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Jordan C, Siebold K, Priegue P, Seeberger PH, Gilmour R. A Fluorinated Sialic Acid Vaccine Lead Against Meningitis B and C. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15366-15375. [PMID: 38768956 PMCID: PMC11157539 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by the specificity of α-(2,9)-sialyl epitopes in bacterial capsular polysaccharides (CPS), a doubly fluorinated disaccharide has been validated as a vaccine lead against Neisseria meningitidis serogroups C and/or B. Emulating the importance of fluorine in drug discovery, this molecular editing approach serves a multitude of purposes, which range from controlling α-selective chemical sialylation to mitigating competing elimination. Conjugation of the disialoside with two carrier proteins (CRM197 and PorA) enabled a semisynthetic vaccine to be generated; this was then investigated in six groups of six mice. The individual levels of antibodies formed were compared and classified as highly glycan-specific and protective. All glycoconjugates induced a stable and long-term IgG response and binding to the native CPS epitope was achieved. The generated antibodies were protective against MenC and/or MenB; this was validated in vitro by SBA and OPKA assays. By merging the fluorinated glycan epitope of MenC with an outer cell membrane protein of MenB, a bivalent vaccine against both serogroups was created. It is envisaged that validation of this synthetic, fluorinated disialoside bioisostere as a potent antigen will open new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Jordan
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Kathrin Siebold
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Patricia Priegue
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute
for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Freie
Universität Berlin, Institute of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute
for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Freie
Universität Berlin, Institute of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
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2
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Zhang D, Xu S, Wang Y, Zhu G. The Potentials of Melatonin in the Prevention and Treatment of Bacterial Meningitis Disease. Molecules 2021; 26:1419. [PMID: 33808027 PMCID: PMC7961363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis (BM) is an acute infectious central nervous system (CNS) disease worldwide, occurring with 50% of the survivors left with a long-term serious sequela. Acute bacterial meningitis is more prevalent in resource-poor than resource-rich areas. The pathogenesis of BM involves complex mechanisms that are related to bacterial survival and multiplication in the bloodstream, increased permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB), oxidative stress, and excessive inflammatory response in CNS. Considering drug-resistant bacteria increases the difficulty of meningitis treatment and the vaccine also has been limited to several serotypes, and the morbidity rate of BM still is very high. With recent development in neurology, there is promising progress for drug supplements of effectively preventing and treating BM. Several in vivo and in vitro studies have elaborated on understanding the significant mechanism of melatonin on BM. Melatonin is mainly secreted in the pineal gland and can cross the BBB. Melatonin and its metabolite have been reported as effective antioxidants and anti-inflammation, which are potentially useful as prevention and treatment therapy of BM. In bacterial meningitis, melatonin can play multiple protection effects in BM through various mechanisms, including immune response, antibacterial ability, the protection of BBB integrity, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammation, signaling pathways, and gut microbiome. This manuscript summarizes the major neuroprotective mechanisms of melatonin and explores the potential prevention and treatment approaches aimed at reducing morbidity and alleviating nerve injury of BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shu Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yiting Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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3
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Mannheimia haemolytica in bovine respiratory disease: immunogens, potential immunogens, and vaccines. Anim Health Res Rev 2019; 19:79-99. [PMID: 30683173 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252318000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mannheimia haemolytica is the major cause of severe pneumonia in bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Early M. haemolytica bacterins were either ineffective or even enhanced disease in vaccinated cattle, which led to studies of the bacterium's virulence factors and potential immunogens to determine ways to improve vaccines. Studies have focused on the capsule, lipopolysaccharide, various adhesins, extracellular enzymes, outer membrane proteins, and leukotoxin (LKT) resulting in a strong database for understanding immune responses to the bacterium and production of more efficacious vaccines. The importance of immunity to LKT and to surface antigens in stimulating immunity led to studies of individual native or recombinant antigens, bacterial extracts, live-attenuated or mutant organisms, culture supernatants, combined bacterin-toxoids, outer membrane vesicles, and bacterial ghosts. Efficacy of several of these potential vaccines can be shown following experimental M. haemolytica challenge; however, efficacy in field trials is harder to determine due to the complexity of factors and etiologic agents involved in naturally occurring BRD. Studies of potential vaccines have led current commercial vaccines, which are composed primarily of culture supernatant, bacterin-toxoid, or live mutant bacteria. Several of those can be augmented experimentally by addition of recombinant LKT or outer membrane proteins.
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4
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Zhang T, Zhou S, Hu L, Peng B, Liu Y, Luo X, Liu X, Song Y, Deng Y. Polysialic acid-polyethylene glycol conjugate-modified liposomes as a targeted drug delivery system for epirubicin to enhance anticancer efficiency. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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5
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Norheim G, Mueller JE, Njanpop-Lafourcade BM, Delrieu I, Findlow H, Borrow R, Xie O, Nagaputra J, Ramasamy R, Dold C, Tamekloe TA, Rollier CS, Watt H, Kere AB, Næss LM, Pollard AJ. Natural immunity against capsular group X N. meningitidis following an outbreak in Togo, 2007. Vaccine 2018; 36:1297-1303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Giuntini S, Balducci E, Cerofolini L, Ravera E, Fragai M, Berti F, Luchinat C. Characterization of the Conjugation Pattern in Large Polysaccharide-Protein Conjugates by NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14997-15001. [PMID: 29024352 PMCID: PMC5813213 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-based vaccines are among the safest and most effective vaccines and represent potent tools for prevention of life-threatening bacterial infectious diseases, like meningitis and pneumonia. The chemical conjugation of a weak antigen to protein as a source of T-cell epitopes generates a glycoconjugate vaccine that results more immunogenic. Several methods have been used so far to characterize the resulting polysaccharide-protein conjugates. However, a reduced number of methodologies has been proposed for measuring the degree of saccharide conjugation at the possible protein sites. Here we show that detailed information on large proteins conjugated with large polysaccharides can be achieved by a combination of solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. As a test case, a large protein assembly, l-asparaginase II, has been conjugated with Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C capsular polysaccharide and the pattern and degree of conjugation were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Giuntini
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FlorenceVia della Lastruccia 350019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM)University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP)Via L. Sacconi 650019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Evita Balducci
- GSK VaccinesPreclinical R&DVia Fiorentina 153100SienaItaly
| | - Linda Cerofolini
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM)University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP)Via L. Sacconi 650019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FlorenceVia della Lastruccia 350019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM)University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP)Via L. Sacconi 650019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Marco Fragai
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FlorenceVia della Lastruccia 350019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM)University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP)Via L. Sacconi 650019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | | | - Claudio Luchinat
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FlorenceVia della Lastruccia 350019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM)University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP)Via L. Sacconi 650019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
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7
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Giuntini S, Balducci E, Cerofolini L, Ravera E, Fragai M, Berti F, Luchinat C. Characterization of the Conjugation Pattern in Large Polysaccharide-Protein Conjugates by NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Giuntini
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM); University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP); Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Evita Balducci
- GSK Vaccines; Preclinical R&D; Via Fiorentina 1 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Linda Cerofolini
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM); University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP); Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM); University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP); Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM); University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP); Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Francesco Berti
- GSK Vaccines; Preclinical R&D; Via Fiorentina 1 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM); University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP); Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
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8
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Azurmendi HF, Battistel MD, Zarb J, Lichaa F, Negrete Virgen A, Shiloach J, Freedberg DI. The β-reducing end in α(2-8)-polysialic acid constitutes a unique structural motif. Glycobiology 2017; 27:900-911. [PMID: 28369425 PMCID: PMC6283323 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, structural characterizations of α(2-8)-polysialic acid (polySia) in solution have produced inconclusive results. Efforts for obtaining detailed information in this important antigen have focused primarily on the α-linked residues and not on the distinctive characteristics of the terminal ones. The thermodynamically preferred anomeric configuration for the reducing end of sialic acids is β, which has the [I]CO2- group equatorial and the OH ([I]OH2) axial, while for all other residues the CO2- group is axial. We show that this purportedly minor difference has distinct consequences for the structure of α(2-8)-polySia near the reducing end, as the β configuration places the [I]OH2 in a favorable position for the formation of a hydrogen bond with the carboxylate group of the following residue ([II]CO2-). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations predicted the hydrogen bond, which we subsequently directly detected by NMR. The combination of MD and residual dipolar couplings shows that the net result for the structure of Sia2-βOH is a stable conformation with well-defined hydration and charge patterns, and consistent with experimental NOE-based hydroxyl and aliphatic inter-proton distances. Moreover, we provide evidence that this distinct conformation is preserved on Sia oligosaccharides, thus constituting a motif that determines the structure and dynamics of α(2-8)-polySia for at least the first two residues of the polymer. We suggest the hypothesis that this structural motif sheds light on a longtime puzzling observation for the requirement of 10 residues of α(2-8)-polySia in order to bind effectively to specific antibodies, about four units more than for analogous cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo F Azurmendi
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Marcos D Battistel
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Jasmin Zarb
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Flora Lichaa
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Alejandro Negrete Virgen
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Joseph Shiloach
- Biotechnology Unit, MSC 5522, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Darón I Freedberg
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
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9
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Predicted vs observed effectiveness of outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines against meningococcal serogroup B disease: Systematic review. J Infect 2017; 75:81-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Valentine JL, Chen L, Perregaux EC, Weyant KB, Rosenthal JA, Heiss C, Azadi P, Fisher AC, Putnam D, Moe GR, Merritt JH, DeLisa MP. Immunization with Outer Membrane Vesicles Displaying Designer Glycotopes Yields Class-Switched, Glycan-Specific Antibodies. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:655-65. [PMID: 27341433 PMCID: PMC5116915 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of antibodies against specific glycan epitopes poses a significant challenge due to difficulties obtaining desired glycans at sufficient quantity and purity, and the fact that glycans are usually weakly immunogenic. To address this challenge, we leveraged the potent immunostimulatory activity of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) to deliver designer glycan epitopes to the immune system. This approach involved heterologous expression of two clinically important glycans, namely polysialic acid (PSA) and Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (T antigen) in hypervesiculating strains of non-pathogenic Escherichia coli. The resulting glycOMVs displayed structural mimics of PSA or T antigen on their surfaces, and induced high titers of glycan-specific IgG antibodies following immunization in mice. In the case of PSA glycOMVs, serum antibodies potently killed Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MenB), whose outer capsule is PSA, in a serum bactericidal assay. These findings demonstrate the potential of glycOMVs for inducing class-switched, humoral immune responses against glycan antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Valentine
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Linxiao Chen
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Emily C Perregaux
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kevin B Weyant
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Joseph A Rosenthal
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Christian Heiss
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Adam C Fisher
- Glycobia Inc., 33 Thornwood Drive, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - David Putnam
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gregory R Moe
- Centers for Cancer and Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | | | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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11
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Brendish NJ, Read RC. Neisseria meningitidisserogroup B bivalent factor H binding protein vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:493-503. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1015997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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12
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Park IH, Lin J, Choi JE, Shin JS. Characterization of Escherichia coli K1 colominic acid-specific murine antibodies that are cross-protective against Neisseria meningitidis groups B, C, and Y. Mol Immunol 2014; 59:142-53. [PMID: 24603121 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The capsular polysaccharide (PS) of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (NMGB) is α(2-8)-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), which is almost identical to the O-acetylated colominic acid (CA) of Escherichia coli K1 Although E. coli K1 has long been known to elicit cross-protective antibodies against NMGB, limited information on these highly cross-reactive antibodies is available. In the present study, six new monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to both E. coli K1 CA and NMGB PS were produced by immunizing Balb/c mice with E. coli K1, and their serological and molecular properties were characterized, together with 12 previously reported hybridoma mAbs. Among the bactericidal mAbs against NMGB, both HmenB5 and HmenB18, which are genetically identical though of different mouse origins, were able to kill serogroup C and Y meningococci. Based on SPR sensograms, the binding affinity of HmenB18 for PS was suggested to be associated with at least two different binding forces: the polyanionicity of Neu5Ac and an interaction with the O-acetyl groups of Neu5Ac. Molecular analysis showed that similar to most mAbs presenting a few restricted V region germline genes, the V region genes of HmenB18 were 979% and 986% identical to the closest IGHV1-1401 and IGLV15-10301 germline gene alleles, respectively, and V-D-J editing in this mAb generated an unusually long VH-CDR3 sequence (17 amino acid residues), containing one basic arginine, two hydrophobic isoleucine residues and a 'YAMDY' motif. Models of the mAb combining sites demonstrate that most of the mAbs exhibited a wide, shallow groove with a high overall positive charge, as seen in mAb735, which is specific for a polyanionic helical epitope. In contrast, the combining site of HmenB18 was shown to be wide but to present a relatively weak positive charge, consistent with the extensive recognition by HmenB18 of the various structural epitopes formed with the Neu5Ac residue and its O-acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Ho Park
- Ewha Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisheng Lin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Division of Laboratory Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Ji Eun Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 156-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeon-Soo Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea; Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Shea MW. The Long Road to an Effective Vaccine for Meningococcus Group B (MenB). Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2013; 2:53-6. [PMID: 25628885 PMCID: PMC4306095 DOI: 10.1016/s2049-0801(13)70037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis infection can cause life-threatening meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia. Over the past 40 years, vaccines against most of the main meningococcal serogroups have offered increasingly good protection from disease, with one major exception in the developed world: serogroup B meningococcus (MenB). In the United States, MenB accounts for about a quarter of cases of meningococcal meningitis, with the bulk of the rest caused by meningococcus serogroups C (MenC) and Y (MenY). In the UK, where a vaccine against MenC is widely used, MenB is now responsible for nearly 90% of cases of invasive meningococcal disease. Recent attempts to create a universal MenB vaccine have been thwarted by the variability of the surface proteins of MenB and by the similarity of the MenB capsule to human glycoproteins. This review discusses current meningococcal vaccine strategies and their limitations with regard to MenB, and examines a promising new strategy for the rational design of a MenB vaccine. Thanks to a fusion of a rational reverse genetics approach and a membrane vesicle approach, a MenB vaccine, 4CMenB (Bexsero(®)), has finally gained regulatory approval in Europe and could be in clinical use by the end of 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Shea
- St. Hugh's College, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6LE, UK
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14
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Bettinger JA, Deeks SL, Halperin SA, Tsang R, Scheifele DW. Controlling serogroup B invasive meningococcal disease: the Canadian perspective. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:505-17. [PMID: 23659299 DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With publically funded meningococcal immunization programs established in infants, children and adolescents, Canada is at the forefront of invasive meningococcal disease prevention. The advent of two new serogroup B vaccines that may protect against multiple disease-causing strains offers the potential to reduce endemic disease to very low levels in Canada. Canada likely will be one of the first countries with approval to use recombinant serogroup B vaccine. However, inclusion of these new vaccines into public immunization programs will be decided at the provincial/territorial level, rather than nationally, and may result initially in different immunization schedules throughout the country as we have seen with conjugate meningococcal vaccines. Such heterogeneous use and adoption of new vaccines complicates disease control, but may assist in evaluation of effectiveness. Minimally, it requires regionally specific information. In this article, the authors provide an overview of the Canadian epidemiology, serogroup B vaccine characteristics, potential strain coverage, immunization strategies and remaining postmarketing research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Bettinger
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital and the University of British Columbia, A5-950 West 28th Street, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.
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15
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Settem RP, Honma K, Stafford GP, Sharma A. Protein-linked glycans in periodontal bacteria: prevalence and role at the immune interface. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:310. [PMID: 24146665 PMCID: PMC3797959 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein modification with complex glycans is increasingly being recognized in many pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria, and is now thought to be central to the successful life-style of those species in their respective hosts. This review aims to convey current knowledge on the extent of protein glycosylation in periodontal pathogenic bacteria and its role in the modulation of the host immune responses. The available data show that surface glycans of periodontal bacteria orchestrate dendritic cell cytokine responses to drive T cell immunity in ways that facilitate bacterial persistence in the host and induce periodontal inflammation. In addition, surface glycans may help certain periodontal bacteria protect against serum complement attack or help them escape immune detection through glycomimicry. In this review we will focus mainly on the generalized surface-layer protein glycosylation system of the periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia in shaping innate and adaptive host immunity in the context of periodontal disease. In addition, we will also review the current state of knowledge of surface protein glycosylation and its potential for immune modulation in other periodontal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra P Settem
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York Buffalo, NY, USA
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16
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Willis LM, Whitfield C. Structure, biosynthesis, and function of bacterial capsular polysaccharides synthesized by ABC transporter-dependent pathways. Carbohydr Res 2013; 378:35-44. [PMID: 23746650 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial capsules are formed primarily from long-chain polysaccharides with repeat-unit structures. A given bacterial species can produce a range of capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) with different structures and these help distinguish isolates by serotyping, as is the case with Escherichia coli K antigens. Capsules are important virulence factors for many pathogens and this review focuses on CPSs synthesized via ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter-dependent processes in Gram-negative bacteria. Bacteria utilizing this pathway are often associated with urinary tract infections, septicemia, and meningitis, and E. coli and Neisseria meningitidis provide well-studied examples. CPSs from ABC transporter-dependent pathways are synthesized at the cytoplasmic face of the inner membrane through the concerted action of glycosyltransferases before being exported across the inner membrane and translocated to the cell surface. A hallmark of these CPSs is a conserved reducing terminal glycolipid composed of phosphatidylglycerol and a poly-3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) linker. Recent discovery of the structure of this conserved lipid terminus provides new insights into the early steps in CPS biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Willis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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17
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Yuan B, Cheng A, Wang M. Polysaccharide export outer membrane proteins in Gram-negative bacteria. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:525-35. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide export outer membrane proteins of Gram-negative bacteria are involved in the export of polysaccharides across the outer membrane. The mechanisms of polysaccharide export across the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria are not yet completely clear. However, the mechanisms of polysaccharide assembly in Escherichia coli have been intensively investigated. Here, we mainly review the current understanding of the assembly mechanisms of group 1 capsular polysaccharide, group 2 capsular polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide of E. coli, and the current structures and interactions of some polysaccharide export outer membrane proteins with other proteins involved in polysaccharide export in Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, LptD may be targeted by peptidomimetic antibiotics in Gram-negative bacteria. We also give insights into the directions of future research regarding the mechanisms of polysaccharide export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yuan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, 46 Xinkang Road, Ya’an, Sichuan 625014, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, 46 Xinkang Road, Ya’an, Sichuan 625014, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu city, Sichuan 611130, China
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18
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Woods CR. False-Positive Results for Immunoglobulin M Serologic Results: Explanations and Examples. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2013; 2:87-90. [PMID: 26619450 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/pis133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Woods
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Kentucky
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19
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Jamieson FB, Rawte P, Deeks SL, Zhou J, Law DKS, Deng S, Tsang RSW. Genetic and antigenic characterization of invasive endemic serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis from Ontario, Canada, in 2001-2010. J Med Microbiol 2012; 62:46-55. [PMID: 23038803 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.050369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the antigenic and genetic diversity of serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis (MenB) recovered from invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) cases in Ontario, Canada, over the period 2001-2010 during which no MenB outbreaks had occurred. MenB was found to be responsible for 39 % of all IMD cases, with the remaining cases caused mainly by serogroups Y (28 %), C (23.5 %) and W135 (8 %). One hundred and ninety-three individual MenB case isolates were collected and characterized. Of the 88 sequence types (STs) identified, 75 were grouped into 14 known clonal complexes (CCs), whilst 13 STs were not assigned to any known CC. Fifty-seven different PorA genotypes and 88 STs defined the diversity of invasive MenB in Ontario, which supported the endemic nature of MenB disease in Ontario. Despite the presence of the hypervirulent ST-41/44 and ST-32 CCs, no single ST was predominant and responsible for a large number of IMD cases. Although the Québec outbreak clone of ST-269 was also found in Ontario, the 20 case isolates were genetically diverse: they grouped into seven STs and did not have a predominant PorA genotype. eburst analysis identified a new CC responsible for 14.5 % of the MenB case isolates. The six most common PorA variable region 2 (VR2) genotypes (VR2-9, -4, -14, -16, -13-1 and -16-3) were found in 67 % of invasive MenB isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances B Jamieson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prasad Rawte
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shelley L Deeks
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Surveillance and Epidemiology, Public Health Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dennis K S Law
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Saul Deng
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Raymond S W Tsang
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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The new multicomponent vaccine against meningococcal serogroup B, 4CMenB: immunological, functional and structural characterization of the antigens. Vaccine 2012; 30 Suppl 2:B87-97. [PMID: 22607904 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is a major cause of endemic cases and epidemics of meningitis and devastating septicemia. Although effective vaccines exist for several serogroups of pathogenic N. meningitidis, conventional vaccinology approaches have failed to provide a universal solution for serogroup B (MenB) which consequently remains an important burden of disease worldwide. The advent of whole-genome sequencing changed the approach to vaccine development, enabling the identification of potential vaccine candidates starting directly with the genomic information, with a process named reverse vaccinology. The application of reverse vaccinology to MenB allowed the identification of new protein antigens able to induce bactericidal antibodies. Three highly immunogenic antigens (fHbp, NadA and NHBA) were combined with outer membrane vesicles and formulated for human use in a multicomponent vaccine, named 4CMenB. This is the first MenB vaccine based on recombinant proteins able to elicit a robust bactericidal immune response in adults, adolescents and infants against a broad range of serogroup B isolates. This review describes the successful story of the development of the 4CMenB vaccine, with particular emphasis on the functional, immunological and structural characterization of the protein antigens included in the vaccine.
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Bratcher HB, Bennett JS, Maiden MCJ. Evolutionary and genomic insights into meningococcal biology. Future Microbiol 2012; 7:873-85. [PMID: 22827308 PMCID: PMC3492750 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemic disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis, the meningococcus, has been recognized for two centuries, but remains incompletely controlled and understood. There have been dramatic reductions in serogroup A and C meningococcal disease following the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines, but there is currently no comprehensive vaccine against serogroup B meningococci. Genetic analyses of meningococcal populations have provided many insights into the biology, evolution and pathogenesis of this important pathogen. The meningococcus, and its close relative the gonococcus, are the only pathogenic members of the genus Neisseria, and the invasive propensity of meningococci varies widely, with approximately a dozen 'hyperinvasive lineages' responsible for most disease. Despite this, attempts to identify a 'pathogenome', a subset of genes associated with the invasive phenotypes, have failed; however, genome-wide studies of representative meningococcal isolates using high-throughput sequencing are beginning to provide details on the relationship of invasive phenotype and genotype in this fascinating organism and how this relationship has evolved.
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Giuntini S, Beernink PT, Reason DC, Granoff DM. Monoclonal antibodies to meningococcal factor H binding protein with overlapping epitopes and discordant functional activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34272. [PMID: 22461909 PMCID: PMC3312907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meningococcal factor H binding protein (fHbp) is a promising vaccine candidate. Anti-fHbp antibodies can bind to meningococci and elicit complement-mediated bactericidal activity directly. The antibodies also can block binding of the human complement down-regulator, factor H (fH). Without bound fH, the organism would be expected to have increased susceptibility to bacteriolysis. Here we describe bactericidal activity of two anti-fHbp mAbs with overlapping epitopes in relation to their different effects on fH binding and bactericidal activity. Methods and Principal Findings Both mAbs recognized prevalent fHbp sequence variants in variant group 1. Using yeast display and site-specific mutagenesis, binding of one of the mAbs (JAR 1, IgG3) to fHbp was eliminated by a single amino acid substitution, R204A, and was decreased by K143A but not by R204H or D142A. The JAR 1 epitope overlapped that of previously described mAb (mAb502, IgG2a) whose binding to fHbp was eliminated by R204A or R204H substitutions, and was decreased by D142A but not by K143A. Although JAR 1 and mAb502 appeared to have overlapping epitopes, only JAR 1 inhibited binding of fH to fHbp and had human complement-mediated bactericidal activity. mAb502 enhanced fH binding and lacked human complement-mediated bactericidal activity. To control for confounding effects of different mouse IgG subclasses on complement activation, we created chimeric mAbs in which the mouse mAb502 or JAR 1 paratopes were paired with human IgG1 constant regions. While both chimeric mAbs showed similar binding to fHbp, only JAR 1, which inhibited fH binding, had human complement-mediated bactericidal activity. Conclusions The lack of human complement-mediated bactericidal activity by anti-fHbp mAb502 appeared to result from an inability to inhibit binding of fH. These results underscore the importance of inhibition of fH binding for anti-fHbp mAb bactericidal activity.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibody Specificity/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Bacteriolysis/immunology
- Complement Factor H/genetics
- Complement Factor H/immunology
- Complement Factor H/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Humans
- Meningococcal Vaccines/genetics
- Meningococcal Vaccines/immunology
- Meningococcal Vaccines/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup B/immunology
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dan M. Granoff
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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