1
|
Li Y, Fan H, Ni M, Zhang W, Fang F, Sun J, Lyu P, Ma P. Targeting lncRNA NEAT1 Hampers Alzheimer's Disease Progression. Neuroscience 2023; 529:88-98. [PMID: 37286157 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNA nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (lnc-NEAT1) is closely implicated in neurological diseases, while its implication in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rarely reported. This study aimed to investigate the effect of lnc-NEAT1 knockdown on neuron injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress in AD, as well as its interaction with downstream targets and pathways. APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice were injected with negative control or lnc-NEAT1 interference lentivirus. Besides, AD cellular model was constructed by amyloid β treatment in mice primary neuron cells; then, knockdown of lnc-NEAT1 and microRNA-193a was performed alone or in combination. In vivo experiments revealed that Lnc-NEAT1 knockdown improved cognition in AD mice reflected by Morrison water maze and Y-maze assays. Besides, lnc-NEAT1 knockdown reduced injury and apoptosis, decreased inflammatory cytokine levels, repressed oxidative stress level, and activated adenosine cyclophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB)/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) pathways in hippocampi of AD mice. Notably, lnc-NEAT1 down-regulated microRNA-193a both in vitro and in vivo and acted as a decoy of microRNA-193a. In vitro experiments showed that lnc-NEAT1 knockdown decreased apoptosis and oxidative stress, improved cell viability, also activated CREB/BDNF and NRF2/NQO1 pathways in AD cellular model. Meanwhile, microRNA-193a knockdown showed the opposite effects, which also attenuated lnc-NEAT1 knockdown-mediated reduction in injury, oxidative stress, and CREB/BDNF and NRF2/NQO1 pathways of AD cellular model. In conclusion, lnc-NEAT1 knockdown reduces neuron injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress through activating microRNA-193a mediated CREB/BDNF and NRF2/NQO1 pathways in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Henan University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hua Fan
- School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Ming Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Henan University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fengqin Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Henan University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Henan University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Pin Lyu
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Henan University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Peizhi Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Henan University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen Y, Hsu C, Chen X, Zhang H, Peng W. Editorial: Regulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway: A feasible approach for natural neuroprotective agents to treat various neuron injury-related diseases. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1134989. [PMID: 36817144 PMCID: PMC9929533 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1134989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Chen
- School of Basic Medicine/School of International Education/School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Yunhui Chen, ; Wei Peng,
| | - Charles Hsu
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Xiuping Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Basic Medicine/School of International Education/School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Yunhui Chen, ; Wei Peng,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jin Y, Connors T, Bouyer J, Fischer I. Regulation of Tau Expression in Superior Cervical Ganglion (SCG) Neurons In Vivo and In Vitro. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020226. [PMID: 36672160 PMCID: PMC9856632 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) is part of the autonomic nervous system providing sympathetic innervation to the head and neck, and has been regularly used to prepare postnatal neuronal cultures for cell biological studies. We found that during development these neurons change tau expression from the low molecular weight (LMW) isoforms to Big tau, with the potential to affect functions associated with tau such as microtubule dynamic and axonal transport. Big tau contains the large 4a exon that transforms tau from LMW isoforms of 45-60 kDa to 110 kDa. We describe tau expression during postnatal development reporting that the transition from LMW tau to Big tau which started at late embryonic stages is completed by about 4-5 weeks postnatally. We confirmed the presence of Big tau in dissociated postnatal SCG neurons making them an ideal system to study the function of Big tau in neurons. We used SCG explants to examine the response of SCG neurons to lesion and found that Big tau expression returned gradually along the regrowing neurites suggesting that it does not drives regeneration, but facilitates the structure/function of mature SCG neurons. The structural/functional roles of Big tau remain unknown, but it is intriguing that neurons that express Big tau appear less vulnerable to tauopathies.
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Y, Fan H, Ni M, Zhang W, Fang F, Sun J, Lyu P, Ma P. Etanercept Reduces Neuron Injury and Neuroinflammation via Inactivating c-Jun N-terminal Kinase and Nuclear Factor-κB Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease: An In Vitro and In Vivo Investigation. Neuroscience 2021; 484:140-150. [PMID: 35058089 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation and neuron loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Meanwhile, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors present strong effect on suppressing inflammation. Thus, this study aimed to investigated the effect and molecular mechanism of etanercept (ETN) (a commonly used TNF-α inhibitor) on neuron injury and neuroinflammation in AD. AD cellular model was constructed by co-culture of primary embryonic neuron cells and microglial cells, followed by Aβ treatment. Subsequently, ETN was used to treat AD cellular model. Besides, APPswe/PS1M146V/tauP301L transgenic (AD) mice were respectively treated with saline or ETN by intravenous injection once per 3 days for 10 times. In vitro data revealed that cell viability and neurite outgrowth were increased, but apoptosis and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including TNF-α, interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6 and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2)) were decreased by ETN treatment in AD cellular model. In vivo experiments found that ETN treatment improved spatial, long-term memory (reflected by Morrison water maze) and working memory (reflected by Y maze) in AD mice. Besides, ETN treatment reduced neuron injury (reflected by Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays) and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including TNF-α, interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6 and CCL2) in AD mice. Moreover, ETN repressed the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways in AD both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, ETN exerts neuroprotective function via inactivating JNK and NF-κB pathways in AD, indicating the potential of ETN for improving AD management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Henan University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hua Fan
- School of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Ming Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Henan University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fengqin Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Henan University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Henan University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Pin Lyu
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Henan University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Peizhi Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Henan University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang D, Xu S, Wang Y, Zhu G. The Potentials of Melatonin in the Prevention and Treatment of Bacterial Meningitis Disease. Molecules 2021; 26:1419. [PMID: 33808027 PMCID: PMC7961363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis (BM) is an acute infectious central nervous system (CNS) disease worldwide, occurring with 50% of the survivors left with a long-term serious sequela. Acute bacterial meningitis is more prevalent in resource-poor than resource-rich areas. The pathogenesis of BM involves complex mechanisms that are related to bacterial survival and multiplication in the bloodstream, increased permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB), oxidative stress, and excessive inflammatory response in CNS. Considering drug-resistant bacteria increases the difficulty of meningitis treatment and the vaccine also has been limited to several serotypes, and the morbidity rate of BM still is very high. With recent development in neurology, there is promising progress for drug supplements of effectively preventing and treating BM. Several in vivo and in vitro studies have elaborated on understanding the significant mechanism of melatonin on BM. Melatonin is mainly secreted in the pineal gland and can cross the BBB. Melatonin and its metabolite have been reported as effective antioxidants and anti-inflammation, which are potentially useful as prevention and treatment therapy of BM. In bacterial meningitis, melatonin can play multiple protection effects in BM through various mechanisms, including immune response, antibacterial ability, the protection of BBB integrity, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammation, signaling pathways, and gut microbiome. This manuscript summarizes the major neuroprotective mechanisms of melatonin and explores the potential prevention and treatment approaches aimed at reducing morbidity and alleviating nerve injury of BM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shu Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yiting Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.W.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Feng H, Gui Q, Zhu W, Wu G, Dong X, Shen M, Luo H, Xue S, Cheng Q. Long-noncoding RNA Peg13 alleviates epilepsy progression in mice via the miR-490-3p/Psmd11 axis to inactivate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:7968-7981. [PMID: 33437373 PMCID: PMC7791504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy, one of the most common neurological diseases with spontaneous recurrent seizures, is a severe health problem globally. The present study aimed to study the role and upstream mechanism of 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 (Psmd11) in epilepsy. In the current paper, epileptic mice models were successfully established. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was performed to reveal morphology of hippocampal tissues. Nissl's staining was performed for detection of neuron injury. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to detect concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The expression of Psmd11 was downregulated in the hippocampal tissues of epileptic mice, and overexpression of Psmd11 improved the spatial learning and memory of epileptic mice. Further, upregulation of Psmd11 protected epileptic hippocampal neurons from injury. Moreover, Psmd11 overexpression inhibited cell apoptosis, suppressed the activities of microglia and astrocytes, as well as reduced inflammatory response in epileptic hippocampi. Psmd11 was a downstream target of miR-490-3p. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) Peg13 bound with miR-490-3p to upregulate Psmd11. Subsequently, rescue experiments revealed that Peg13 suppressed the progression of epilepsy via upregulating Psmd11. Furthermore, Psmd11 was verified to inactivate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Peg13 repressed the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via upregulation of Peg13. In conclusion, this paper illuminated the function and upstream mechanism of Psmd11 in epilepsy. Psmd11 was upregulated by Peg13 at a miR-490-3p dependent way, thus inactivating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and alleviating epilepsy course in mice, which may be a promising approach for epilepsy treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital)Suzhou 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Gui
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital)Suzhou 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital)Suzhou 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanhui Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital)Suzhou 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Dong
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital)Suzhou 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingqiang Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital)Suzhou 215002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hailong Luo
- Department of Neurology, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical UniversityMudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shouru Xue
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingzhang Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital)Suzhou 215002, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zheng YF, Zhou X, Chang D, Bhuyan DJ, Zhang JP, Yu WZ, Jiang XS, Seto SW, Yeon SY, Li J, Li CG. A novel tri-culture model for neuroinflammation. J Neurochem 2020; 156:249-261. [PMID: 32891068 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is believed to play a primary role in the pathogenesis of most neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Currently, suitable in vitro neuroinflammation models for studying cellular interactions and inflammatory mechanisms at the neurovascular unit are still scarce. In this study, we established an experimentally flexible tri-culture neuroinflammation model combining murine microglial cells (N11), mouse neuroblastoma Nuro2A cell lines and brain microvascular endothelial MVEC(B3) cells in a transwell co-culture system stimulated with lipopolysaccharides. Neuroinflammation was induced in this tri-culture model as manifested by activated N11 cells via toll-like receptor 4, resulting in increased release of proinflammatory mediators (nitric oxide, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α) through the activation of nuclear factor-κB signalling pathway. The released inflammatory cytokines from N11 in turn, damaged the tight junction in microvascular endothelial MVEC(B3) cells, increased permeability of endothelial barrier, and induced tau phosphorylation and up-regulated caspase-3 expression in mouse neuroblastoma Nuro2A cell lines, leading to neuroinflammation injury. In summary, this tri-culture inflammation model mimics the microenvironment, the cellular crosstalk and the molecular events that take place during neuroinflammation. It provides a robust in vitro model for studying neuroinflammation mechanisms and screening for potential therapeutics to treat various neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Fu Jian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fu Zhou, China.,NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Xian Zhou
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Dennis Chang
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Deep Jyoti Bhuyan
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Jie Ping Zhang
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fu Jian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fu Zhou, China
| | - Wen-Zhen Yu
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.,College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fu Jian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fu Zhou, China
| | - Xia-Sen Jiang
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Sai Wang Seto
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.,Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Seung Yeon Yeon
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Jia Li
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chun Guang Li
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shao X, Sørensen MH, Xia X, Fang C, Hui TH, Chang RCC, Chu Z, Lin Y. Beading of injured axons driven by tension- and adhesion-regulated membrane shape instability. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200331. [PMCID: PMC7423423 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of multiple beads along an injured axon will lead to blockage of axonal transport and eventually neuron death, and this has been widely recognized as a hallmark of nervous system degeneration. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we report a combined experimental and theoretical study to reveal key factors governing axon beading. Specifically, by transecting well-developed axons with a sharp atomic force microscope probe, significant beading of the axons was triggered. We showed that adhesion was not required for beading to occur, although when present strong axon–substrate attachments seemed to set the locations for bead formation. In addition, the beading wavelength, representing the average distance between beads, was found to correlate with the size and cytoskeleton integrity of axon, with a thinner axon or a disrupted actin cytoskeleton both leading to a shorter beading wavelength. A model was also developed to explain these observations which suggest that axon beading originates from the shape instability of the membrane and is driven by the release of work done by axonal tension as well as the reduction of membrane surface energy. The beading wavelength predicted from this theory was in good agreement with our experiments under various conditions. By elucidating the essential physics behind axon beading, the current study could enhance our understanding of how axonal injury and neurodegeneration progress as well as provide insights for the development of possible treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Maja Højvang Sørensen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Xia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tsz Hin Hui
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Raymond Chuen Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Verma M, Zhu J, Wang KZQ, Chu CT. Chronic treatment with the complex I inhibitor MPP + depletes endogenous PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) via up-regulation of Bcl-2-associated athanogene 6 (BAG6). J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7865-7876. [PMID: 32332095 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in sporadic and familial Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanisms that impair homeostatic responses to mitochondrial dysfunction remain unclear. Previously, we found that chronic, low-dose administration of the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) dysregulates mitochondrial fission-fusion, mitophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Given that PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) regulates mitochondrial function, dynamics, and turnover, we hypothesized that alterations in endogenous PINK1 levels contribute to depletion of mitochondria during chronic complex I injury. Here we found that chronic MPP+ treatment of differentiated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells significantly decreases PINK1 expression prior to reductions in other mitochondrial components. Furthermore, Bcl2-associated athanogene 6 (BAG6, BAT3, or Scythe), a protein involved in protein quality control and degradation, was highly up-regulated during the chronic MPP+ treatment. BAG6 interacted with PINK1, and BAG6 overexpression decreased the half-life of PINK1. Conversely, siRNA-mediated BAG6 knockdown prevented chronic MPP+ stress-induced loss of PINK1, reversed MPP+-provoked mitochondrial changes, increased cell viability, and prevented MPP+-induced dendrite shrinkage in primary neurons. These results indicate that BAG6 up-regulation during chronic complex I inhibition contributes to mitochondrial pathology by decreasing the levels of endogenous PINK1. Given that recessive mutations in PINK1 cause familial PD, the finding of accelerated PINK1 degradation in the chronic MPP+ model suggests that PINK1 loss of function represents a point of convergence between the neurotoxic and genetic causes of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Verma
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jianhui Zhu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kent Z Q Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charleen T Chu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA .,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Protein Conformational Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SPLs) have been proposed as potential therapeutic targets for strokes, but no reports have ever profiled the changes of the entire range of SPLs after a stroke. This study applied sphingolipidomic methods to investigate the temporal and individual changes in the sphingolipidome including the effect of atorvastatin after ischemic brain injury. We conducted sphingolipidomic profiling of mouse brain tissue by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry at 3 h and 24 h after 1 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and SPL levels were compared with those of the Sham control group. At 3 h post-MCAO, ceramides (Cers) exhibited an increase in levels of long-chain Cers but a decrease in very-long-chain Cers. Moreover, sphingosine, the precursor of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), decreased and S1P increased at 3 h after MCAO. In contrast to 3 h, both long-chain and very-long-chain Cers showed an increased trend at 24 h post-MCAO. Most important, the administration of atorvastatin improved the neurological function of the mice and significantly reversed the SPL changes resulting from the ischemic injury. Furthermore, we used plasma samples from nonstroke control and stroke patients at time points of 72 h after a stroke, and found a similar trend of Cers as in the MCAO model. This study successfully elucidated the overall effect of ischemic injury on SPL metabolism with and without atorvastatin treatment. The network of SPL components that change upon ischemic damage may provide novel therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Chun Chao
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine , National Taiwan University , Taipei 100 , Taiwan.,The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Center of Genomic Medicine , National Taiwan University , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Heng Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine , National Taiwan University , Taipei 100 , Taiwan.,The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Center of Genomic Medicine , National Taiwan University , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sung Chiang
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology , National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
| | - Sin-Yu Yang
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology , National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine , National Taiwan University , Taipei 100 , Taiwan.,The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Center of Genomic Medicine , National Taiwan University , Taipei 100 , Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy , National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
| | - Sung-Chun Tang
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology , National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sun J, Yue F. Suppression of REDD1 attenuates oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-evoked ischemic injury in neuron by suppressing mTOR-mediated excessive autophagy. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14771-14779. [PMID: 31021470 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) typically occurs after mechanical thrombectomy to treat ischemic stroke, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after reperfusion may result in neuronal insult, ultimately leading to disability and death. Regulated in development and DNA damage responses 1 (REDD1) is a conserved stress response protein under various pathogenic conditions. Recent research confirms the controversial role of REDD1 in injury processes. Nevertheless, the role of REDD1 in cerebral I/R remains poorly defined. In the current study, increased expression of REDD1 was observed in neurons exposed to simulated I/R via oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) treatment. Knockdown of REDD1 enhanced OGD/R-inhibited cell viability, but suppressed lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in neurons upon OGD/R. Simultaneously, suppression of REDD1 also antagonized OGD/R-evoked cell apoptosis, Bax expression, and caspase-3 activity. Intriguingly, REDD1 depression abrogated neuronal oxidative stress under OGD/R condition by suppressing ROS, MDA generation, and increasing antioxidant SOD levels. Further mechanism analysis corroborated the excessive activation of autophagy in neurons upon OGD/R with increased expression of autophagy-related LC3 and Beclin-1, but decreased autophagy substrate p62 expression. Notably, REDD1 inhibition reversed OGD/R-triggered excessive neuronal autophagy. More importantly, depression of REDD1 also elevated the expression of p-mTOR. Preconditioning with mTOR inhibitor rapamycin engendered not only a reduction in mTOR activation, but also a reactivation of autophagy in REDD1 knockdown-neurons upon OGD/R. In addition, blocking the mTOR pathway muted the protective roles of REDD1 inhibition against OGD/R-induced neuron injury and oxidative stress. Together these data suggested that REDD1 may regulate I/R-induced oxidative stress injury in neurons by mediating mTOR-autophagy signaling, supporting a promising therapeutic strategy against brain ischemic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juguang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fenglei Yue
- Department of Neurology, 521 Hospital of Norinco Group in Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zheng X, Bi W, Yang G, Zhao J, Wang J, Li X, Zhou X. Hyperglycemia Induced by Chronic Restraint Stress in Mice Is Associated With Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Injury and Not Just the Direct Effect of Glucocorticoids. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:983. [PMID: 30618599 PMCID: PMC6305899 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic restraint stress (CRS) can affect hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and increase glucocorticoid levels. Glucocorticoids are stress hormones that regulate multiple aspects of energy homeostasis. Stress also impairs glucose tolerance. The aim of this study was to investigate the cause of insulin-resistant hyperglycemia during CRS. We produced the CRS models (a 7-day restraint followed by a 3-day free moving procedure, total of 4 cycles for 40 days) in mice, detected the parameters related to glucose metabolism, and compared them to those of the dexamethasone (DEX) injection (0.2 mg/kg i.p., also a 4 cycle procedure as the CRS). The results showed that the CRS induced a moderate (not higher than 11 mmol/L) and irreversible insulin-resistant hyperglycemia in about 1/3 of the individuals, and all the restrained mice had adrenal hypertrophy. CRS induced the apoptosis of neurons in the anterior part of commissural subnucleus of nucleus tractus solitarius (acNTS) in the hyperglycemic mice, and acNTS mechanical damage also led to insulin-resistant hyperglycemia. In contrast, in the DEX-treated mice, adrenal gland atrophy was evident. The glucose and insulin tolerance varied with the delay of determination. DEX exposure in vivo does not induce the apoptosis of neurons in NTS. This study indicates that restraint stress and DEX induce metabolic disorders through different mechanisms. During CRS, injury (apoptosis) of glucose-sensitive acNTS neurons cause dysregulation of blood glucose. This study also suggests the mouse restraint stress model has value as a potential application in the study of stress-induced hyperglycemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zheng
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Neurobiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjie Bi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Guizhi Yang
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Neurobiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Neurobiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division, Center for Synthetic and System Biology, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Fuzhou Medical College, Nanchang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Neurobiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang L, Han W, Luo Y, Hu X, Xu Y, Li H, Hu C, Huang D, Ma J, Yang Y, Chen Q, Li Y, Zhang J, Xia H, Chen Z, Wang H, Ran D, Yang J. Adapentpronitrile, a New Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitor, Ameliorates Diabetic Neuronal Injury Through Inhibiting Mitochondria-Related Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:214. [PMID: 30072873 PMCID: PMC6058014 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies indicated that adapentpronitrile, a new adamantane-based dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor, has a hypoglycemic effect and ameliorates rat pancreatic β cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus through inhibiting DPP-IV activity. However, the effect of adapentpronitrile on the neurodegenerative diseases has not been studied. In the present study, we first found that adapentpronitrile significantly ameliorated neuronal injury and decreased amyloid precursor protein (APP) and amyloid beta (Aβ) expression in the hippocampus and cortex in the high fat diet/STZ rat model of diabetes. Furthermore, adapentpronitrile significantly attenuated oxidative stress, downregulated expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins BAX, cytochrome c, caspase-9, and caspase-3, and upregulated expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, although there was no effect on GLP-1R expression. At 30 min post-injection of adapentpronitrile (50 mg/kg) via the tail vein, its concentration in normal rat brain was 0.2034 ± 0.0094 μg/g. Subsequently, we further confirmed the neuroprotective effects and mechanism of adapentpronitrile in HT22 cells treated with high glucose (HG) and aluminum maltolate [Al(mal)3] overload, respectively. Our results showed significant decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential (MTP) and Bcl-2 expression, accompanied by a significant increase in apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins in HT22 cells exposed to these stimuli. Adapentpronitrile treatment protected against neuronal injury, suppressed ROS generation, and reduced MTP and mitochondrial apoptosis in HT22 cells; however, DPP-IV activity was not detected. Our results suggest that adapentpronitrile protects against diabetic neuronal injury, at least partially, by inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative stress and the apoptotic pathway in a DPP-IV-independent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenli Han
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangnan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Congli Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuke Li
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiahua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongzhi Ran
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xia Z, Wang F, Zhou S, Zhang R, Wang F, Huang JH, Wu E, Zhang Y, Hu Y. Catalpol protects synaptic proteins from beta-amyloid induced neuron injury and improves cognitive functions in aged rats. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69303-69315. [PMID: 29050205 PMCID: PMC5642480 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse loss is one of the common factors contributing to cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is manifested by the impairment of basic cognitive functions including memory processing, perception, problem solving, and language. The current therapies for patients with cognitive disorders are mainly palliative; thus, regimens preventing and/or delaying dementia progression are urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the effects of catalpol, isolated from traditional Chinese medicine Rehmannia glutinosa, on synaptic plasticity in aged rat models. We found that catalpol markedly improved the cognitive function of aged male Sprague-Dawley rats and simultaneously increased the expression of synaptic proteins (dynamin 1, PSD-95, and synaptophysin) in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, respectively. In beta-amyloid (Aβ) injured primary rat’s cortical neuron, catalpol did not increase the viability of neuron but extended the length of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) positive neurites and reversed the suppressive effects on expression of synaptic proteins induced by Aβ. Additionally, the effects of catalpol on stimulating the growth of MAP-2 positive neurites and the expression of synaptic proteins were diminished by a PKC inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide I, suggesting that PKC may be implicated in catalpol’s function of preventing the neurodegeneration induced by Aβ. Altogether, our study indicates that catalpol could be a potential disease-modifying drug for cognitive disorders such as AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Xia
- Research Laboratory of Cell Regulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China.,Current address: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Fengfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas 76508, USA.,Department of Neurology, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas 78508, USA.,Department of Surgery, Texas A & M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas 76504, USA
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas 76508, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Research Laboratory of Cell Regulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Fushun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas 76508, USA.,Department of Psychology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jason H Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas 76508, USA.,Department of Surgery, Texas A & M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas 76504, USA
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas 76508, USA.,Department of Surgery, Texas A & M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas 76504, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A & M University College of Pharmacy, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Yongfang Zhang
- Research Laboratory of Cell Regulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yaer Hu
- Research Laboratory of Cell Regulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| |
Collapse
|