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Wu H, Han BW, Liu T, Zhang M, Wu Y, Nie J. Epstein-Barr virus deubiquitinating enzyme BPLF1 is involved in EBV carcinogenesis by affecting cellular genomic stability. Neoplasia 2024; 55:101012. [PMID: 38875930 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2024.101012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Increased mutational burden and EBV load have been revealed from normal tissues to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinomas (EBVaGCs). BPLF1, encoded by EBV, is a lytic cycle protein with deubiquitinating activity has been found to participate in disrupting repair of DNA damage. We first confirmed that BPLF1 gene in gastric cancer (GC) significantly increased the DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Ubiquitination mass spectrometry identified histones as BPLF1 interactors and potential substrates, and co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro experiments verified that BPLF1 regulates H2Bub by targeting Rad6. Over-expressing Rad6 restored H2Bub but partially reduced γ-H2AX, suggesting that other downstream DNA repair processes were affected. mRNA expression of BRCA2 were significantly down-regulated by next-generation sequencing after over-expression of BPLF1, and over-expression of p65 facilitated the repair of DSBs. We demonstrated BPLF1 may lead to the accumulation of DSBs by two pathways, reducing H2B ubiquitination (H2Bub) and blocking homologous recombination which may provide new ideas for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hantao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China; Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo-Wei Han
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Tiancai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingsong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jing Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
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2
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Jin N, Xia Y, Gao Q. Combined PARP inhibitors and small molecular inhibitors in solid tumor treatment (Review). Int J Oncol 2023; 62:28. [PMID: 36601757 PMCID: PMC9851129 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of precision medicine, targeted therapy has attracted extensive attention. Poly(ADP‑ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are critical clinical drugs designed to induce cell death and are major antitumor targeted agents. However, preclinical and clinical data have revealed the limitations of PARPi monotherapy. Therefore, their combination with other targeted drugs has become a research hotspot in tumor treatment. Recent studies have demonstrated the critical role of small molecular inhibitors in multiple haematological cancers and solid tumors via cellular signalling modulation, exhibiting potential as a combined pharmacotherapy. In the present review, studies focused on small molecular inhibitors targeting the homologous recombination pathway were summarized and clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of combined treatment were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jin
- Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Xia
- Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Qinglei Gao or Professor Yu Xia, Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China, E-mail: , E-mail:
| | - Qinglei Gao
- Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Qinglei Gao or Professor Yu Xia, Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education, Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China, E-mail: , E-mail:
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3
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Swinney DC. Why medicines work. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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PARP inhibitors in small cell lung cancer: The underlying mechanisms and clinical implications. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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5
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Seo Y, Tamari K, Takahashi Y, Minami K, Tatekawa S, Isohashi F, Suzuki O, Akino Y, Ogawa K. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors sensitize cancer cells to hypofractionated radiotherapy through altered selection of DNA double-strand break repair pathways. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 98:1222-1234. [PMID: 34919022 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2020357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are known to induce radiosensitization. However, the exact mechanisms of radiosensitization remain unclear. We previously reported that PARPi may have a unique radiosensitizing effect to enhance β-components of the linear-quadratic model. The aim of this study was to evaluate PARPi in combination with high-dose-per-fraction radiotherapy and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of its radiosensitization. MATERIALS AND METHODS Radiosensitizing effects of PARPi PJ34, olaparib, and veliparib were measured using a colony-forming assay in the human cancer cell lines, HCT116, NCI-H460, and HT29. Six different radiation dose fractionation schedules were examined by tumor regrowth assay using three-dimensional multicellular spheroids of HCT116, NCI-H460, SW620, and HCT15. The mechanisms of radiosensitization were analyzed by measuring DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), DNA damage responses, chromosomal translocations, cellular senescence, and cell cycle analysis. RESULTS Olaparib and PJ34 were found to show radiosensitization preferentially at higher radiation doses per fraction. Similar results were obtained using a mouse model bearing human tumor xenografts. A kinetic analysis of DNA damage responses and repairs showed that olaparib and PJ34 reduced the homologous recombination activity. However, a neutral comet assay showed that PJ34 treatment did not affect the physical rejoining of DNA-DSBs induced by ionizing radiation. Cell cycle analysis revealed that olaparib and PJ34 strikingly increased G1 tetraploid cells following irradiation, leading to premature senescence. The C-banding analysis of metaphase spreads showed that olaparib and PJ34 significantly increased ionizing radiation-induced dicentric chromosomes. The data suggests that PARPi olaparib and PJ34 altered the choice of DNA-DSB repair pathways rather than reducing the total amount of DNA-DSB repair, which resulted in increased repair errors. Increased quadratic misrepair was one of the mechanisms of PARP-mediated radiosensitization, preferentially at the higher dose range compared to the lower dose range. CONCLUSION PARPi may be a promising candidate to combine with stereotactic hypofractionated radiotherapy, aiming at high-dose region-directed radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Seo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tamari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takahashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Minami
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shotaro Tatekawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Isohashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Osamu Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuichi Akino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ogawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Bezrookove V, Patino JM, Nosrati M, Desprez PY, McAllister S, Soroceanu L, Baron A, Osorio R, Kashani-Sabet M, Dar AA. Niraparib Suppresses Cholangiocarcinoma Tumor Growth by Inducing Oxidative and Replication Stress. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174405. [PMID: 34503215 PMCID: PMC8430987 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare and highly aggressive tumor with limited therapeutic options, thus underscoring the need to develop novel therapeutic approaches. We analyzed a publicly available CCA patient database to identify mutations in DNA damage response (DDR) genes. Mutations in DDR genes were prevalent, thus rendering these tumors potentially susceptible to poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibition. PARP genes are critical to DNA repair and genomic stability. The role of PARP inhibitors in CCA was investigated by employing a series of in vitro functional assays and in vivo patient-derived xenograft models. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of PARP inhibitors alone or in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine for the treatment of CCA. Abstract Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common hepatobiliary cancer, an aggressive malignancy with limited therapeutic options. PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) 1 and 2 are important for deoxyribonucleotide acid (DNA) repair and maintenance of genomic stability. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) such as niraparib have been approved for different malignancies with genomic alteration in germline BRCA and DNA damage response (DDR) pathway genes. Genomic alterations were analyzed in DDR genes in CCA samples employing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Mutations were observed in various DDR genes, and 35.8% cases had alterations in at least one of three genes (ARID1A, BAP1 and ATM), suggesting their susceptibility to PARPi. Niraparib treatment suppressed cancer cell viability and survival, and also caused G2/M cell cycle arrest in patient-derived xenograft cells lines (PDXC) and established CCA cells harboring DDR gene mutations. PARPi treatment also induced apoptosis and caspase3/7 activity in PDXC and CCA cell lines, and substantially reduced expression of BCL2, BCL-XL and MCL1 proteins. Niraparib caused a significant increase in oxidative stress, and induced activation of DNA damage markers, phosphorylation of CHK2 and replication fork stalling. Importantly, niraparib, in combination with gemcitabine, produced sustained and robust inhibition of tumor growth in vivo in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model more effectively than either treatment alone. Furthermore, tissue samples from mice treated with niraparib and gemcitabine display significantly lower expression levels of pHH3 and Ki-67, which are a mitotic and proliferative marker, respectively. Taken together, our results indicate niraparib as a novel therapeutic agent alone or in combination with gemcitabine for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Altaf A. Dar
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-415-600-5909; Fax: +1-415-600-1719
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7
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Zhang W, Yao J, Zhong M, Zhang Y, Guo X, Wang HY. A Brief Overview and Update on Major Molecular Genomic Alterations in Solid, Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, Hematopoietic As Well As Lymphoid Malignancies. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 145:1358-1366. [PMID: 34270703 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2021-0077-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Recent advances in comprehensive genomic profiling by next-generation sequencing have uncovered the genomic alterations at the molecular level for many types of tumors; as such, numerous small specific molecules that target these alterations have been developed and widely used in the management of these cancers. OBJECTIVE.— To provide a concise molecular genomic update in solid, bone and soft tissue tumors, hematopoietic as well as lymphoid malignancies; discuss its clinical applications; and familiarize practicing pathologists with the emerging cancer biomarkers and their diagnostic utilities. DATA SOURCES.— This review is based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines and peer-reviewed English literature. CONCLUSIONS.— Tumor-specific biomarkers and molecular/genomic alterations, including pan-cancer markers, have been significantly expanded in the past decade thanks to large-scale high-throughput technologies and will continue to emerge in the future. These biomarkers can be of great value in diagnosis, prognosis, and/or targeted therapy/treatment. Familiarization with these emerging and ever-changing tumor biomarkers will undoubtedly aid pathologists in making accurate and state-of-the-art diagnoses and enable them to be more actively involved in the care of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison (W. Zhang).,W. Zhang and Yao are co-first authors.,W. Zhang and H.-Y. Wang are co-senior authors and supervised this manuscript equally
| | - Jinjuan Yao
- The Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (Yao).,W. Zhang and Yao are co-first authors
| | - Minghao Zhong
- The Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Zhong)
| | - Yaxia Zhang
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York (Y. Zhang).,The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, New York (Y. Zhang)
| | - Xiaoling Guo
- The Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York (Guo)
| | - Huan-You Wang
- The Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Wang).,W. Zhang and H.-Y. Wang are co-senior authors and supervised this manuscript equally
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8
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Zhou S, Liu Y, Jin L, Guo P, Liu Q, Shan J, Luo X, He H, Ma W, Zhang T. Estrogen enhances the cytotoxicity of PARP inhibitors on breast cancer cells through stimulating nitric oxide production. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 209:105853. [PMID: 33617965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is effective for breast cancer susceptibility genes 1 (BRCA1)-deficient breast cancers. Although hormones play critical roles on the occurrence as well as being used in conventional therapies of breast cancer, their impacts on PARP-targeted therapy have been poorly addressed. Here, we showed that addition of estrogen could enhance the cytotoxicity of PARP inhibitors on estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cells, causing significant suppression of cell growth. Further analysis revealed that the impact was due to estrogen's stimulating the production of nitric oxide (NO), which could be abrogated when blocking NO formation. Moreover, the effect of estrogen can be resembled by two exogenous nitric oxide donors (SNAP and GSNO). Using ER-negative cell line MDA-MB231, estrogen could not enhance the cell killing of PARP inhibitors any more, but addition of NO donors re-established the enhancing effects. The increased NO level led to accumulation of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) based on the formation of H2AX foci. Consistent with earlier studies, we demonstrated that NO suppressed the expression of BRCA1, a key player involved in DSB recombination repair. Taken together, these data reveal an important role of estrogen on the treatment of PARP inhibitors, which may affect its clinical treatment and should be considered in precision therapies for ER-positive and negative cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Zhou
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Yupeng Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Lijun Jin
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Peiyan Guo
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Qingxi Liu
- Qilu Institute of Technology, Shandong, 250200, PR China
| | - Jingbo Shan
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Xuegang Luo
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Hongpeng He
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Wenjian Ma
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China; Qilu Institute of Technology, Shandong, 250200, PR China.
| | - TongCun Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China; Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China.
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9
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Long Q, Liu Z, Gullerova M. Sweet Melody or Jazz? Transcription Around DNA Double-Strand Breaks. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:655786. [PMID: 33959637 PMCID: PMC8096065 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.655786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic integrity is continuously threatened by thousands of endogenous and exogenous damaging factors. To preserve genome stability, cells developed comprehensive DNA damage response (DDR) pathways that mediate the recognition of damaged DNA lesions, the activation of signaling cascades, and the execution of DNA repair. Transcription has been understood to pose a threat to genome stability in the presence of DNA breaks. Interestingly, accumulating evidence in recent years shows that the transient transcriptional activation at DNA double-strand break (DSB) sites is required for efficient repair, while the rest of the genome exhibits temporary transcription silencing. This genomic shut down is a result of multiple signaling cascades involved in the maintenance of DNA/RNA homeostasis, chromatin stability, and genome fidelity. The regulation of transcription of protein-coding genes and non-coding RNAs has been extensively studied; however, the exact regulatory mechanisms of transcription at DSBs remain enigmatic. These complex processes involve many players such as transcription-associated protein complexes, including kinases, transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and helicases. The damage-derived transcripts themselves also play an essential role in DDR regulation. In this review, we summarize the current findings on the regulation of transcription at DSBs and discussed the roles of various accessory proteins in these processes and consequently in DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monika Gullerova
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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10
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Valabrega G, Scotto G, Tuninetti V, Pani A, Scaglione F. Differences in PARP Inhibitors for the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer: Mechanisms of Action, Pharmacology, Safety, and Efficacy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084203. [PMID: 33921561 PMCID: PMC8073512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) are proteins responsible for DNA damage detection and signal transduction. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are able to interact with the binding site for PARP cofactor (NAD+) and trapping PARP on the DNA. In this way, they inhibit single-strand DNA damage repair. These drugs have been approved in recent years for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Although they share some similarities, from the point of view of the chemical structure and pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic properties, these drugs also have some substantial differences. These differences may underlie the different safety profiles and activity of PARPi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Valabrega
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (G.S.); (V.T.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-11-9933-3842
| | - Giulia Scotto
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (G.S.); (V.T.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Valentina Tuninetti
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (G.S.); (V.T.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Arianna Pani
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Francesco Scaglione
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.P.); (F.S.)
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11
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da Silva MS. DNA Double-Strand Breaks: A Double-Edged Sword for Trypanosomatids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:669041. [PMID: 33937271 PMCID: PMC8085331 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.669041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
For nearly all eukaryotic cells, stochastic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are one of the most deleterious types of DNA lesions. DSB processing and repair can cause sequence deletions, loss of heterozygosity, and chromosome rearrangements resulting in cell death or carcinogenesis. However, trypanosomatids (single-celled eukaryotes parasites) do not seem to follow this premise strictly. Several studies have shown that trypanosomatids depend on DSBs to perform several events of paramount importance during their life cycle. For Trypanosoma brucei, DSBs formation is associated with host immune evasion via antigenic variation. In Trypanosoma cruzi, DSBs play a crucial role in the genetic exchange, a mechanism that is still little explored but appear to be of fundamental importance for generating variability. In Leishmania spp., DSBs are necessary to generate genomic changes by gene copy number variation (CNVs), events that are essential for these organisms to overcome inhospitable conditions. As DSB repair in trypanosomatids is primarily conducted via homologous recombination (HR), most of the events associated with DSBs are HR-dependent. This review will discuss the latest findings on how trypanosomatids balance the benefits and inexorable challenges caused by DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Santos da Silva
- DNA Replication and Repair Laboratory (DRRL), Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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12
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Ahmed EA, Alzahrani AM, Scherthan H. Parp1-Dependent DNA Double-Strand Break Repair in Irradiated Late Pachytene Spermatocytes. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 40:209-218. [PMID: 33337266 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (Parp1) is a member of nuclear enzymes family involved in to the response to genotoxic stresses, DNA repair, and is critical for the maintenance of genome stability. During gametogenesis, genome stability is essential for inheritance and formation of healthy gametes. The latter involves DNA double-strand break (DSB)-driven pairing of homologous chromosomes in first meiotic prophase. By analysis of DSB repair kinetics in male meiotic prophase cells of homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ)-deficient mouse models, we previously demonstrated an interplay between HR and the conventional NHEJ repair pathway. In the current work, we evaluate the relative contribution of Parp1-dependent NHEJ to the repair of ectopic ionizing radiation (IR)-induced DSBs in control and Parp1-inhibited mouse pachytene spermatocytes before and after the completion of meiotic recombination in stages VI-XI. The disappearance of large, exogenous DSB-related γ-H2AX foci was quantified 1 and 8 h after 1 Gy γ-irradiation of control and 3,4-dihydro-5-[4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxy]-1(2H)quinolinone (DPQ) Parp1-inhibited mice. Late pachytene control spermatocytes obtained 8 h after IR had repaired >80% of DSBs observed at 1 h after IR. However, only 64% of DSBs were repaired in late spermatocytes of DPQ-treated (Parp1-inhibited) mice. Thus, it appears that Parp1 contributes to the repair of a fraction of DSBs in late prophase I, providing further insights in DNA repair pathway choreography during spermatogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad A Ahmed
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abdullah M Alzahrani
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harry Scherthan
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verb. mit der Universität Ulm, Munich, Germany
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13
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Kumar M, Jaiswal RK, Yadava PK, Singh RP. An assessment of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 role in normal and cancer cells. Biofactors 2020; 46:894-905. [PMID: 33098603 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a superfamily of 18 proteins characterized by the PARP homology domain, the catalytic domain. This catalytic domain helps in the ADP-ribosylation of various acceptor proteins using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as a donor for ADP-ribose. PARP-1 and PARP-2 carry out 80% of poly-ADP-ribosylation of cellular protein. Hence, their combined knockout results in embryonic lethality of mice. PARP-1 consists of three major domains, namely, DNA binding domain, automodification domain, and a catalytic domain. These domains further consist of subdomains and motifs, which helps PARP-1 in a diverse function. PARP-1 is mainly involved in DNA damage detection and repair, but emerging evidence suggests its role in many other functions such as DNA synthesis, replication, apoptosis, necrosis, and cancer progression. Herein, we review the current state of the PARP-1 role in DNA damage repair and other biological processes including epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). We have also observed the role of PARP-1 in modulating EMT regulators like E-cadherin, Vimentin, Claudin-1, Snail, Smad-4, Twist-1, and β-catenin. Here, we have also attempted to relate the role of PARP-1 in EMT of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Pramod K Yadava
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rana P Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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14
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Abstract
There is a great need for innovative new medicines to treat unmet medical needs. The discovery and development of innovative new medicines is extremely difficult, costly, and inefficient. In the last decade, phenotypic drug discovery (PDD) was reintroduced as a strategy to provide first-in-class medicines. PDD uses empirical, target-agnostic lead generation to identify pharmacologically active molecules and novel therapeutics which work through unprecedented drug mechanisms. The economic and scientific value of PDD is exemplified through game-changing medicines for hepatitis C virus, spinal muscular atrophy, and cystic fibrosis. In this short review, recent advances are noted for the implementation and de-risking of PDD (for compound library selection, biomarker development, mechanism identification, and safety studies) and the potential for artificial intelligence. A significant barrier in the decision to implement PDD is balancing the potential impact of a novel mechanism of drug action with an under-defined scientific path forward, with the desire to provide infrastructure and metrics to optimize return on investment, which a known mechanism provides. A means to address this knowledge gap in the future is to empower precompetitive research utilizing the empirical concepts of PDD to identify new mechanisms and pharmacologically active compounds.
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15
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Vítor AC, Huertas P, Legube G, de Almeida SF. Studying DNA Double-Strand Break Repair: An Ever-Growing Toolbox. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:24. [PMID: 32154266 PMCID: PMC7047327 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To ward off against the catastrophic consequences of persistent DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), eukaryotic cells have developed a set of complex signaling networks that detect these DNA lesions, orchestrate cell cycle checkpoints and ultimately lead to their repair. Collectively, these signaling networks comprise the DNA damage response (DDR). The current knowledge of the molecular determinants and mechanistic details of the DDR owes greatly to the continuous development of ground-breaking experimental tools that couple the controlled induction of DSBs at distinct genomic positions with assays and reporters to investigate DNA repair pathways, their impact on other DNA-templated processes and the specific contribution of the chromatin environment. In this review, we present these tools, discuss their pros and cons and illustrate their contribution to our current understanding of the DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Vítor
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pablo Huertas
- Department of Genetics, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Gaëlle Legube
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sérgio F de Almeida
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Antolin AA, Ameratunga M, Banerji U, Clarke PA, Workman P, Al-Lazikani B. The kinase polypharmacology landscape of clinical PARP inhibitors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2585. [PMID: 32066817 PMCID: PMC7026418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypharmacology plays an important role in defining response and adverse effects of drugs. For some mechanisms, experimentally mapping polypharmacology is commonplace, although this is typically done within the same protein class. Four PARP inhibitors have been approved by the FDA as cancer therapeutics, yet a precise mechanistic rationale to guide clinicians on which to choose for a particular patient is lacking. The four drugs have largely similar PARP family inhibition profiles, but several differences at the molecular and clinical level have been reported that remain poorly understood. Here, we report the first comprehensive characterization of the off-target kinase landscape of four FDA-approved PARP drugs. We demonstrate that all four PARP inhibitors have a unique polypharmacological profile across the kinome. Niraparib and rucaparib inhibit DYRK1s, CDK16 and PIM3 at clinically achievable, submicromolar concentrations. These kinases represent the most potently inhibited off-targets of PARP inhibitors identified to date and should be investigated further to clarify their potential implications for efficacy and safety in the clinic. Moreover, broad kinome profiling is recommended for the development of PARP inhibitors as PARP-kinase polypharmacology could potentially be exploited to modulate efficacy and side-effect profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert A Antolin
- Department of Data Science, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK.
| | - Malaka Ameratunga
- Drug Development Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Udai Banerji
- Drug Development Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Paul A Clarke
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Paul Workman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK.
| | - Bissan Al-Lazikani
- Department of Data Science, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK.
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17
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Liu L, Cai S, Han C, Banerjee A, Wu D, Cui T, Xie G, Zhang J, Zhang X, McLaughlin E, Yin M, Backes FJ, Chakravarti A, Zheng Y, Wang QE. ALDH1A1 Contributes to PARP Inhibitor Resistance via Enhancing DNA Repair in BRCA2 -/- Ovarian Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 19:199-210. [PMID: 31534014 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) are approved to treat recurrent ovarian cancer with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, and as maintenance therapy for recurrent platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer (BRCA wild-type or mutated) after treatment with platinum. However, the acquired resistance against PARPi remains a clinical hurdle. Here, we demonstrated that PARP inhibitor (olaparib)-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells exhibited an elevated aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, mainly contributed by increased expression of ALDH1A1 due to olaparib-induced expression of BRD4, a member of bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family protein. We also revealed that ALDH1A1 enhanced microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) activity in EOC cells with inactivated BRCA2, a key protein that promotes homologous recombination (HR) by using an intrachromosomal MMEJ reporter. Moreover, NCT-501, an ALDH1A1-selective inhibitor, can synergize with olaparib in killing EOC cells carrying BRCA2 mutation in both in vitro cell culture and the in vivo xenograft animal model. Given that MMEJ activity has been reported to be responsible for PARPi resistance in HR-deficient cells, we conclude that ALDH1A1 contributes to the resistance to PARP inhibitors via enhancing MMEJ in BRCA2-/- ovarian cancer cells. Our findings provide a novel mechanism underlying PARPi resistance in BRCA2-mutated EOC cells and suggest that inhibition of ALDH1A1 could be exploited for preventing and overcoming PARPi resistance in EOC patients carrying BRCA2 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shurui Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Chunhua Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ananya Banerjee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.,School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Dayong Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tiantian Cui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Guozhen Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Eric McLaughlin
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ming Yin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Floor J Backes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yanfang Zheng
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qi-En Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. .,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
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18
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Boetefuer EL, Lake RJ, Dreval K, Fan HY. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) promotes oxidative stress-induced association of Cockayne syndrome group B protein with chromatin. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17863-17874. [PMID: 30266807 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cockayne syndrome protein B (CSB) is an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler that relieves oxidative stress by regulating DNA repair and transcription. CSB is proposed to participate in base-excision repair (BER), the primary pathway for repairing oxidative DNA damage, but exactly how CSB participates in this process is unknown. It is also unclear whether CSB contributes to other repair pathways during oxidative stress. Here, using a patient-derived CS1AN-sv cell line, we examined how CSB is targeted to chromatin in response to menadione-induced oxidative stress, both globally and locus-specifically. We found that menadione-induced, global CSB-chromatin association does not require CSB's ATPase activity and is, therefore, mechanistically distinct from UV-induced CSB-chromatin association. Importantly, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) enhanced the kinetics of global menadione-induced CSB-chromatin association. We found that the major BER enzymes, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) and apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (APE1), do not influence this association. Additionally, the level of γ-H2A histone family member X (γ-H2AX), a marker for dsDNA breaks, was not increased in menadione-treated cells. Therefore, our results support a model whereby PARP1 localizes to ssDNA breaks and recruits CSB to participate in DNA repair. Furthermore, this global CSB-chromatin association occurred independently of RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription elongation. However, unlike global CSB-chromatin association, both PARP1 knockdown and inhibition of transcription elongation interfered with menadione-induced CSB recruitment to specific genomic regions. This observation supports the hypothesis that CSB is also targeted to specific genomic loci to participate in transcriptional regulation in response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Boetefuer
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Program in Cancer Genetics, Epigenetics, and Genomics, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131; Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Robert J Lake
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Program in Cancer Genetics, Epigenetics, and Genomics, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Kostiantyn Dreval
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Program in Cancer Genetics, Epigenetics, and Genomics, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Hua-Ying Fan
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Program in Cancer Genetics, Epigenetics, and Genomics, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131.
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19
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Mihailidou C, Karamouzis MV, Schizas D, Papavassiliou AG. Co-targeting c-Met and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs): Therapeutic strategies in BRCA-mutated gastric carcinomas. Biochimie 2017; 142:135-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Vriend LEM, Krawczyk PM. Nick-initiated homologous recombination: Protecting the genome, one strand at a time. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 50:1-13. [PMID: 28087249 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is an essential, widely conserved mechanism that utilizes a template for accurate repair of DNA breaks. Some early HR models, developed over five decades ago, anticipated single-strand breaks (nicks) as initiating lesions. Subsequent studies favored a more double-strand break (DSB)-centered view of HR initiation and at present this pathway is primarily considered to be associated with DSB repair. However, mounting evidence suggests that nicks can indeed initiate HR directly, without first being converted to DSBs. Moreover, recent studies reported on novel branches of nick-initiated HR (nickHR) that rely on single-, rather than double-stranded repair templates and that are characterized by mechanistically and genetically unique properties. The physiological significance of nickHR is not well documented, but its high-fidelity nature and low mutagenic potential are relevant in recently developed, precise gene editing approaches. Here, we review the evidence for stimulation of HR by nicks, as well as the data on the interactions of nickHR with other DNA repair pathways and on its mechanistic properties. We conclude that nickHR is a bona-fide pathway for nick repair, sharing the molecular machinery with the canonical HR but nevertheless characterized by unique properties that secure its inclusion in DNA repair models and warrant future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne E M Vriend
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Przemek M Krawczyk
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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21
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A Phase 2, Single Arm Study of Iniparib in Patients With BRCA1 or BRCA2 Associated Advanced Epithelial Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Primary Peritoneal Cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2016; 26:255-60. [PMID: 26745694 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the activity and tolerability of iniparib monotherapy in women with BRCA1 or BRCA2-associated advanced epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS Eligible patients had advanced epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer, germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, measurable disease, and at least 1 previous treatment regimen of platinum/taxane chemotherapy. Patients received iniparib 8 mg/kg intravenously on days 1 and 4 weekly, with imaging every 8 weeks. Treatment continued until disease progression or adverse events (AEs) prohibited further therapy. Common Terminology Criteria for AEs v3.0 was used to grade AEs. The primary endpoint was tumor response. The study was conducted with a Simon 2-stage design with 12 and 23 patients planned in the first and second stage, respectively. The study was designed to distinguish between 10% and 30% responding with types 1 and 2 error of 0.10. RESULTS Twelve patients were treated on study, with median exposure to iniparib of 7.5 weeks. The median number of previous chemotherapeutic regimens was 7. Treatment-related AEs (≥10%) included asthenia (83.3%), constipation (25%), diarrhea (25%), nausea (25%), abdominal pain (16.7%), and decreased hemoglobin (16.7%). All treatment-related AEs were grades 1 or 2 with the following 2 exceptions: 1 grade 3 diarrhea and 1 grade 3 hypertension. One patient had stable disease lasting 2 cycles; the remaining 11 patients had progressive disease. The study did not proceed to second stage enrollment. CONCLUSIONS Iniparib did not show significant activity in this heavily pretreated ovarian cancer population, all of whom had BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.
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22
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Westmoreland JW, Resnick MA. Recombinational repair of radiation-induced double-strand breaks occurs in the absence of extensive resection. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:695-704. [PMID: 26503252 PMCID: PMC4737140 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinational repair provides accurate chromosomal restitution after double-strand break (DSB) induction. While all DSB recombination repair models include 5′-3′ resection, there are no studies that directly assess the resection needed for repair between sister chromatids in G-2 arrested cells of random, radiation-induced ‘dirty’ DSBs. Using our Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis-shift approach, we determined resection at IR-DSBs in WT and mutants lacking exonuclease1 or Sgs1 helicase. Lack of either reduced resection length by half, without decreased DSB repair or survival. In the exo1Δ sgs1Δ double mutant, resection was barely detectable, yet it only took an additional hour to achieve a level of repair comparable to WT and there was only a 2-fold dose-modifying effect on survival. Results with a Dnl4 deletion strain showed that remaining repair was not due to endjoining. Thus, similar to what has been shown for a single, clean HO-induced DSB, a severe reduction in resection tract length has only a modest effect on repair of multiple, dirty DSBs in G2-arrested cells. Significantly, this study provides the first opportunity to directly relate resection length at DSBs to the capability for global recombination repair between sister chromatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Westmoreland
- Chromosome Stability Section, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Michael A Resnick
- Chromosome Stability Section, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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23
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The role of Rak in the regulation of stability and function of BRCA1. Oncotarget 2015; 8:86799-86815. [PMID: 29156836 PMCID: PMC5689726 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 is an important player in the DNA damage response signaling, and its deficiency results in genomic instability. A complete loss or significantly reduced BRCA1 protein expression is often found in sporadic breast cancer cases despite the absence of genetic or epigenetic aberrations, suggesting the existence of other regulatory mechanisms controlling BRCA1 protein expression. Herein, we demonstrate that Fyn-related kinase (Frk)/Rak plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability, possibly in part through positively regulating BRCA1 protein stability and function via tyrosine phosphorylation on BRCA1 Tyr1552. In addition, Rak deficiency confers cellular sensitivity to DNA damaging agents and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Overall, our findings highlight a critical role of Rak in the maintenance of genomic stability, at least in part, through protecting BRCA1 and provide novel treatment strategies for patients with breast tumors lacking Rak.
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24
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Mucha B, Kabzinski J, Dziki A, Przybylowska-Sygut K, Sygut A, Majsterek I, Dziki L. Polymorphism within the distal RAD51 gene promoter is associated with colorectal cancer in a Polish population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:11601-11607. [PMID: 26617897 PMCID: PMC4637713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in developed countries. Annually, over one million of new cases in the world are recorded. Majority of CRCs occur sporadically with dominant phenotype of chromosomal instability (CIN). Permanent exposure to DNA damaging agents such as ionizing radiation result in DNA double-stranded breaks, which create favorable conditions for chromosomal aberration to arise. Homologous recombination repair (HRR) is the leading process engaged in maintaining of the genome integrity. RAD51 protein was recognized as crucial in HRR. Single nucleotide polymorphisms are the primary source of genetic variation which presence in the RAD51 promoter region can affect on its expression and consequently modulate HR efficiency. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of genotypes and allele frequencies of -4791A/T and -4601A/G RAD51 gene polymorphisms, followed by an assessment of their relationship with the risk of CRC. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 115 patients with confirmed CRC. Control group was consisted of 118 cancer-free individuals with a negative family history. The genotypes were identified by PCR-RFLP method. CONCLUSION This study revealed statistically significant association between appearance of G/A genotype in position -4601 of RAD51 gene and CRC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Mucha
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of LodzPoland
| | - Jacek Kabzinski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of LodzPoland
| | - Adam Dziki
- Department of General and Colorectal Surgery Medical University in LodzPoland
| | | | - Andrzej Sygut
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Medical Center of PabianicePoland
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of LodzPoland
| | - Lukasz Dziki
- Department of General and Colorectal Surgery Medical University in LodzPoland
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Eyvazzadeh N, Neshasteh-Riz A, Mahdavi SR. DNA damage of glioblastoma multiform cells induced by Beta radiation of iodine-131 in the presence or absence of topotecan: a picogreen and colonogenic assay. CELL JOURNAL 2015; 17:99-110. [PMID: 25870839 PMCID: PMC4393677 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2015.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), one of the most common and aggressive
malignant brain tumors, is highly resistant to radiotherapy. Numerous approaches have
been pursued to find new radiosensitizers. We used a picogreen and colonogenic assay
to appraise the DNA damage and cell death in a spheroid culture of GBM cells caused by
iodine-131 (I-131) beta radiation in the presence of topotecan (TPT). Materials and Methods U87MG cells were cultured as spheroids with approximate
diameters of 300 μm. Cells were treated with beta radiation of I-131 (at a dose of 2 Gy)
and/ or TPT (1 μg/ml for 2 hours). The numbers of cells that survived were compared with
untreated cells using a colonogenic assay. In addition, we evaluated possible DNA damages by the picogreen method. The relation between DNA damage and cell death was
assessed in the experimental study of groups.
Results The findings showed that survival fraction (SF) in the I-131+TPT group
(39%) was considerably less than the I-131 group (58.92%; p<0.05). The number of
single strand breaks (SSB) and double strand breaks (DSB), in the DNA of U87MG
cells treated with beta radiation of I-131 and TPT (I-131+TPT) significantly increased
compared to cells treated with only I-131 or TPT (p<0.05). The amount of SSB repair was more than DSB repair (p<0.05). The relationship between cell death and
DNA damage was close (r≥0.6) and significant (p<0.05) in the irradiated and treated
groups. Also the maximum rate of DNA repair occurred 24 hours after the treatments.
A significant difference was not observed on other days of the restoration.
Conclusion The findings in the present study indicated that TPT can sensitize
U87MG cells to radiation and increase DNA damages. Potentially, TPT can cause
an increase in damage from DSB and SSB by its inhibitory effects on topoisomerase
enzyme and the cell cycle. The increased complex damages following the use of a
genotoxic agent and beta I-131 radiation, causes a significant increase the cell death
because of the difficult repair process. By assessing the relationship between DNA
damage and cell death, the picogreen method can be useful in predicting colonogenic
assay. Consequently, it is suggested that co-treatment with I-131 beta radiation and
TPT can improve GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Eyvazzadeh
- Radiation Research Center, Faculty of Paramedicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Neshasteh-Riz
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Rabee Mahdavi
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Antolín AA, Mestres J. Linking off-target kinase pharmacology to the differential cellular effects observed among PARP inhibitors. Oncotarget 2015; 5:3023-8. [PMID: 24632590 PMCID: PMC4102788 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP inhibitors hold promise as a novel class of targeted anticancer drugs. However, their true mechanism of action is still not well understood following recent reports that show marked differences in cellular effects. Here, we demonstrate that three PARP drug candidates, namely, rucaparib, veliparib, and olaparib, have a clearly different in vitro affinity profile across a panel of diverse kinases selected using a computational approach that relates proteins by ligand similarity. In this respect, rucaparib inhibits nine kinases with micromolar affinity, including PIM1, PIM2, PRKD2, DYRK1A, CDK1, CDK9, HIPK2, CK2, and ALK. In contrast, olaparib does not inhibit any of the sixteen kinases tested. In between, veliparib inhibits only two, namely, PIM1 and CDK9. The differential kinase pharmacology observed among PARP inhibitors provides a plausible explanation to their different cellular effects and offers unexplored opportunities for this drug class, but alerts also on the risk associated to transferring directly both preclinical and clinical outcomes from one PARP drug candidate to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert A Antolín
- Systems Pharmacology, Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Abstract
PARP-1 is a nuclear enzyme regulating transcription, chromatin restructuring, and DNA repair. PARP-1 is activated by interaction with NAD+, DNA, and core histones. Each route of PARP-1 activation leads to somewhat different outcomes. PARP-1 interactions with core histones control PARP-1 functions during transcriptional activation in euchromatin. DNA-dependent regulation of PARP-1 determines its localization in heterochromatin and PARP-1-dependent silencing. Here we address the biological significance of DNA-dependent PARP-1 regulation in vitro and in vivo. We report that minor grove binding ligands (MGBLs) specifically target PARP-1 interaction with DNA, and, hence, the DNA-dependent pathway of PARP-1 activation. By obstructing its interaction with DNA molecules, MGBLs block PARP-1 activity in vitro and in vivo, as we demonstrate using Drosophila, as well as human cancer-derived cells. We also demonstrate synergistic inhibition of PARP-1, combining MGBLs with conventional NAD+-dependent inhibitors in human cancer cells. These results suggest that combining different classes of PARP-1 inhibitors can precisely modulate PARP-1 activity in living cells, thus holding promise for new avenues of cancer treatment.
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Doubling down on the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway enhances the antitumor efficacy of PARP inhibitor in triple negative breast cancer model beyond BRCA-ness. Neoplasia 2014; 16:43-72. [PMID: 24563619 DOI: 10.1593/neo.131694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, in addition to its pro-proliferative and antiapoptotic effects on tumor cells, contributes to DNA damage repair (DDR). We hypothesized that GDC-0980, a dual PI3K-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, would induce an efficient antitumor effect in BRCA-competent triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) model when combined with ABT888 and carboplatin. Mechanism-based in vitro studies demonstrated that GDC-0980 treatment alone or in combination led to DNA damage (increased pγH2AX(S139); Western blot, immunofluorescence), gain in poly ADP-ribose (PAR), and a subsequent sensitization of BRCA-competent TNBC cells to ABT888 plus carboplatin with a time-dependent 1) decrease in proliferation signals (pAKTT308/S473, pP70S6KT421/S424, pS6RPS235/236), PAR/poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) ratios, PAR/pγH2AX ratios, live/dead cell ratios, cell cycle progression, and three-dimensional clonogenic growths and 2) increase in apoptosis markers (cleaved caspases 3 and 9, a pro-apoptotic BH3-only of Bcl-2 family (BIM), cleaved PARP, annexin V). The combination was effective in vitro in BRCA-wild-type PIK3CA-H1047R-mutated BT20 and PTEN-null HCC70 cells. The combination blocked the growth of established xenograft tumors by 80% to 90% with a concomitant decrease in tumor Ki67, CD31, phosphorylated vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, pS6RPS235/236, and p4EBP1T37/46 as well as an increase in cleaved caspase 3 immunohistochemistry (IHC) levels. Interestingly, a combination with GDC-0941, a pan-PI3K inhibitor, failed to block the tumor growth in MDA-MB231. Results demonstrate that the dual inhibition of PI3K and mTOR regulates DDR. In a BRCA-competent model, GDC-0980 enhanced the antitumor activity of ABT888 plus carboplatin by inhibiting both tumor cell proliferation and tumor-induced angiogenesis along with an increase in the tumor cell apoptosis. This is the first mechanism-based study to demonstrate the integral role of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway in DDR-mediated antitumor action of PARP inhibitor in TNBC.
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Mehta A, Haber JE. Sources of DNA double-strand breaks and models of recombinational DNA repair. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:a016428. [PMID: 25104768 PMCID: PMC4142968 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA is subject to many endogenous and exogenous insults that impair DNA replication and proper chromosome segregation. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are one of the most toxic of these lesions and must be repaired to preserve chromosomal integrity. Eukaryotes are equipped with several different, but related, repair mechanisms involving homologous recombination, including single-strand annealing, gene conversion, and break-induced replication. In this review, we highlight the chief sources of DSBs and crucial requirements for each of these repair processes, as well as the methods to identify and study intermediate steps in DSB repair by homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Mehta
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, MS029 Rosenstiel Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110
| | - James E Haber
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, MS029 Rosenstiel Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110
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Abstract
DNA strand breaks arise continuously in cells and can lead to chromosome rearrangements and genome instability or cell death. The commonest DNA breaks are DNA single-strand breaks, which arise at a frequency of tens-of-thousands per cell each day and which can block the progression of RNA/DNA polymerases and disrupt gene transcription and genome duplication. If not rapidly repaired, SSBs can be converted into DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) during genome duplication, eliciting a complex series of DNA damage responses that attempt to protect cells from irreversible replication fork collapse. DSBs are the most cytotoxic and clastogenic type of DNA breaks, and can also arise independently of DNA replication, albeit at a frequency several orders of magnitude lower than SSBs. Here, I discuss the evidence that DNA single- and double -strand break repair pathways, and cellular tolerance mechanisms for protecting replication forks during genome duplication, utilize signalling by protein ADP-ribosyltransferases to protect cells from the harmful impact of DNA strand breakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brigton BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom.
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TACC3 deregulates the DNA damage response and confers sensitivity to radiation and PARP inhibition. Oncogene 2014; 34:1667-78. [PMID: 24769898 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of the transforming acidic coiled-coil protein 3 (TACC3), an important factor in the centrosome-microtubule system, has been linked to a variety of human cancer types. We have recently reported on the oncogenic potential of TACC3; however, the molecular mechanisms by which TACC3 mediates oncogenic function remain to be elucidated. In this study, we show that high levels of TACC3 lead to the accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and disrupt the normal cellular response to DNA damage, at least in part, by negatively regulating the expression of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and the subsequent DNA damage response (DDR) signaling cascade. Cells expressing high levels of TACC3 display defective checkpoints and DSB-mediated homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair systems, leading to genomic instability. Importantly, high levels of TACC3 confer cellular sensitization to radiation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition. Overall, our findings provide critical information regarding the mechanisms by which TACC3 contributes to genomic instability, potentially leading to cancer development, and suggest a novel prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer types expressing high levels of TACC3.
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Calvo JA, Moroski-Erkul CA, Lake A, Eichinger LW, Shah D, Jhun I, Limsirichai P, Bronson RT, Christiani DC, Meira LB, Samson LD. Aag DNA glycosylase promotes alkylation-induced tissue damage mediated by Parp1. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003413. [PMID: 23593019 PMCID: PMC3617098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkylating agents comprise a major class of front-line cancer chemotherapeutic compounds, and while these agents effectively kill tumor cells, they also damage healthy tissues. Although base excision repair (BER) is essential in repairing DNA alkylation damage, under certain conditions, initiation of BER can be detrimental. Here we illustrate that the alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) mediates alkylation-induced tissue damage and whole-animal lethality following exposure to alkylating agents. Aag-dependent tissue damage, as observed in cerebellar granule cells, splenocytes, thymocytes, bone marrow cells, pancreatic β-cells, and retinal photoreceptor cells, was detected in wild-type mice, exacerbated in Aag transgenic mice, and completely suppressed in Aag−/− mice. Additional genetic experiments dissected the effects of modulating both BER and Parp1 on alkylation sensitivity in mice and determined that Aag acts upstream of Parp1 in alkylation-induced tissue damage; in fact, cytotoxicity in WT and Aag transgenic mice was abrogated in the absence of Parp1. These results provide in vivo evidence that Aag-initiated BER may play a critical role in determining the side-effects of alkylating agent chemotherapies and that Parp1 plays a crucial role in Aag-mediated tissue damage. Alkylating agents are genotoxic chemicals that induce both toxic and mutagenic DNA damage through addition of an alkyl group to DNA. Alkylating agents are routinely and successfully used as chemotherapeutic therapies for cancer patients, with one major disadvantage being the significant toxicity induced in non-tumor tissues. Accordingly, identifying factors that modify susceptibility to alkylation-induced toxicity will provide valuable information in designing cancer therapeutic regimens. This study used mouse genetic experiments to investigate whether proteins important in the base excision repair pathway modulate susceptibility to alkylating agents. In addition to whole-animal toxicity at high doses, treatment of mice with alkylating agents resulted in severe damage to numerous tissues including the cerebellum, retina, bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and the pancreas. We illustrate that the DNA glycosylase Aag can actually confer, rather than prevent, alkylation sensitivity at both the whole-animal and tissue level; i.e., Aag transgenic animals are more susceptible than wild type, whereas Aag-deficient animals are less susceptible than wild type to alkylation-induced toxicity. Further genetic experiments show that the Aag-mediated alkylation sensitivity is dependent on Parp1. Given that we observe a wide range of human AAG expression among healthy individuals, this and other base excision repair proteins may be important factors modulating alkylation susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Calvo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Moroski-Erkul
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Annabelle Lake
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsey W. Eichinger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dharini Shah
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Iny Jhun
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Prajit Limsirichai
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roderick T. Bronson
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David C. Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lisiane B. Meira
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Leona D. Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Westmoreland JW, Resnick MA. Coincident resection at both ends of random, γ-induced double-strand breaks requires MRX (MRN), Sae2 (Ctp1), and Mre11-nuclease. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003420. [PMID: 23555316 PMCID: PMC3610664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Resection is an early step in homology-directed recombinational repair (HDRR) of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Resection enables strand invasion as well as reannealing following DNA synthesis across a DSB to assure efficient HDRR. While resection of only one end could result in genome instability, it has not been feasible to address events at both ends of a DSB, or to distinguish 1- versus 2-end resections at random, radiation-induced "dirty" DSBs or even enzyme-induced "clean" DSBs. Previously, we quantitatively addressed resection and the role of Mre11/Rad50/Xrs2 complex (MRX) at random DSBs in circular chromosomes within budding yeast based on reduced pulsed-field gel electrophoretic mobility ("PFGE-shift"). Here, we extend PFGE analysis to a second dimension and demonstrate unique patterns associated with 0-, 1-, and 2-end resections at DSBs, providing opportunities to examine coincidence of resection. In G2-arrested WT, Δrad51 and Δrad52 cells deficient in late stages of HDRR, resection occurs at both ends of γ-DSBs. However, for radiation-induced and I-SceI-induced DSBs, 1-end resections predominate in MRX (MRN) null mutants with or without Ku70. Surprisingly, Sae2 (Ctp1/CtIP) and Mre11 nuclease-deficient mutants have similar responses, although there is less impact on repair. Thus, we provide direct molecular characterization of coincident resection at random, radiation-induced DSBs and show that rapid and coincident initiation of resection at γ-DSBs requires MRX, Sae2 protein, and Mre11 nuclease. Structural features of MRX complex are consistent with coincident resection being due to an ability to interact with both DSB ends to directly coordinate resection. Interestingly, coincident resection at clean I-SceI-induced breaks is much less dependent on Mre11 nuclease or Sae2, contrary to a strong dependence on MRX complex, suggesting different roles for these functions at "dirty" and clean DSB ends. These approaches apply to resection at other DSBs. Given evolutionary conservation, the observations are relevant to DNA repair in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Westmoreland
- Chromosome Stability Section, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Resnick
- Chromosome Stability Section, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sousa MML, Zub KA, Aas PA, Hanssen-Bauer A, Demirovic A, Sarno A, Tian E, Liabakk NB, Slupphaug G. An inverse switch in DNA base excision and strand break repair contributes to melphalan resistance in multiple myeloma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55493. [PMID: 23405159 PMCID: PMC3566207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in checkpoint and DNA repair pathways may provide adaptive mechanisms contributing to acquired drug resistance. Here, we investigated the levels of proteins mediating DNA damage signaling and -repair in RPMI8226 multiple myeloma cells and its Melphalan-resistant derivative 8226-LR5. We observed markedly reduced steady-state levels of DNA glycosylases UNG2, NEIL1 and MPG in the resistant cells and cross-resistance to agents inducing their respective DNA base lesions. Conversely, repair of alkali-labile sites was apparently enhanced in the resistant cells, as substantiated by alkaline comet assay, autoribosylation of PARP-1, and increased sensitivity to PARP-1 inhibition by 4-AN or KU58684. Reduced base-excision and enhanced single-strand break repair would both contribute to the observed reduction in genomic alkali-labile sites, which could jeopardize productive processing of the more cytotoxic Melphalan-induced interstrand DNA crosslinks (ICLs). Furthermore, we found a marked upregulation of proteins in the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway of double-strand break (DSB) repair, likely contributing to the observed increase in DSB repair kinetics in the resistant cells. Finally, we observed apparent upregulation of ATR-signaling and downregulation of ATM-signaling in the resistant cells. This was accompanied by markedly increased sensitivity towards Melphalan in the presence of ATR-, DNA-PK, or CHK1/2 inhibitors whereas no sensitizing effect was observed subsequent to ATM inhibition, suggesting that replication blocking lesions are primary triggers of the DNA damage response in the Melphalan resistant cells. In conclusion, Melphalan resistance is apparently contributed by modulation of the DNA damage response at multiple levels, including downregulation of specific repair pathways to avoid repair intermediates that could impair efficient processing of cytotoxic ICLs and ICL-induced DSBs. This study has revealed several novel candidate biomarkers for Melphalan sensitivity that will be included in targeted quantitation studies in larger patient cohorts to validate their value in prognosis as well as targets for replacement- or adjuvant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirta M. L. Sousa
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- The Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility (PROMEC), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kamila Anna Zub
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Arne Aas
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Audun Hanssen-Bauer
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Aida Demirovic
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Antonio Sarno
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erming Tian
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Laboratory of Myeloma Genetics, Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Nina B. Liabakk
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Geir Slupphaug
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- The Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility (PROMEC), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Kumala S, Fujarewicz K, Jayaraju D, Rzeszowska-Wolny J, Hancock R. Repair of DNA strand breaks in a minichromosome in vivo: kinetics, modeling, and effects of inhibitors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52966. [PMID: 23382828 PMCID: PMC3559499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To obtain an overall picture of the repair of DNA single and double strand breaks in a defined region of chromatin in vivo, we studied their repair in a ∼170 kb circular minichromosome whose length and topology are analogous to those of the closed loops in genomic chromatin. The rate of repair of single strand breaks in cells irradiated with γ photons was quantitated by determining the sensitivity of the minichromosome DNA to nuclease S1, and that of double strand breaks by assaying the reformation of supercoiled DNA using pulsed field electrophoresis. Reformation of supercoiled DNA, which requires that all single strand breaks have been repaired, was not slowed detectably by the inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 NU1025 or 1,5-IQD. Repair of double strand breaks was slowed by 20–30% when homologous recombination was supressed by KU55933, caffeine, or siRNA-mediated depletion of Rad51 but was completely arrested by the inhibitors of nonhomologous end-joining wortmannin or NU7441, responses interpreted as reflecting competition between these repair pathways similar to that seen in genomic DNA. The reformation of supercoiled DNA was unaffected when topoisomerases I or II, whose participation in repair of strand breaks has been controversial, were inhibited by the catalytic inhibitors ICRF-193 or F11782. Modeling of the kinetics of repair provided rate constants and showed that repair of single strand breaks in minichromosome DNA proceeded independently of repair of double strand breaks. The simplicity of quantitating strand breaks in this minichromosome provides a usefull system for testing the efficiency of new inhibitors of their repair, and since the sequence and structural features of its DNA and its transcription pattern have been studied extensively it offers a good model for examining other aspects of DNA breakage and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Kumala
- Laval University Cancer Research Centre, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Québec, Canada
| | - Krzysztof Fujarewicz
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dheekollu Jayaraju
- Laval University Cancer Research Centre, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Québec, Canada
| | - Joanna Rzeszowska-Wolny
- Biosystems Group, Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ronald Hancock
- Laval University Cancer Research Centre, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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