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Chakraborty S, Mishra A, Choudhuri A, Bhaumik T, Sengupta R. Leveraging the redundancy of S-denitrosylases in response to S-nitrosylation of caspases: Experimental strategies and beyond. Nitric Oxide 2024; 149:18-31. [PMID: 38823434 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Redox-based protein posttranslational modifications, such as S-nitrosylation of critical, active site cysteine thiols have garnered significant clinical attention and research interest, reasoning for one of the crucial biological implications of reactive messenger molecule, nitric oxide in the cellular repertoire. The stringency of the S-(de)nitrosylation-based redox switch governs the activity and contribution of several susceptible enzymes in signal transduction processes and diverse pathophysiological settings, thus establishing it as a transient yet reasonable, and regulated mechanism of NO adduction and release. Notably, endogenous proteases like cytosolic and mitochondrial caspases with a molecular weight ranging from 33 to 55 kDa are susceptible to performing this biochemistry in the presence of major oxidoreductases, which further unveils the enormous redox-mediated regulational control of caspases in the etiology of diseases. In addition to advancing the progress of the current state of understanding of 'redox biochemistry' in the field of medicine and enriching the existing dynamic S-nitrosoproteome, this review stands as a testament to an unprecedented shift in the underpinnings for redundancy and redox relay between the major redoxin/antioxidant systems, fine-tuning of which can command the apoptotic control of caspases at the face of nitro-oxidative stress. These intricate functional overlaps and cellular backups, supported rationally by kinetically favorable reaction mechanisms suggest the physiological relevance of identifying and involving such cognate substrates for cellular S-denitrosylases that can shed light on the bigger picture of extensively proposing targeted therapies and redox-based drug designing to potentially alleviate the side effects of NOx/ROS in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surupa Chakraborty
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Akansha Mishra
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Ankita Choudhuri
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Tamal Bhaumik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Rajib Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India.
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Meireles DA, da Silva Neto JF, Domingos RM, Alegria TGP, Santos LCM, Netto LES. Ohr - OhrR, a neglected and highly efficient antioxidant system: Structure, catalysis, phylogeny, regulation, and physiological roles. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 185:6-24. [PMID: 35452809 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ohrs (organic hydroperoxide resistance proteins) are antioxidant enzymes that play central roles in the response of microorganisms to organic peroxides. Here, we describe recent advances in the structure, catalysis, phylogeny, regulation, and physiological roles of Ohr proteins and of its transcriptional regulator, OhrR, highlighting their unique features. Ohr is extremely efficient in reducing fatty acid peroxides and peroxynitrite, two oxidants relevant in host-pathogen interactions. The highly reactive Cys residue of Ohr, named peroxidatic Cys (Cp), composes together with an arginine and a glutamate the catalytic triad. The catalytic cycle of Ohrs involves a condensation between a sulfenic acid (Cp-SOH) and the thiol of the second conserved Cys, leading to the formation of an intra-subunit disulfide bond, which is then reduced by dihydrolipoamide or lipoylated proteins. A structural switch takes place during catalysis, with the opening and closure of the active site by the so-called Arg-loop. Ohr is part of the Ohr/OsmC super-family that also comprises OsmC and Ohr-like proteins. Members of the Ohr, OsmC and Ohr-like subgroups present low sequence similarities among themselves, but share a high structural conservation, presenting two Cys residues in their active site. The pattern of gene expression is also distinct among members of the Ohr/OsmC subfamilies. The expression of ohr genes increases upon organic hydroperoxides treatment, whereas the signals for the upregulation of osmC are entry into the stationary phase and/or osmotic stress. For many ohr genes, the upregulation by organic hydroperoxides is mediated by OhrR, a Cys-based transcriptional regulator that only binds to its target DNAs in its reduced state. Since Ohrs and OhrRs are involved in virulence of some microorganisms and are absent in vertebrate and vascular plants, they may represent targets for novel therapeutic approaches based on the disruption of this key bacterial organic peroxide defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo A Meireles
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos (LFBM) da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Brazil
| | - José F da Silva Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Brazil
| | | | - Thiago G P Alegria
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lene Clara M Santos
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo S Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Biddau M, Santha Kumar TR, Henrich P, Laine LM, Blackburn GJ, Chokkathukalam A, Li T, Lee Sim K, King L, Hoffman SL, Barrett MP, Coombs GH, McFadden GI, Fidock DA, Müller S, Sheiner L. Plasmodium falciparum LipB mutants display altered redox and carbon metabolism in asexual stages and cannot complete sporogony in Anopheles mosquitoes. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:441-453. [PMID: 33713652 PMCID: PMC8126644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Apicoplast LipB deletion leads to changed antioxidant expression that precedes and coincides with accelerated differentiation. 3D7 Plasmodium exhibits changes in glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle activity after deletion of apicoplast LipB. When LipB is deleted from NF54 Plasmodium, the resulting parasites cannot complete their development in mosquitoes.
Malaria is still one of the most important global infectious diseases. Emergence of drug resistance and a shortage of new efficient antimalarials continue to hamper a malaria eradication agenda. Malaria parasites are highly sensitive to changes in the redox environment. Understanding the mechanisms regulating parasite redox could contribute to the design of new drugs. Malaria parasites have a complex network of redox regulatory systems housed in their cytosol, in their mitochondrion and in their plastid (apicoplast). While the roles of enzymes of the thioredoxin and glutathione pathways in parasite survival have been explored, the antioxidant role of α-lipoic acid (LA) produced in the apicoplast has not been tested. To take a first step in teasing a putative role of LA in redox regulation, we analysed a mutant Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain) lacking the apicoplast lipoic acid protein ligase B (lipB) known to be depleted of LA. Our results showed a change in expression of redox regulators in the apicoplast and the cytosol. We further detected a change in parasite central carbon metabolism, with lipB deletion resulting in changes to glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle activity. Further, in another Plasmodium cell line (NF54), deletion of lipB impacted development in the mosquito, preventing the detection of infectious sporozoite stages. While it is not clear at this point if the observed phenotypes are linked, these findings flag LA biosynthesis as an important subject for further study in the context of redox regulation in asexual stages, and point to LipB as a potential target for the development of new transmission drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Biddau
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - T R Santha Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Philipp Henrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Larissa M Laine
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J Blackburn
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tao Li
- Sanaria Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | | | - Lewis King
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael P Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Graham H Coombs
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sylke Müller
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lilach Sheiner
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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4
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Domingos RM, Teixeira RD, Zeida A, Agudelo WA, Alegria TGP, da Silva Neto JF, Vieira PS, Murakami MT, Farah CS, Estrin DA, Netto LES. Substrate and Product-Assisted Catalysis: Molecular Aspects behind Structural Switches along Organic Hydroperoxide Resistance Protein Catalytic Cycle. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renato M. Domingos
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael D. Teixeira
- Departamento de Biociências, Instituto de Quı́mica, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ari Zeida
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica Analı́tica y Quı́mica Fı́sica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - William A. Agudelo
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica Analı́tica y Quı́mica Fı́sica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Thiago G. P. Alegria
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José F. da Silva Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Biociências, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Plínio S. Vieira
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Mario T. Murakami
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Chuck S. Farah
- Departamento de Biociências, Instituto de Quı́mica, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario A. Estrin
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica Analı́tica y Quı́mica Fı́sica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Luis E. S. Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
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Bunik VI. Redox-Driven Signaling: 2-Oxo Acid Dehydrogenase Complexes as Sensors and Transmitters of Metabolic Imbalance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1911-1947. [PMID: 30187773 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE This article develops a holistic view on production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes. Recent Advances: Catalytic and structural properties of the complexes and their components evolved to minimize damaging effects of side reactions, including ROS generation, simultaneously exploiting the reactions for homeostatic signaling. CRITICAL ISSUES Side reactions of the complexes, characterized in vitro, are analyzed in view of protein interactions and conditions in vivo. Quantitative data support prevalence of the forward 2-oxo acid oxidation over the backward NADH oxidation in feeding physiologically significant ROS production by the complexes. Special focus on interactions between the active sites within 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes highlights the central relevance of the complex-bound thiyl radicals in regulation of and signaling by complex-generated ROS. The thiyl radicals arise when dihydrolipoyl residues of the complexes regenerate FADH2 from the flavin semiquinone coproduced with superoxide anion radical in 1e- oxidation of FADH2 by molecular oxygen. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Interaction of 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes with thioredoxins (TRXs), peroxiredoxins, and glutaredoxins mediates scavenging of the thiyl radicals and ROS generated by the complexes, underlying signaling of disproportional availability of 2-oxo acids, CoA, and NAD+ in key metabolic branch points through thiol/disulfide exchange and medically important hypoxia-inducible factor, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and sirtuins. High reactivity of the coproduced ROS and thiyl radicals to iron/sulfur clusters and nitric oxide, peroxynitrite reductase activity of peroxiredoxins and transnitrosylating function of thioredoxin, implicate the side reactions of 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes in nitric oxide-dependent signaling and damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria I Bunik
- 1 Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,2 Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Chasapis CT, Makridakis M, Damdimopoulos AE, Zoidakis J, Lygirou V, Mavroidis M, Vlahou A, Miranda-Vizuete A, Spyrou G, Vlamis-Gardikas A. Implications of the mitochondrial interactome of mammalian thioredoxin 2 for normal cellular function and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 137:59-73. [PMID: 31018154 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple thioredoxin isoforms exist in all living cells. To explore the possible functions of mammalian mitochondrial thioredoxin 2 (Trx2), an interactome of mouse Trx2 was initially created using (i) a monothiol mouse Trx2 species for capturing protein partners from different organs and (ii) yeast two hybrid screens on human liver and rat brain cDNA libraries. The resulting interactome consisted of 195 proteins (Trx2 included) plus the mitochondrial 16S RNA. 48 of these proteins were classified as mitochondrial (MitoCarta2.0 human inventory). In a second step, the mouse interactome was combined with the current four-membered mitochondrial sub-network of human Trx2 (BioGRID) to give a 53-membered human Trx2 mitochondrial interactome (52 interactor proteins plus the mitochondrial 16S RNA). Although thioredoxins are thiol-employing disulfide oxidoreductases, approximately half of the detected interactions were not due to covalent disulfide bonds. This finding reinstates the extended role of thioredoxins as moderators of protein function by specific non-covalent, protein-protein interactions. Analysis of the mitochondrial interactome suggested that human Trx2 was involved potentially in mitochondrial integrity, formation of iron sulfur clusters, detoxification of aldehydes, mitoribosome assembly and protein synthesis, protein folding, ADP ribosylation, amino acid and lipid metabolism, glycolysis, the TCA cycle and the electron transport chain. The oxidoreductase functions of Trx2 were verified by its detected interactions with mitochondrial peroxiredoxins and methionine sulfoxide reductase. Parkinson's disease, triosephosphate isomerase deficiency, combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency, and lactate dehydrogenase b deficiency are some of the diseases where the proposed mitochondrial network of Trx2 may be implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos T Chasapis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (FORTH), Platani 26504, Greece
| | | | - Anastassios E Damdimopoulos
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Innovative Medicine (CIMED), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jerome Zoidakis
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Lygirou
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Manolis Mavroidis
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Antonio Miranda-Vizuete
- Redox Homeostasis Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Giannis Spyrou
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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Miller CG, Holmgren A, Arnér ESJ, Schmidt EE. NADPH-dependent and -independent disulfide reductase systems. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 127:248-261. [PMID: 29609022 PMCID: PMC6165701 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past seven decades, research on autotrophic and heterotrophic model organisms has defined how the flow of electrons ("reducing power") from high-energy inorganic sources, through biological systems, to low-energy inorganic products like water, powers all of Life's processes. Universally, an initial major biological recipient of these electrons is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-phosphate, which thereby transits from an oxidized state (NADP+) to a reduced state (NADPH). A portion of this reducing power is then distributed via the cellular NADPH-dependent disulfide reductase systems as sequential reductions of disulfide bonds. Along the disulfide reduction pathways, some enzymes have active sites that use the selenium-containing amino acid, selenocysteine, in place of the common but less reactive sulfur-containing cysteine. In particular, the mammalian/metazoan thioredoxin systems are usually selenium-dependent as, across metazoan phyla, most thioredoxin reductases are selenoproteins. Among the roles of the NADPH-dependent disulfide reductase systems, the most universal is that they provide the reducing power for the production of DNA precursors by ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). Some studies, however, have uncovered examples of NADPH-independent disulfide reductase systems that can also support RNR. These systems are summarized here and their implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Miller
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edward E Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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Prigge JR, Coppo L, Martin SS, Ogata F, Miller CG, Bruschwein MD, Orlicky DJ, Shearn CT, Kundert JA, Lytchier J, Herr AE, Mattsson Å, Taylor MP, Gustafsson TN, Arnér ESJ, Holmgren A, Schmidt EE. Hepatocyte Hyperproliferation upon Liver-Specific Co-disruption of Thioredoxin-1, Thioredoxin Reductase-1, and Glutathione Reductase. Cell Rep 2018; 19:2771-2781. [PMID: 28658624 PMCID: PMC5730093 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Energetic nutrients are oxidized to sustain high intracellular NADPH/NADP+ ratios. NADPH-dependent reduction of thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) disulfide and glutathione disulfide by thioredoxin reductase-1 (TrxR1) and glutathione reductase (Gsr), respectively, fuels antioxidant systems and deoxyribonucleotide synthesis. Mouse livers lacking both TrxR1 and Gsr sustain these essential activities using an NADPH-independent methionine-consuming pathway; however, it remains unclear how this reducing power is distributed. Here, we show that liver-specific co-disruption of the genes encoding Trx1, TrxR1, and Gsr (triple-null) causes dramatic hepatocyte hyperproliferation. Thus, even in the absence of Trx1, methionine-fueled glutathione production supports hepatocyte S phase deoxyribonucleotide production. Also, Trx1 in the absence of TrxR1 provides a survival advantage to cells under hyperglycemic stress, suggesting that glutathione, likely via glutaredoxins, can reduce Trx1 disulfide in vivo. In triple-null livers like in many cancers, deoxyribonucleotide synthesis places a critical yet relatively low-volume demand on these reductase systems, thereby favoring high hepatocyte turnover over sustained hepatocyte integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Prigge
- Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | - Lucia Coppo
- Division of Biochemistry, Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastin S Martin
- Division of Biochemistry, Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fernando Ogata
- Division of Biochemistry, Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Colin G Miller
- Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | | | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Denver, CO 80045, USA
| | - Colin T Shearn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Denver, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jean A Kundert
- Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | - Julia Lytchier
- Division of Biochemistry, Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alix E Herr
- Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | - Åse Mattsson
- Division of Biochemistry, Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew P Taylor
- Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | - Tomas N Gustafsson
- Division of Biochemistry, Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Bacteriology, Sunderby Research Unit, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Division of Biochemistry, Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edward E Schmidt
- Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.
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9
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Seth D, Hess DT, Hausladen A, Wang L, Wang YJ, Stamler JS. A Multiplex Enzymatic Machinery for Cellular Protein S-nitrosylation. Mol Cell 2018; 69:451-464.e6. [PMID: 29358078 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
S-nitrosylation, the oxidative modification of Cys residues by nitric oxide (NO) to form S-nitrosothiols (SNOs), modifies all main classes of proteins and provides a fundamental redox-based cellular signaling mechanism. However, in contrast to other post-translational protein modifications, S-nitrosylation is generally considered to be non-enzymatic, involving multiple chemical routes. We report here that endogenous protein S-nitrosylation in the model organism E. coli depends principally upon the enzymatic activity of the hybrid cluster protein Hcp, employing NO produced by nitrate reductase. Anaerobiosis on nitrate induces both Hcp and nitrate reductase, thereby resulting in the S-nitrosylation-dependent assembly of a large interactome including enzymes that generate NO (NO synthase), synthesize SNO-proteins (SNO synthase), and propagate SNO-based signaling (trans-nitrosylases) to regulate cell motility and metabolism. Thus, protein S-nitrosylation by NO in E. coli is essentially enzymatic, and the potential generality of the multiplex enzymatic mechanism that we describe may support a re-conceptualization of NO-based cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Seth
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Douglas T Hess
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alfred Hausladen
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Liwen Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ya-Juan Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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10
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Singh AR, Strankman A, Orkusyan R, Purwantini E, Rawat M. Lack of mycothiol and ergothioneine induces different protective mechanisms in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 8:100-106. [PMID: 28220152 PMCID: PMC5315357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium smegmatis contains the low molecular weight thiols, mycothiol (MSH) and ergothioneine (ESH). Examination of transposon mutants disrupted in mshC and egtA, involved in the biosynthesis of MSH and ESH respectively, demonstrated that both mutants were sensitive to oxidative, alkylating, and metal stress. However, the mshC mutant exhibited significantly more protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation than wildtype, while the egtA mutant had less protein and lipid damage than wildtype. We further show that Ohr, KatN, and AhpC, involved in protection against oxidative stress, are upregulated in the egtA mutant. In the mshC mutant, an Usp and a putative thiol peroxidase are upregulated. In addition, mutants lacking MSH also contained higher levels of Coenzyme F420 as compared to wildtype and two Coenzyme F420 dependent enzymes were found to be upregulated. These results indicate that lack of MSH and ESH result in induction of different mechanisms for protecting against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Strankman
- Department of Biology, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740, United States
| | - Ruzan Orkusyan
- Department of Biology, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740, United States
| | - Endang Purwantini
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Mamta Rawat
- Department of Biology, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740, United States
- Corresponding author.
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E1 of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase defends Mycobacterium tuberculosis against glutamate anaplerosis and nitroxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5834-43. [PMID: 26430237 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1510932112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes of central carbon metabolism (CCM) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) make an important contribution to the pathogen's virulence. Evidence is emerging that some of these enzymes are not simply playing the metabolic roles for which they are annotated, but can protect the pathogen via additional functions. Here, we found that deficiency of 2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate synthase (HOAS), the E1 component of the α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) dehydrogenase complex (KDHC), did not lead to general metabolic perturbation or growth impairment of Mtb, but only to the specific inability to cope with glutamate anaplerosis and nitroxidative stress. In the former role, HOAS acts to prevent accumulation of aldehydes, including growth-inhibitory succinate semialdehyde (SSA). In the latter role, HOAS can participate in an alternative four-component peroxidase system, HOAS/dihydrolipoyl acetyl transferase (DlaT)/alkylhydroperoxide reductase colorless subunit gene (ahpC)-neighboring subunit (AhpD)/AhpC, using α-KG as a previously undescribed source of electrons for reductase action. Thus, instead of a canonical role in CCM, the E1 component of Mtb's KDHC serves key roles in situational defense that contribute to its requirement for virulence in the host. We also show that pyruvate decarboxylase (AceE), the E1 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHC), can participate in AceE/DlaT/AhpD/AhpC, using pyruvate as a source of electrons for reductase action. Identification of these systems leads us to suggest that Mtb can recruit components of its CCM for reactive nitrogen defense using central carbon metabolites.
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Hermes FA, Cronan JE. An NAD synthetic reaction bypasses the lipoate requirement for aerobic growth of Escherichia coli strains blocked in succinate catabolism. Mol Microbiol 2014; 94:10.1111/mmi.12822. [PMID: 25303731 PMCID: PMC4393350 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lipoate coenzyme is essential for function of the pyruvate (PDH) and 2-oxoglutarate (OGDH) dehydrogenases and thus for aerobic growth of Escherichia coli. LipB catalyzes the first step in lipoate synthesis, transfer of an octanoyl moiety from the fatty acid synthetic intermediate, octanoyl-ACP, to PDH and OGDH. E. coli also encodes LplA, a ligase that in presence of exogenous octanoate (or lipoate) can bypass loss of LipB. LplA imparts ΔlipB strains with a 'leaky' growth phenotype on aerobic glucose minimal medium supplemented with succinate (which bypasses the OGDH-catalyzed reaction), because it scavenges an endogenous octanoate pool to activate PDH. Here we characterize a ΔlipB suppressor strain that did not require succinate supplementation, but did require succinyl-CoA ligase, confirming the presence of alternative source(s) of cytosolic succinate. We report that suppression requires inactivation of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), which greatly reduces the cellular requirement for succinate. In the suppressor strain succinate is produced by three enzymes, any one of which will suffice in the absence of SDH. These three enzymes are: trace levels of OGDH, the isocitrate lyase of the glyoxylate shunt and an unanticipated source, aspartate oxidase, the enzyme catalyzing the first step of nicotinamide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemah A. Hermes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - John E. Cronan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Lockwood TD. Lysosomal metal, redox and proton cycles influencing the CysHis cathepsin reaction. Metallomics 2013; 5:110-24. [PMID: 23302864 DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20156a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the 1930's pioneers discovered that maximal autolysis in tissue homogenates requires metal chelator, sulfhydryl reducing agent and acid pH. However, metals, reducing equivalents and protons (MR&P) have been overlooked as combined catalytic controls. Three categories of lysosomal machinery drive three distinguishable cycles importing and exporting MR&P. Zn(2+) preemptively inhibits CysHis catalysis under otherwise optimal protonation and reduction. Protein-bound cell Zn(2+) concentration is 200-2000 times the non-sequestered inhibitory concentration. Following autophagy, lysosomal proteolysis liberates much inhibitory Zn(2+). The vacuolar proton pump is the driving force for Zn(2+) export, as well as protonation of the peptidolytic mechanism. Other machinery of lysosomal cycles includes proton-driven Zn(2+) exporters (e.g. SLC11A1), Zn(2+) channels (e.g. TRPML-1), lysosomal thiol reductase, etc. The CysHis dyad is a sensor of the vacuolar environment of MR&P, an integrator of these simultaneous variables, and a catalytic responder. Rate-determination can shift between autophagic substrate acquisition (swallowing) and substrate degradation (digesting). Zn(2+) recycling from degraded proteins to new proteins is a fourth cycle that might pace lysosomal function under some conditions. Heritable insufficient or excess functions of CysHis cathepsins are associated with dysfunctional inflammation and immunity/auto-immunity, including diabetic pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Lockwood
- Dept. of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA.
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Storm J, Müller S. Lipoic acid metabolism of Plasmodium--a suitable drug target. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:3480-9. [PMID: 22607141 PMCID: PMC3426790 DOI: 10.2174/138161212801327266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
α-Lipoic acid (6,8-thioctic acid; LA) is a vital co-factor of α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes and the glycine cleavage system. In recent years it was shown that biosynthesis and salvage of LA in Plasmodium are necessary for the parasites to complete their complex life cycle. LA salvage requires two lipoic acid protein ligases (LplA1 and LplA2). LplA1 is confined to the mitochondrion while LplA2 is located in both the mitochondrion and the apicoplast. LplA1 exclusively uses salvaged LA and lipoylates α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase and the H-protein of the glycine cleavage system. LplA2 cannot compensate for the loss of LplA1 function during blood stage development suggesting a specific function for LplA2 that has yet to be elucidated. LA salvage is essential for the intra-erythrocytic and liver stage development of Plasmodium and thus offers great potential for future drug or vaccine development. LA biosynthesis, comprising octanoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) : protein N-octanoyltransferase (LipB) and lipoate synthase (LipA), is exclusively found in the apicoplast of Plasmodium where it generates LA de novo from octanoyl-ACP, provided by the type II fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS II) pathway also present in the organelle. LA is the co-factor of the acetyltransferase subunit of the apicoplast located pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), which generates acetyl-CoA, feeding into FAS II. LA biosynthesis is not vital for intra-erythrocytic development of Plasmodium, but the deletion of several genes encoding components of FAS II or PDH was detrimental for liver stage development of the parasites indirectly suggesting that the same applies to LA biosynthesis. These data provide strong evidence that LA salvage and biosynthesis are vital for different stages of Plasmodium development and offer potential for drug and vaccine design against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Storm
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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Dupont C, Dumont É, Jacquemin D. Superior performance of range-separated hybrid functionals for describing σ* ← σ UV-vis signatures of three-electron two-center anions. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:3237-46. [PMID: 22376324 DOI: 10.1021/jp211875r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We assess the efficiency of density functionals for the description of UV-vis signatures of temporary anions featuring a three-electron two-center bond, along a representative set of systems ranging from (pseudo)dihalides to disulfide radical anions (dimethyl disulfide and lipoate). While BH&HLYP and B3LYP have been predominantly applied to perform such simulations so far, we outline the significantly improved performance of several recently proposed functionals, including range-separated hybrids for the computation of these specific vertical transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Dupont
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Ecole normale supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Employing a recombinant strain of Advenella mimigardefordensis for biotechnical production of Homopolythioesters from 3,3'-dithiodipropionic acid. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:3286-97. [PMID: 22344658 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00007-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Advenella mimigardefordensis strain DPN7(T) was genetically modified to produce poly(3-mercaptopropionic acid) (PMP) homopolymer by exploiting the recently unraveled process of 3,3'-dithiodipropionic acid (DTDP) catabolism. Production was achieved by systematically engineering the metabolism of this strain as follows: (i) deletion of its inherent 3MP dioxygenase-encoding gene (mdo), (ii) introduction of the buk-ptb operon (genes encoding the butyrate kinase, Buk, and the phosphotransbutyrylase, Ptb, from Clostridium acetobutylicum), and (iii) overexpression of its own polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase (phaC(Am)). These measures yielded the potent PMP production strain A. mimigardefordensis strain SHX22. The deletion of mdo was required for adequate synthesis of PMP due to the resulting accumulation of 3MP during utilization of DTDP. Overexpression of the plasmid-borne buk-ptb operon caused a severe growth repression. This effect was overcome by inserting this operon into the genome. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthases from different origins were compared. The native PHA synthase of A. mimigardefordensis (phaC(Am)) was obviously the best choice to establish homopolythioester production in this strain. In addition, the cultivation conditions, including an appropriate provision of the carbon source, were further optimized to enhance PMP production. The engineered strain accumulated PMP up to approximately 25% (wt/wt) of the cell dry weight when cultivated in mineral salts medium containing glycerol as the carbon source in addition to DTDP as the sulfur-providing precursor. According to our knowledge, this is the first report of PMP homopolymer production by a metabolically engineered bacterium using DTDP, which is nontoxic, as the precursor substrate.
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Gautier V, Le HT, Malki A, Messaoudi N, Caldas T, Kthiri F, Landoulsi A, Richarme G. YajL, the prokaryotic homolog of the Parkinsonism-associated protein DJ-1, protects cells against protein sulfenylation. J Mol Biol 2012; 421:662-70. [PMID: 22321799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
YajL is the closest Escherichia coli homolog of the Parkinsonism-associated protein DJ-1, a multifunctional oxidative stress response protein whose biochemical function remains unclear. We recently described the oxidative-stress-dependent aggregation of proteins in yajL mutants and the oxidative-stress-dependent formation of mixed disulfides between YajL and members of the thiol proteome. We report here that yajL mutants display increased protein sulfenic acids levels and that formation of mixed disulfides between YajL and its protein substrates in vivo is inhibited by the sulfenic acid reactant dimedone, suggesting that YajL preferentially forms disulfides with sulfenylated proteins. YajL (but not YajL(C106A)) also forms mixed disulfides in vitro with the sulfenylated form of bovine serum albumin. The YajL-serum albumin disulfides can be subsequently reduced by glutathione or dihydrolipoic acid. We also show that DJ-1 can form mixed disulfides with sulfenylated E. coli proteins and with sulfenylated serum albumin. These results suggest that YajL and possibly DJ-1 function as covalent chaperones involved in the detection of sulfenylated proteins by forming mixed disulfides with them and that these disulfides are subsequently reduced by low-molecular-weight thiols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Gautier
- Stress Molecules, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris 7, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
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