1
|
Philips JG, Martin-Avila E, Robold AV. Horizontal gene transfer from genetically modified plants - Regulatory considerations. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:971402. [PMID: 36118580 PMCID: PMC9471246 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.971402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene technology regulators receive applications seeking permission for the environmental release of genetically modified (GM) plants, many of which possess beneficial traits such as improved production, enhanced nutrition and resistance to drought, pests and diseases. The regulators must assess the risks to human and animal health and to the environment from releasing these GM plants. One such consideration, of many, is the likelihood and potential consequence of the introduced or modified DNA being transferred to other organisms, including people. While such gene transfer is most likely to occur to sexually compatible relatives (vertical gene transfer), horizontal gene transfer (HGT), which is the acquisition of genetic material that has not been inherited from a parent, is also a possibility considered during these assessments. Advances in HGT detection, aided by next generation sequencing, have demonstrated that HGT occurrence may have been previously underestimated. In this review, we provide updated evidence on the likelihood, factors and the barriers for the introduced or modified DNA in GM plants to be horizontally transferred into a variety of recipients. We present the legislation and frameworks the Australian Gene Technology Regulator adheres to with respect to the consideration of risks posed by HGT. Such a perspective may generally be applicable to regulators in other jurisdictions as well as to commercial and research organisations who develop GM plants.
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang ZH, Chen L, Li W, Chen L, Wang YP. Mitochondria transfer and transplantation in human health and diseases. Mitochondrion 2022; 65:80-87. [PMID: 35623561 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles responsible for energy production and cell metabolism. Disorders in mitochondrial function impair tissue integrity and have been implicated in multiple human diseases. Rather than constrained in host cells, mitochondria were recently found to actively travel between cells through nanotubes or extracellular vesicles. Mitochondria transportation represents a key mechanism of intercellular communication implicated in metabolic homeostasis, immune response, and stress signaling. Here we reviewed recent progress in mitochondria transfer under physiological and pathological conditions. Specifically, tumor cells imported mitochondria from adjacent cells in the microenvironment which potentially modulated cancer progression. Intercellular mitochondria trafficking also inspired therapeutic intervention of human diseases with mitochondria transplantation. Artificial mitochondria, generated through mitochondria genome engineering or mitochondria-nucleus hybridization, further advanced our understanding of mitochondrial biology and its therapeutic potential. Innovative tools and animal models of mitochondria transplantation will assist the development of new therapies for mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hao Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute, and The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China; The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Lu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Medical Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China.
| | - Lingchao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Yi-Ping Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute, and The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China; The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 20032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Multi-scale Chimerism: An experimental window on the algorithms of anatomical control. Cells Dev 2022; 169:203764. [PMID: 34974205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the immense progress in genetics and cell biology, major knowledge gaps remain with respect to prediction and control of the global morphologies that will result from the cooperation of cells with known genomes. The understanding of cooperativity, competition, and synergy across diverse biological scales has been obscured by a focus on standard model systems that exhibit invariant species-specific anatomies. Morphogenesis of chimeric biological material is an especially instructive window on the control of biological growth and form because it emphasizes the need for prediction without reliance on familiar, standard outcomes. Here, we review an important and fascinating body of data from experiments utilizing DNA transfer, cell transplantation, organ grafting, and parabiosis. We suggest that these are all instances (at different levels of organization) of one general phenomenon: chimerism. Multi-scale chimeras are a powerful conceptual and experimental tool with which to probe the mapping between properties of components and large-scale anatomy: the laws of morphogenesis. The existing data and future advances in this field will impact not only the understanding of cooperation and the evolution of body forms, but also the design of strategies for system-level outcomes in regenerative medicine and swarm robotics.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kurotani KI, Notaguchi M. Cell-to-Cell Connection in Plant Grafting-Molecular Insights into Symplasmic Reconstruction. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1362-1371. [PMID: 34252186 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is a means to connect tissues from two individual plants and grow a single chimeric plant through the establishment of both apoplasmic and symplasmic connections. Recent molecular studies using RNA-sequencing data have provided genetic information on the processes involved in tissue reunion, including wound response, cell division, cell-cell adhesion, cell differentiation and vascular formation. Thus, studies on grafting increase our understanding of various aspects of plant biology. Grafting has also been used to study systemic signaling and transport of micromolecules and macromolecules in the plant body. Given that graft viability and molecular transport across graft junctions largely depend on vascular formation, a major focus in grafting biology has been the mechanism of vascular development. In addition, it has been thought that symplasmic connections via plasmodesmata are fundamentally important to share cellular information among newly proliferated cells at the graft interface and to accomplish tissue differentiation correctly. Therefore, this review focuses on plasmodesmata formation during grafting. We take advantage of interfamily grafts for unambiguous identification of the graft interface and summarize morphological aspects of de novo formation of plasmodesmata. Important molecular events are addressed by re-examining the time-course transcriptome of interfamily grafts, from which we recently identified the cell-cell adhesion mechanism. Plasmodesmata-associated genes upregulated during graft healing that may provide a link to symplasm establishment are described. We also discuss future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Kurotani
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Michitaka Notaguchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu X, Liu X, Liu T, Wang Y, Ahmed N, Li Z, Jiang H. Synthetic biology of plant natural products: From pathway elucidation to engineered biosynthesis in plant cells. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100229. [PMID: 34746761 PMCID: PMC8553972 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant natural products (PNPs) are the main sources of drugs, food additives, and new biofuels and have become a hotspot in synthetic biology. In the past two decades, the engineered biosynthesis of many PNPs has been achieved through the construction of microbial cell factories. Alongside the rapid development of plant physiology, genetics, and plant genetic modification techniques, hosts have now expanded from single-celled microbes to complex plant systems. Plant synthetic biology is an emerging field that combines engineering principles with plant biology. In this review, we introduce recent advances in the biosynthetic pathway elucidation of PNPs and summarize the progress of engineered PNP biosynthesis in plant cells. Furthermore, a future vision of plant synthetic biology is proposed. Although we are still a long way from overcoming all the bottlenecks in plant synthetic biology, the ascent of this field is expected to provide a huge opportunity for future agriculture and industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Life Science and Technology College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
- Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Nida Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhichao Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Molina-Hidalgo FJ, Vazquez-Vilar M, D'Andrea L, Demurtas OC, Fraser P, Giuliano G, Bock R, Orzáez D, Goossens A. Engineering Metabolism in Nicotiana Species: A Promising Future. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 39:901-913. [PMID: 33341279 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Molecular farming intends to use crop plants as biofactories for high value-added compounds following application of a wide range of biotechnological tools. In particular, the conversion of nonfood crops into efficient biofactories is expected to be a strong asset in the development of a sustainable bioeconomy. The 'nonfood' status combined with the high metabolic versatility and the capacity of high-yield cultivation highlight the plant genus Nicotiana as one of the most appropriate 'chassis' for molecular farming. Nicotiana species are a rich source of valuable industrial, active pharmaceutical ingredients and nutritional compounds, synthesized from highly complex biosynthetic networks. Here, we review and discuss approaches currently used to design enriched Nicotiana species for molecular farming using new plant breeding techniques (NPBTs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Molina-Hidalgo
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marta Vazquez-Vilar
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP-UPV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Lucio D'Andrea
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Olivia C Demurtas
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
| | - Paul Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, UK
| | - Giovanni Giuliano
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Diego Orzáez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP-UPV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Alain Goossens
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yousef AF, Ali MM, Rizwan HM, Gad AG, Liang D, Binqi L, Kalaji HM, Wróbel J, Xu Y, Chen F. Light quality and quantity affect graft union formation of tomato plants. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9870. [PMID: 33972562 PMCID: PMC8110817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is already known that there are many factors responsible for the successful formation of a graft union. However, the role of light has been little studied. In an anatomical study, Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) was used to explore the effects of different light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on graft union formation in grafted tomato. In addition, the expression genes related to Auxin hormone signaling pathway (SAUR67, AUX1, ARF30, and LAX3) was investigated. The obtained results showed that the concrescence process occurred faster under R7:B3 light conditions, as compared to blue (B) and white fluorescent (WFL) lights. Red light application caused a delay in the vascular tissue differentiation, which may lead to callus development on both sides, causing junctional failure and resulting in ineffective graft junctional arrangement. The expression of genes related to Auxin hormone significantly increased by R7:B3 application. We suggest that LED spectra affects the graft development of tomato plants and can improve the performance of grafted tomato seedlings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Fathy Yousef
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Al-Azhar (Branch Assiut), Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Moaaz Ali
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ahmed Gomaa Gad
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, El-Shatby, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt
| | - Dangdi Liang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Li Binqi
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hazem M Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw, University of Life Sciences SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Wróbel
- Department of Bioengineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 17 Słowackiego Street, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Yong Xu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,Institute of Machine Learning and Intelligent Science, Fujian University of Technology, 33 Xuefu South Road, Fuzhou, 350118, China.
| | - Faxing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Filip E, Skuza L. Horizontal Gene Transfer Involving Chloroplasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094484. [PMID: 33923118 PMCID: PMC8123421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT)- is defined as the acquisition of genetic material from another organism. However, recent findings indicate a possible role of HGT in the acquisition of traits with adaptive significance, suggesting that HGT is an important driving force in the evolution of eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes. It has been noted that, in eukaryotes, HGT is more prevalent than originally thought. Mitochondria and chloroplasts lost a large number of genes after their respective endosymbiotic events occurred. Even after this major content loss, organelle genomes still continue to lose their own genes. Many of these are subsequently acquired by intracellular gene transfer from the original plastid. The aim of our review was to elucidate the role of chloroplasts in the transfer of genes. This review also explores gene transfer involving mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, though recent studies indicate that chloroplast genomes are far more active in HGT as compared to these other two DNA-containing cellular compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Filip
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 13 Wąska, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland;
- The Centre for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Szczecin, 13 Wąska, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Lidia Skuza
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 13 Wąska, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland;
- The Centre for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Szczecin, 13 Wąska, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hertle AP, Haberl B, Bock R. Horizontal genome transfer by cell-to-cell travel of whole organelles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/1/eabd8215. [PMID: 33523859 PMCID: PMC7775762 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd8215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has revealed that both plants and animals transfer genomes between cells. In plants, horizontal transfer of entire plastid, mitochondrial, or nuclear genomes between species generates new combinations of nuclear and organellar genomes, or produces novel species that are allopolyploid. The mechanisms of genome transfer between cells are unknown. Here, we used grafting to identify the mechanisms involved in plastid genome transfer from plant to plant. We show that during proliferation of wound-induced callus, plastids dedifferentiate into small, highly motile, amoeboid organelles. Simultaneously, new intercellular connections emerge by localized cell wall disintegration, forming connective pores through which amoeboid plastids move into neighboring cells. Our work uncovers a pathway of organelle movement from cell to cell and provides a mechanistic framework for horizontal genome transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Hertle
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Benedikt Haberl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dong Y, Yang Y, Wang Z, Wu M, Fu J, Guo J, Chang L, Zhang J. Inaccessibility to double-stranded RNAs in plastids restricts RNA interference in Bemisia tabaci (whitefly). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3168-3176. [PMID: 32333833 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a promising technology for insect pest control. Because of the accumulation of high levels of long double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) in plastids, it was previously shown that expression of dsRNAs from plastid genome led to higher mortality of some insect pests with chewing mouthparts than dsRNAs expression from nuclear genome. However, whether plastid-expressed dsRNAs have effects on phloem sap-sucking pests is unknown. In this study, we compared the RNAi effects of nuclear transgenic and transplastomic plants on the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, a serious sap-sucking pest. RESULTS Nuclear transgenic and transplastomic tobacco plants were developed for the expression of dsRNA against BtACTB gene of Bemisia tabaci, respectively. Feeding nuclear transgenic plants to Bemisia tabaci resulted in reduced gene expression of BtACTB and survival rate, and impaired fecundity of Bemisia tabaci. We did not observe any effects of transplastomic plants on Bemisia tabaci fitness. Furthermore, we found that the inability of B. tabaci to obtain dsRNAs from plastids might restrict its RNAi responses. CONCLUSION Our study indicated that the expression of dsRNAs in nuclear transgenic plants was more effective than that in transplastomic plants for the control of Bemisia tabaci. The inaccessibility of Bemisia tabaci to plastids contributes to the inefficiency of plastid-mediated RNAi. Our findings are of great significance to future optimization of transgenically delivered RNAi approaches for efficient controlling of sap-sucking pests. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dong
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zican Wang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengting Wu
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinqiu Fu
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Chang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tiwari P, Bae H. Horizontal Gene Transfer and Endophytes: An Implication for the Acquisition of Novel Traits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E305. [PMID: 32121565 PMCID: PMC7154830 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), an important evolutionary mechanism observed in prokaryotes, is the transmission of genetic material across phylogenetically distant species. In recent years, the availability of complete genomes has facilitated the comprehensive analysis of HGT and highlighted its emerging role in the adaptation and evolution of eukaryotes. Endophytes represent an ecologically favored association, which highlights its beneficial attributes to the environment, in agriculture and in healthcare. The HGT phenomenon in endophytes, which features an important biological mechanism for their evolutionary adaptation within the host plant and simultaneously confers "novel traits" to the associated microbes, is not yet completely understood. With a focus on the emerging implications of HGT events in the evolution of biological species, the present review discusses the occurrence of HGT in endophytes and its socio-economic importance in the current perspective. To our knowledge, this review is the first report that provides a comprehensive insight into the impact of HGT in the adaptation and evolution of endophytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanhong Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vu MH, Iswanto ABB, Lee J, Kim JY. The Role of Plasmodesmata-Associated Receptor in Plant Development and Environmental Response. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020216. [PMID: 32046090 PMCID: PMC7076680 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, plasmodesmata (PD) symplasmic nano-channels were reported to be involved in various cell biology activities to prop up within plant growth and development as well as environmental stresses. Indeed, this is highly influenced by their native structure, which is lined with the plasma membrane (PM), conferring a suitable biological landscape for numerous plant receptors that correspond to signaling pathways. However, there are more than six hundred members of Arabidopsis thaliana membrane-localized receptors and over one thousand receptors in rice have been identified, many of which are likely to respond to the external stimuli. This review focuses on the class of plasmodesmal-receptor like proteins (PD-RLPs)/plasmodesmal-receptor-like kinases (PD-RLKs) found in planta. We summarize and discuss the current knowledge regarding RLPs/RLKs that reside at PD-PM channels in response to plant growth, development, and stress adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minh Huy Vu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; (M.H.V.); (J.L.)
| | - Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; (M.H.V.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.B.I.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Jinsu Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; (M.H.V.); (J.L.)
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; (M.H.V.); (J.L.)
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: (A.B.B.I.); (J.-Y.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Johnston IG. Tension and Resolution: Dynamic, Evolving Populations of Organelle Genomes within Plant Cells. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:764-783. [PMID: 30445187 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria and plastids form dynamic, evolving populations physically embedded in the fluctuating environment of the plant cell. Their evolutionary heritage has shaped how the cell controls the genetic structure and the physical behavior of its organelle populations. While the specific genes involved in these processes are gradually being revealed, the governing principles underlying this controlled behavior remain poorly understood. As the genetic and physical dynamics of these organelles are central to bioenergetic performance and plant physiology, this challenges both fundamental biology and strategies to engineer better-performing plants. This article reviews current knowledge of the physical and genetic behavior of mitochondria and chloroplasts in plant cells. An overarching hypothesis is proposed whereby organelles face a tension between genetic robustness and individual control and responsiveness, and different species resolve this tension in different ways. As plants are immobile and thus subject to fluctuating environments, their organelles are proposed to favor individual responsiveness, sacrificing genetic robustness. Several notable features of plant organelles, including large genomes, mtDNA recombination, fragmented organelles, and plastid/mitochondrial differences may potentially be explained by this hypothesis. Finally, the ways that quantitative and systems biology can help shed light on the plethora of open questions in this field are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain G Johnston
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Birmingham Institute for Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Boehm CR, Bock R. Recent Advances and Current Challenges in Synthetic Biology of the Plastid Genetic System and Metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:794-802. [PMID: 30181342 PMCID: PMC6393795 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Building on recombinant DNA technology, leaps in synthesis, assembly, and analysis of DNA have revolutionized genetics and molecular biology over the past two decades (Kosuri and Church, 2014). These technological advances have accelerated the emergence of synthetic biology as a new discipline (Cameron et al., 2014). Synthetic biology is characterized by efforts targeted at the modification of existing and the design of novel biological systems based on principles adopted from information technology and engineering (Andrianantoandro et al., 2006; Khalil and Collins, 2010). As in more traditional engineering disciplines such as mechanical, electrical and civil engineering, synthetic biologists utilize abstraction, decoupling and standardization to make the design of biological systems more efficient and scalable. To facilitate the management of complexity, synthetic biology relies on an abstraction hierarchy composed of multiple levels (Endy, 2005): DNA as genetic material, "parts" as elements of DNA encoding basic biological functions (e.g. promoter, ribosome-binding site, terminator sequence), "devices" as any combination of parts implementing a human-defined function, and "systems" as any combination of devices fulfilling a predefined purpose. Parts are designated to perform predictable and modular functions in the context of higher-level devices or systems, which are successively refined through a cycle of designing, building, and testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Boehm
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schneider AC, Chun H, Stefanović S, Baldwin BG. Punctuated plastome reduction and host-parasite horizontal gene transfer in the holoparasitic plant genus Aphyllon. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1535. [PMID: 30232155 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Foundational studies of chloroplast genome (plastome) evolution in parasitic plants have focused on broad trends across large clades, particularly among the Orobanchaceae, a species-rich and ecologically diverse family of root parasites. However, the extent to which such patterns and processes of plastome evolution, such as stepwise gene loss following the complete loss of photosynthesis (shift to holoparasitism), are detectable at shallow evolutionary time scale is largely unknown. We used genome skimming to assemble eight chloroplast genomes representing complete taxonomic sampling of Aphyllon sect. Aphyllon, a small clade within the Orobanchaceae that evolved approximately 6 Ma, long after the origin of holoparasitism. We show substantial plastome reduction occurred in the stem lineage, but subsequent change in plastome size, gene content, and structure has been relatively minimal, albeit detectable. This lends additional fine-grained support to existing models of stepwise plastome reduction in holoparasitic plants. Additionally, we report phylogenetic evidence based on an rbcL gene tree and assembled 60+ kb fragments of the Aphyllon epigalium mitochondrial genome indicating host-to-parasite horizontal gene transfers (hpHGT) of several genes originating from the plastome of an ancient Galium host into the mitochondrial genome of a recent common ancestor of A. epigalium Ecologically, this evidence of hpHGT suggests that the host-parasite associations between Galium and A. epigalium have been stable at least since its subspecies diverged hundreds of thousands of years ago.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Schneider
- University and Jepson Herbaria, Berkeley, CA, USA .,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harold Chun
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Saša Stefanović
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce G Baldwin
- University and Jepson Herbaria, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sidorov V, Armstrong C, Ream T, Ye X, Saltarikos A. "Cell grafting": a new approach for transferring cytoplasmic or nuclear genome between plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1077-1089. [PMID: 29779094 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A new method based on mixing and wounding of callus tissue was used to transfer plastid or nuclear DNA between cells. Methods alternative to sexual hybridization can be powerful tools for crop improvement. We have developed a new hybridization technology based on wounding a mixed population of cells of two parents growing in vitro as callus ("cell grafting"), and have demonstrated the utility of this system for plastid or nuclear genome transfer. In our proof-of concept experiments, non-organized growing tissue (callus) from tobacco var. Samsun, carrying the nuclear marker genes nptII and uidA (GUS), and tobacco var. Petit Havana, carrying aadA and gfp genes in the plastid genome, were mixed together, wounded with a razor blade and placed for regeneration on selection medium containing both spectinomycin (aadA) and paromomycin (nptII). Plants with aadA and gfp positive plastids and nptII plus uidA positive nuclear background were produced. Molecular analysis confirmed the presence of all four genes in these plants. Morphology and ploidy level analysis confirmed the production of "diploid" plants similar to var. Samsun possessing transformed plastids from var. Petit Havana. Reciprocal crosses between the experimentally produced plants and wild type tobacco confirmed maternal inheritance of aadA and gfp and Mendelian inheritance of nptII and uidA. For transfer of nuclear traits between plants we used two nuclear-transformed parents with different selectable markers; one with nptII (paromomycin resistant), and another with aadA (spectinomycin resistant). Plants resistant to both antibiotics which also had different visible markers were produced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Sidorov
- Monsanto Company, 700 Chesterfield Pkwy W., St. Louis, MO, 63017, USA.
| | - Charles Armstrong
- Monsanto Company, 700 Chesterfield Pkwy W., St. Louis, MO, 63017, USA
| | - Thomas Ream
- Monsanto Company, 700 Chesterfield Pkwy W., St. Louis, MO, 63017, USA
| | - Xudong Ye
- Monsanto Company, 700 Chesterfield Pkwy W., St. Louis, MO, 63017, USA
| | - Annie Saltarikos
- Monsanto Company, 700 Chesterfield Pkwy W., St. Louis, MO, 63017, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shrestha N, Weber PH, Burke SV, Wysocki WP, Duvall MR, Bujarski JJ. Next generation sequencing reveals packaging of host RNAs by brome mosaic virus. Virus Res 2018; 252:82-90. [PMID: 29753892 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although RNA viruses evolved the mechanisms of specific encapsidation, miss-packaging of cellular RNAs has been reported in such RNA virus systems as flock house virus or cucumber necrosis virus. To find out if brome mosaic virus (BMV), a tripartite RNA virus, can package cellular RNAs, BMV was propagated in barley and in Nicotiana benthamiana hosts, purified by cesium chloride (CsCl) gradient ultracentrifugation followed by nuclease treatment to remove any contaminating cellular (host) RNAs. The extracted virion RNA was then sequenced by using next-generation sequencing (NGS RNA-Seq) with the Illumina protocol. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the content of host RNAs ranging from 0.07% for BMV extracted from barley to 0.10% for the virus extracted from N. benthamiana. The viruses from two sources appeared to co-encapsidate different patterns of host-RNAs, including ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), messenger RNAs (mRNAs) but also mitochondrial and plastid RNAs and, interestingly, transposable elements, both transposons and retrotransposons. Our data reveal that BMV virions can carry host RNAs, having a potential to mediate horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Shrestha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Molecular and Bioinformatics Center, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - P H Weber
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Molecular and Bioinformatics Center, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.
| | - S V Burke
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Molecular and Bioinformatics Center, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - W P Wysocki
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Molecular and Bioinformatics Center, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.
| | - M R Duvall
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Molecular and Bioinformatics Center, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - J J Bujarski
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Molecular and Bioinformatics Center, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mursalimov SR, Sidorchuk YV, Zagorskaya AA, Deineko EV. Migration of DNA-Containing Organelles between Tobacco Microsporocytes during Cytomixis. Russ J Dev Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360418030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
19
|
Mursalimov S, Deineko E. Cytomixis in plants: facts and doubts. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:719-731. [PMID: 29192339 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The migration of nuclei between plant cells (cytomixis) is a mysterious cellular phenomenon frequently observable in the male meiosis of higher plants. Cytomixis attracts attention because of unknown cellular mechanisms underlying migration of nuclei and its potential evolutionary significance, since the genetic material is transferred between the cells that form pollen. Although cytomixis was discovered over a century ago, the advance in our understanding of this process has been rather insignificant because of methodological difficulties. The data that allowed for a new insight into this phenomenon were obtained by examining the migrating nuclei with electron and confocal laser microscopy, immunostaining, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. As has been shown, the chromatin migrating between cells is surrounded by an undamaged nuclear membrane. Such chromatin does not undergo heterochromatization and contains normal euchromatin markers. The condensation degree of the migrating chromatin corresponds to the current meiotic stage, and normal structures of synaptonemal complex are present in the migrating part of the nucleus. The cells involved in cytomixis lack any detectable morphological and molecular markers of programmed cell death. It has been shown that individual chromosomes and genomes (in the case of allopolyploids) have no predisposition to the migration between cells, i.e., parts of the nucleus are involved in cytomixis in a random manner. However, the fate of migrating chromatin after it has entered the recipient cell is still vague. A huge amount of indirect data suggests that migrating chromatin is incorporated into the nucleus of the recipient cell; nonetheless, the corresponding direct evidences are still absent. No specific markers of cytomictic chromatin have been yet discovered. Thus, the causes and consequences of cytomixis are still disputable. This review briefs the recent data on the relevant issues, describes the classical and modern methodological approaches to analysis of the intercellular migration of nuclei, and discusses the problems in cytomixis research and its prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Mursalimov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, pr. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090.
| | - Elena Deineko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, pr. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lu Y, Stegemann S, Agrawal S, Karcher D, Ruf S, Bock R. Horizontal Transfer of a Synthetic Metabolic Pathway between Plant Species. Curr Biol 2017; 27:3034-3041.e3. [PMID: 28943084 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transgene expression from the plastid (chloroplast) genome provides unique advantages, including high levels of foreign protein accumulation, convenient transgene stacking in operons, and increased biosafety due to exclusion of plastids from pollen transmission [1, 2]. However, applications in biotechnology and synthetic biology are severely restricted by the very small number of plant species whose plastid genomes currently can be transformed [3, 4]. Here we report a simple method for the introduction of useful plastid transgenes into non-transformable species. The transgenes tested comprised a synthetic operon encoding three components of a biosynthetic pathway for producing the high-value ketocarotenoid astaxanthin in the plastids of the cigarette tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum. Transplastomic N. tabacum plants accumulated astaxanthin to up to 1% of the plants' dry weight. We then used grafting, a procedure recently shown to facilitate horizontal genome transfer between plants [5-7], to let the transgenic chloroplast genome move across the graft junction from N. tabacum plants into plants of the nicotine-free tree species Nicotiana glauca. Transplastomic N. glauca trees expressing the synthetic pathway were recovered at high frequency, thus providing a straightforward method for extension of the transplastomic technology to new species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Lu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Sandra Stegemann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Shreya Agrawal
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Daniel Karcher
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ruf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bock R. Witnessing Genome Evolution: Experimental Reconstruction of Endosymbiotic and Horizontal Gene Transfer. Annu Rev Genet 2017; 51:1-22. [PMID: 28846455 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120215-035329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Present day mitochondria and plastids (chloroplasts) evolved from formerly free-living bacteria that were acquired through endosymbiosis more than a billion years ago. Conversion of the bacterial endosymbionts into cell organelles involved the massive translocation of genetic material from the organellar genomes to the nucleus. The development of transformation technologies for organellar genomes has made it possible to reconstruct this endosymbiotic gene transfer in laboratory experiments and study the mechanisms involved. Recently, the horizontal transfer of genetic information between organisms has also become amenable to experimental investigation. It led to the discovery of horizontal genome transfer as an asexual process generating new species and new combinations of nuclear and organellar genomes. This review describes experimental approaches towards studying endosymbiotic and horizontal gene transfer processes, discusses the new knowledge gained from these approaches about both the evolutionary significance of gene transfer and the underlying molecular mechanisms, and highlights exciting possibilities to exploit gene and genome transfer in biotechnology and synthetic biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Iswanto ABB, Kim JY. Lipid Raft, Regulator of Plasmodesmal Callose Homeostasis. PLANTS 2017; 6:plants6020015. [PMID: 28368351 PMCID: PMC5489787 DOI: 10.3390/plants6020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: The specialized plasma membrane microdomains known as lipid rafts are enriched by sterols and sphingolipids. Lipid rafts facilitate cellular signal transduction by controlling the assembly of signaling molecules and membrane protein trafficking. Another specialized compartment of plant cells, the plasmodesmata (PD), which regulates the symplasmic intercellular movement of certain molecules between adjacent cells, also contains a phospholipid bilayer membrane. The dynamic permeability of plasmodesmata (PDs) is highly controlled by plasmodesmata callose (PDC), which is synthesized by callose synthases (CalS) and degraded by β-1,3-glucanases (BGs). In recent studies, remarkable observations regarding the correlation between lipid raft formation and symplasmic intracellular trafficking have been reported, and the PDC has been suggested to be the regulator of the size exclusion limit of PDs. It has been suggested that the alteration of lipid raft substances impairs PDC homeostasis, subsequently affecting PD functions. In this review, we discuss the substantial role of membrane lipid rafts in PDC homeostasis and provide avenues for understanding the fundamental behavior of the lipid raft-processed PDC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mursalimov S, Sidorchuk Y, Deineko E. Analysis of cytomixis in tobacco microsporocytes with confocal laser scanning microscopy. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:539-545. [PMID: 27072984 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0973-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Confocal laser scanning microscopy for the first time is used to examine the structure of the tobacco microsporocytes involved in the intercellular migration of nuclei (cytomixis). As is observed, the cytomictic channels are distributed over the surface of tobacco microsporocytes in a non-random manner and their number depends on the meiotic stage. Analysis of non-squash cells demonstrates the differences in cytological patterns of cytomixis in a normal meiosis of control tobacco plants (SR1 line) and the abnormal meiosis of polyploids. As a rule, two to three adjacent cells are involved in cytomixis during meiosis of control tobacco plants; after cytomixis, several micronuclei are formed in recipient cells; cytoplasts (enucleated cells) are rare; and polyads are undetectable. In the meiosis of polyploids, cytomixis is massive, with a larger number of cells (sometimes, over ten) involved in nuclear migration simultaneously; recipient cells on completion of cytomixis develop tens of micronuclei; cytoplasts and polyads are frequently detectable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Mursalimov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation.
| | - Yuri Sidorchuk
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Deineko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Melnyk CW. Plant grafting: insights into tissue regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 4:3-14. [PMID: 28316790 PMCID: PMC5350079 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
For millennia, people have cut and joined different plants together through a process known as grafting. The severed tissues adhere, the cells divide and the vasculature differentiates through a remarkable process of regeneration between two genetically distinct organisms as they become one. Grafting is becoming increasingly important in horticulture where it provides an efficient means for asexual propagation. Grafting also combines desirable roots and shoots to generate chimeras that are more vigorous, more pathogen resistant and more abiotic stress resistant. Thus, it presents an elegant and efficient way to improve plant productivity in vegetables and trees using traditional techniques. Despite this horticultural importance, we are only beginning to understand how plants regenerate tissues at the graft junction. By understanding grafting better, we can shed light on fundamental regeneration pathways and the basis for self/non‐self recognition. We can also better understand why many plants efficiently graft whereas others cannot, with the goal of improving grafting so as to broaden the range of grafted plants to create even more desirable chimeras. Here, I review the latest findings describing how plants graft and provide insight into future directions in this emerging field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Melnyk
- The Sainsbury Laboratory University of Cambridge Bateman Street Cambridge CB2 1LR United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ahmad N, Michoux F, Lössl AG, Nixon PJ. Challenges and perspectives in commercializing plastid transformation technology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5945-5960. [PMID: 27697788 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plastid transformation has emerged as an alternative platform to generate transgenic plants. Attractive features of this technology include specific integration of transgenes-either individually or as operons-into the plastid genome through homologous recombination, the potential for high-level protein expression, and transgene containment because of the maternal inheritance of plastids. Several issues associated with nuclear transformation such as gene silencing, variable gene expression due to the Mendelian laws of inheritance, and epigenetic regulation have not been observed in the plastid genome. Plastid transformation has been successfully used for the production of therapeutics, vaccines, antigens, and commercial enzymes, and for engineering various agronomic traits including resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, these demonstrations have usually focused on model systems such as tobacco, and the technology per se has not yet reached the market. Technical factors limiting this technology include the lack of efficient protocols for the transformation of cereals, poor transgene expression in non-green plastids, a limited number of selection markers, and the lengthy procedures required to recover fully segregated plants. This article discusses the technology of transforming the plastid genome, the positive and negative features compared with nuclear transformation, and the current challenges that need to be addressed for successful commercialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Ahmad
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Franck Michoux
- Alkion Biopharma SAS, 4 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91058 Evry, France
| | - Andreas G Lössl
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter J Nixon
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building-Wolfson Laboratories, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The past decade has seen an explosion of research directed toward better understanding of the mechanisms of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) function during rescue and repair of injured organs and tissues. In addition to delineating cell–cell signaling and molecular controls for MSC differentiation, the field has made particular progress in defining several other mechanisms through which administered MSCs can promote tissue rescue/repair. These include: 1) paracrine activity that involves secretion of proteins/peptides and hormones; 2) transfer of mitochondria by way of tunneling nanotubes or microvesicles; and 3) transfer of exosomes or microvesicles containing RNA and other molecules. Improved understanding of MSC function holds great promise for the application of cell therapy and also for the development of powerful cell-derived therapeutics for regenerative medicine. Focusing on these three mechanisms, we discuss MSC-mediated effects on immune cell responses, cell survival, and fibrosis and review recent progress with MSC-based or MSC-derived therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Spees
- University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, University of Vermont, 208 South Park Drive, Ste 2, Colchester, VT, 05446, USA.
| | - Ryang Hwa Lee
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A & M University College of Medicine, 206 Olsen Blvd., Room 228, MS1114, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Carl A Gregory
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A & M University College of Medicine, 206 Olsen Blvd., Room 228, MS1114, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cole LW. The Evolution of Per-cell Organelle Number. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:85. [PMID: 27588285 PMCID: PMC4988970 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organelles with their own distinct genomes, such as plastids and mitochondria, are found in most eukaryotic cells. As these organelles and their host cells have evolved, the partitioning of metabolic processes and the encoding of interacting gene products have created an obligate codependence. This relationship has played a role in shaping the number of organelles in cells through evolution. Factors such as stochastic evolutionary forces acting on genes involved in organelle biogenesis, organelle-nuclear gene interactions, and physical limitations may, to varying degrees, dictate the selective constraint that per-cell organelle number is under. In particular, coordination between nuclear and organellar gene expression may be important in maintaining gene product stoichiometry, which may have a significant role in constraining the evolution of this trait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Logan W Cole
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Frank MH, Chitwood DH. Plant chimeras: The good, the bad, and the 'Bizzaria'. Dev Biol 2016; 419:41-53. [PMID: 27381079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chimeras - organisms that are composed of cells of more than one genotype - captured the human imagination long before they were formally described and used in the laboratory. These organisms owe their namesake to a fire-breathing monster from Greek mythology that has the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a serpent. The first description of a non-fictional chimera dates back to the middle of the seventeenth century when the Florentine gardener Pietro Nati discovered an adventitious shoot growing from the graft junction between sour orange (Citrus aurantium) and citron (Citrus medica). This perplexing chimera that grows with sectors phenotypically resembling each of the citrus progenitors inspired discussion and wonder from the scientific community and was fittingly named the 'Bizzaria'. Initially, the 'Bizzaria' was believed to be an asexual hybrid that formed from a cellular fusion between the grafted parents; however, in-depth cellular analyses carried out centuries later demonstrated that the 'Bizzaria', along with other chimeras, owe their unique sectored appearance to a conglomeration of cells from the two donors. Since this pivotal discovery at the turn of the twentieth century, chimeras have served both as tools and as unique biological phenomena that have contributed to our understanding of plant development at the cellular, tissue, and organismal level. Rapid advancements in genome sequencing technologies have enabled the establishment of new model species with novel morphological and developmental features that enable the generation of chimeric organisms. In this review, we show that genetic mosaic and chimera studies provide a technologically simple way to delve into the organismal, genetic, and genomic inner workings underlying the development of diverse model organisms. Moreover, we discuss the unique opportunity that chimeras present to explore universal principles governing intercellular communication and the coordination of organismal biology in a heterogenomic landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret H Frank
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Rd, Saint Louis, MO 63132, United States.
| | - Daniel H Chitwood
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Rd, Saint Louis, MO 63132, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cao L, Yu N, Li J, Qi Z, Wang D, Chen L. Heritability and Reversibility of DNA Methylation Induced by in vitro Grafting between Brassica juncea and B. oleracea. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27233. [PMID: 27257143 PMCID: PMC4891673 DOI: 10.1038/srep27233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Grafting between tuber mustard and red cabbage produced a chimeric shoot apical meristem (SAM) of TTC, consisting of Layers I and II from Tuber mustard and Layer III from red Cabbage. Phenotypic variations, which mainly showed in leaf shape and SAM, were observed in selfed progenies GSn (GS = grafting-selfing, n = generations) of TTC. Here the heritability of phenotypic variation and its association with DNA methylation changes in GSn were investigated. Variation in leaf shape was found to be stably inherited to GS5, but SAM variation reverted over generations. Subsequent measurement of DNA methylation in GS1 revealed 5.29–6.59% methylation changes compared with tuber mustard (TTT), and 31.58% of these changes were stably transmitted to GS5, but the remainder reverted to the original status over generations, suggesting grafting-induced DNA methylation changes could be both heritable and reversible. Sequence analysis of differentially methylated fragments (DMFs) revealed methylation mainly changed within transposons and exon regions, which further affected the expression of genes, including flowering time- and gibberellin response-related genes. Interestingly, DMFs could match differentially expressed siRNA of GS1, GS3 and GS5, indicating that grafting-induced DNA methylation could be directed by siRNA changes. These results suggest grafting-induced DNA methylation may contribute to phenotypic variations induced by grafting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Cao
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Ningning Yu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Junxing Li
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Qi
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rustom A. The missing link: does tunnelling nanotube-based supercellularity provide a new understanding of chronic and lifestyle diseases? Open Biol 2016; 6:160057. [PMID: 27278648 PMCID: PMC4929939 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs) are increasingly recognized as central players in a multitude of cellular mechanisms and diseases. Although their existence and functions in animal organisms are still elusive, emerging evidence suggests that they are involved in developmental processes, tissue regeneration, viral infections or pathogen transfer, stem cell differentiation, immune responses as well as initiation and progression of neurodegenerative disorders and cancer (see Sisakhtnezhad & Khosravi 2015 Eur. J. Cell Biol. 94, 429-443. (doi:10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.06.010)). A broader field of vision, including their striking functional and structural resemblance with nanotube-mediated phenomena found throughout the phylogenetic tree, from plants down to bacteria, points to a universal, conserved and tightly regulated mechanism of cellular assemblies. Based on our initial definition of TNTs as open-ended channels mediating membrane continuity between connected cells (Rustom et al. 2004 Science 303, 1007-1010. (doi:10.1126/science.1093133)), it is suggested that animal tissues represent supercellular assemblies that-besides opening discrete communication pathways-balance diverse stress factors caused by pathological changes or fluctuating physiological and environmental conditions, such as oxidative stress or nutrient shortage. By combining current knowledge about nanotube formation, intercellular transfer and communication phenomena as well as associated molecular pathways, a model evolves, predicting that the linkage between reactive oxygen species, TNT-based supercellularity and the intercellular shuttling of materials will have significant impact on diverse body functions, such as cell survival, redox/metabolic homeostasis and mitochondrial heteroplasmy. It implies that TNTs are intimately linked to the physiological and pathological state of animal cells and represent a central joint element of diverse diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes or cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Rustom
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Institute of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, INF 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
We report cell-to-cell movement of mitochondria through a graft junction. Mitochondrial movement was discovered in an experiment designed to select for chloroplast transfer from Nicotiana sylvestris into Nicotiana tabacum cells. The alloplasmic N. tabacum line we used carries Nicotiana undulata cytoplasmic genomes, and its flowers are male sterile due to the foreign mitochondrial genome. Thus, rare mitochondrial DNA transfer from N. sylvestris to N. tabacum could be recognized by restoration of fertile flower anatomy. Analyses of the mitochondrial genomes revealed extensive recombination, tentatively linking male sterility to orf293, a mitochondrial gene causing homeotic conversion of anthers into petals. Demonstrating cell-to-cell movement of mitochondria reconstructs the evolutionary process of horizontal mitochondrial DNA transfer and enables modification of the mitochondrial genome by DNA transmitted from a sexually incompatible species. Conversion of anthers into petals is a visual marker that can be useful for mitochondrial transformation.
Collapse
|
32
|
Nakamura S, Hondo K, Kawara T, Okazaki Y, Saito K, Kobayashi K, Yaeno T, Yamaoka N, Nishiguchi M. Conferring high-temperature tolerance to nontransgenic tomato scions using graft transmission of RNA silencing of the fatty acid desaturase gene. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:783-790. [PMID: 26132723 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated graft transmission of high-temperature tolerance in tomato scions to nontransgenic scions from transgenic rootstocks, where the fatty acid desaturase gene (LeFAD7) was RNA-silenced. Tomato was transformed with a plasmid carrying an inverted repeat of LeFAD7 by Agrobacterium. Several transgenic lines showed the lower amounts of LeFAD7 RNA and unsaturated fatty acids, while nontransgenic control did not, and siRNA was detected in the transgenic lines, but not in control. These lines grew under conditions of high temperature, while nontransgenic control did not. Further, the nontransgenic plants were grafted onto the silenced transgenic plants. The scions showed less of the target gene RNA, and siRNA was detected. Under high-temperature conditions, these grafted plants grew, while control grafted plants did not. Thus, it was shown that high-temperature tolerance was conferred in the nontransgenic scions after grafting onto the silenced rootstocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kana Hondo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | | | - Yozo Okazaki
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Yaeno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamaoka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
D'Alelio D, Ruggiero MV. Interspecific plastidial recombination in the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2015; 51:1024-1028. [PMID: 26986997 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plastids are usually uni-parentally inherited and genetic recombination between these organelles is seldom observed. The genus Pseudo-nitzschia, a globally relevant marine diatom, features bi-parental plastid inheritance in the course of sexual reproduction. This observation inspired the recombination detection we pursued in this paper over a ~1,400-nucleotide-long region of the plastidial rbcL, a marker used in both molecular taxonomy and phylogenetic studies in diatoms. Among all the rbcL-sequences available in web-databases for Pseudo-nitzschia, 42 haplotypes were identified and grouped in five clusters by Bayesian phylogeny. Signs of hybridization were evident in four of five clusters, at both intra- and interspecific levels, suggesting that, in diatoms, (i) plastidial recombination is not absent and (ii) hybridization can play a role in speciation of Pseudo-nitzschia spp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico D'Alelio
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, I-80121, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria Ruggiero
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, I-80121, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Krause K. Grand-scale theft: kleptoplasty in parasitic plants? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:196-198. [PMID: 25795238 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The angiosperm Rafflesia lives as an obligate holoparasite in intimate contact with its hosts, vines in the genus Tetrastigma. The hosts are forced to supply the parasite with all the necessary nutrients. Novel data tentatively suggest that the thievery may happen on a larger scale and include entire organellar genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Krause
- Department for Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT/The Arctic University of Norway, Dramsvegen 201, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bock R. Engineering plastid genomes: methods, tools, and applications in basic research and biotechnology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 66:211-41. [PMID: 25494465 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-040212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The small bacterial-type genome of the plastid (chloroplast) can be engineered by genetic transformation, generating cells and plants with transgenic plastid genomes, also referred to as transplastomic plants. The transformation process relies on homologous recombination, thereby facilitating the site-specific alteration of endogenous plastid genes as well as the precisely targeted insertion of foreign genes into the plastid DNA. The technology has been used extensively to analyze chloroplast gene functions and study plastid gene expression at all levels in vivo. Over the years, a large toolbox has been assembled that is now nearly comparable to the techniques available for plant nuclear transformation and that has enabled new applications of transplastomic technology in basic and applied research. This review describes the state of the art in engineering the plastid genomes of algae and land plants (Embryophyta). It provides an overview of the existing tools for plastid genome engineering, discusses current technological limitations, and highlights selected applications that demonstrate the immense potential of chloroplast transformation in several key areas of plant biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bobik K, Burch-Smith TM. Chloroplast signaling within, between and beyond cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:781. [PMID: 26500659 PMCID: PMC4593955 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The most conspicuous function of plastids is the oxygenic photosynthesis of chloroplasts, yet plastids are super-factories that produce a plethora of compounds that are indispensable for proper plant physiology and development. Given their origins as free-living prokaryotes, it is not surprising that plastids possess their own genomes whose expression is essential to plastid function. This semi-autonomous character of plastids requires the existence of sophisticated regulatory mechanisms that provide reliable communication between them and other cellular compartments. Such intracellular signaling is necessary for coordinating whole-cell responses to constantly varying environmental cues and cellular metabolic needs. This is achieved by plastids acting as receivers and transmitters of specific signals that coordinate expression of the nuclear and plastid genomes according to particular needs. In this review we will consider the so-called retrograde signaling occurring between plastids and nuclei, and between plastids and other organelles. Another important role of the plastid we will discuss is the involvement of plastid signaling in biotic and abiotic stress that, in addition to influencing retrograde signaling, has direct effects on several cellular compartments including the cell wall. We will also review recent evidence pointing to an intriguing function of chloroplasts in regulating intercellular symplasmic transport. Finally, we consider an intriguing yet less widely known aspect of plant biology, chloroplast signaling from the perspective of the entire plant. Thus, accumulating evidence highlights that chloroplasts, with their complex signaling pathways, provide a mechanism for exquisite regulation of plant development, metabolism and responses to the environment. As chloroplast processes are targeted for engineering for improved productivity the effect of such modifications on chloroplast signaling will have to be carefully considered in order to avoid unintended consequences on plant growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tessa M. Burch-Smith
- *Correspondence: Tessa M. Burch-Smith, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, M407 Walters Life Science, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Comparative genomics of ten solanaceous plastomes. Adv Bioinformatics 2014; 2014:424873. [PMID: 25477958 PMCID: PMC4248371 DOI: 10.1155/2014/424873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Availability of complete plastid genomes of ten solanaceous species, Atropa belladonna, Capsicum annuum, Datura stramonium, Nicotiana sylvestris, Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana tomentosiformis, Nicotiana undulata, Solanum bulbocastanum, Solanum lycopersicum, and Solanum tuberosum provided us with an opportunity to conduct their in silico comparative analysis in depth. The size of complete chloroplast genomes and LSC and SSC regions of three species of Solanum is comparatively smaller than that of any other species studied till date (exception: SSC region of A. belladonna). AT content of coding regions was found to be less than noncoding regions. A duplicate copy of trnH gene in C. annuum and two alternative tRNA genes for proline in D. stramonium were observed for the first time in this analysis. Further, homology search revealed the presence of rps19 pseudogene and infA genes in A. belladonna and D. stramonium, a region identical to rps19 pseudogene in C. annum and orthologues of sprA gene in another six species. Among the eighteen intron-containing genes, 3 genes have two introns and 15 genes have one intron. The longest insertion was found in accD gene in C. annuum. Phylogenetic analysis using concatenated protein coding sequences gave two clades, one for Nicotiana species and another for Solanum, Capsicum, Atropa, and Datura.
Collapse
|
38
|
Hao J, Jia X, Yu J, Deng S. Direct visualization of horizontal gene transfer in cotton plants. J Hered 2014; 105:834-6. [PMID: 25160847 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esu052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant mitochondrial and chloroplast genes that underwent horizontal transfer have been identified by parasite and grafting systems, respectively. Here, we directly observed 3 horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events in the 45 second axillary shoots of grafted cotton plants (Gossypium barbadense and Gossypium hirsutum) after extirpating the first axillary bud. The second axillary shoots showed phenotypic variations in cotton flowers and seeds that were evidence of spontaneous development from cells in the grafting site. As the progeny segregated and did not show stable inheritance across 3 generations, inheritance of traits in our study differed from the stable heredity of HGT plants in previous studies. In those studies, plants were artificially regenerated from the graft junctions, and inheritance involved only the movement of chloroplast DNA or genomic material between cells. Our findings may provide a feasible method to enhance plant breeding and the study of HGT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Hao
- From the Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China of Agriculture Ministry, Plant Protection Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China (Hao); the Zhengzhou Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China (Jia); the Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, China (Yu); and the Henan Seed Management Station, Zhengzhou 450047, China (Deng).
| | - Xinhe Jia
- From the Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China of Agriculture Ministry, Plant Protection Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China (Hao); the Zhengzhou Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China (Jia); the Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, China (Yu); and the Henan Seed Management Station, Zhengzhou 450047, China (Deng)
| | - Jiwen Yu
- From the Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China of Agriculture Ministry, Plant Protection Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China (Hao); the Zhengzhou Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China (Jia); the Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, China (Yu); and the Henan Seed Management Station, Zhengzhou 450047, China (Deng)
| | - Shizheng Deng
- From the Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China of Agriculture Ministry, Plant Protection Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China (Hao); the Zhengzhou Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China (Jia); the Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, China (Yu); and the Henan Seed Management Station, Zhengzhou 450047, China (Deng).
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fuentes I, Stegemann S, Golczyk H, Karcher D, Bock R. Horizontal genome transfer as an asexual path to the formation of new species. Nature 2014; 511:232-5. [PMID: 24909992 DOI: 10.1038/nature13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Allopolyploidization, the combination of the genomes from two different species, has been a major source of evolutionary innovation and a driver of speciation and environmental adaptation. In plants, it has also contributed greatly to crop domestication, as the superior properties of many modern crop plants were conferred by ancient allopolyploidization events. It is generally thought that allopolyploidization occurred through hybridization events between species, accompanied or followed by genome duplication. Although many allopolyploids arose from closely related species (congeners), there are also allopolyploid species that were formed from more distantly related progenitor species belonging to different genera or even different tribes. Here we have examined the possibility that allopolyploidization can also occur by asexual mechanisms. We show that upon grafting--a mechanism of plant-plant interaction that is widespread in nature--entire nuclear genomes can be transferred between plant cells. We provide direct evidence for this process resulting in speciation by creating a new allopolyploid plant species from a herbaceous species and a woody species in the nightshade family. The new species is fertile and produces fertile progeny. Our data highlight natural grafting as a potential asexual mechanism of speciation and also provide a method for the generation of novel allopolyploid crop species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacia Fuentes
- 1] Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany [2]
| | - Sandra Stegemann
- 1] Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany [2]
| | - Hieronim Golczyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynow 1I, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Daniel Karcher
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gurdon C, Maliga P. Two distinct plastid genome configurations and unprecedented intraspecies length variation in the accD coding region in Medicago truncatula. DNA Res 2014; 21:417-27. [PMID: 24644300 PMCID: PMC4131835 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsu007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We fully sequenced four and partially sequenced six additional plastid genomes of the model legume Medicago truncatula. Three accessions, Jemalong 2HA, Borung and Paraggio, belong to ssp. truncatula, and R108 to ssp. tricycla. We report here that the R108 ptDNA has a ∼45-kb inversion compared with the ptDNA in ssp. truncatula, mediated by a short, imperfect repeat. DNA gel blot analyses of seven additional ssp. tricycla accessions detected only one of the two alternative genome arrangements, represented by three and four accessions each. Furthermore, we found a variable number of repeats in the essential accD and ycf1 coding regions. The repeats within accD are recombinationally active, yielding variable-length insertions and deletions in the central part of the coding region. The length of ACCD was distinct in each of the 10 sequenced ecotypes, ranging between 650 and 796 amino acids. The repeats in the ycf1 coding region are also recombinationally active, yielding short indels in 10 regions of the reading frames. Thus, the plastid genome variability we report here could be linked to repeat-mediated genome rearrangements. However, the rate of recombination was sufficiently low, so that no heterogeneity of ptDNA could be observed in populations maintained by single-seed descent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Csanad Gurdon
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 190 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
| | - Pal Maliga
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 190 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jarvis P, López-Juez E. Biogenesis and homeostasis of chloroplasts and other plastids. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 14:787-802. [PMID: 24263360 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are the organelles that define plants, and they are responsible for photosynthesis as well as numerous other functions. They are the ancestral members of a family of organelles known as plastids. Plastids are remarkably dynamic, existing in strikingly different forms that interconvert in response to developmental or environmental cues. The genetic system of this organelle and its coordination with the nucleocytosolic system, the import and routing of nucleus-encoded proteins, as well as organellar division all contribute to the biogenesis and homeostasis of plastids. They are controlled by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which is part of a network of regulatory mechanisms that integrate plastid development into broader programmes of cellular and organismal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Jarvis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Demchenko KN, Voitsekhovskaja OV, Pawlowski K. Plasmodesmata without callose and calreticulin in higher plants - open channels for fast symplastic transport? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:74. [PMID: 24634671 PMCID: PMC3943419 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) represent membrane-lined channels that link adjacent plant cells across the cell wall. PD of higher plants contain a central tube of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) called desmotubule. Membrane and lumen proteins seem to be able to move through the desmotubule, but most transport processes through PD occur through the cytoplasmic annulus (Brunkard etal., 2013). Calreticulin (CRT), a highly conserved Ca(2+)-binding protein found in all multicellular eukaryotes, predominantly located in the ER, was shown to localize to PD, though not all PD accumulate CRT. In nitrogen-fixing actinorhizal root nodules of the Australian tree Casuarina glauca, the primary walls of infected cells containing the microsymbiont become lignified upon infection. TEM analysis of these nodules showed that during the differentiation of infected cells, PD connecting infected cells, and connecting infected and adjacent uninfected cells, were reduced in number as well as diameter (Schubert etal., 2013). In contrast with PD connecting young infected cells, and most PD connecting mature infected and adjacent uninfected cells, PD connecting mature infected cells did not accumulate CRT. Furthermore, as shown here, these PD were not associated with callose, and based on their diameter, they probably had lost their desmotubules. We speculate that either this is a slow path to PD degradation, or that the loss of callose accumulation and presumably also desmotubules leads to the PD becoming open channels and improves metabolite exchange between cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill N. Demchenko
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of SciencesSt. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Katharina Pawlowski
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Katharina Pawlowski, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Lilla Frescati, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ueki S, Citovsky V. Plasmodesmata-associated proteins: can we see the whole elephant? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e27899. [PMID: 24518352 PMCID: PMC4091224 DOI: 10.4161/psb.27899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Encased in rigid cell walls, plant cells have evolved unique channel structures, plasmodesma (Pd), to create a pathway for molecular exchange between adjacent cells. Pd are basically cytoplasmic channels through the cell wall, which are lined by plasma membrane, and contain a modified strand of ER that spans them. These structures provide cytoplasmic and membrane continuity between connected cells, and that continuity is utilized for short and long distance molecular trafficking. Pd sphincters, made from constricting the Pd openings by outer layers of callose, together with the ER strand that occludes the Pd lumen set the upper limit for the size of molecules that can freely diffuse through the cytoplasmic component of the Pd channel. This limit, called the size exclusion limit (SEL), is a major factor that restricts macromolecular transport through Pd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Ueki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources; Okayama University; Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama Japan
- Correspondence to: Shoko Ueki,
| | - Vitaly Citovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; State University of New York; Stony Brook, NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gao C, Ren X, Mason AS, Liu H, Xiao M, Li J, Fu D. Horizontal gene transfer in plants. Funct Integr Genomics 2013; 14:23-9. [PMID: 24132513 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-013-0345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) describes the transmission of genetic material across species boundaries. HGT often occurs in microbic and eukaryotic genomes. However, the pathways by which HGTs occur in multicellular eukaryotes, especially in plants, are not well understood. We systematically summarized more than ten possible pathways for HGT. The intimate contact which frequently occurs in parasitism, symbiosis, pathogen, epiphyte, entophyte, and grafting interactions could promote HGTs between two species. Besides these direct transfer methods, genes can be exchanged with a vector as a bridge: possible vectors include pollen, fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids, plasmids, transposons, and insects. HGT, especially when involving horizontal transfer of transposable elements, is recognized as a significant force propelling genomic variation and biological innovation, playing an important functional and evolutionary role in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. We proposed possible mechanisms by which HGTs can occur, which is useful in understanding the genetic information exchange among distant species or distant cellular components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caihua Gao
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mursalimov SR, Sidorchuk YV, Deineko EV. New insights into cytomixis: specific cellular features and prevalence in higher plants. PLANTA 2013; 238:415-423. [PMID: 23775439 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of intercellular migration of nuclei in plant tissues (cytomixis) was discovered over a century ago, which has been followed by numerous attempts to clarify the essence of this process as well as to determine its causes and consequences. Most attention of researchers has been paid to cytomixis in microsporogenesis, since the transfer of part of genetic material between microsporocytes may influence the ploidy level of the produced pollen and, presumably, have an evolutionary significance. This review compiles the data on cytological pattern of cytomixis and proposes a scheme as to how cytomictic channels are formed and function in angiosperms. The prevalence of cytomixis in different plant taxa is analyzed using the published data. The causes, mechanisms, and consequences of the nuclear migration between cells in plant tissues are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey R Mursalimov
- Laboratory of Plant Bioengineering, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrentieva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bock R. Genetic engineering of the chloroplast: novel tools and new applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 26:7-13. [PMID: 24679252 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The plastid genome represents an attractive target of genetic engineering in crop plants. Plastid transgenes often give high expression levels, can be stacked in operons and are largely excluded from pollen transmission. Recent research has greatly expanded our toolbox for plastid genome engineering and many new proof-of-principle applications have highlighted the enormous potential of the transplastomic technology in both crop improvement and the development of plants as bioreactors for the sustainable and cost-effective production of biopharmaceuticals, enzymes and raw materials for the chemical industry. This review describes recent technological advances with plastid transformation in seed plants. It focuses on novel tools for plastid genome engineering and transgene expression and summarizes progress with harnessing the potential of plastid transformation in biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Baluška F, Mancuso S. Microorganism and filamentous fungi drive evolution of plant synapses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:44. [PMID: 23967407 PMCID: PMC3744040 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of plant evolution, there is an obvious trend toward an increased complexity of plant bodies, as well as an increased sophistication of plant behavior and communication. Phenotypic plasticity of plants is based on the polar auxin transport machinery that is directly linked with plant sensory systems impinging on plant behavior and adaptive responses. Similar to the emergence and evolution of eukaryotic cells, evolution of land plants was also shaped and driven by infective and symbiotic microorganisms. These microorganisms are the driving force behind the evolution of plant synapses and other neuronal aspects of higher plants; this is especially pronounced in the root apices. Plant synapses allow synaptic cell–cell communication and coordination in plants, as well as sensory-motor integration in root apices searching for water and mineral nutrition. These neuronal aspects of higher plants are closely linked with their unique ability to adapt to environmental changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- František Baluška
- IZMB, Department of Plant Cell Biology, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wu R, Wang X, Lin Y, Ma Y, Liu G, Yu X, Zhong S, Liu B. Inter-species grafting caused extensive and heritable alterations of DNA methylation in Solanaceae plants. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61995. [PMID: 23614002 PMCID: PMC3628911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grafting has been extensively used to enhance the performance of horticultural crops. Since Charles Darwin coined the term "graft hybrid" meaning that asexual combination of different plant species may generate products that are genetically distinct, highly discrepant opinions exist supporting or against the concept. Recent studies have documented that grafting enables exchanges of both RNA and DNA molecules between the grafting partners, thus providing a molecular basis for grafting-induced genetic variation. DNA methylation is known as prone to alterations as a result of perturbation of internal and external conditions. Given characteristics of grafting, it is interesting to test whether the process may cause an alteration of this epigenetic marker in the grafted organismal products. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We analyzed relative global DNA methylation levels and locus-specific methylation patterns by the MSAP marker and locus-specific bisulfite-sequencing in the seed plants (wild-type controls), self- and hetero-grafted scions/rootstocks, selfed progenies of scions and their seed-plant controls, involving three Solanaceae species. We quantified expression of putative genes involved in establishing and/or maintaining DNA methylation by q-(RT)-PCR. We found that (1) hetero-grafting caused extensive alteration of DNA methylation patterns in a locus-specific manner, especially in scions, although relative methylation levels remain largely unaltered; (2) the altered methylation patterns in the hetero-grafting-derived scions could be inherited to sexual progenies with some sites showing further alterations or revisions; (3) hetero-grafting caused dynamic changes in steady-state transcript abundance of genes encoding for a set of enzymes functionally relevant to DNA methylation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrate that inter-species grafting in plants could produce extensive and heritable alterations in DNA methylation. We suggest that these readily altered, yet heritable, epigenetic modifications due to interspecies hetero-grafting may shed one facet of insight into the molecular underpinnings for the still contentious concept of graft hybrid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaoran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Jilin Academy of Vegetables and Flowers, Changchun Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yiqiao Ma
- Jilin Academy of Vegetables and Flowers, Changchun Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Silin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Bao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Pyke KA. Divide and shape: an endosymbiont in action. PLANTA 2013; 237:381-7. [PMID: 22910876 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The endosymbiotic evolution of the plastid within the host cell required development of a mechanism for efficient division of the plastid. Whilst a model for the mechanism of chloroplast division has been constructed, little is known of how other types of plastids divide, especially the proplastid, the progenitor of all plastid types in the cell. It has become clear that plastid shape is highly heterogeneous and dynamic, especially stromules. This article considers how such variation in morphology might be controlled and how such plastids might divide efficiently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Pyke
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Greiner S, Bock R. Tuning a ménage à trois: Co-evolution and co-adaptation of nuclear and organellar genomes in plants. Bioessays 2013; 35:354-65. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|