitivity in a variety of cancers, acts as a downstream effector of Nipped-B-like protein. Restoration of this pro-apoptotic protein in Nipped-B-like protein-overexpressing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells effectively increased cisplatin sensitivity. Conversely, the silencing of P53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis in Nipped-B-like protein-depleted esophageal squamous cell carcinoma rendered cells resistant to cisplatin. Moreover, Nipped-B-like protein could bind directly to the promoter region of P53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis. In summary, our study addresses the involvement of Nipped-B-like protein in the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and the modulation of cisplatin sensitivity via regulation of P53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Zhang
- Experimental Research Center, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Experimental Research Center, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qinchuan Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kristine Donahue
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Experimental Research Center, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yinli Yao
- Department of Medicine, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Aiping Chen
- Experimental Research Center, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xia Li
- Experimental Research Center, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lianlian Hong
- Experimental Research Center, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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16
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Mao P, Cohen O, Kowalski KJ, Kusiel JG, Buendia-Buendia JE, Cuoco MS, Exman P, Wander SA, Waks AG, Nayar U, Chung J, Freeman S, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Miller VA, Piccioni F, Root DE, Regev A, Winer EP, Lin NU, Wagle N. Acquired FGFR and FGF Alterations Confer Resistance to Estrogen Receptor (ER) Targeted Therapy in ER+ Metastatic Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:5974-5989. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Han C, Zhong J, Hu J, Liu H, Liu R, Ling F. Single-Sample Node Entropy for Molecular Transition in Pre-deterioration Stage of Cancer. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:809. [PMID: 32766227 PMCID: PMC7381145 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex disease, especially cancer, always has pre-deterioration stage during its progression, which is difficult to identify but crucial to drug research and clinical intervention. However, using a few samples to find mechanisms that propel cancer crossing the pre-deterioration stage is still a complex problem. In this study, we successfully developed a novel single-sample model based on node entropy with a priori established protein interaction network. Using this model, critical stages were successfully detected in simulation data and four TCGA datasets, indicating its sensitivity and robustness. Besides, compared with the results of the differential analysis, our results showed that most of dynamic network biomarkers identified by node entropy, such as NKD2 or DAAM1, located in upstream in many important cancer-related signaling pathways regulated intergenic signaling within pathways. We also identified some novel prognostic biomarkers such as PER2, TNFSF4, MMP13 and ENO4 using node entropy rather than expression level. More importantly, we found the switch of non-specific pathways related to DNA damage repairing was the main driven force for cancer progression. In conclusion, we have successfully developed a dynamic node entropy model based on single case data to find out tipping point and possible mechanism for cancer progression. These findings may provide new target genes in therapeutic intervention tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyin Han
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayuan Zhong
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Hu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huisheng Liu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Ling
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Francies HE, McDermott U, Garnett MJ. Genomics-guided pre-clinical development of cancer therapies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:482-492. [DOI: 10.1038/s43018-020-0067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Hwang KT, Kim BH, Oh S, Park SY, Jung J, Kim J, Choi IS, Jeon SY, Kim WY. Prognostic Role of KRAS mRNA Expression in Breast Cancer. J Breast Cancer 2019; 22:548-561. [PMID: 31897329 PMCID: PMC6933029 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2019.22.e55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We investigated the prognostic role of KRAS mRNA expression in breast cancer using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) databases. Methods Clinical and biological data of 1,093 breast cancers from TCGA database and 1,904 breast cancers from METABRIC database were analyzed. Overall survival (OS) and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) were determined. Results The group with high KRAS mRNA expression showed worse survival than the group with low KRAS mRNA expression regarding both OS (p = 0.012 in TCGA, p < 0.001 in METABRIC) and BCSS (p = 0.001 in METABRIC). According to multivariate analysis, the level of KRAS mRNA expression was an independent prognostic factor in both TCGA (hazard ratio [HR], 1.570; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.026–2.403; p = 0.038) and METABRIC (HR, 1.254; 95% CI, 1.087–1.446; p = 0.002) databases. The prognostic impact of mRNA expression was effective only for luminal A subtype (p < 0.001 in METABRIC). Positive correlation was observed between mRNA expression and copy number alteration (CNA) (r = 0.577, p < 0.001 in TCGA; ρ = 0.343, p < 0.001 in METABRIC). Methylation showed negative correlations with both mRNA expression and CNA (r = −0.272, p < 0.001 in TCGA). The expression of mRNA had little association with the mutation status in breast cancers, having a mutation frequency of approximately 0.6%. Conclusion KRAS mRNA expression was significantly associated with breast cancer prognosis. It was found to be an independent prognostic factor for breast cancer. Prognostic role of KRAS mRNA expression was effective only in luminal A subtype. Further studies are needed to validate the prognostic role of KRAS mRNA expression in breast cancer, thus paving a way for clinical application of KRAS in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Tae Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byoung Hyuck Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sohee Oh
- Department of Biostatistics, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Yeon Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiwoong Jung
- Department of Surgery, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongjin Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Sil Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sook Young Jeon
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Pearson A, Proszek P, Pascual J, Fribbens C, Shamsher MK, Kingston B, O'Leary B, Herrera-Abreu MT, Cutts RJ, Garcia-Murillas I, Bye H, Walker BA, Gonzalez De Castro D, Yuan L, Jamal S, Hubank M, Lopez-Knowles E, Schuster EF, Dowsett M, Osin P, Nerurkar A, Parton M, Okines AF, Johnston SR, Ring A, Turner NC. Inactivating NF1 Mutations Are Enriched in Advanced Breast Cancer and Contribute to Endocrine Therapy Resistance. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:608-622. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-4044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Linares A, Assou S, Lapierre M, Thouennon E, Duraffourd C, Fromaget C, Boulahtouf A, Tian G, Ji J, Sahin O, Badia E, Boulle N, Cavaillès V. Increased expression of the HDAC9 gene is associated with antiestrogen resistance of breast cancers. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1534-1547. [PMID: 31099456 PMCID: PMC6599838 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens play a pivotal role in breast cancer etiology, and endocrine therapy remains the main first line treatment for estrogen receptor‐alpha (ERα)‐positive breast cancer. ER are transcription factors whose activity is finely regulated by various regulatory complexes, including histone deacetylases (HDACs). Here, we investigated the role of HDAC9 in ERα signaling and response to antiestrogens in breast cancer cells. Various Michigan Cancer Foundation‐7 (MCF7) breast cancer cell lines that overexpress class IIa HDAC9 or that are resistant to the partial antiestrogen 4‐hydroxy‐tamoxifen (OHTam) were used to study phenotypic changes in response to ER ligands by using transcriptomic and gene set enrichment analyses. Kaplan–Meier survival analyses were performed using public transcriptomic datasets from human breast cancer biopsies. In MCF7 breast cancer cells, HDAC9 decreased ERα mRNA and protein expression and inhibited its transcriptional activity. Conversely, HDAC9 mRNA was strongly overexpressed in OHTam‐resistant MCF7 cells and in ERα‐negative breast tumor cell lines. Moreover, HDAC9‐overexpressing cells were less sensitive to OHTam antiproliferative effects compared with parental MCF7 cells. Several genes (including MUC1, SMC3 and S100P) were similarly deregulated in OHTam‐resistant and in HDAC9‐overexpressing MCF7 cells. Finally, HDAC9 expression was positively associated with genes upregulated in endocrine therapy‐resistant breast cancers and high HDAC9 levels were associated with worse prognosis in patients treated with OHTam. These results demonstrate the complex interactions of class IIa HDAC9 with ERα signaling in breast cancer cells and its effect on the response to hormone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Linares
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, France.,ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Said Assou
- Université Montpellier, France.,IRMB, Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Biotherapy, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1183, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Lapierre
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, France.,ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Erwan Thouennon
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, France.,ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Duraffourd
- Laboratoire de Biopathologie des Tumeurs, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | - Carole Fromaget
- Laboratoire de Biopathologie des Tumeurs, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | - Abdelhay Boulahtouf
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, France.,ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Gao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research Ministry of Education, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research Ministry of Education, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ozgur Sahin
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Eric Badia
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, France.,ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Boulle
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, France.,ICM, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire de Biopathologie des Tumeurs, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Cavaillès
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, France.,ICM, Montpellier, France
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22
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Fadhlullah SFB, Halim NBA, Yeo JYT, Ho RLY, Um P, Ang BT, Tang C, Ng WH, Virshup DM, Ho IAW. Pathogenic mutations in neurofibromin identifies a leucine-rich domain regulating glioma cell invasiveness. Oncogene 2019; 38:5367-5380. [PMID: 30967630 PMCID: PMC6755990 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive tumor of the brain. NF1, a tumor suppressor gene and RAS-GTPase, is one of the highly mutated genes in GBM. Dysregulated NF1 expression promotes cell invasion, proliferation, and tumorigenesis. Loss of NF1 expression in glioblastoma is associated with increased aggressiveness of the tumor. Here, we show that NF1-loss in patient-derived glioma cells using shRNA increases self-renewal, heightens cell invasion, and promotes mesenchymal subtype and epithelial mesenchymal transition-specific gene expression that enhances tumorigenesis. The neurofibromin protein contains at least four major domains, with the GAP-related domain being the most well-studied. In this study, we report that the leucine-rich domain (LRD) of neurofibromin inhibits invasion of human glioblastoma cells without affecting their proliferation. Moreover, under conditions tested, the NF1-LRD fails to hydrolyze Ras-GTP to Ras-GDP, suggesting that its suppressive function is independent of Ras signaling. We further demonstrate that rare variants within the NF1-LRD domain found in a subset of the patients are pathogenic and reduce NF1-LRD’s invasion suppressive function. Taken together, our results show, for the first time, that NF1-LRD inhibits glioma invasion, and provides evidence of a previously unrecognized function of NF1-LRD in glioma biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Farah Bte Fadhlullah
- Molecular Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.,Lucence Diagnostics Pte Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jacqueline Y T Yeo
- Molecular Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Rachel L Y Ho
- Molecular Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Phoebe Um
- Molecular Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.,University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Beng Ti Ang
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore, 117609, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Carol Tang
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.,Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Wai H Ng
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - David M Virshup
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Ivy A W Ho
- Molecular Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore. .,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore. .,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
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23
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Krishnan NM, Katoh H, Palve V, Pareek M, Sato R, Ishikawa S, Panda B. Functional genomics screen with pooled shRNA library and gene expression profiling with extracts of Azadirachta indica identify potential pathways for therapeutic targets in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6464. [PMID: 30842898 PMCID: PMC6398373 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppression by the extracts of Azadirachta indica (neem) works via anti-proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis, demonstrated previously using cancer cell lines and live animal models. However, very little is known about the molecular targets and pathways that neem extracts and their associated compounds act through. Here, we address this using a genome-wide functional pooled shRNA screen on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines treated with crude neem leaf extracts, known for their anti-tumorigenic activity. We analyzed differences in global clonal sizes of the shRNA-infected cells cultured under no treatment and treatment with neem leaf extract conditions, assayed using next-generation sequencing. We found 225 genes affected the cancer cell growth in the shRNA-infected cells treated with neem extract. Pathway enrichment analyses of whole-genome gene expression data from cells temporally treated with neem extract revealed important roles played by the TGF-β pathway and HSF-1-related gene network. Our results indicate that neem extract affects various important molecular signaling pathways in head and neck cancer cells, some of which may be therapeutic targets for this devastating tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja M. Krishnan
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, India
- Ganit Labs Foundation, New Delhi, India
| | - Hiroto Katoh
- Department of Genomic Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, Saitama, Japan
| | - Vinayak Palve
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, India
| | - Manisha Pareek
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, India
| | - Reiko Sato
- Department of Genomic Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shumpei Ishikawa
- Department of Genomic Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Binay Panda
- Ganit Labs, Bio-IT Centre, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, India
- Ganit Labs Foundation, New Delhi, India
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24
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Insight into genetic susceptibility to male breast cancer by multigene panel testing: Results from a multicenter study in Italy. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:390-400. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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25
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Rani A, Stebbing J, Giamas G, Murphy J. Endocrine Resistance in Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer-From Mechanism to Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:245. [PMID: 31178825 PMCID: PMC6543000 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance and role of the estrogen receptor (ER) pathway has been well-documented in both breast cancer (BC) development and progression. The treatment of choice in women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is classically divided into a variety of endocrine therapies, 3 of the most common being: selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM), aromatase inhibitors (AI) and selective estrogen receptor down-regulators (SERD). In a proportion of patients, resistance develops to endocrine therapy due to a sophisticated and at times redundant interference, at the molecular level between the ER and growth factor. The progression to endocrine resistance is considered to be a gradual, step-wise process. Several mechanisms have been proposed but thus far none of them can be defined as the complete explanation behind the phenomenon of endocrine resistance. Although multiple cellular, molecular and immune mechanisms have been and are being extensively studied, their individual roles are often poorly understood. In this review, we summarize current progress in our understanding of ER biology and the molecular mechanisms that predispose and determine endocrine resistance in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Rani
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Aradhana Rani
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Giamas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - John Murphy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Thapa B, Remant KC, Uludağ H. siRNA Library Screening to Identify Complementary Therapeutic Pairs in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1974:1-19. [PMID: 31098991 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9220-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The existence of tightly integrated cross talk through multiple signaling and effector pathways has been appreciated in malignant cells. The realization of the plasticity of such networks is stimulating the development of combinational therapy to overcome the limitations of one-dimensional therapies. Synergistic pairs of siRNAs or siRNA and drug combinations are the new frontiers in identifying effective therapeutic combinations. To elucidate effective combinations, we developed a versatile protocol to screen siRNA libraries in triple-negative breast cancer cell models. This protocol outlines the steps to identify synergistic combinations of siRNA-siRNA or siRNA-drug combinations using siRNA libraries via a robotic screen. By focusing on smaller functional siRNA libraries, we present methodologies to identify synergistic siRNA pairings against cancerous cell growth and molecular targets to augment the activity of pro-apoptotic TRAIL protein. Here, we summarize the critical steps to undertake such combinational target identification, emphasizing critical factors that affect the outcome of the screens. Our experience suggests that siRNA library screening is an efficient protocol to identify complementary therapeutic pairs of new or already-existing drugs. This protocol is simple, robust and can be completed within a 1-week working period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Thapa
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - K C Remant
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hasan Uludağ
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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27
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Huang M, Wang Y. Roles of Small GTPases in Acquired Tamoxifen Resistance in MCF-7 Cells Revealed by Targeted, Quantitative Proteomic Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 90:14551-14560. [PMID: 30431262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Development of tamoxifen resistance remains a tremendous challenge for the treatment of estrogen-receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Small GTPases of the Ras superfamily play crucial roles in intracellular trafficking and cell signaling, and aberrant small-GTPase signaling is implicated in many types of cancer. In this study, we employed a targeted, quantitative proteomic approach that relies on stable-isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), gel fractionation, and scheduled multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRM) analysis, to assess the differential expression of small GTPases in MCF-7 and the paired tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells. The method displayed superior sensitivity and reproducibility over the shotgun-proteomic approach, and it facilitated the quantification of 96 small GTPases. Among them, 13 and 10 proteins were significantly down- and up-regulated (with >1.5-fold change), respectively, in the tamoxifen-resistant line relative to in the parental line. In particular, we observed a significant down-regulation of RAB31 in tamoxifen-resistant cells, which, in combination with bioinformatic analysis and downstream validation experiments, supported a role for RAB31 in tamoxifen resistance in ER-positive breast-cancer cells. Together, our results demonstrated that the targeted proteomic method constituted a powerful approach for revealing the role of small GTPases in therapeutic resistance.
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28
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Kim BK, Nam SW, Min BS, Ban HS, Paik S, Lee K, Im JY, Lee Y, Park JT, Kim SY, Kim M, Lee H, Won M. Bcl-2-dependent synthetic lethal interaction of the IDF-11774 with the V0 subunit C of vacuolar ATPase (ATP6V0C) in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:1347-1357. [PMID: 30420612 PMCID: PMC6265273 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The IDF-11774, a novel clinical candidate for cancer therapy, targets HSP70 and inhibits mitochondrial respiration, resulting in the activation of AMPK and reduction in HIF-1α accumulation. Methods To identify genes that have synthetic lethality to IDF-11774, RNA interference screening was conducted, using pooled lentiviruses expressing a short hairpin RNA library. Results We identified ATP6V0C, encoding the V0 subunit C of lysosomal V-ATPase, knockdown of which induced a synergistic growth-inhibitory effect in HCT116 cells in the presence of IDF-11774. The synthetic lethality of IDF-11774 with ATP6V0C possibly correlates with IDF-11774-mediated autolysosome formation. Notably, the synergistic effect of IDF-11774 and the ATP6V0C inhibitor, bafilomycin A1, depended on the PIK3CA genetic status and Bcl-2 expression, which regulates autolysosome formation and apoptosis. Similarly, in an experiment using conditionally reprogramed cells derived from colorectal cancer patients, synergistic growth inhibition was observed in cells with low Bcl-2 expression. Conclusions Bcl-2 is a biomarker for the synthetic lethal interaction of IDF-11774 with ATP6V0C, which is clinically applicable for the treatment of cancer patients with IDF-11774 or autophagy-inducing anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Kyung Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Soon Woo Nam
- The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon St Mary's Hospital, 56 Dongsuro Bupyunggu, Incheon, 06591, Korea
| | - Byung Soh Min
- Serverance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hyun Seung Ban
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Soonmyung Paik
- Serverance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 410-820, Korea
| | - Joo-Young Im
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Youngjoo Lee
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Joon-Tae Park
- Drug Discovery Team, ILDONG Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hwaseong, Hwaseong, 445-811, Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Mirang Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Hongsub Lee
- Drug Discovery Team, ILDONG Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hwaseong, Hwaseong, 445-811, Korea
| | - Misun Won
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Korea. .,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Korea.
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29
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The prognostic effects of somatic mutations in ER-positive breast cancer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3476. [PMID: 30181556 PMCID: PMC6123466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report targeted sequencing of 83 genes using DNA from primary breast cancer samples from 625 postmenopausal (UBC-TAM series) and 328 premenopausal (MA12 trial) hormone receptor-positive (HR+) patients to determine interactions between somatic mutation and prognosis. Independent validation of prognostic interactions was achieved using data from the METABRIC study. Previously established associations between MAP3K1 and PIK3CA mutations with luminal A status/favorable prognosis and TP53 mutations with Luminal B/non-luminal tumors/poor prognosis were observed, validating the methodological approach. In UBC-TAM, NF1 frame-shift nonsense (FS/NS) mutations were also a poor outcome driver that was validated in METABRIC. For MA12, poor outcome associated with PIK3R1 mutation was also reproducible. DDR1 mutations were strongly associated with poor prognosis in UBC-TAM despite stringent false discovery correction (q = 0.0003). In conclusion, uncommon recurrent somatic mutations should be further explored to create a more complete explanation of the highly variable outcomes that typifies ER+ breast cancer.
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30
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Stires H, Heckler MM, Fu X, Li Z, Grasso CS, Quist MJ, Lewis JA, Klimach U, Zwart A, Mahajan A, Győrffy B, Cavalli LR, Riggins RB. Integrated molecular analysis of Tamoxifen-resistant invasive lobular breast cancer cells identifies MAPK and GRM/mGluR signaling as therapeutic vulnerabilities. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 471:105-117. [PMID: 28935545 PMCID: PMC5858970 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) is an understudied malignancy with distinct clinical, pathological, and molecular features that distinguish it from the more common invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Mounting evidence suggests that estrogen receptor-alpha positive (ER+) ILC has a poor response to Tamoxifen (TAM), but the mechanistic drivers of this are undefined. In the current work, we comprehensively characterize the SUM44/LCCTam ILC cell model system through integrated analysis of gene expression, copy number, and mutation, with the goal of identifying actionable alterations relevant to clinical ILC that can be co-targeted along with ER to improve treatment outcomes. We show that TAM has several distinct effects on the transcriptome of LCCTam cells, that this resistant cell model has acquired copy number alterations and mutations that impinge on MAPK and metabotropic glutamate receptor (GRM/mGluR) signaling networks, and that pharmacological inhibition of either improves or restores the growth-inhibitory actions of endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Stires
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mary M Heckler
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Fu
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph A Lewis
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Uwe Klimach
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alan Zwart
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Akanksha Mahajan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Luciane R Cavalli
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rebecca B Riggins
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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31
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Xiao T, Li W, Wang X, Xu H, Yang J, Wu Q, Huang Y, Geradts J, Jiang P, Fei T, Chi D, Zang C, Liao Q, Rennhack J, Andrechek E, Li N, Detre S, Dowsett M, Jeselsohn RM, Liu XS, Brown M. Estrogen-regulated feedback loop limits the efficacy of estrogen receptor-targeted breast cancer therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:7869-7878. [PMID: 29987050 PMCID: PMC6077722 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1722617115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine therapy resistance invariably develops in advanced estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. We have identified C-terminal SRC kinase (CSK) as a critical node in a previously unappreciated negative feedback loop that limits the efficacy of current ER-targeted therapies. Estrogen directly drives CSK expression in ER+ breast cancer. At low CSK levels, as is the case in patients with ER+ breast cancer resistant to endocrine therapy and with the poorest outcomes, the p21 protein-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) becomes activated and drives estrogen-independent growth. PAK2 overexpression is also associated with endocrine therapy resistance and worse clinical outcome, and the combination of a PAK2 inhibitor with an ER antagonist synergistically suppressed breast tumor growth. Clinical approaches to endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancer must overcome the loss of this estrogen-induced negative feedback loop that normally constrains the growth of ER+ tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Xiao
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Han Xu
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jixin Yang
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Qiu Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Joseph Geradts
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Peng Jiang
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Teng Fei
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - David Chi
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Chongzhi Zang
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Qi Liao
- Department of Prevention Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jonathan Rennhack
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48864
| | - Eran Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48864
| | - Nanlin Li
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Simone Detre
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Mitchell Dowsett
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Rinath M Jeselsohn
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - X Shirley Liu
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215;
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Myles Brown
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215;
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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32
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Alon M, Arafeh R, Lee JS, Madan S, Kalaora S, Nagler A, Abgarian T, Greenberg P, Ruppin E, Samuels Y. CAPN1 is a novel binding partner and regulator of the tumor suppressor NF1 in melanoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31264-31277. [PMID: 30131853 PMCID: PMC6101293 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromin 1 (NF1), a tumor suppressor that negatively regulates RAS through its GTPase activity, is highly mutated in various types of sporadic human cancers, including melanoma. However, the binding partners of NF1 and the pathways in which it is involved in melanoma have not been characterized in an in depth manner. Utilizing a mass spectrometry analysis of NF1 binding partners, we revealed Calpain1 (CAPN1), a calcium-dependent neutral cysteine protease, as a novel NF1 binding partner that regulates NF1 degradation in melanoma cells. ShRNA-mediated knockdown of CAPN1 or treatment with a CAPN1 inhibitor stabilizes NF1 protein levels, downregulates AKT signaling and melanoma cell growth. Combination treatment of Calpain inhibitor I with MEKi Trametinib in different melanoma cells is more effective in reducing melanoma cell growth compared to treatment with Trametinib alone, suggesting that this combination may have a therapeutic potential in melanoma. This novel mechanism for regulating NF1 in melanoma provides a molecular basis for targeting CAPN1 in order to stabilize NF1 levels and, in doing so, suppressing Ras activation; this mechanism can be exploited therapeutically in melanoma and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Alon
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rand Arafeh
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Joo Sang Lee
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Cancer Data Science Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sanna Madan
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Cancer Data Science Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shelly Kalaora
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Nagler
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tereza Abgarian
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Polina Greenberg
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Cancer Data Science Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yardena Samuels
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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33
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Kumar BNP, Puvvada N, Rajput S, Sarkar S, Mahto MK, Yallapu MM, Pathak A, Emdad L, Das SK, Reis RL, Kundu SC, Fisher PB, Mandal M. Targeting of EGFR, VEGFR2, and Akt by Engineered Dual Drug Encapsulated Mesoporous Silica-Gold Nanoclusters Sensitizes Tamoxifen-Resistant Breast Cancer. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2698-2713. [PMID: 29787277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen administration enhanced overall disease-free survival and diminished mortality rates in cancer patients. However, patients with breast cancer often fail to respond for tamoxifen therapy due to the development of a drug-resistant phenotype. Functional analysis and molecular studies suggest that protein mutation and dysregulation of survival signaling molecules such as epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, and Akt contribute to tamoxifen resistance. Various strategies, including combinatorial therapies, show chemosensitize tamoxifen-resistant cancers. Based on chemotoxicity issues, researchers are actively investigating alternative therapeutic strategies. In the current study, we fabricate a mesoporous silica gold cluster nanodrug delivery system that displays exceptional tumor-targeting capability, thus promoting accretion of drug indices at the tumor site. We employ dual drugs, ZD6474, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) that inhibit EGFR2, VEGFR2, and Akt signaling pathways since changes in these signaling pathways confer tamoxifen resistance in MCF 7 and T-47D cells. Mesoporous silica gold cluster nanodrug delivery of ZD6474 and EGCG sensitize tamoxifen-resistant cells to apoptosis. Western and immune-histochemical analyses confirmed the apoptotic inducing properties of the nanoformulation. Overall, results with these silica gold nanoclusters suggest that they may be a potent nanoformulation against chemoresistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Prashanth Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , Tennessee 38163 , United States
| | - Nagaprasad Puvvada
- Chemical Biology , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Uppal Road , Hyderabad 500007 , India
| | - Shashi Rajput
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance , Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Siddik Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , VCU Institute of Molecular Genetics, VCU Massey Cancer, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine , Richmond , Virginia 23298 , United States
| | | | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , Tennessee 38163 , United States
| | | | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , VCU Institute of Molecular Genetics, VCU Massey Cancer, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine , Richmond , Virginia 23298 , United States
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , VCU Institute of Molecular Genetics, VCU Massey Cancer, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine , Richmond , Virginia 23298 , United States
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3Bs Research Group , Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho , Avepark - 4805-017 , Barco, Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - S C Kundu
- 3Bs Research Group , Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho , Avepark - 4805-017 , Barco, Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , VCU Institute of Molecular Genetics, VCU Massey Cancer, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine , Richmond , Virginia 23298 , United States
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34
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Suarez-Kelly LP, Akagi K, Reeser JW, Samorodnitsky E, Reeder M, Smith A, Roychowdhury S, Symer DE, Carson WE. Metaplastic breast cancer in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 and somatic loss of heterozygosity. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2018; 4:mcs.a002352. [PMID: 29449315 PMCID: PMC5880258 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a002352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) is rare and has a poor prognosis. Here we describe genetic analysis of a 41-yr-old female patient with MBC and neurofibromatosis type I (NF1). She initially presented with pT3N1a, grade 3 MBC, but lung metastases were discovered subsequently. To identify the molecular cause of her NF1, we screened for germline mutations disrupting NF1 or SPRED1, revealing a heterozygous germline single-nucleotide variant (SNV) in exon 21 of NF1 at c.2709G>A, Chr 17: 29556342. By report, this variant disrupts pre-mRNA splicing of NF1 transcripts. No pathogenic mutations were identified in SPRED1. A potential association between MBC and NF1 was reported in eight previous cases, but none underwent detailed genomics analysis. To identify additional candidate germline variants potentially predisposing to MBC, we conducted targeted exome sequencing of 279 established cancer-causing genes in a control blood sample, disclosing four rare SNVs. Analysis of her breast tumor showed markedly altered variant allelic fractions (VAFs) for two (50%) of them, revealing somatic loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at germline SNVs. Of these, only the VAF of the pathogenic SNV in NF1 was increased in the tumor. Tumor sequencing demonstrated five somatic mutations altering TP53, BRCA1, and other genes potentially contributing to cancer formation. Because somatic LOH at certain germline SNVs can enhance their impacts, we conclude that increased allelic imbalance of the pathogenic SNV in NF1 likely contributed to tumorigenesis. Our results highlight a need to assess predisposing genetic factors and LOH that can cause rare, aggressive diseases such as MBC in NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena P Suarez-Kelly
- The Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Keiko Akagi
- The Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Julie W Reeser
- The Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Eric Samorodnitsky
- The Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Matthew Reeder
- The Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Amy Smith
- The Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Sameek Roychowdhury
- The Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - David E Symer
- The Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - William E Carson
- The Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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35
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Nishioka K, Wang XF, Miyazaki H, Soejima H, Hirose S. Mbf1 ensures Polycomb silencing by protecting E(z) mRNA from degradation by Pacman. Development 2018. [PMID: 29523653 PMCID: PMC5868998 DOI: 10.1242/dev.162461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Under stress conditions, the coactivator Multiprotein bridging factor 1 (Mbf1) translocates from the cytoplasm into the nucleus to induce stress-response genes. However, its role in the cytoplasm, where it is mainly located, has remained elusive. Here, we show that Drosophila Mbf1 associates with E(z) mRNA and protects it from degradation by the exoribonuclease Pacman (Pcm), thereby ensuring Polycomb silencing. In genetic studies, loss of mbf1 function enhanced a Polycomb phenotype in Polycomb group mutants, and was accompanied by a significant reduction in E(z) mRNA expression. Furthermore, a pcm mutation suppressed the Polycomb phenotype and restored the expression level of E(z) mRNA, while pcm overexpression exhibited the Polycomb phenotype in the mbf1 mutant but not in the wild-type background. In vitro, Mbf1 protected E(z) RNA from Pcm activity. Our results suggest that Mbf1 buffers fluctuations in Pcm activity to maintain an E(z) mRNA expression level sufficient for Polycomb silencing. Highlighted Article: In addition to its role as a nuclear coactivator, a cytoplasmic mRNA-stabilizing function of Multiprotein bridging factor 1 may contribute to various types of stress defense, metabolic processes and neurogenesis in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nishioka
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga City, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Xian-Feng Wang
- Division of Gene Expression, Department of Developmental Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima City, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Hitomi Miyazaki
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga City, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Soejima
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga City, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Susumu Hirose
- Division of Gene Expression, Department of Developmental Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima City, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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36
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Schaefer C, Mallela N, Seggewiß J, Lechtape B, Omran H, Dirksen U, Korsching E, Potratz J. Target discovery screens using pooled shRNA libraries and next-generation sequencing: A model workflow and analytical algorithm. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191570. [PMID: 29385199 PMCID: PMC5792015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for novel therapeutic targets, RNA interference screening has become a valuable tool. High-throughput technologies are now broadly accessible but their assay development from baseline remains resource-intensive and challenging. Focusing on this assay development process, we here describe a target discovery screen using pooled shRNA libraries and next-generation sequencing (NGS) deconvolution in a cell line model of Ewing sarcoma. In a strategy designed for comparative and synthetic lethal studies, we screened for targets specific to the A673 Ewing sarcoma cell line. Methods, results and pitfalls are described for the entire multi-step screening procedure, from lentiviral shRNA delivery to bioinformatics analysis, illustrating a complete model workflow. We demonstrate that successful studies are feasible from the first assay performance and independent of specialized screening units. Furthermore, we show that a resource-saving screen depth of 100-fold average shRNA representation can suffice to generate reproducible target hits despite heterogeneity in the derived datasets. Because statistical analysis methods are debatable for such datasets, we created ProFED, an analysis package designed to facilitate descriptive data analysis and hit calling using an aim-oriented profile filtering approach. In its versatile design, this open-source online tool provides fast and easy analysis of shRNA and other count-based datasets to complement other analytical algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Schaefer
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nikhil Mallela
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jochen Seggewiß
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Birgit Lechtape
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Heymut Omran
- General Pediatrics, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Uta Dirksen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pediatrics III, West German Cancer Center, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Korsching
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jenny Potratz
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- General Pediatrics, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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37
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IGF1R signaling drives antiestrogen resistance through PAK2/PIX activation in luminal breast cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:1869-1884. [PMID: 29353882 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antiestrogen resistance in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer is associated with increased expression and activity of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R). Here, a kinome siRNA screen has identified 10 regulators of IGF1R-mediated antiestrogen with clinical significance. These include the tamoxifen resistance suppressors BMPR1B, CDK10, CDK5, EIF2AK1, and MAP2K5, and the tamoxifen resistance inducers CHEK1, PAK2, RPS6KC1, TTK, and TXK. The p21-activated kinase 2, PAK2, is the strongest resistance inducer. Silencing of the tamoxifen resistance inducing genes, particularly PAK2, attenuates IGF1R-mediated resistance to tamoxifen and fulvestrant. High expression of PAK2 in ER+ metastatic breast cancer patients is correlated with unfavorable outcome after first-line tamoxifen monotherapy. Phospho-proteomics has defined PAK2 and the PAK-interacting exchange factors PIXα/β as downstream targets of IGF1R signaling, which are independent from PI3K/ATK and MAPK/ERK pathways. PAK2 and PIXα/β modulate IGF1R signaling-driven cell scattering. Targeting PIXα/β entirely mimics the effect of PAK2 silencing on antiestrogen re-sensitization. These data indicate PAK2/PIX as an effector pathway in IGF1R-mediated antiestrogen resistance.
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38
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Men X, Ma J, Wu T, Pu J, Wen S, Shen J, Wang X, Wang Y, Chen C, Dai P. Transcriptome profiling identified differentially expressed genes and pathways associated with tamoxifen resistance in human breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 9:4074-4089. [PMID: 29423105 PMCID: PMC5790522 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) resistance is an important clinical problem in the treatment of breast cancer. In order to identify the mechanism of TAM resistance for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, we screened the transcriptome using RNA-seq and compared the gene expression profiles between the MCF-7 mamma carcinoma cell line and the TAM-resistant cell line TAMR/MCF-7, 52 significant differential expression genes (DEGs) were identified including SLIT2, ROBO, LHX, KLF, VEGFC, BAMBI, LAMA1, FLT4, PNMT, DHRS2, MAOA and ALDH. The DEGs were annotated in the GO, COG and KEGG databases. Annotation of the function of the DEGs in the KEGG database revealed the top three pathways enriched with the most DEGs, including pathways in cancer, the PI3K-AKT pathway, and focal adhesion. Then we compared the gene expression profiles between the Clinical progressive disease (PD) and the complete response (CR) from the cancer genome altas (TCGA). 10 common DEGs were identified through combining the clinical and cellular analysis results. Protein-protein interaction network was applied to analyze the association of ER signal pathway with the 10 DEGs. 3 significant genes (GFRA3, NPY1R and PTPRN2) were closely related to ER related pathway. These significant DEGs regulated many biological activities such as cell proliferation and survival, motility and migration, and tumor cell invasion. The interactions between these DEGs and drug resistance phenomenon need to be further elucidated at a functional level in further studies. Based on our findings, we believed that these DEGs could be therapeutic targets, which can be explored to develop new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Men
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jun Ma
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Tong Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Junyi Pu
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Shaojia Wen
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Shen
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xun Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yamin Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Chao Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Penggao Dai
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
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39
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Wang F, Wang AY, Chesnelong C, Yang Y, Nabbi A, Thalappilly S, Alekseev V, Riabowol K. ING5 activity in self-renewal of glioblastoma stem cells via calcium and follicle stimulating hormone pathways. Oncogene 2017; 37:286-301. [PMID: 28925404 PMCID: PMC5799773 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-like brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) cause recurrence of glioblastomas, with BTIC 'stemness' affected by epigenetic mechanisms. The ING family of epigenetic regulators (ING1-5) function by targeting histone acetyltransferase (HAT) or histone deacetylase complexes to the H3K4me3 mark to alter histone acetylation and subsequently, gene expression. Here we find that ectopic expression of ING5, the targeting subunit of HBO1, MOZ and MORF HAT complexes increases expression of the Oct4, Olig2 and Nestin stem cell markers, promotes self-renewal, prevents lineage differentiation and increases stem cell pools in BTIC populations. This activity requires the plant homeodomain region of ING5 that interacts specifically with the H3K4me3 mark. ING5 also enhances PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK activity to sustain self-renewal of BTICs over serial passage of stem cell-like spheres. ING5 exerts these effects by activating transcription of calcium channel and follicle stimulating hormone pathway genes. In silico analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas data suggest that ING5 is a positive regulator of BTIC stemness, whose expression negatively correlates with patient prognosis, especially in the Proneural and Classical subtypes, and in tumors with low SOX2 expression. These data suggest that altering histone acetylation status and signaling pathways induced by ING5 may provide useful clinical strategies to target tumor resistance and recurrence in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - A Y Wang
- Department of Oncology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - C Chesnelong
- Department of Oncology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - A Nabbi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S Thalappilly
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - V Alekseev
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - K Riabowol
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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40
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Mann N, Ma T, Dalton A. Neurofibromatosis type 1 and male breast cancer: emerging risk factor? J Surg Case Rep 2017; 2017:rjw138. [PMID: 28852451 PMCID: PMC5570087 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjw138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the appearance of cafe au lait spots, neurofibromas and Lisch nodules. There is an established link between NF1 and the development of breast cancer in women; however, due to the rarity of both NF1 and male breast cancer, the same link has yet to be elucidated in men. The concurrent presentation of NF1 and male breast cancer is a very rare phenomenon with only a handful of case descriptions in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, there have only been four other reported cases of NF1 and male breast cancer before ours. We present one such case of a 56-year-old male with a four generation history of NF1 and a personal history of NF1 who presented with invasive ductal carcinoma of the right breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan Mann
- Department of Surgery, Summa Health System Akron City Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Truong Ma
- Department of Surgery, Summa Health System Akron City Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Arthur Dalton
- Department of Surgery, Summa Health System Akron City Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
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41
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Abstract
Background Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) #162200) is an autosomal dominantly inherited tumour predisposition syndrome. Heritable constitutional mutations in the NF1 gene result in dysregulation of the RAS/MAPK pathway and are causative of NF1. The major known function of the NF1 gene product neurofibromin is to downregulate RAS. NF1 exhibits variable clinical expression and is characterized by benign cutaneous lesions including neurofibromas and café-au-lait macules, as well as a predisposition to various types of malignancy, such as breast cancer and leukaemia. However, acquired somatic mutations in NF1 are also found in a wide variety of malignant neoplasms that are not associated with NF1. Main body Capitalizing upon the availability of next-generation sequencing data from cancer genomes and exomes, we review current knowledge of somatic NF1 mutations in a wide variety of tumours occurring at a number of different sites: breast, colorectum, urothelium, lung, ovary, skin, brain and neuroendocrine tissues, as well as leukaemias, in an attempt to understand their broader role and significance, and with a view ultimately to exploiting this in a diagnostic and therapeutic context. Conclusion As neurofibromin activity is a key to regulating the RAS/MAPK pathway, NF1 mutations are important in the acquisition of drug resistance, to BRAF, EGFR inhibitors, tamoxifen and retinoic acid in melanoma, lung and breast cancers and neuroblastoma. Other curiosities are observed, such as a high rate of somatic NF1 mutation in cutaneous melanoma, lung cancer, ovarian carcinoma and glioblastoma which are not usually associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. Somatic NF1 mutations may be critical drivers in multiple cancers. The mutational landscape of somatic NF1 mutations should provide novel insights into our understanding of the pathophysiology of cancer. The identification of high frequency of somatic NF1 mutations in sporadic tumours indicates that neurofibromin is likely to play a critical role in development, far beyond that evident in the tumour predisposition syndrome NF1.
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42
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Zhao S, Zhao ZJ, He HY, Wu JC, Ding XQ, Yang L, Jia N, Li ZJ, Zheng HC. The roles of ING5 in gliomas: a good marker for tumorigenesis and a potential target for gene therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56558-56568. [PMID: 28915612 PMCID: PMC5593583 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the anti-tumor effects and molecular mechanisms of ING5 on glioma cells, we overexpressed it in U87 cells, and examined the phenotypes and their relevant molecules. It was found that ING5 overexpression suppressed proliferation, energy metabolism, migration, invasion, and induced G2/M arrest, apoptosis, dedifferentiation, senescence, mesenchymal- epithelial transition and chemoresistance to cisplatin, MG132, paclitaxel and SAHA in U87 cells. There appeared a lower expression of N-cadherin, Twist, Slug, Zeb1, Zeb2, Snail, Ac-H3, Ac-H4, Cdc2, Cdk4 and XIAP, but a higher expression of Claudin 1, Histones 3 and 4, p21, p53, Bax, β-catenin, PI3K, Akt, and p-Akt in ING5 transfectants. ING5 overexpression suppressed tumor growth of U87 cells in nude mice by inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Down-regulated ING5 expression was closely linked to the tumorigenesis and histogenesis of glioma. These data indicated that ING5 expression might be considered as a good marker for the tumorigenesis and histogenesis of gliomas. It might be employed as a potential target for gene therapy of glioma. PI3K/Akt or β-catenin/TCF-4 activation might be positively linked to chemotherapeutic resistance, mediated by ING5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Animal Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Zhi-Juan Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Hao-Yu He
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Animal Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Ji-Cheng Wu
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Animal Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Ding
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Animal Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Animal Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Ning Jia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Li
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Animal Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Hua-Chuan Zheng
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Animal Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
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Cui S, Liao X, Ye C, Yin X, Liu M, Hong Y, Yu M, Liu Y, Liang H, Zhang CY, Chen X. ING5 suppresses breast cancer progression and is regulated by miR-24. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:89. [PMID: 28490335 PMCID: PMC5424299 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The inhibitor of growth (ING) gene family of tumor suppressors is involved in multiple cellular functions such as cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and chromatin remodeling. ING5 is a new member of the ING family whose function and regulation remain largely unknown. Methods Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot were used to examine the expression levels of ING5 in breast cancer tissues. The miRNAs that potentially targeted ING5 were determined by bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay. Cell viability assay, transwell invasion and apoptosis assay were used to characterize the changes induced by overexpressing or knocking down miR-24 or ING5. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemical staining for ING5 and Ki-67 were used for xenograft assays in BALB/c nude mice. Results We showed that the ING5 protein rather than the mRNA, was significantly downregulated in breast cancer tissues. We also investigated the potential function of ING5 in breast tumorigenesis and found that ING5 suppressed the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells and promoted their apoptosis. Furthermore, we explored the molecular mechanisms accounting for the dysregulation of ING5 in breast cancer cells and identified an oncomiR, miR-24, as a direct upstream regulator of ING5. We revealed that miR-24 had the opposite effects to those of ING5 on breast cancer cells and could accelerate xenografted tumor growth in vivo. Conclusion Our findings uncover the tumor-suppressive role of ING5 and the regulatory pathway of ING5 in breast cancer and may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of breast carcinogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-017-0658-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of life sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Xin Liao
- Beihai Marine Station, Evo-devo Institute, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Chao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of life sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Xin Yin
- Department of Exercise and Heath, Nanjing Sport Institute, 8 Linggusi Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
| | - Minghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of life sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Yeting Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of life sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Mengchao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of life sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of life sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Hongwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of life sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of life sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of life sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China.
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Han K, Jeng EE, Hess GT, Morgens DW, Li A, Bassik MC. Synergistic drug combinations for cancer identified in a CRISPR screen for pairwise genetic interactions. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 35:463-474. [PMID: 28319085 PMCID: PMC5557292 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Identification of effective combination therapies is critical to address the emergence of drug-resistant cancers, but direct screening of all possible drug combinations is infeasible. Here we introduce a CRISPR-based double knockout (CDKO) system that improves the efficiency of combinatorial genetic screening using an effective strategy for cloning and sequencing paired single guide RNA (sgRNA) libraries and a robust statistical scoring method for calculating genetic interactions (GIs) from CRISPR-deleted gene pairs. We applied CDKO to generate a large-scale human GI map, comprising 490,000 double-sgRNAs directed against 21,321 pairs of drug targets in K562 leukemia cells and identified synthetic lethal drug target pairs for which corresponding drugs exhibit synergistic killing. These included the BCL2L1 and MCL1 combination, which was also effective in imatinib-resistant cells. We further validated this system by identifying known and previously unidentified GIs between modifiers of ricin toxicity. This work provides an effective strategy to screen synergistic drug combinations in high-throughput and a CRISPR-based tool to dissect functional GI networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuho Han
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edwin E. Jeng
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gaelen T. Hess
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David W. Morgens
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael C. Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Cini M, Bradshaw TD, Woodward S. Using titanium complexes to defeat cancer: the view from the shoulders of titans. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:1040-1051. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00860g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Seeking ‘unifying mechanisms of action’ in titanium anti-cancer agents: a 40 year odyssey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melchior Cini
- Institute of Applied Sciences
- MCAST Main Campus
- Paola
- Malta
| | - Tracey D. Bradshaw
- School of Pharmacy
- Centre for Biomolecular Science
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | - Simon Woodward
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham NG7 2TU
- UK
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Kangaspeska S, Hultsch S, Jaiswal A, Edgren H, Mpindi JP, Eldfors S, Brück O, Aittokallio T, Kallioniemi O. Systematic drug screening reveals specific vulnerabilities and co-resistance patterns in endocrine-resistant breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:378. [PMID: 27378269 PMCID: PMC4932681 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The estrogen receptor (ER) inhibitor tamoxifen reduces breast cancer mortality by 31 % and has served as the standard treatment for ER-positive breast cancers for decades. However, 50 % of advanced ER-positive cancers display de novo resistance to tamoxifen, and acquired resistance evolves in 40 % of patients who initially respond. Mechanisms underlying resistance development remain poorly understood and new therapeutic opportunities are urgently needed. Here, we report the generation and characterization of seven tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cell lines from four parental strains. Methods Using high throughput drug sensitivity and resistance testing (DSRT) with 279 approved and investigational oncology drugs, exome-sequencing and network analysis, we for the first time, systematically determine the drug response profiles specific to tamoxifen resistance. Results We discovered emerging vulnerabilities towards specific drugs, such as ERK1/2-, proteasome- and BCL-family inhibitors as the cells became tamoxifen-resistant. Co-resistance to other drugs such as the survivin inhibitor YM155 and the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel also occurred. Conclusion This study indicates that multiple molecular mechanisms dictate endocrine resistance, resulting in unexpected vulnerabilities to initially ineffective drugs, as well as in emerging co-resistances. Thus, combatting drug-resistant tumors will require patient-tailored strategies in order to identify new drug vulnerabilities, and to understand the associated co-resistance patterns. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2452-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kangaspeska
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Biomedicum 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland. .,Present address: Helsinki Innovation Services, Tukholmankatu 8 A, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Susanne Hultsch
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Biomedicum 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alok Jaiswal
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Biomedicum 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Edgren
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Biomedicum 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.,Present address: MediSapiens Ltd, Erottajankatu 19B, 00130, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John-Patrick Mpindi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Biomedicum 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Eldfors
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Biomedicum 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oscar Brück
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Biomedicum 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Biomedicum 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Kallioniemi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Biomedicum 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.,Present address: Science for Life Laboratory, Department Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23, 171 65, Solna, Sweden
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Cho YJ, Kang W, Kim SH, Sa JK, Kim N, Paddison PJ, Kim M, Joo KM, Hwang YI, Nam DH. Involvement of DDX6 gene in radio- and chemoresistance in glioblastoma. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1053-62. [PMID: 26783102 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
CCRT (concomitant chemotherapy and radiation therapy) is often used for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment after surgical therapy, however, patients treated with CCRT undergo poor prognosis due to development of treatment resistant recurrence. Many studies have been performed to overcome these problems and to discover genes influencing treatment resistance. To discover potential genes inducing CCRT resistance in GBM, we used whole genome screening by infecting shRNA pool in patient-derived cell. The cells infected ~8,000 shRNAs were implanted in mouse brain and treated RT/TMZ as in CCRT treated patients. We found DDX6 as the candidate gene for treatment resistance after screening and establishing DDX6 knock down cells for functional validation. Using these cells, we confirmed tumor associated ability of DDX6 in vitro and in vivo. Although proliferation improvement was not found, decreased DDX6 influenced upregulated clonogenic ability and resistant response against radiation treatment in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, we suggest that DDX6 discovered by using whole genome screening was responsible for radio- and chemoresistance in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Cho
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonyoung Kang
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Heon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University of Medicine, Suwon, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jason K Sa
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Patrick J Paddison
- Department of Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Misuk Kim
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeung Min Joo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University of Medicine, Suwon, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Hwang
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ceroni A, Higgins GS, Ebner DV. In Vitro-Pooled shRNA Screening to Identify Determinants of Radiosensitivity. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1470:103-19. [PMID: 27581288 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6337-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-pooled screening is a valuable and cost-effective tool for assaying the contribution of individual genes to cell viability and proliferation on a genomic scale. Here we describe the key considerations for the design and execution of a pooled shRNA screen to identify determinants of radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geoff S Higgins
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford-Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel V Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford-Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK
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An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease modulates constitutive eIF2α dephosphorylation to trigger a specific integrated stress response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:E117-26. [PMID: 26715744 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514076113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the HIV aspartyl protease [HIV protease inhibitors (HIV-PIs)] are the cornerstone of treatment for HIV. Beyond their well-defined antiretroviral activity, these drugs have additional effects that modulate cell viability and homeostasis. However, little is known about the virus-independent pathways engaged by these molecules. Here we show that the HIV-PI Nelfinavir decreases translation rates and promotes a transcriptional program characteristic of the integrated stress response (ISR). Mice treated with Nelfinavir display hallmarks of this stress response in the liver, including α subunit of translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) phosphorylation, activating transcription factor-4 (ATF4) induction, and increased expression of known downstream targets. Mechanistically, Nelfinavir-mediated ISR bypassed direct activation of the eIF2α stress kinases and instead relied on the inhibition of the constitutive eIF2α dephosphorylation and down-regulation of the phophatase cofactor CReP (Constitutive Repressor of eIF2α Phosphorylation; also known as PPP1R15B). These findings demonstrate that the modulation of eIF2α-specific phosphatase cofactor activity can be a rheostat of cellular homeostasis that initiates a functional ISR and suggest that the HIV-PIs could be repositioned as therapeutics in human diseases to modulate translation rates and stress responses.
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NR) act as an integrated conduit for environmental and hormonal signals to govern genomic responses, which relate to cell fate decisions. We review how their integrated actions with each other, shared co-factors and other transcription factors are disrupted in cancer. Steroid hormone nuclear receptors are oncogenic drivers in breast and prostate cancer and blockade of signaling is a major therapeutic goal. By contrast to blockade of receptors, in other cancers enhanced receptor function is attractive, as illustrated initially with targeting of retinoic acid receptors in leukemia. In the post-genomic era large consortia, such as The Cancer Genome Atlas, have developed a remarkable volume of genomic data with which to examine multiple aspects of nuclear receptor status in a pan-cancer manner. Therefore to extend the review of NR function we have also undertaken bioinformatics analyses of NR expression in over 3000 tumors, spread across six different tumor types (bladder, breast, colon, head and neck, liver and prostate). Specifically, to ask how the NR expression was distorted (altered expression, mutation and CNV) we have applied bootstrapping approaches to simulate data for comparison, and also compared these NR findings to 12 other transcription factor families. Nuclear receptors were uniquely and uniformly downregulated across all six tumor types, more than predicted by chance. These approaches also revealed that each tumor type had a specific NR expression profile but these were most similar between breast and prostate cancer. Some NRs were down-regulated in at least five tumor types (e.g. NR3C2/MR and NR5A2/LRH-1)) whereas others were uniquely down-regulated in one tumor (e.g. NR1B3/RARG). The downregulation was not driven by copy number variation or mutation and epigenetic mechanisms maybe responsible for the altered nuclear receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Long
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Moray J Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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