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Schefczyk S, Luo X, Liang Y, Trippler M, Lu M, Wedemeyer H, Schmidt HH, Broering R. Poly(I:C) Induces Distinct Liver Cell Type-Specific Responses in Hepatitis B Virus-Transgenic Mice In Vitro, but Fails to Induce These Signals In Vivo. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051203. [PMID: 37243287 DOI: 10.3390/v15051203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunopathology in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is driven by innate and adaptive immunity. Whether the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) affects hepatic antiviral signalling was investigated in HBV-transgenic mouse models that either accumulate (Alb/HBs, Tg[Alb1HBV]Bri44), lack (Tg1.4HBV-s-mut3) or secrete (Tg1.4HBV-s-rec (F1, Tg1.4HBV-s-mut × Alb/HBs) the HBsAg. Herein, the responsiveness of TLR3 and RIG-I in primary parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells was determined in vitro and in vivo. Cell type-specific and mouse strain-dependent interferon, cytokine and chemokine expression were observed by LEGENDplex™ and validated by quantitative PCR. In vitro, the hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells of Tg1.4HBV-s-rec mice showed poly(I:C) susceptibilities similar to the wild-type controls, while in the remaining leucocyte fraction the interferon, cytokine and chemokine induction was reduced. On the contrary, poly(I:C)-injected 1.4TgHBV-s-rec mice showed suppressed interferon, cytokine and chemokine levels in hepatocytes but increased levels in the leucocyte fraction. Thus, we concluded that liver cells of Tg1.4HBV-s-rec mice, which produce HBV particles and release the HBsAg, responded to exogenous TLR3/RIG-I stimuli in vitro but exhibited a tolerogenic environment in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schefczyk
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Xufeng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Yaojie Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Trippler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hartmut H Schmidt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Hayashi H, Kubo Y, Izumida M, Matsuyama T. Efficient viral delivery of Cas9 into human safe harbor. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21474. [PMID: 33293588 PMCID: PMC7722726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 is a promising method to cure many human genetic diseases. We have developed an efficient system to deliver Cas9 into the adeno-associated virus integration site 1 (AAVS1) locus, known as a safe harbor, using lentivirus and AAV viral vectors, as a step toward future in vivo transduction. First, we introduced Cas9v1 (derived from Streptococcus pyogenes) at random into the genome using a lentiviral vector. Cas9v1 activity was used when the N-terminal 1.9 kb, and C-terminal 2.3 kb fragments of another Cas9v2 (human codon-optimized) were employed sequentially with specific single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) and homology donors carried by AAV vectors into the AAVS1 locus. Then, Cas9v1 was removed from the genome by another AAV vector containing sgRNA targeting the long terminal repeat of the lentivirus vector. The reconstituted Cas9v2 in the AAVS1 locus was functional and gene editing was efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hayashi
- Medical University Research Administrator, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Yoshinao Kubo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mai Izumida
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Matsuyama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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3
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Mashima H, Takahashi K, Sekine M, Matsumoto S, Asano T, Uehara T, Fujiwara J, Otake H, Ishii T, Yoshikawa S, Miura T, Koito Y, Kashima H, Matsumoto K, Ohnishi H. The role of calcium-binding protein S100g (CalbindinD-9K) and annexin A10 in acute pancreatitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 526:692-698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Roles of Autophagy and Pancreatic Secretory Trypsin Inhibitor in Trypsinogen Activation in Acute Pancreatitis. Pancreas 2020; 49:493-497. [PMID: 32282761 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The focus of the review is on roles of autophagy and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI), an endogenous trypsin inhibitor, in trypsinogen activation in acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis is a disease in which tissues in and around the pancreas are autodigested by pancreatic digestive enzymes. This reaction is triggered by the intrapancreatic activation of trypsinogen. Autophagy causes trypsinogen and cathepsin B, a trypsinogen activator, to colocalize within the autolysosomes. Consequently, if the resultant trypsin activity exceeds the inhibitory activity of PSTI, the pancreatic digestive enzymes are activated, and they cause autodigestion of the acinar cells. Thus, autophagy and PSTI play important roles in the development and suppression of acute pancreatitis, respectively.
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Li J, Pan X, Yang J, Jia L, Wu C, Liu H, Ren Z, Pan LL, Sun J. Enteral virus depletion modulates experimental acute pancreatitis via toll-like receptor 9 signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 171:113710. [PMID: 31726046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses that inhabit the intestine have profound effects on innate and adaptive immunity of the gut and thus distant organs. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common abdominal inflammatory disease, in which gut bacteria play an indispensable part, particularly in the severe form with local and systemic complications. So far, little is known about the role of enteric viruses in the pathophysiology of AP. In this study, we evaluated the effect of enteric virus depletion by oral anti-viral cocktail (AVC) on caerulein (Cae)-hyperstimulation induced experimental AP and underlying mechanisms. We found that AVC treatment alleviated experimental AP, accompanied by suppressed innate immune cell infiltration and TLR9 expression and signaling in pancreas and intestine. Furthermore, AVC administration reduced AP-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) production, IL-6-activated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling. Concordantly, expression of AP-induced STAT3-responsive chemokines, especially monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) was reduced, thereby contributing to modulated pancreatic immune milieu. Treatment of mice with a toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist abolished the protective effect of AVC by activation of IL6/STAT3 signaling and downstream chemokine production. Conversely, treatment of mice with TLR9 antagonists, mimicking AVC, exerted protective effects against AP. Collectively, these results suggest that depletion of enteric viruses protects mice from experimental AP through inhibiting TLR9 signaling. Our study therefore implies a previously unrecognized role of enteric viruses in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jun Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lingling Jia
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - He Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhengnan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Li-Long Pan
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China.
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6
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Hayashi H, Kubo Y, Izumida M, Takahashi E, Kido H, Sato K, Yamaya M, Nishimura H, Nakayama K, Matsuyama T. Enterokinase Enhances Influenza A Virus Infection by Activating Trypsinogen in Human Cell Lines. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:91. [PMID: 29629340 PMCID: PMC5876233 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage and activation of hemagglutinin (HA) by trypsin-like proteases in influenza A virus (IAV) are essential prerequisites for its successful infection and spread. In host cells, some transmembrane serine proteases such as TMPRSS2, TMPRSS4 and HAT, along with plasmin in the bloodstream, have been reported to cleave the HA precursor (HA0) molecule into its active forms, HA1 and HA2. Some trypsinogens can also enhance IAV proliferation in some cell types (e.g., rat cardiomyoblasts). However, the precise activation mechanism for this process is unclear, because the expression level of the physiological activator of the trypsinogens, the TMPRSS15 enterokinase, is expected to be very low in such cells, with the exception of duodenal cells. Here, we show that at least two variant enterokinases are expressed in various human cell lines, including A549 lung-derived cells. The exogenous expression of these enterokinases was able to enhance the proliferation of IAV in 293T human kidney cells, but the proliferation was reduced by knocking down the endogenous enterokinase in A549 cells. The enterokinase was able to enhance HA processing in the cells, which activated trypsinogen in vitro and in the IAV-infected cells also. Therefore, we conclude that enterokinase plays a role in IAV infection and proliferation by activating trypsinogen to process viral HA in human cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hayashi
- Medical University Research Administrator, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Kubo
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mai Izumida
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Etsuhisa Takahashi
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kido
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ko Sato
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Yamaya
- Department of Advanced Preventive Medicine for Infectious Disease, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kou Nakayama
- Medical University Research Administrator, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Matsuyama
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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7
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Li S, Lu LF, LaPatra SE, Chen DD, Zhang YA. Zebrafish STAT6 negatively regulates IFNφ1 production by attenuating the kinase activity of TANK-binding kinase 1. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:189-201. [PMID: 27743998 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) causes significant mortality in common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and TBK1 plays a crucial role in the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) system by phosphorylating its substrates to induce type I interferons (IFNs) and cellular antiviral responses. In this study, we report that zebrafish STAT6 is induced during SVCV infection and reduces IFNφ1 expression by suppressing TBK1 phosphorylation. A typical IFN stimulatory response element (ISRE) motif was found in the promoter region of zebrafish STAT6, and zebrafish STAT6 transcription was significantly upregulated in the early stages of virus infection. Overexpression of STAT6 interfered with IFNφ1 promoter activity in response to SVCV infection. Additionally, TBK1-, but not MITA-mediated activation of the IFNφ1 promoter was impaired by STAT6. Co-immunoprecipitation and Western blot experiments indicated that MITA and IRF3 were significantly phosphorylated by TBK1, and that the N-terminal kinase domain of TBK1 was critical in this process. In the final step, STAT6 interacted with the N-terminal kinase domain of TBK1 causing dephosphorylation, which resulted in reductions in the phosphorylation of IRF3 and the production of IFNφ1. These results indicate that fish STAT6 can attenuate the kinase activity of TBK1, leading to suppression of IFNφ1 expression which may in turn facilitate virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Long-Feng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Scott E LaPatra
- Clear Spring Foods, Inc., Research Division, Buhl, ID 83316, USA
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Alloy AP, Kayode O, Wang R, Hockla A, Soares AS, Radisky ES. Mesotrypsin Has Evolved Four Unique Residues to Cleave Trypsin Inhibitors as Substrates. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21523-35. [PMID: 26175157 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.662429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesotrypsin is highly homologous to other mammalian trypsins, and yet it is functionally unique in possessing resistance to inhibition by canonical serine protease inhibitors and in cleaving these inhibitors as preferred substrates. Arg-193 and Ser-39 have been identified as contributors to the inhibitor resistance and cleavage capability of mesotrypsin, but it is not known whether these residues fully account for the unusual properties of mesotrypsin. Here, we use human cationic trypsin as a template for engineering a gain of catalytic function, assessing mutants containing mesotrypsin-like mutations for resistance to inhibition by bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and amyloid precursor protein Kunitz protease inhibitor (APPI), and for the ability to hydrolyze these inhibitors as substrates. We find that Arg-193 and Ser-39 are sufficient to confer mesotrypsin-like resistance to inhibition; however, compared with mesotrypsin, the trypsin-Y39S/G193R double mutant remains 10-fold slower at hydrolyzing BPTI and 2.5-fold slower at hydrolyzing APPI. We identify two additional residues in mesotrypsin, Lys-74 and Asp-97, which in concert with Arg-193 and Ser-39 confer the full catalytic capability of mesotrypsin for proteolysis of BPTI and APPI. Novel crystal structures of trypsin mutants in complex with BPTI suggest that these four residues function cooperatively to favor conformational dynamics that assist in dissociation of cleaved inhibitors. Our results reveal that efficient inhibitor cleavage is a complex capability to which at least four spatially separated residues of mesotrypsin contribute. These findings suggest that inhibitor cleavage represents a functional adaptation of mesotrypsin that may have evolved in response to positive selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre P Alloy
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 and
| | - Olumide Kayode
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 and
| | - Ruiying Wang
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 and
| | - Alexandra Hockla
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 and
| | - Alexei S Soares
- the Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Evette S Radisky
- From the Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 and
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9
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Variants in the interferon regulatory factor-2 gene are not associated with pancreatitis in Japan. Pancreas 2014; 43:1125-6. [PMID: 25207663 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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10
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Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk K, Wicik Z, Majewska A, Tokarska J, Grabiec K, Kozłowski M, Milewska M, Błaszczyk M. Transcriptional regulation of important cellular processes in skeletal myogenesis through interferon-γ. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 35:89-99. [PMID: 25237846 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of interferon (IFN)-γ on the transcriptomic profile of differentiating mouse C2C12 myogenic cells. Global gene expression was evaluated using whole mouse genome oligonucleotide microarrays, and the results were validated through real-time PCR. IFN-γ (1 ng/mL) increased myoblast proliferation but decreased cell respiration and myosin heavy chain content and slightly decreased the fusion index in differentiating C2C12 cell cultures. The genes upregulated through IFN-γ were involved in cell cycle; regulation of cell proliferation; programmed cell death; chemotaxis; and cytokine, growth factor, and peptidase activity, whereas the genes downregulated through IFN-γ primarily contributed to the regulation of transcription, cell-cell signaling, nitrogen compound biosynthesis, ser/thr protein kinase signaling, and regulation of the Wnt pathway. In conclusion, IFN-γ affects the expression of numerous genes associated with the regulation of several processes in myogenesis. The effects of IFN-γ on cellular transcription include (1) alteration of cytokine/growth factor expression, promoting cell proliferation and migration but inhibiting differentiation, (2) impairment of pro-myogenic transcription, (3) disruption of cell adhesion and sarcolemma/cytoskeleton organization, and (4) increased peptidase activity leading to enhanced proteolysis and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW) , Warsaw, Poland
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Bhattacharya S, Katlinski KV, Reichert M, Takano S, Brice A, Zhao B, Yu Q, Zheng H, Carbone CJ, Katlinskaya YV, Leu NA, McCorkell KA, Srinivasan S, Girondo M, Rui H, May MJ, Avadhani NG, Rustgi AK, Fuchs SY. Triggering ubiquitination of IFNAR1 protects tissues from inflammatory injury. EMBO Mol Med 2014; 6:384-97. [PMID: 24480543 PMCID: PMC3958312 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201303236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 interferons (IFN) protect the host against viruses by engaging a cognate receptor (consisting of IFNAR1/IFNAR2 chains) and inducing downstream signaling and gene expression. However, inflammatory stimuli can trigger IFNAR1 ubiquitination and downregulation thereby attenuating IFN effects in vitro. The significance of this paradoxical regulation is unknown. Presented here results demonstrate that inability to stimulate IFNAR1 ubiquitination in the Ifnar1(SA) knock-in mice renders them highly susceptible to numerous inflammatory syndromes including acute and chronic pancreatitis, and autoimmune and toxic hepatitis. Ifnar1(SA) mice (or their bone marrow-receiving wild type animals) display persistent immune infiltration of inflamed tissues, extensive damage and gravely inadequate tissue regeneration. Pharmacologic stimulation of IFNAR1 ubiquitination is protective against from toxic hepatitis and fulminant generalized inflammation in wild type but not Ifnar1(SA) mice. These results suggest that endogenous mechanisms that trigger IFNAR1 ubiquitination for limiting the inflammation-induced tissue damage can be purposely mimicked for therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Bhattacharya
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Ulmasov B, Oshima K, Rodriguez MG, Cox RD, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Differences in the degree of cerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis in C57BL/6 mouse substrains lead to new insights in identification of potential risk factors in the development of chronic pancreatitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:692-708. [PMID: 23845568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A frequently used experimental model of chronic pancreatitis (CP) recapitulating human disease is repeated injection of cerulein into mice. C57BL/6 is the most commonly used inbred mouse strain for biomedical research, but widespread demand has led to generation of several substrains with subtly different phenotypes. In this study, two common substrains, C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NHsd, exhibited different degrees of CP, with C57BL/6J being more susceptible to repetitive cerulein-induced CP as assessed by pancreatic atrophy, pancreatic morphological changes, and fibrosis. We hypothesized that the deficiency of nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) protein in C57BL/6J is responsible for the more severe C57BL/6J phenotype but the parameters of CP in NNT-expressing transgenic mice generated on a C57BL6/J background do not differ with those of wild-type C57BL/6J. The highly similar genetic backgrounds but different CP phenotypes of these two substrains presents a unique opportunity to discover genes important in pathogenesis of CP. We therefore performed whole mouse genome Affymetrix microarray analysis of pancreatic gene expression of C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NHsd before and after induction of CP. Genes with differentially regulated expression between the two substrains that might be candidates in CP progression included Mmp7, Pcolce2, Itih4, Wdfy1, and Vtn. We also identified several genes associated with development of CP in both substrains, including RIKEN cDNA 1810009J06 gene (trypsinogen 5), Ccl8, and Ccl6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ulmasov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Németh BC, Wartmann T, Halangk W, Sahin-Tóth M. Autoactivation of mouse trypsinogens is regulated by chymotrypsin C via cleavage of the autolysis loop. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24049-62. [PMID: 23814066 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.478800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chymotrypsin C (CTRC) is a proteolytic regulator of trypsinogen autoactivation in humans. CTRC cleavage of the trypsinogen activation peptide stimulates autoactivation, whereas cleavage of the calcium binding loop promotes trypsinogen degradation. Trypsinogen mutations that alter these regulatory cleavages lead to increased intrapancreatic trypsinogen activation and cause hereditary pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to characterize the regulation of autoactivation of mouse trypsinogens by mouse Ctrc. We found that the mouse pancreas expresses four trypsinogen isoforms to high levels, T7, T8, T9, and T20. Only the T7 activation peptide was cleaved by mouse Ctrc, causing negligible stimulation of autoactivation. Surprisingly, mouse Ctrc poorly cleaved the calcium binding loop in all mouse trypsinogens. In contrast, mouse Ctrc readily cleaved the Phe-150-Gly-151 peptide bond in the autolysis loop of T8 and T9 and inhibited autoactivation. Mouse chymotrypsin B also cleaved the same peptide bond but was 7-fold slower. T7 was less sensitive to chymotryptic regulation, which involved slow cleavage of the Leu-149-Ser-150 peptide bond in the autolysis loop. Modeling indicated steric proximity of the autolysis loop and the activation peptide in trypsinogen, suggesting the cleaved autolysis loop may directly interfere with activation. We conclude that autoactivation of mouse trypsinogens is under the control of mouse Ctrc with some notable differences from the human situation. Thus, cleavage of the trypsinogen activation peptide or the calcium binding loop by Ctrc is unimportant. Instead, inhibition of autoactivation via cleavage of the autolysis loop is the dominant mechanism that can mitigate intrapancreatic trypsinogen activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Csaba Németh
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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