1
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Mahto FK, Bhattacharya A, Bhattacharya S. Molecular dynamics simulations shows real-time lid opening in Hsp70 chaperone. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 129:108726. [PMID: 38377794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The stress-inducible mammalian heat shock protein Hsp70 and its bacterial orthologue DnaK are highly conserved molecular chaperones and a crucial part of the machinery responsible for protein folding and homeostasis. Hsp70 is a three-domain, 70 kDa protein that cycles between an ATP-bound state in which all three domains are securely coupled into one unit and an ADP-bound state in which they are loosely attached via a flexible interdomain linker. The Hsp70 presents an alluring novel therapeutic target since it is crucial for maintaining cellular proteostasis and is particularly crucial to cancer cells. We have performed molecular dynamics simulations of the SBD (substrate binding domain) along with the Lid domain in response to experimental efforts to identify small molecule inhibitors that impair the functioning of Hsp70. Our intent has been to characterize the motion of the SBD/Lid allosteric machinery and in, addition, to identify the effect of the PET16 molecule on this motion. Interestingly, we noticed the opening of the entire Lid domain in the apo-form of the dimer. The configuration of the open structure was very different from previously published structures (PDB 4JN4) of the open and docked conformation of the ATP bound form. MD simulations revealed the Lid to be capable of far greater dynamical excursions than has been anticipated by experimental structural biology. This is of value in future drug discovery efforts targeted to modulating Hsp70 activity. The PET16 molecule appears to be weakly bound and its effect on the dynamics of the complex is yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farindra Kumar Mahto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | | | - Swati Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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2
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Lin J, Carman PJ, Gambogi CW, Kendsersky NM, Chuang E, Gates SN, Yokom AL, Rizo AN, Southworth DR, Shorter J. Design principles to tailor Hsp104 therapeutics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.26.591398. [PMID: 38712168 PMCID: PMC11071516 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.26.591398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The hexameric AAA+ disaggregase, Hsp104, collaborates with Hsp70 and Hsp40 via its autoregulatory middle domain (MD) to solubilize aggregated protein conformers. However, how ATP- or ADP-specific MD configurations regulate Hsp104 hexamers remains poorly understood. Here, we define an ATP-specific network of interprotomer contacts between nucleotide-binding domain 1 (NBD1) and MD helix L1, which tunes Hsp70 collaboration. Manipulating this network can: (a) reduce Hsp70 collaboration without enhancing activity; (b) generate Hsp104 hypomorphs that collaborate selectively with class B Hsp40s; (c) produce Hsp70-independent potentiated variants; or (d) create species barriers between Hsp104 and Hsp70. Conversely, ADP-specific intraprotomer contacts between MD helix L2 and NBD1 restrict activity, and their perturbation frequently potentiates Hsp104. Importantly, adjusting the NBD1:MD helix L1 rheostat via rational design enables finely tuned collaboration with Hsp70 to safely potentiate Hsp104, minimize off-target toxicity, and counteract FUS proteinopathy in human cells. Thus, we establish important design principles to tailor Hsp104 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaBei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. U.S.A
| | - Peter J. Carman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. U.S.A
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. U.S.A
| | - Craig W. Gambogi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. U.S.A
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. U.S.A
| | - Nathan M. Kendsersky
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. U.S.A
- Pharmacology Graduate Group Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. U.S.A
| | - Edward Chuang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. U.S.A
- Pharmacology Graduate Group Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. U.S.A
| | - Stephanie N. Gates
- Graduate Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. U.S.A
- Current address: Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. U.S.A
| | - Adam L. Yokom
- Graduate Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. U.S.A
- Current address: Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. U.S.A
| | - Alexandrea N. Rizo
- Graduate Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. U.S.A
| | - Daniel R. Southworth
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158. U.S.A
| | - James Shorter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. U.S.A
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. U.S.A
- Pharmacology Graduate Group Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. U.S.A
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3
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Nelson B, Soper N, Lupoli TJ. Bacterial J-Domains with C-Terminal Tags Contact the Substrate Binding Domain of DnaK and Sequester Chaperone Activity. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300261. [PMID: 37556312 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Functional interactions between the molecular chaperone DnaK and cofactor J-proteins (DnaJs), as well as their homologs, are crucial to the maintenance of proteostasis across cell types. In the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, DnaK-DnaJ interactions are essential for cell growth and represent potential targets for antibiotic or adjuvant development. While the N-terminal J-domains of J-proteins are known to form important contacts with DnaK, C-terminal domains have varied roles. Here, we have studied the effect of adding C-terminal tags to N-terminal J-domain truncations of mycobacterial DnaJ1 and DnaJ2 to promote additional interactions with DnaK. We found that His6 tags uniquely promote binding to additional sites in the substrate binding domain at the C-terminus of DnaK. Other C-terminal tags attached to J-domains, even peptides known to interact with DnaK, do not produce the same effects. Expression of C-terminally modified DnaJ1 or DnaJ2 J-domains in mycobacterial cells suppresses chaperone activity following proteotoxic stress, which is exaggerated in the presence of a small-molecule DnaK inhibitor. Hence, this work uncovers genetically encodable J-protein variants that may be used to study chaperone-cofactor interactions in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003, USA
| | - Nathan Soper
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003, USA
| | - Tania J Lupoli
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003, USA
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4
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Huanca-Juarez J, Nascimento-Silva EA, Silva NH, Silva-Rocha R, Guazzaroni ME. Identification and functional analysis of novel protein-encoding sequences related to stress-resistance. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1268315. [PMID: 37840709 PMCID: PMC10568318 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1268315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, industrial bioproducts are less competitive than chemically produced goods due to the shortcomings of conventional microbial hosts. Thus, is essential developing robust bacteria for improved cell tolerance to process-specific parameters. In this context, metagenomic approaches from extreme environments can provide useful biological parts to improve bacterial robustness. Here, in order to build genetic constructs that increase bacterial resistance to diverse stress conditions, we recovered novel protein-encoding sequences related to stress-resistance from metagenomic databases using an in silico approach based on Hidden-Markov-Model profiles. For this purpose, we used metagenomic shotgun sequencing data from microbial communities of extreme environments to identify genes encoding chaperones and other proteins that confer resistance to stress conditions. We identified and characterized 10 novel protein-encoding sequences related to the DNA-binding protein HU, the ATP-dependent protease ClpP, and the chaperone protein DnaJ. By expressing these genes in Escherichia coli under several stress conditions (including high temperature, acidity, oxidative and osmotic stress, and UV radiation), we identified five genes conferring resistance to at least two stress conditions when expressed in E. coli. Moreover, one of the identified HU coding-genes which was retrieved from an acidic soil metagenome increased E. coli tolerance to four different stress conditions, implying its suitability for the construction of a synthetic circuit directed to expand broad bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshelin Huanca-Juarez
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine (FMRP) – University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP) – University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Alexandre Nascimento-Silva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine (FMRP) – University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP) – University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ninna Hirata Silva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine (FMRP) – University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - María-Eugenia Guazzaroni
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP) – University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Wickramaratne AC, Liao JY, Doyle SM, Hoskins JR, Puller G, Scott ML, Alao JP, Obaseki I, Dinan JC, Maity TK, Jenkins LM, Kravats AN, Wickner S. J-domain Proteins form Binary Complexes with Hsp90 and Ternary Complexes with Hsp90 and Hsp70. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168184. [PMID: 37348754 PMCID: PMC10527347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Hsp90 and Hsp70 are highly conserved molecular chaperones that help maintain proteostasis by participating in protein folding, unfolding, remodeling and activation of proteins. Both chaperones are also important for cellular recovery following environmental stresses. Hsp90 and Hsp70 function collaboratively for the remodeling and activation of some client proteins. Previous studies using E. coli and S. cerevisiae showed that residues in the Hsp90 middle domain directly interact with a region in the Hsp70 nucleotide binding domain, in the same region known to bind J-domain proteins. Importantly, J-domain proteins facilitate and stabilize the interaction between Hsp90 and Hsp70 both in E. coli and S. cerevisiae. To further explore the role of J-domain proteins in protein reactivation, we tested the hypothesis that J-domain proteins participate in the collaboration between Hsp90 and Hsp70 by simultaneously interacting with Hsp90 and Hsp70. Using E. coli Hsp90, Hsp70 (DnaK), and a J-domain protein (CbpA), we detected a ternary complex containing all three proteins. The interaction involved the J-domain of CbpA, the DnaK binding region of E. coli Hsp90, and the J-domain protein binding region of DnaK where Hsp90 also binds. Additionally, results show that E. coli Hsp90 interacts with E. coli J-domain proteins, DnaJ and CbpA, and that yeast Hsp90, Hsp82, interacts with a yeast J-domain protein, Ydj1. Together these results suggest that the complexes may be transient intermediates in the pathway of collaborative protein remodeling by Hsp90 and Hsp70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka C Wickramaratne
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jui-Yun Liao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shannon M Doyle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joel R Hoskins
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gabrielle Puller
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Madison L Scott
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John Paul Alao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Ikponwmosa Obaseki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Jerry C Dinan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tapan K Maity
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lisa M Jenkins
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrea N Kravats
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Sue Wickner
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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6
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Lu T, Li L, Li Y, Li X. RNA-sequencing Reveals Differentially Expressed Genes of Laying Hens Fed Baihu Decoction Under Heat Shock. J Poult Sci 2023; 60:2023012. [PMID: 37214233 PMCID: PMC10189359 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.2023012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Egg production, an important economic trait in the poultry industry, is sensitive to heat stress. The hypothalamus is a crucial center for thermoregulation by detecting temperature changes and regulating the autonomic nervous system in poultry. Baihu decoction (BH), which contains four ingredients (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, Gypsum Fibrosum, Radix Glycyrrhizae, and Semen Oryzae Nonglutinosae), is a traditional Chinese medicinal formula for clearing heat. Our study aimed to investigate the changes in gene transcription levels in the hypothalamus of laying hens treated with heat stress with and without BH using RNA sequencing. A total of 223 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the heat-treated group compared with the control group and 613 DEGs were identified in the BH group compared with the heat-treated group. Heat shock led to significant changes in the expression of multiple genes involved in the "neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction" pathway. Moreover, feeding BH led to significant upregulation in the expression of eight genes encoding heat shock proteins (HSPs), which were highlighted as candidates to control the "protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)" pathway. These results provide the novel insight that BH responds to heat stress by participating in regulation of the ER signaling pathway and HSPs expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Lu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and
Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, China
| | - Lihong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and
Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, China
| | - Yuwei Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and
Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, China
| | - Xianghui Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and
Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, China
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7
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Zhang R, Malinverni D, Cyr DM, Rios PDL, Nillegoda NB. J-domain protein chaperone circuits in proteostasis and disease. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:30-47. [PMID: 35729039 PMCID: PMC9759622 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The J-domain proteins (JDP) form the largest protein family among cellular chaperones. In cooperation with the Hsp70 chaperone system, these co-chaperones orchestrate a plethora of distinct functions, including those that help maintain cellular proteostasis and development. JDPs evolved largely through the fusion of a J-domain with other protein subdomains. The highly conserved J-domain facilitates the binding and activation of Hsp70s. How JDPs (re)wire Hsp70 chaperone circuits and promote functional diversity remains insufficiently explained. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the JDP family with a focus on the regulation built around J-domains to ensure correct pairing and assembly of JDP-Hsp70 machineries that operate on different clientele under various cellular growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Zhang
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Duccio Malinverni
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Department of Structural Biology and Center for Data Driven Discovery, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Douglas M Cyr
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and the Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Paolo De Los Rios
- Institute of Physics, School of Basic Sciences and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadinath B Nillegoda
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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8
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Mutagenesis and structural modeling implicate RME-8 IWN domains as conformational control points. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010296. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
After endocytosis, transmembrane cargo is differentially sorted into degradative or recycling pathways. This process is facilitated by recruitment into physically distinct degradative or recycling microdomains on the limiting membrane of individual endosomes. Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) mark the degradative microdomain, while the recycling domain is marked by the retromer complex and associated proteins RME-8 and SNX-1. The separation of endosomal microdomains is also controlled by RME-8 and SNX-1, at least in part via removal of degradative component HRS/HGRS-1 from the recycling microdomain. This activity is likely due to recruitment and activation of chaperone Hsc70 on the endosome by the RME-8 DNAJ domain. To better understand the mechanism of RME-8 function we performed a new phylogenetic analysis of RME-8 and identified new conserved sequence features. In a complementary approach, we performed structure-function analysis that identified the C-terminus as important for microdomain localization and likely substrate binding, while N-terminal sequences beyond the known single N-terminal PH-like domain are important for endosome recruitment. Random mutagenesis identified IWN4, and by analogy IWN3, to be important for the autoinhibitory DNAJ domain binding, with IWN3 playing a critical role in HRS uncoating activity. Combining AlphaFold structural predictions with in vivo mutation analysis of RME-8, we propose a model whereby SNX-1 and the IWN domains control the conformation of RME-8 and hence the productive exposure of the DNAJ domain. Furthermore, we propose that the activation of RME-8 is cyclical, with SNX-1 acting as an activator and a target of RME-8 uncoating activity.
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9
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Heat-Induced Proteotoxic Stress Response in Placenta-Derived Stem Cells (PDSCs) Is Mediated through HSPA1A and HSPA1B with a Potential Higher Role for HSPA1B. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4748-4768. [PMID: 36286039 PMCID: PMC9600182 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Placenta-derived stem cells (PDSCs), due to unique traits such as mesenchymal and embryonic characteristics and the absence of ethical constraints, are in a clinically and therapeutically advantageous position. To aid in stemness maintenance, counter pathophysiological stresses, and withstand post-differentiation challenges, stem cells require elevated protein synthesis and consequently augmented proteostasis. Stem cells exhibit source-specific proteostasis traits, making it imperative to study them individually from different sources. These studies have implications for understanding stem cell biology and exploitation in the augmentation of therapeutic applications. Here, we aim to identify the primary determinants of proteotoxic stress response in PDSCs. We generated heat-induced dose-responsive proteotoxic stress models of three stem cell types: placental origin cells, the placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (pMSCs), maternal origin cells, the decidua parietalis mesenchymal stem cells (DPMSCs), and the maternal–fetal interface cells, decidua basalis mesenchymal stem cells (DBMSCs), and measured stress induction through biochemical and cell proliferation assays. RT-PCR array analysis of 84 genes involved in protein folding and protein quality control led to the identification of Hsp70 members HSPA1A and HSPA1B as the prominent ones among 17 significantly expressed genes and with further analysis at the protein level through Western blotting. A kinetic analysis of HSPA1A and HSPA1B gene and protein expression allowed a time series evaluation of stress response. As identified by protein expression, an active stress response is in play even at 24 h. More prominent differences in expression between the two homologs are detected at the translational level, alluding to a potential higher requirement for HSPA1B during proteotoxic stress response in PDSCs.
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10
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Yokoyama T, Fujii S, Ostermann A, Schrader TE, Nabeshima Y, Mizuguchi M. Neutron crystallographic analysis of the nucleotide-binding domain of Hsp72 in complex with ADP. IUCRJ 2022; 9:562-572. [PMID: 36071806 PMCID: PMC9438496 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252522006297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The 70 kDa heat-shock proteins (Hsp70s) are ATP-dependent molecular chaperones that contain an N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain. Hsp70s bind to misfolded/unfolded proteins and thereby prevent their aggregation. The ATP hydrolysis reaction in the NBD plays a key role in allosteric control of the binding of substrate proteins. In the present study, the neutron crystal structure of the NBD of Hsp72, a heat-inducible Hsp70 family member, was solved in complex with ADP in order to study the structure-function relationship with a focus on hydrogens. ADP bound to Hsp72 was fully deprotonated, and the catalytically important residues, including Asp10, Asp199 and Asp206, are also deprotonated. Neutron analysis also enabled the characterization of the water clusters in the NBD. Enzymatic assays and X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that the Y149A mutation exhibited a higher ATPase activity and caused disruption of the water cluster and incorporation of an additional magnesium ion. Tyr149 was suggested to contribute to the low intrinsic ATPase activity and to stabilize the water cluster. Collectively, these structural studies will help to elucidate the molecular basis of the function of Hsp72.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yokoyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugkitani, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
| | - Shiho Fujii
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugkitani, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
| | - Andreas Ostermann
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universtät München, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias E. Schrader
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yuko Nabeshima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugkitani, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
| | - Mineyuki Mizuguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugkitani, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
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11
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Johnson OT, Gestwicki JE. Multivalent protein-protein interactions are pivotal regulators of eukaryotic Hsp70 complexes. Cell Stress Chaperones 2022; 27:397-415. [PMID: 35670950 PMCID: PMC9346034 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-022-01281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is a molecular chaperone and central regulator of protein homeostasis (proteostasis). Paramount to this role is Hsp70's binding to client proteins and co-chaperones to produce distinct complexes, such that understanding the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of Hsp70 is foundational to describing its function and dysfunction in disease. Mounting evidence suggests that these PPIs include both "canonical" interactions, which are universally conserved, and "non-canonical" (or "secondary") contacts that seem to have emerged in eukaryotes. These two categories of interactions involve discrete binding surfaces, such that some clients and co-chaperones engage Hsp70 with at least two points of contact. While the contributions of canonical interactions to chaperone function are becoming increasingly clear, it can be challenging to deconvolute the roles of secondary interactions. Here, we review what is known about non-canonical contacts and highlight examples where their contributions have been parsed, giving rise to a model in which Hsp70's secondary contacts are not simply sites of additional avidity but are necessary and sufficient to impart unique functions. From this perspective, we propose that further exploration of non-canonical contacts will generate important insights into the evolution of Hsp70 systems and inspire new approaches for developing small molecules that tune Hsp70-mediated proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleta T Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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12
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García-Descalzo L, García-López E, Cid C. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Psychrophilic vs. Mesophilic Bacterial Species Reveals Different Strategies to Achieve Temperature Adaptation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:841359. [PMID: 35591995 PMCID: PMC9111180 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.841359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The old debate of nature (genes) vs. nurture (environmental variables) is once again topical concerning the effect of climate change on environmental microorganisms. Specifically, the Polar Regions are experiencing a drastic increase in temperature caused by the rise in greenhouse gas emissions. This study, in an attempt to mimic the molecular adaptation of polar microorganisms, combines proteomic approaches with a classical microbiological analysis in three bacterial species Shewanella oneidensis, Shewanella frigidimarina, and Psychrobacter frigidicola. Both shewanellas are members of the same genus but they live in different environments. On the other hand, Shewanella frigidimarina and Psychrobacter frigidicola share the same natural environment but belong to a different genus. The comparison of the strategies employed by each bacterial species estimates the contribution of genome vs. environmental variables in the adaptation to temperature. The results show a greater versatility of acclimatization for the genus Shewanella with respect to Psychrobacter. Besides, S. frigidimarina was the best-adapted species to thermal variations in the temperature range 4–30°C and displayed several adaptation mechanisms common with the other two species. Regarding the molecular machinery used by these bacteria to face the consequences of temperature changes, chaperones have a pivoting role. They form complexes with other proteins in the response to the environment, establishing cooperation with transmembrane proteins, elongation factors, and proteins for protection against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Descalzo
- Centro de Astrobiología, Department of Planetology and Habitability, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva García-López
- Centro de Astrobiología, Department of Molecular Ecology, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Cid
- Centro de Astrobiología, Department of Molecular Ecology, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Elwakeel A. Abrogating the Interaction Between p53 and Mortalin (Grp75/HSPA9/mtHsp70) for Cancer Therapy: The Story so far. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:879632. [PMID: 35493098 PMCID: PMC9047732 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.879632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is a transcription factor that activates the expression of a set of genes that serve as a critical barrier to oncogenesis. Inactivation of p53 is the most common characteristic in sporadic human cancers. Mortalin is a differentially sub-cellularly localized member of the heat shock protein 70 family of chaperones that has essential mitochondrial and extra-mitochondrial functions. Elevated mortalin levels in multiple cancerous tissues and tumor-derived cell lines emphasized its key role in oncogenesis. One of mortalin’s major oncogenic roles is the inactivation of p53. Mortalin binds to p53 sequestering it in the cytoplasm. Hence, p53 cannot freely shuttle to the nucleus to perform its tumor suppressor functions as a transcription factor. This protein-protein interaction was reported to be cancer-specific, hence, a selective druggable target for a rationalistic cancer therapeutic strategy. In this review article, the chronological identification of mortalin-p53 interactions is summarized, the challenges and general strategies for targeting protein-protein interactions are briefly discussed, and information about compounds that have been reported to abrogate mortalin-p53 interaction is provided. Finally, the reasons why the disruption of this druggable interaction has not yet been applied clinically are discussed.
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14
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Cox D, Ang CS, Nillegoda NB, Reid GE, Hatters DM. Hidden information on protein function in censuses of proteome foldedness. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1992. [PMID: 35422070 PMCID: PMC9010426 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29661-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods that assay protein foldedness with proteomics have generated censuses of apparent protein folding stabilities in biological milieu. However, different censuses poorly correlate with each other. Here, we show that the reason for this is that methods targeting foldedness through monitoring amino acid sidechain reactivity also detect changes in conformation and ligand binding, which can be a substantial fraction of the data. We show that the reactivity of only one quarter of cysteine or methionine sidechains in proteins in a urea denaturation curve of mammalian cell lysate can be confidently explained by a two-state unfolding isotherm. Contrary to that expected from unfolding, up to one third of the cysteines decreased reactivity. These cysteines were enriched in proteins with functions relating to unfolded protein stress. One protein, chaperone HSPA8, displayed changes arising from ligand and cofactor binding. Unmasking this hidden information using the approaches outlined here should improve efforts to understand both folding and the remodeling of protein function directly in complex biological settings. Proteomics can define features of proteome foldedness by assessing the reactivity of surface exposed amino acids. Here, the authors show that such exposure patterns yield insight to structural changes in chaperones as they bind to unfolded proteins in urea-denatured mammalian cell lysate.
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15
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Wickner S, Nguyen TLL, Genest O. The Bacterial Hsp90 Chaperone: Cellular Functions and Mechanism of Action. Annu Rev Microbiol 2021; 75:719-739. [PMID: 34375543 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-032421-035644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that folds and remodels proteins, thereby regulating the activity of numerous substrate proteins. Hsp90 is widely conserved across species and is essential in all eukaryotes and in some bacteria under stress conditions. To facilitate protein remodeling, bacterial Hsp90 collaborates with the Hsp70 molecular chaperone and its cochaperones. In contrast, the mechanism of protein remodeling performed by eukaryotic Hsp90 is more complex, involving more than 20 Hsp90 cochaperones in addition to Hsp70 and its cochaperones. In this review, we focus on recent progress toward understanding the basic mechanisms of bacterial Hsp90-mediated protein remodeling and the collaboration between Hsp90 and Hsp70. We describe the universally conserved structure and conformational dynamics of these chaperones and their interactions with one another and with client proteins. The physiological roles of Hsp90 in Escherichia coli and other bacteria are also discussed. We anticipate that the information gained from exploring the mechanism of the bacterial chaperone system will provide a framework for understanding the more complex eukaryotic Hsp90 system. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Wickner
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Thu-Lan Lily Nguyen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Olivier Genest
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13009 Marseille, France;
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16
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Guo H, Zhang H, Wang G, Wang C, Wang Y, Liu X, Ji W. Identification and expression analysis of heat-shock proteins in wheat infected with powdery mildew and stripe rust. THE PLANT GENOME 2021; 14:e20092. [PMID: 33719166 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs), which are encoded by conserved gene families in plants, are crucial for development and responses to diverse stresses. However, the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) HSPs have not been systematically classified, especially those involved in protecting plants from disease. Here, we classified 119 DnaJ (Hsp40) proteins (TaDnaJs; encoded by 313 genes) and 41 Hsp70 proteins (TaHsp70s; encoded by 95 genes) into six and four groups, respectively, via a phylogenetic analysis. An examination of protein sequence alignment revealed diversity in the TaDnaJ structural organization, but a highly conserved J-domain, which was usually characterized by an HPD motif followed by DRD or DED motifs. The expression profiles of HSP-encoding homologous genes varied in response to Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) and Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) stress. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated a lack of similarity in the expression of DnaJ70b, Hsp70-30b, and Hsp90-4b in Bgt-infected resistant and susceptible wheat. Furthermore, a direct interaction between DnaJ70 and TaHsp70-30 was not detected in a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay, but screening cDNA library and Y2H evidence supported that TaHsp70-30 not only interacts directly with heat-shock transcription factor (HSF) A9-like protein but also interacts with TaHsp90-4 by HSP organizing protein. This study revealed the structure and expression profiles of the HSP-encoding genes in wheat, which may be useful for future functional elucidation of wheat HSPs responses to fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Guanghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Changyou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Yajuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xinlun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Wanquan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
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17
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Mayer MP. The Hsp70-Chaperone Machines in Bacteria. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:694012. [PMID: 34164436 PMCID: PMC8215388 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.694012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-dependent Hsp70s are evolutionary conserved molecular chaperones that constitute central hubs of the cellular protein quality surveillance network. None of the other main chaperone families (Tig, GroELS, HtpG, IbpA/B, ClpB) have been assigned with a comparable range of functions. Through a multitude of functions Hsp70s are involved in many cellular control circuits for maintaining protein homeostasis and have been recognized as key factors for cell survival. Three mechanistic properties of Hsp70s are the basis for their high versatility. First, Hsp70s bind to short degenerate sequence motifs within their client proteins. Second, Hsp70 chaperones switch in a nucleotide-controlled manner between a state of low affinity for client proteins and a state of high affinity for clients. Third, Hsp70s are targeted to their clients by a large number of cochaperones of the J-domain protein (JDP) family and the lifetime of the Hsp70-client complex is regulated by nucleotide exchange factors (NEF). In this review I will discuss advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanism of the Hsp70 chaperone machinery focusing mostly on the bacterial Hsp70 DnaK and will compare the two other prokaryotic Hsp70s HscA and HscC with DnaK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias P Mayer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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High-throughput insertional mutagenesis reveals novel targets for enhancing lipid accumulation in Nannochloropsis oceanica. Metab Eng 2021; 66:239-258. [PMID: 33971293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica is considered a promising platform for the sustainable production of high-value lipids and biofuel feedstocks. However, current lipid yields of N. oceanica are too low for economic feasibility. Gaining fundamental insights into the lipid metabolism of N. oceanica could open up various possibilities for the optimization of this species through genetic engineering. Therefore, the aim of this study was to discover novel genes associated with an elevated neutral lipid content. We constructed an insertional mutagenesis library of N. oceanica, selected high lipid mutants by five rounds of fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and identified disrupted genes using a novel implementation of a rapid genotyping procedure. One particularly promising mutant (HLM23) was disrupted in a putative APETALA2-like transcription factor gene. HLM23 showed a 40%-increased neutral lipid content, increased photosynthetic performance, and no growth impairment. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed an upregulation of genes related to plastidial fatty acid biosynthesis, glycolysis and the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle in HLM23. Insights gained in this work can be used in future genetic engineering strategies for increased lipid productivity of Nannochloropsis.
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19
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Dutta T, Singh H, Gestwicki JE, Blatch GL. Exported plasmodial J domain protein, PFE0055c, and PfHsp70-x form a specific co-chaperone-chaperone partnership. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:355-366. [PMID: 33236291 PMCID: PMC7925779 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular protozoan parasite and causative agent of a severe form of malaria in humans, accounting for very high worldwide fatality rates. At the molecular level, survival of the parasite within the human host is mediated by P. falciparum heat shock proteins (PfHsps) that provide protection during febrile episodes. The ATP-dependent chaperone activity of Hsp70 relies on the co-chaperone J domain protein (JDP), with which it forms a chaperone-co-chaperone complex. The exported P. falciparum JDP (PfJDP), PFA0660w, has been shown to stimulate the ATPase activity of the exported chaperone, PfHsp70-x. Furthermore, PFA0660w has been shown to associate with another exported PfJDP, PFE0055c, and PfHsp70-x in J-dots, highly mobile structures found in the infected erythrocyte cytosol. Therefore, the present study aims to conduct a structural and functional characterization of the full-length exported PfJDP, PFE0055c. Recombinant PFE0055c was successfully expressed and purified and found to stimulate the basal ATPase activity of PfHsp70-x to a greater extent than PFA0660w but, like PFA0660w, did not significantly stimulate the basal ATPase activity of human Hsp70. Small-molecule inhibition assays were conducted to determine the effect of known inhibitors of JDPs (chalcone, C86) and Hsp70 (benzothiazole rhodacyanines, JG231 and JG98) on the basal and PFE0055c-stimulated ATPase activity of PfHsp70-x. In this study, JG231 and JG98 were found to inhibit both the basal and PFE0055c-stimulated ATPase activity of PfHsp70-x. C86 only inhibited the PFE0055c-stimulated ATPase activity of PfHsp70-x, consistent with PFE0055c binding to PfHsp70-x through its J domain. This research has provided further insight into the molecular basis of the interaction between these exported plasmodial chaperones, which could inform future antimalarial drug discovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanima Dutta
- The Vice Chancellery, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- The Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hans Raj Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gregory L Blatch
- The Vice Chancellery, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia.
- The Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
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20
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Structural-functional diversity of malaria parasite's PfHSP70-1 and PfHSP40 chaperone pair gives an edge over human orthologs in chaperone-assisted protein folding. Biochem J 2021; 477:3625-3643. [PMID: 32893851 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the human malaria parasite harbors a metastable proteome which is vulnerable to proteotoxic stress conditions encountered during its lifecycle. How parasite's chaperone machinery is able to maintain its aggregation-prone proteome in functional state, is poorly understood. As HSP70-40 system forms the central hub in cellular proteostasis, we investigated the protein folding capacity of PfHSP70-1 and PfHSP40 chaperone pair and compared it with human orthologs (HSPA1A and DNAJA1). Despite the structural similarity, we observed that parasite chaperones and their human orthologs exhibit striking differences in conformational dynamics. Comprehensive biochemical investigations revealed that PfHSP70-1 and PfHSP40 chaperone pair has better protein folding, aggregation inhibition, oligomer remodeling and disaggregase activities than their human orthologs. Chaperone-swapping experiments suggest that PfHSP40 can also efficiently cooperate with human HSP70 to facilitate the folding of client-substrate. SPR-derived kinetic parameters reveal that PfHSP40 has higher binding affinity towards unfolded substrate than DNAJA1. Interestingly, the observed slow dissociation rate of PfHSP40-substrate interaction allows PfHSP40 to maintain the substrate in folding-competent state to minimize its misfolding. Structural investigation through small angle x-ray scattering gave insights into the conformational architecture of PfHSP70-1 (monomer), PfHSP40 (dimer) and their complex. Overall, our data suggest that the parasite has evolved functionally diverged and efficient chaperone machinery which allows the human malaria parasite to survive in hostile conditions. The distinct allosteric landscapes and interaction kinetics of plasmodial chaperones open avenues for the exploration of small-molecule based antimalarial interventions.
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21
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Ryder BD, Matlahov I, Bali S, Vaquer-Alicea J, van der Wel PCA, Joachimiak LA. Regulatory inter-domain interactions influence Hsp70 recruitment to the DnaJB8 chaperone. Nat Commun 2021; 12:946. [PMID: 33574241 PMCID: PMC7878476 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hsp40/Hsp70 chaperone families combine versatile folding capacity with high substrate specificity, which is mainly facilitated by Hsp40s. The structure and function of many Hsp40s remain poorly understood, particularly oligomeric Hsp40s that suppress protein aggregation. Here, we used a combination of biochemical and structural approaches to shed light on the domain interactions of the Hsp40 DnaJB8, and how they may influence recruitment of partner Hsp70s. We identify an interaction between the J-Domain (JD) and C-terminal domain (CTD) of DnaJB8 that sequesters the JD surface, preventing Hsp70 interaction. We propose a model for DnaJB8-Hsp70 recruitment, whereby the JD-CTD interaction of DnaJB8 acts as a reversible switch that can control the binding of Hsp70. These findings suggest that the evolutionarily conserved CTD of DnaJB8 is a regulatory element of chaperone activity in the proteostasis network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Ryder
- Molecular Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Irina Matlahov
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sofia Bali
- Molecular Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jaime Vaquer-Alicea
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Patrick C A van der Wel
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Lukasz A Joachimiak
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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22
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Alderson TR, Kay LE. NMR spectroscopy captures the essential role of dynamics in regulating biomolecular function. Cell 2021; 184:577-595. [PMID: 33545034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecules are in constant motion. To understand how they function, and why malfunctions can cause disease, it is necessary to describe their three-dimensional structures in terms of dynamic conformational ensembles. Here, we demonstrate how nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides an essential, dynamic view of structural biology that captures biomolecular motions at atomic resolution. We focus on examples that emphasize the diversity of biomolecules and biochemical applications that are amenable to NMR, such as elucidating functional dynamics in large molecular machines, characterizing transient conformations implicated in the onset of disease, and obtaining atomic-level descriptions of intrinsically disordered regions that make weak interactions involved in liquid-liquid phase separation. Finally, we discuss the pivotal role that NMR has played in driving forward our understanding of the biomolecular dynamics-function paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Reid Alderson
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Chemistry, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S A18, Canada.
| | - Lewis E Kay
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Chemistry, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S A18, Canada; Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
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23
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Park JC, Kim DH, Lee Y, Lee MC, Kim TK, Yim JH, Lee JS. Genome-wide identification and structural analysis of heat shock protein gene families in the marine rotifer Brachionus spp.: Potential application in molecular ecotoxicology. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 36:100749. [PMID: 33065474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are class of conserved and ubiquitous stress proteins present in all living organisms from primitive to higher level. Various studies have demonstrated multiple cellular functions of Hsp in living organisms as an important biomarker in response to abiotic and biotic stressors including temperature, salinity, pH, hypoxia, environmental pollutants, and pathogens. However, full understanding on the mechanism and pathway involved in the induction of Hsp still remains challenging, especially in aquatic invertebrates. In this study, the entire Hsp family and subfamily members in the marine rotifers Brachionus spp., one of the cosmopolitan ecotoxicological model organisms, have been genome-widely identified. In Brachionus spp. Hsp family was comprised of Hsp10, small hsp (sHsp), Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsp70/105, and Hsp90, with highest number of genes found within Hsp40 DnaJ homolog subfamily C members. Also, the differences in the orientation of the conserved motifs within Hsp family may have induced differences in transcriptional gene modulation in response to thermal stress in Brachionus koreanus. Overall, Hsp family-specific domains were highly conserved in all three Brachionus spp., relative to Homo sapiens and across other animal taxa and these findings will be helpful for future ecotoxicological studies focusing on Hsps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Duck-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Yoseop Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Min-Chul Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Tai Kyoung Kim
- Division of Polar Life Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Joung Han Yim
- Division of Polar Life Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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24
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Düppre E, Schneider D. The J- and G/F-domains of the major Synechocystis DnaJ protein Sll0897 are sufficient for cell viability but not for heat resistance. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2343-2349. [PMID: 32965069 PMCID: PMC7609799 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp70 proteins and their Hsp40 co‐chaperones are essential components of cellular chaperone networks in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here, we performed a genetic analysis to define the protein domains required for the key functions of the major Hsp40/DnaJ protein Sll0897 of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. The expression of the N‐terminally located J‐ and G/F‐domains is essential and sufficient for the proteins’ fundamental in vivo functions, whereas the presence of the full‐length protein, containing the C‐terminal substrate‐binding domains, is crucial under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Düppre
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
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25
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Bailly AP, Perrin A, Serrano-Macia M, Maghames C, Leidecker O, Trauchessec H, Martinez-Chantar ML, Gartner A, Xirodimas DP. The Balance between Mono- and NEDD8-Chains Controlled by NEDP1 upon DNA Damage Is a Regulatory Module of the HSP70 ATPase Activity. Cell Rep 2020; 29:212-224.e8. [PMID: 31577950 PMCID: PMC6899524 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like chains are finely balanced by conjugating and de-conjugating enzymes. Alterations in this balance trigger the response to stress conditions and are often observed in pathologies. How such changes are detected is not well understood. We identify the HSP70 chaperone as a sensor of changes in the balance between mono- and poly-NEDDylation. Upon DNA damage, the induction of the de-NEDDylating enzyme NEDP1 restricts the formation of NEDD8 chains, mainly through lysines K11/K48. This promotes APAF1 oligomerization and apoptosis induction, a step that requires the HSP70 ATPase activity. HSP70 binds to NEDD8, and, in vitro, the conversion of NEDD8 chains into mono-NEDD8 stimulates HSP70 ATPase activity. This effect is independent of NEDD8 conjugation onto substrates. The study indicates that the NEDD8 cycle is a regulatory module of HSP70 function. These findings may be important in tumorigenesis, as we find decreased NEDP1 levels in hepatocellular carcinoma with concomitant accumulation of NEDD8 conjugates. Restriction of NEDD8 chains by NEDP1 is required for DNA damage-induced apoptosis The HSP70 chaperone is a sensor of the balance between mono- and NEDD8 chains Mono-NEDD8 stimulates HSP70 activity, which allows the formation of the apoptosome NEDP1 levels are downregulated in mouse hepatocellular carcinoma
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric P Bailly
- CRBM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, UMR5237, Montpellier 34090, Cedex 5, France.
| | - Aurelien Perrin
- CRBM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, UMR5237, Montpellier 34090, Cedex 5, France
| | - Marina Serrano-Macia
- Liver Disease Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Chantal Maghames
- CRBM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, UMR5237, Montpellier 34090, Cedex 5, France
| | - Orsolya Leidecker
- CRBM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, UMR5237, Montpellier 34090, Cedex 5, France
| | - Helene Trauchessec
- CRBM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, UMR5237, Montpellier 34090, Cedex 5, France
| | - M L Martinez-Chantar
- Liver Disease Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anton Gartner
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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26
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Ryu SW, Stewart R, Pectol DC, Ender NA, Wimalarathne O, Lee JH, Zanini CP, Harvey A, Huibregtse JM, Mueller P, Paull TT. Proteome-wide identification of HSP70/HSC70 chaperone clients in human cells. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000606. [PMID: 32687490 PMCID: PMC7392334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) family of chaperones are the front line of protection from stress-induced misfolding and aggregation of polypeptides in most organisms and are responsible for promoting the stability, folding, and degradation of clients to maintain cellular protein homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate quantitative identification of HSP70 and 71 kDa heat shock cognate (HSC70) clients using a ubiquitin-mediated proximity tagging strategy and show that, despite their high degree of similarity, these enzymes have largely nonoverlapping specificities. Both proteins show a preference for association with newly synthesized polypeptides, but each responds differently to changes in the stoichiometry of proteins in obligate multi-subunit complexes. In addition, expression of an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-associated superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutant protein induces changes in HSP70 and HSC70 client association and aggregation toward polypeptides with predicted disorder, indicating that there are global effects from a single misfolded protein that extend to many clients within chaperone networks. Together these findings show that the ubiquitin-activated interaction trap (UBAIT) fusion system can efficiently isolate the complex interactome of HSP chaperone family proteins under normal and stress conditions. Development of a ubiquitin-based system to comprehensively identify substrates of HSP70 enzymes in human cells reveals that constitutive HSC70 and stress-induced HSP70 have different binding preferences and respond dynamically to changes in misfolded protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung W. Ryu
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rose Stewart
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - D. Chase Pectol
- The Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicolette A. Ender
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Oshadi Wimalarathne
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carlos P. Zanini
- Department of Statistics & Data Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Antony Harvey
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jon M. Huibregtse
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter Mueller
- Department of Statistics & Data Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tanya T. Paull
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Tomiczek B, Delewski W, Nierzwicki L, Stolarska M, Grochowina I, Schilke B, Dutkiewicz R, Uzarska MA, Ciesielski SJ, Czub J, Craig EA, Marszalek J. Two-step mechanism of J-domain action in driving Hsp70 function. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007913. [PMID: 32479549 PMCID: PMC7289447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
J-domain proteins (JDPs), obligatory Hsp70 cochaperones, play critical roles in protein homeostasis. They promote key allosteric transitions that stabilize Hsp70 interaction with substrate polypeptides upon hydrolysis of its bound ATP. Although a recent crystal structure revealed the physical mode of interaction between a J-domain and an Hsp70, the structural and dynamic consequences of J-domain action once bound and how Hsp70s discriminate among its multiple JDP partners remain enigmatic. We combined free energy simulations, biochemical assays and evolutionary analyses to address these issues. Our results indicate that the invariant aspartate of the J-domain perturbs a conserved intramolecular Hsp70 network of contacts that crosses domains. This perturbation leads to destabilization of the domain-domain interface—thereby promoting the allosteric transition that triggers ATP hydrolysis. While this mechanistic step is driven by conserved residues, evolutionarily variable residues are key to initial JDP/Hsp70 recognition—via electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged surfaces. We speculate that these variable residues allow an Hsp70 to discriminate amongst JDP partners, as many of them have coevolved. Together, our data points to a two-step mode of J-domain action, a recognition stage followed by a mechanistic stage. It is well appreciated that Hsp70-based systems are the most versatile among molecular chaperones—functioning in all cell types and in all subcellular compartments. Via cyclic binding to protein substrates, Hsp70s facilitate their folding, trafficking, degradation and ability to interact with other proteins. Hsp70 function, however, depends on transient interaction with J-domain protein cochaperones that not only deliver substrates, but also activate the structural changes needed for efficient Hsp70 binding to substrate. But how J-domain proteins mechanistically function to drive these changes and how an Hsp70 discriminates among multiple J-domain partners have remained challenging central questions. Here, by using a combination of computational, evolutionary and experimental approaches, we provide evidence for a two-step mechanism. The initial recognition step involves variable residues that allow fine tuning of both the specificity and strength of J-domain protein interaction with Hsp70. The second, that is the mechanistic step, involves conserved residues that act to disrupt a conserved network of intramolecular interactions within Hsp70, thus ensuring robust activation of the structural changes necessary for effective substrate binding. We suggest that our findings are likely applicable to most Hsp70 systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartlomiej Tomiczek
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Delewski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Lukasz Nierzwicki
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Milena Stolarska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Igor Grochowina
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Brenda Schilke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rafal Dutkiewicz
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marta A. Uzarska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Szymon J. Ciesielski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jacek Czub
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
- * E-mail: (JC); (EAC); (JM)
| | - Elizabeth A. Craig
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JC); (EAC); (JM)
| | - Jaroslaw Marszalek
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JC); (EAC); (JM)
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Kinetics of the conformational cycle of Hsp70 reveals the importance of the dynamic and heterogeneous nature of Hsp70 for its function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:7814-7823. [PMID: 32198203 PMCID: PMC7148561 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914376117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 kDa (Hsp70) plays a central role in maintaining protein homeostasis. It cooperates with cochaperone Hsp40, which stimulates Hsp70 ATPase activity and presents protein substrates to Hsp70 to assist refolding. The mechanism by which Hsp40 regulates the intramolecular and intermolecular changes of Hsp70 is still largely unknown. Here, by bulk and single-molecule FRET, we report the conformational dynamics of Hsp70 and its regulation by Hsp40 as well as the kinetics of the multistep Hsp70–Hsp40 functional cycle. We show that Hsp40 modulates the conformations of ATP-bound Hsp70 to a domain-undocked ATPase-stimulated state, and facilitates the formation of a heterotetrameric Hsp70–Hsp40 complex. Our findings provide insights into the functional mechanism of this core chaperone machinery. Hsp70 is a conserved molecular chaperone that plays an indispensable role in regulating protein folding, translocation, and degradation. The conformational dynamics of Hsp70 and its regulation by cochaperones are vital to its function. Using bulk and single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) techniques, we studied the interdomain conformational distribution of human stress-inducible Hsp70A1 and the kinetics of conformational changes induced by nucleotide and the Hsp40 cochaperone Hdj1. We found that the conformations between and within the nucleotide- and substrate-binding domains show heterogeneity. The conformational distribution in the ATP-bound state can be induced by Hdj1 to form an “ADP-like” undocked conformation, which is an ATPase-stimulated state. Kinetic measurements indicate that Hdj1 binds to monomeric Hsp70 as the first step, then induces undocking of the two domains and closing of the substrate-binding cleft. Dimeric Hdj1 then facilitates dimerization of Hsp70 and formation of a heterotetrameric Hsp70–Hsp40 complex. Our results provide a kinetic view of the conformational cycle of Hsp70 and reveal the importance of the dynamic nature of Hsp70 for its function.
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29
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Astl L, Verkhivker GM. Dynamic View of Allosteric Regulation in the Hsp70 Chaperones by J-Domain Cochaperone and Post-Translational Modifications: Computational Analysis of Hsp70 Mechanisms by Exploring Conformational Landscapes and Residue Interaction Networks. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:1614-1631. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindy Astl
- Graduate Program in Computational and Data Sciences, Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, California 92866, United States
| | - Gennady M. Verkhivker
- Graduate Program in Computational and Data Sciences, Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, California 92866, United States
- Depatment of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California 92618, United States
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30
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Structural insights into the binding mechanism of Plasmodium falciparum exported Hsp40-Hsp70 chaperone pair. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 83:107099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.107099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Heat shock protein 70 of filarial parasite Setaria equina: Cloning, expression, and analysis of binding with diethylcarbamazine citrate. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:202-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Intermolecular Interactions between Hsp90 and Hsp70. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2729-2746. [PMID: 31125567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Hsp90 and Hsp70 families of molecular chaperones are imp\ortant for the maintenance of protein homeostasis and cellular recovery following environmental stresses, such as heat and oxidative stress. Moreover, the two chaperones can collaborate in protein remodeling and activation. In higher eukaryotes, Hsp90 and Hsp70 form a functionally active complex with Hop (Hsp90-Hsp70 organizing protein) acting as a bridge between the two chaperones. In bacteria, which do not contain a Hop homolog, Hsp90 and Hsp70, DnaK, directly interact during protein remodeling. Although yeast possesses a Hop-like protein, Sti1, Hsp90, and Hsp70 can directly interact in yeast in the absence of Sti1. Previous studies showed that residues in the middle domain of Escherichia coli Hsp90 are important for interaction with the J-protein binding region of DnaK. The results did not distinguish between the possibility that (i) these sites were involved in direct interaction and (ii) the residues in these sites participate in conformational changes which are transduced to other sites on Hsp90 and DnaK that are involved in the direct interaction. Here we show by crosslinking experiments that the direct interaction is between a site in the middle domain of Hsp90 and the J-protein binding site of Hsp70 in both E. coli and yeast. Moreover, J-protein promotes the Hsp70-Hsp90 interaction in the presence of ATP, likely by converting Hsp70 into the ADP-bound conformation. The identification of the protein-protein interaction site is anticipated to lead to a better understanding of the collaboration between the two chaperones in protein remodeling.
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33
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Ding LN, Guo XJ, Li M, Fu ZL, Yan SZ, Zhu KM, Wang Z, Tan XL. Improving seed germination and oil contents by regulating the GDSL transcriptional level in Brassica napus. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:243-253. [PMID: 30535511 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination rate and oil content can be regulated at theGDSL transcriptional level by eitherAtGDSL1 orBnGDSL1 inB. napus. Gly-Asp-Ser-Leu (GDSL)-motif lipases represent an important subfamily of lipolytic enzymes, which play important roles in lipid metabolism, seed development, abiotic stress, and pathogen defense. In the present study, two closely related GDSL-motif lipases, Brassica napus GDSL1 and Arabidopsis thaliana GDSL1, were characterized as functioning in regulating germination rate and seed oil content in B. napus. AtGDSL1 and BnGDSL1 overexpression lines showed an increased seed germination rate and improved seedling establishment compared with wild type. Meanwhile, the constitutive overexpression of AtGDSL1 and BnGDSL1 promoted lipid catabolism and decreased the seed oil content. While RNAi-mediated suppression of BnGDSL1 (Bngdsl1) in B. napus improved the seed oil content and decreased seed germination rate. Moreover, the Bngdsl1 transgenic seeds showed changes in the fatty acid (FA) composition, featuring an increase in C18:1 and a decrease in C18:2 and C18:3. The transcriptional levels of six related core enzymes involved in FA mobilization were all elevated in the AtGDSL1 and BnGDSL1 overexpression lines, but strongly suppressed in the Bngdsl1 transgenic line. These results suggest that improving the seed germination and seed oil content in B. napus could be achieved by regulating the GDSL transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Ding
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Guo
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zheng-Li Fu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Su-Zhen Yan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ke-Ming Zhu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Li Tan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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Rinaldi S, Assimon VA, Young ZT, Morra G, Shao H, Taylor IR, Gestwicki JE, Colombo G. A Local Allosteric Network in Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70) Links Inhibitor Binding to Enzyme Activity and Distal Protein-Protein Interactions. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:3142-3152. [PMID: 30372610 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric inhibitors can be more difficult to optimize without an understanding of how their binding influences the conformational motions of the target. Here, we used an integrated computational and experimental approach to probe the molecular mechanism of an allosteric inhibitor of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). The anticancer compound, MKT-077, is known to bind a conserved site in members of the Hsp70 family, which favors the ADP-bound state and interferes with a protein-protein interaction (PPI) at long range. However, the binding site does not overlap with either the nucleotide-binding cleft or the PPI contact surface, so its mechanism is unclear. To this end, we modeled Hsp70's internal dynamics and studied how MKT-077 alters local sampling of its allosteric states. The results pointed to a set of concerted motions between five loops in Hsp70's nucleotide-binding domain (NBD), surrounding the MKT-077 binding site. To test this prediction, we mutated key residues and monitored chaperone activities in vitro. Together, the results indicate that MKT-077 interacts with loop222 to favor a pseudo-ADP bound conformer of Hsp70's NBD, even when ATP is present. We used this knowledge to synthesize an analog of MKT-077 that would better prevent motions of loop222 and confirmed that it had improved antiproliferative activity in breast cancer cells. These results provide an example of how to unlock and leverage the complex mechanisms of allosteric inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rinaldi
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR Via Mario Bianco, 9 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Victoria A. Assimon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Zapporah T. Young
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Giulia Morra
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR Via Mario Bianco, 9 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Hao Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Isabelle R. Taylor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jason E. Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Giorgio Colombo
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR Via Mario Bianco, 9 20131 Milano, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli, 12 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Zhu X, Poghosyan E, Rezabkova L, Mehall B, Sakakibara H, Hirono M, Kamiya R, Ishikawa T, Yang P. The roles of a flagellar HSP40 ensuring rhythmic beating. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 30:228-241. [PMID: 30427757 PMCID: PMC6589562 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-01-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HSP40s are regarded as cochaperones, perpetually shuttling client polypeptides to HSP70s for refolding. However, many HSP40s that are central for disparate processes diverge from this paradigm. To elucidate the noncanonical mechanisms, we investigated HSP40 in the radial spoke (RS) complex in flagella. Disruption of the gene by the MRC1 transposon in Chlamydomonas resulted in jerky flagella. Traditional electron microscopy, cryo-electron tomography, and sub-tomogram analysis revealed RSs of various altered morphologies that, unexpectedly, differed between the two RS species. This indicates that HSP40 locks the RS into a functionally rigid conformation, facilitating its interactions with the adjacent central pair apparatus for transducing locally varied mechanical feedback, which permits rhythmic beating. Missing HSP40, like missing RSs, could be restored in a tip-to-base direction when HSP40 mutants fused with a HSP40 donor cell. However, without concomitant de novo RS assembly, the repair was exceedingly slow, suggesting HSP40/RS-coupled intraflagellar trafficking and assembly. Biochemical analysis and modeling uncovered spoke HSP40’s cochaperone traits. On the basis of our data, we propose that HSP40 accompanies its client RS precursor when traveling to the flagellar tip. Upon arrival, both refold in concert to assemble into the mature configuration. HSP40’s roles in chaperoning and structural maintenance shed new light on its versatility and flagellar biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| | - Emiliya Poghosyan
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Lenka Rezabkova
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Bridget Mehall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Advanced ICT Research Institute, Hyogo 651-2492, Japan
| | - Masafumi Hirono
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Hosei University, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
| | - Ritsu Kamiya
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Pinfen Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233
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36
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Genest O, Wickner S, Doyle SM. Hsp90 and Hsp70 chaperones: Collaborators in protein remodeling. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2109-2120. [PMID: 30401745 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev118.002806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins 90 (Hsp90) and 70 (Hsp70) are two families of highly conserved ATP-dependent molecular chaperones that fold and remodel proteins. Both are important components of the cellular machinery involved in protein homeostasis and participate in nearly every cellular process. Although Hsp90 and Hsp70 each carry out some chaperone activities independently, they collaborate in other cellular remodeling reactions. In eukaryotes, both Hsp90 and Hsp70 function with numerous Hsp90 and Hsp70 co-chaperones. In contrast, bacterial Hsp90 and Hsp70 are less complex; Hsp90 acts independently of co-chaperones, and Hsp70 uses two co-chaperones. In this review, we focus on recent progress toward understanding the basic mechanisms of Hsp90-mediated protein remodeling and the collaboration between Hsp90 and Hsp70, with an emphasis on bacterial chaperones. We describe the structure and conformational dynamics of these chaperones and their interactions with each other and with client proteins. The physiological roles of Hsp90 in Escherichia coli and other bacteria are also discussed. We anticipate that the information gained from exploring the mechanism of the bacterial chaperone system will provide the groundwork for understanding the more complex eukaryotic Hsp90 system and its modulation by Hsp90 co-chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Genest
- From the Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 13402 Marseille, France and
| | - Sue Wickner
- the Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Shannon M Doyle
- the Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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37
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Cochaperones enable Hsp70 to use ATP energy to stabilize native proteins out of the folding equilibrium. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13213. [PMID: 30181618 PMCID: PMC6123477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) chaperones, vital to the proper folding of proteins inside cells, consume ATP and require cochaperones in assisting protein folding. It is unclear whether Hsp70 can utilize the free energy from ATP hydrolysis to fold a protein into a native state that is thermodynamically unstable in the chaperone-free equilibrium. Here I present a model of Hsp70-mediated protein folding, which predicts that Hsp70, as a result of differential stimulation of ATP hydrolysis by its Hsp40 cochaperone, dissociates faster from a substrate in fold-competent conformations than from one in misfolding-prone conformations, thus elevating the native concentration above and suppressing the misfolded concentration below their respective equilibrium values. Previous models would not make or imply these predictions, which are experimentally testable. My model quantitatively reproduces experimental refolding kinetics, predicts how modulations of the Hsp70/Hsp40 chaperone system affect protein folding, and suggests new approaches to regulating cellular protein quality.
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38
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Freilich R, Arhar T, Abrams JL, Gestwicki JE. Protein-Protein Interactions in the Molecular Chaperone Network. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:940-949. [PMID: 29613769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones play a central role in protein homeostasis (a.k.a. proteostasis) by balancing protein folding, quality control, and turnover. To perform these diverse tasks, chaperones need the malleability to bind nearly any "client" protein and the fidelity to detect when it is misfolded. Remarkably, these activities are carried out by only ∼180 dedicated chaperones in humans. How do a relatively small number of chaperones maintain cellular and organismal proteostasis for an entire proteome? Furthermore, once a chaperone binds a client, how does it "decide" what to do with it? One clue comes from observations that individual chaperones engage in protein-protein interactions (PPIs)-both with each other and with their clients. These physical links coordinate multiple chaperones into organized, functional complexes and facilitate the "handoff" of clients between them. PPIs also link chaperones and their clients to other cellular pathways, such as those that mediate trafficking (e.g., cytoskeleton) and degradation (e.g., proteasome). The PPIs of the chaperone network have a wide range of affinity values (nanomolar to micromolar) and involve many distinct types of domain modules, such as J domains, zinc fingers, and tetratricopeptide repeats. Many of these motifs have the same binding surfaces on shared partners, such that members of one chaperone class often compete for the same interactions. Somehow, this collection of PPIs draws together chaperone families and creates multiprotein subnetworks that are able to make the "decisions" of protein quality control. The key to understanding chaperone-mediated proteostasis might be to understand how PPIs are regulated. This Account will discuss the efforts of our group and others to map, measure, and chemically perturb the PPIs within the molecular chaperone network. Structural biology methods, including X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and electron microscopy, have all played important roles in visualizing the chaperone PPIs. Guided by these efforts and -omics approaches to measure PPIs, new advances in high-throughput chemical screening that are specially designed to account for the challenges of this system have emerged. Indeed, chemical biology has played a particularly important role in this effort, as molecules that either promote or inhibit specific PPIs have proven to be invaluable research probes in cells and animals. In addition, these molecules have provided leads for the potential treatment of protein misfolding diseases. One of the major products of this research field has been the identification of putative PPI drug targets within the chaperone network, which might be used to change chaperone "decisions" and rebalance proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Freilich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and The Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Taylor Arhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and The Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Abrams
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and The Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jason E. Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and The Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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39
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Borgia A, Borgia MB, Bugge K, Kissling VM, Heidarsson PO, Fernandes CB, Sottini A, Soranno A, Buholzer KJ, Nettels D, Kragelund BB, Best RB, Schuler B. Extreme disorder in an ultrahigh-affinity protein complex. Nature 2018; 555:61-66. [PMID: 29466338 DOI: 10.1038/nature25762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecular communication in biology is mediated by protein interactions. According to the current paradigm, the specificity and affinity required for these interactions are encoded in the precise complementarity of binding interfaces. Even proteins that are disordered under physiological conditions or that contain large unstructured regions commonly interact with well-structured binding sites on other biomolecules. Here we demonstrate the existence of an unexpected interaction mechanism: the two intrinsically disordered human proteins histone H1 and its nuclear chaperone prothymosin-α associate in a complex with picomolar affinity, but fully retain their structural disorder, long-range flexibility and highly dynamic character. On the basis of closely integrated experiments and molecular simulations, we show that the interaction can be explained by the large opposite net charge of the two proteins, without requiring defined binding sites or interactions between specific individual residues. Proteome-wide sequence analysis suggests that this interaction mechanism may be abundant in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Borgia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Madeleine B Borgia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrine Bugge
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science and Integrative Structural Biology at University of Copenhagen (ISBUC), Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Vera M Kissling
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pétur O Heidarsson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Catarina B Fernandes
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science and Integrative Structural Biology at University of Copenhagen (ISBUC), Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Andrea Sottini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Soranno
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Karin J Buholzer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Nettels
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birthe B Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science and Integrative Structural Biology at University of Copenhagen (ISBUC), Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Robert B Best
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0520, USA
| | - Benjamin Schuler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Physics, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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40
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Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a highly conserved ATP-dependent molecular chaperone that is essential in eukaryotes. It is required for the activation and stabilization of more than 200 client proteins, including many kinases and steroid hormone receptors involved in cell-signaling pathways. Hsp90 chaperone activity requires collaboration with a subset of the many Hsp90 cochaperones, including the Hsp70 chaperone. In higher eukaryotes, the collaboration between Hsp90 and Hsp70 is indirect and involves Hop, a cochaperone that interacts with both Hsp90 and Hsp70. Here we show that yeast Hsp90 (Hsp82) and yeast Hsp70 (Ssa1), directly interact in vitro in the absence of the yeast Hop homolog (Sti1), and identify a region in the middle domain of yeast Hsp90 that is required for the interaction. In vivo results using Hsp90 substitution mutants showed that several residues in this region were important or essential for growth at high temperature. Moreover, mutants in this region were defective in interaction with Hsp70 in cell lysates. In vitro, the purified Hsp82 mutant proteins were defective in direct physical interaction with Ssa1 and in protein remodeling in collaboration with Ssa1 and cochaperones. This region of Hsp90 is also important for interactions with several Hsp90 cochaperones and client proteins, suggesting that collaboration between Hsp70 and Hsp90 in protein remodeling may be modulated through competition between Hsp70 and Hsp90 cochaperones for the interaction surface.
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41
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Taylor IR, Dunyak BM, Komiyama T, Shao H, Ran X, Assimon VA, Kalyanaraman C, Rauch JN, Jacobson MP, Zuiderweg ERP, Gestwicki JE. High-throughput screen for inhibitors of protein-protein interactions in a reconstituted heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) complex. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4014-4025. [PMID: 29414793 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are an important category of putative drug targets. Improvements in high-throughput screening (HTS) have significantly accelerated the discovery of inhibitors for some categories of PPIs. However, methods suitable for screening multiprotein complexes (e.g. those composed of three or more different components) have been slower to emerge. Here, we explored an approach that uses reconstituted multiprotein complexes (RMPCs). As a model system, we chose heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), which is an ATP-dependent molecular chaperone that interacts with co-chaperones, including DnaJA2 and BAG2. The PPIs between Hsp70 and its co-chaperones stimulate nucleotide cycling. Thus, to re-create this ternary protein system, we combined purified human Hsp70 with DnaJA2 and BAG2 and then screened 100,000 diverse compounds for those that inhibited co-chaperone-stimulated ATPase activity. This HTS campaign yielded two compounds with promising inhibitory activity. Interestingly, one inhibited the PPI between Hsp70 and DnaJA2, whereas the other seemed to inhibit the Hsp70-BAG2 complex. Using secondary assays, we found that both compounds inhibited the PPIs through binding to allosteric sites on Hsp70, but neither affected Hsp70's intrinsic ATPase activity. Our RMPC approach expands the toolbox of biochemical HTS methods available for studying difficult-to-target PPIs in multiprotein complexes. The results may also provide a starting point for new chemical probes of the Hsp70 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle R Taylor
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158 and
| | - Bryan M Dunyak
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158 and
| | - Tomoko Komiyama
- the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Hao Shao
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158 and
| | - Xu Ran
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158 and
| | - Victoria A Assimon
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158 and
| | - Chakrapani Kalyanaraman
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158 and
| | - Jennifer N Rauch
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158 and
| | - Matthew P Jacobson
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158 and
| | - Erik R P Zuiderweg
- the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158 and
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42
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Young ZT, Mok SA, Gestwicki JE. Therapeutic Strategies for Restoring Tau Homeostasis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a024612. [PMID: 28159830 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a024612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Normal tau homeostasis is achieved when the synthesis, processing, and degradation of the protein is balanced. Together, the pathways that regulate tau homeostasis ensure that the protein is at the proper levels and that its posttranslational modifications and subcellular localization are appropriately controlled. These pathways include the enzymes responsible for posttranslational modifications, those systems that regulate mRNA splicing, and the molecular chaperones that control tau turnover and its binding to microtubules. In tauopathies, this delicate balance is disturbed. Tau becomes abnormally modified by posttranslational modification, it loses affinity for microtubules, and it accumulates in proteotoxic aggregates. How and why does this imbalance occur? In this review, we discuss how molecular chaperones and other components of the protein homeostasis (e.g., proteostasis) network normally govern tau quality control. We also discuss how aging might reduce the capacity of these systems and how tau mutations might further affect this balance. Finally, we discuss how small-molecule inhibitors are being used to probe and perturb the tau quality-control systems, playing a particularly prominent role in revealing the logic of tau homeostasis. As such, there is now interest in developing these chemical probes into therapeutics, with the goal of restoring normal tau homeostasis to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zapporah T Young
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Sue Ann Mok
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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43
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Kityk R, Kopp J, Mayer MP. Molecular Mechanism of J-Domain-Triggered ATP Hydrolysis by Hsp70 Chaperones. Mol Cell 2017; 69:227-237.e4. [PMID: 29290615 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Efficient targeting of Hsp70 chaperones to substrate proteins depends on J-domain cochaperones, which in synergism with substrates trigger ATP hydrolysis in Hsp70s and concomitant substrate trapping. We present the crystal structure of the J-domain of Escherichia coli DnaJ in complex with the E. coli Hsp70 DnaK. The J-domain interacts not only with DnaK's nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) but also with its substrate-binding domain (SBD) and packs against the highly conserved interdomain linker. Mutational replacement of contacts between J-domain and SBD strongly reduces the ability of substrates to stimulate ATP hydrolysis in the presence of DnaJ and compromises viability at heat shock temperatures. Our data demonstrate that the J-domain and the substrate do not deliver completely independent signals for ATP hydrolysis, but the J-domain, in addition to its direct influence on Hsp70s catalytic center, makes Hsp70 more responsive for the hydrolysis-inducing signal of the substrate, resulting in efficient substrate trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Kityk
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopp
- Biochemistry Center of Heidelberg University (BZH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias P Mayer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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44
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Wieteska L, Shahidi S, Zhuravleva A. Allosteric fine-tuning of the conformational equilibrium poises the chaperone BiP for post-translational regulation. eLife 2017; 6:29430. [PMID: 29064369 PMCID: PMC5655141 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BiP is the only Hsp70 chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and similar to other Hsp70s, its activity relies on nucleotide- and substrate-controllable docking and undocking of its nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and substrate-binding domain (SBD). However, little is known of specific features of the BiP conformational landscape that tune BiP to its unique tasks and the ER environment. We present methyl NMR analysis of the BiP chaperone cycle that reveals surprising conformational heterogeneity of ATP-bound BiP that distinguishes BiP from its bacterial homologue DnaK. This unusual poise enables gradual post-translational regulation of the BiP chaperone cycle and its chaperone activity by subtle local perturbations at SBD allosteric 'hotspots'. In particular, BiP inactivation by AMPylation of its SBD does not disturb Hsp70 inter-domain allostery and preserves BiP structure. Instead it relies on a redistribution of the BiP conformational ensemble and stabilization the domain-docked conformation in presence of ADP and ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Wieteska
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Saeid Shahidi
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia Zhuravleva
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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45
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Xue YL, Zhou L, Sun Y, Li H, Jones GW, Song Y. Steered molecular dynamics simulation of the binding of the bovine auxilin J domain to the Hsc70 nucleotide-binding domain. J Mol Model 2017; 23:320. [PMID: 29063205 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Hsp70 and Hsp40 chaperone machine plays critical roles in protein folding, membrane translocation, and protein degradation by binding and releasing protein substrates in a process that utilizes ATP. The activities of the Hsp70 family of chaperones are recruited and stimulated by the J domains of Hsp40 chaperones. However, structural information on the Hsp40-Hsp70 complex is lacking, and the molecular details of this interaction are yet to be elucidated. Here we used steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations to investigate the molecular interactions that occur during the dissociation of the auxilin J domain from the Hsc70 nucleotide-binding domain (NBD). The changes in energy observed during the SMD simulation suggest that electrostatic interactions are the dominant type of interaction. Additionally, we found that Hsp70 mainly interacts with auxilin through the surface residues Tyr866, Arg867, and Lys868 of helix II, His874, Asp876, Lys877, Thr879, and Gln881 of the HPD loop, and Phe891, Asn895, Asp896, and Asn903 of helix III. The conservative residues Tyr866, Arg867, Lys868, His874, Asp876, Lys877, and Phe891 were also found in a previous study to be indispensable to the catalytic activity of the DnaJ J domain and the binding of it with the NBD of DnaK. The in silico identification of the importance of auxilin residues Asn895, Asp896, and Asn903 agrees with previous mutagenesis and NMR data suggesting that helix III of the J domain of the T antigen interacts with Hsp70. Furthermore, our data indicate that Thr879 and Gln881 from the HPD loop are also important as they mediate the interaction between the bovine auxilin J domain and Hsc70.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Lin Xue
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China.,College of Light Industry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Yuna Sun
- Province Key Laboratory of Animal Resource and Epidemic Disease Prevention, College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Hui Li
- Province Key Laboratory of Animal Resource and Epidemic Disease Prevention, College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Gary W Jones
- Centre for Biomedical Science Research, School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK
| | - Youtao Song
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China. .,Province Key Laboratory of Animal Resource and Epidemic Disease Prevention, College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China.
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46
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Xue YL, Wang H, Riedy M, Roberts BL, Sun Y, Song YB, Jones GW, Masison DC, Song Y. Molecular dynamics simulations of Hsp40 J-domain mutants identifies disruption of the critical HPD-motif as the key factor for impaired curing in vivo of the yeast prion [URE3]. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:1764-1775. [PMID: 28766406 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1334594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic screens using Saccharomyces cerevisiae have identified an array of Hsp40 (Ydj1p) J-domain mutants that are impaired in the ability to cure the yeast [URE3] prion through disrupting functional interactions with Hsp70. However, biochemical analysis of some of these Hsp40 J-domain mutants has so far failed to provide major insight into the specific functional changes in Hsp40-Hsp70 interactions. To explore the detailed structural and dynamic properties of the Hsp40 J-domain, 20 ns molecular dynamic simulations of 4 mutants (D9A, D36A, A30T, and F45S) and wild-type J-domain were performed, followed by Hsp70 docking simulations. Results demonstrated that although the Hsp70 interaction mechanism of the mutants may vary, the major structural change was targeted to the critical HPD motif of the J-domain. Our computational analysis fits well with previous yeast genetics studies regarding highlighting the importance of J-domain function in prion propagation. During the molecular dynamics simulations several important residues were identified and predicted to play an essential role in J-domain structure. Among these residues, Y26 and F45 were confirmed, using both in silico and in vivo methods, as being critical for Ydj1p function.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Lin Xue
- a School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University , Shenyang , China.,d Light Industry College, Liaoning University , Shenyang , China
| | - Hao Wang
- a School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University , Shenyang , China
| | - Michael Riedy
- b Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics , National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Brittany-Lee Roberts
- b Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics , National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Yuna Sun
- a School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University , Shenyang , China
| | - Yong-Bo Song
- e School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Gary W Jones
- c National University of Ireland Maynooth , Maynooth , Ireland
| | - Daniel C Masison
- b Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics , National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Youtao Song
- a School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University , Shenyang , China
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47
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Bascos NAD, Mayer MP, Bukau B, Landry SJ. The Hsp40 J-domain modulates Hsp70 conformation and ATPase activity with a semi-elliptical spring. Protein Sci 2017; 26:1838-1851. [PMID: 28685898 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory protein interactions are commonly attributed to lock-and-key associations that bring interacting domains together. However, studies in some systems suggest that regulation is not achieved by binding interactions alone. We report our investigations on specific physical characteristics required of the Hsp40 J-domain to stimulate ATP hydrolysis in the Hsp40-Hsp70 molecular chaperone machine. Biophysical analysis using isothermal titration calorimetry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals the importance of helix rigidity for the maintenance of Hsp40 function. Our results suggest that the functional J-domain acts like a semi-elliptical spring, wherein the resistance to bending upon binding to the Hsp70 ATPase modulates the ATPase domain conformational change and promotes ATP hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Andrew D Bascos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112
| | - Matthias P Mayer
- Center for Molecular Biology of the University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Bernd Bukau
- Center for Molecular Biology of the University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Samuel J Landry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70112
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48
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Usman MG, Rafii MY, Martini MY, Yusuff OA, Ismail MR, Miah G. Molecular analysis of Hsp70 mechanisms in plants and their function in response to stress. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2017. [PMID: 28649918 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2017.1340546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Studying the strategies of improving abiotic stress tolerance is quite imperative and research under this field will increase our understanding of response mechanisms to abiotic stress such as heat. The Hsp70 is an essential regulator of protein having the tendency to maintain internal cell stability like proper folding protein and breakdown of unfolded proteins. Hsp70 holds together protein substrates to help in movement, regulation, and prevent aggregation under physical and or chemical pressure. However, this review reports the molecular mechanism of heat shock protein 70 kDa (Hsp70) action and its structural and functional analysis, research progress on the interaction of Hsp70 with other proteins and their interaction mechanisms as well as the involvement of Hsp70 in abiotic stress responses as an adaptive defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magaji G Usman
- a Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Mohd Y Rafii
- a Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia.,b Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Y Martini
- b Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Oladosu A Yusuff
- a Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Mohd R Ismail
- a Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia.,b Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Gous Miah
- a Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
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49
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Malinverni D, Jost Lopez A, De Los Rios P, Hummer G, Barducci A. Modeling Hsp70/Hsp40 interaction by multi-scale molecular simulations and coevolutionary sequence analysis. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28498104 PMCID: PMC5519331 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the Heat Shock Proteins 70 and 40 is at the core of the ATPase regulation of the chaperone machinery that maintains protein homeostasis. However, the structural details of the interaction remain elusive and contrasting models have been proposed for the transient Hsp70/Hsp40 complexes. Here we combine molecular simulations based on both coarse-grained and atomistic models with coevolutionary sequence analysis to shed light on this problem by focusing on the bacterial DnaK/DnaJ system. The integration of these complementary approaches resulted in a novel structural model that rationalizes previous experimental observations. We identify an evolutionarily conserved interaction surface formed by helix II of the DnaJ J-domain and a structurally contiguous region of DnaK, involving lobe IIA of the nucleotide binding domain, the inter-domain linker, and the β-basket of the substrate binding domain. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23471.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Duccio Malinverni
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Statistique, Faculté de Sciences de Base, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Paolo De Los Rios
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Statistique, Faculté de Sciences de Base, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institut für Biophysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alessandro Barducci
- Inserm, U1054, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR 5048, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Montpellier, France
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Zhuravleva A, Korzhnev DM. Protein folding by NMR. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 100:52-77. [PMID: 28552172 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein folding is a highly complex process proceeding through a number of disordered and partially folded nonnative states with various degrees of structural organization. These transiently and sparsely populated species on the protein folding energy landscape play crucial roles in driving folding toward the native conformation, yet some of these nonnative states may also serve as precursors for protein misfolding and aggregation associated with a range of devastating diseases, including neuro-degeneration, diabetes and cancer. Therefore, in vivo protein folding is often reshaped co- and post-translationally through interactions with the ribosome, molecular chaperones and/or other cellular components. Owing to developments in instrumentation and methodology, solution NMR spectroscopy has emerged as the central experimental approach for the detailed characterization of the complex protein folding processes in vitro and in vivo. NMR relaxation dispersion and saturation transfer methods provide the means for a detailed characterization of protein folding kinetics and thermodynamics under native-like conditions, as well as modeling high-resolution structures of weakly populated short-lived conformational states on the protein folding energy landscape. Continuing development of isotope labeling strategies and NMR methods to probe high molecular weight protein assemblies, along with advances of in-cell NMR, have recently allowed protein folding to be studied in the context of ribosome-nascent chain complexes and molecular chaperones, and even inside living cells. Here we review solution NMR approaches to investigate the protein folding energy landscape, and discuss selected applications of NMR methodology to studying protein folding in vitro and in vivo. Together, these examples highlight a vast potential of solution NMR in providing atomistic insights into molecular mechanisms of protein folding and homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Zhuravleva
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | - Dmitry M Korzhnev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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