1
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Rahman M, Boettcher S. Real-space model for activated processes in rejuvenation and memory behavior of glassy systems. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4928-4934. [PMID: 38872620 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01713c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
We offer an alternative real-space description, based purely on activated processes, for the understanding of relaxation dynamics in hierarchical landscapes. To this end, we use the cluster model, a coarse-grained lattice model of a jammed system, to analyze rejuvenation and memory effects during aging after a hard quench. In this model, neighboring particles on a lattice aggregate through local interactions into clusters that fragment with a probability based on their size. Despite the simplicity of the cluster model, it has been shown to reproduce salient observables of the aging dynamics in colloidal systems, such as those accounting for particle mobility and displacements. Here, we probe the model for more complex quench protocols and show that it exhibits rejuvenation and memory effects similar to those attributed to the complex hierarchical structure of a glassy energy landscape.
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2
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Ojha SK, Hazra S, Bera S, Gogoi SK, Mandal P, Maity J, Gloskovskii A, Schlueter C, Karmakar S, Jain M, Banerjee S, Gopalan V, Middey S. Quantum fluctuations lead to glassy electron dynamics in the good metal regime of electron doped KTaO 3. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3830. [PMID: 38714672 PMCID: PMC11076559 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the central challenges in condensed matter physics is to comprehend systems that have strong disorder and strong interactions. In the strongly localized regime, their subtle competition leads to glassy electron dynamics which ceases to exist well before the insulator-to-metal transition is approached as a function of doping. Here, we report on the discovery of glassy electron dynamics deep inside the good metal regime of an electron-doped quantum paraelectric system: KTaO3. We reveal that upon excitation of electrons from defect states to the conduction band, the excess injected carriers in the conduction band relax in a stretched exponential manner with a large relaxation time, and the system evinces simple aging phenomena-a telltale sign of glassy dynamics. Most significantly, we observe a critical slowing down of carrier dynamics below 35 K, concomitant with the onset of quantum paraelectricity in the undoped KTaO3. Our combined investigation using second harmonic generation technique, density functional theory and phenomenological modeling demonstrates quantum fluctuation-stabilized soft polar modes as the impetus for the glassy behavior. This study addresses one of the most fundamental questions regarding the potential promotion of glassiness by quantum fluctuations and opens a route for exploring glassy dynamics of electrons in a well-delocalized regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Kumar Ojha
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India.
| | - Sankalpa Hazra
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Surajit Bera
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Sanat Kumar Gogoi
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
- Department of Physics, Digboi College, Digboi, 786171, India
| | - Prithwijit Mandal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Jyotirmay Maity
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | | | | | - Smarajit Karmakar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P, Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad, 500107, India
| | - Manish Jain
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Sumilan Banerjee
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India.
| | - Venkatraman Gopalan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Srimanta Middey
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India.
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3
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Tong Y, Song L, Gao Y, Fan L, Li F, Yang Y, Mo G, Liu Y, Shui X, Zhang Y, Gao M, Huo J, Qiao J, Pineda E, Wang JQ. Strain-driven Kovacs-like memory effect in glasses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8407. [PMID: 38110399 PMCID: PMC10728148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying complex relaxation behaviors is of critical importance for understanding the nature of glasses. Here we report a Kovacs-like memory effect in glasses, manifested by non-monotonic stress relaxation during two-step high-to-low strains stimulations. During the stress relaxation process, if the strain jumps from a higher state to a lower state, the stress does not continue to decrease, but increases first and then decreases. The memory effect becomes stronger when the atomic motions become highly collective with a large activation energy, e.g. the strain in the first stage is larger, the temperature is higher, and the stimulation is longer. The physical origin of the stress memory effect is studied based on the relaxation kinetics and the in-situ synchrotron X-ray experiments. The stress memory effect is probably a universal phenomenon in different types of glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Lijian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yurong Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Longlong Fan
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fucheng Li
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Yang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Mo
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxue Shui
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Meng Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Juntao Huo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jichao Qiao
- School of Mechanics, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Eloi Pineda
- Department of Physics, Institute of Energy Technologies, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jun-Qiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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4
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Tverjanovich AS, Tsiok OB, Brazhkin VV, Bokova M, Cuisset A, Bychkov E. Remarkably Stable Glassy GeS 2 Densified at 8.3 GPa: Hidden Polyamorphism, Contrasting Optical Properties, Raman and DFT Studies, and Advanced Applications. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9850-9860. [PMID: 37910778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Glassy GeS2, densified at 8.3 GPa, exhibits a strongly reduced bandgap, predominantly tetrahedral Ge environment, enhanced chemical disorder and partial 3-fold coordination of both germanium and sulfur, assuming two possible reaction paths under high pressure: (i) a simple dissociation 2Ge-S ⇄ Ge-Ge + S-S and (ii) a chemical disproportionation GeS2 ⇄ GeS + S. The observed electronic and structural changes remain intact for at least seven years under ambient conditions but are gradually evolving upon heating. The relaxation kinetics at elevated temperatures, up to the glass transition temperature Tg, suggests that complete recovery of the densified glassy GeS2 over a typical operational T-range of optoelectronic devices will take many thousands of years. The observed logarithmic relaxation and nearly infinite recovery time at room temperature raise questions about the nature of millennia-long phenomena in densified GeS2. Two alternative explanations will be discussed: (1) hidden polyamorphism and (2) continuous structural and chemical changes under high pressure. These investigations offer valuable insights into the behavior of glassy GeS2 under extreme conditions and its potential applications in optoelectronic devices and other advanced technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey S Tverjanovich
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg B Tsiok
- Institute for High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, 108840 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V Brazhkin
- Institute for High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, 108840 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Bokova
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Arnaud Cuisset
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Eugene Bychkov
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59140 Dunkerque, France
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5
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Lahini Y, Rubinstein SM, Amir A. Crackling Noise during Slow Relaxations in Crumpled Sheets. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:258201. [PMID: 37418710 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.258201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The statistics of noise emitted by ultrathin crumpled sheets is measured while they exhibit logarithmic relaxations under load. We find that the logarithmic relaxation advanced via a series of discrete, audible, micromechanical events that are log-Poisson distributed (i.e., the process becomes a Poisson process when time stamps are replaced by their logarithms). The analysis places constraints on the possible mechanisms underlying the glasslike slow relaxation and memory retention in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Lahini
- Department of Condensed Matter, School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shmuel M Rubinstein
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ariel Amir
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Complex Systems, Faculty of Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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6
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Weaver RL, Lee S. Slow dynamics in a single bead with mechanical conditioning and transient heating. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:044902. [PMID: 37198830 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.044902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The contact stiffness of an aluminum bead confined between two slabs diminishes upon mechanical conditioning, and then recovers as log(t) after the conditioning ceases. Here that structure is evaluated for its response to transient heating and cooling, with and without accompanying conditioning vibrations. It is found that, under heating or cooling alone, stiffness changes are mostly consistent with temperature-dependent material moduli; there is little or no slow dynamics. Hybrid tests in which vibration conditioning is followed by heating or cooling lead to recoveries that begin as log(t) and then become more complex. On subtracting the known response to heating or cooling alone we discern the influence of higher or lower temperatures on slow dynamic recovery from vibrations. It is found that heating accelerates the initial log(t) recovery, but by an amount more than predicted by an Arrhenius model of thermally activated barrier penetrations. Transient cooling has no discernible effect, in contrast to the Arrhenius prediction that it slows recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Weaver
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - SangMin Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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7
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Lavergne FA, Sollich P, Trappe V. Delayed elastic contributions to the viscoelastic response of foams. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:154901. [PMID: 35459308 DOI: 10.1063/5.0085773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that the slow viscoelastic response of a foam is that of a power-law fluid with a terminal relaxation. Investigations of the foam mechanics in creep and recovery tests reveal that the power-law contribution is fully reversible, indicative of a delayed elastic response. We demonstrate how this contribution fully accounts for the non-Maxwellian features observed in all tests, probing the linear mechanical response function. The associated power-law spectrum is consistent with soft glassy rheology of systems with mechanical noise temperatures just above the glass transition [Fielding et al., J. Rheol. 44, 323 (2000)] and originates from a combination of superdiffusive bubble dynamics and stress diffusion, as recently evidenced in simulations of coarsening foam [Hwang et al., Nat. Mater. 15, 1031 (2016)].
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Affiliation(s)
- François A Lavergne
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Peter Sollich
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Véronique Trappe
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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8
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Observation of universal ageing dynamics in antibiotic persistence. Nature 2021; 600:290-294. [PMID: 34789881 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04114-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stress responses allow cells to adapt to changes in external conditions by activating specific pathways1. Here we investigate the dynamics of single cells that were subjected to acute stress that is too strong for a regulated response but not lethal. We show that when the growth of bacteria is arrested by acute transient exposure to strong inhibitors, the statistics of their regrowth dynamics can be predicted by a model for the cellular network that ignores most of the details of the underlying molecular interactions. We observed that the same stress, applied either abruptly or gradually, can lead to totally different recovery dynamics. By measuring the regrowth dynamics after stress exposure on thousands of cells, we show that the model can predict the outcome of antibiotic persistence measurements. Our results may account for the ubiquitous antibiotic persistence phenotype2, as well as for the difficulty in attempts to link it to specific genes3. More generally, our approach suggests that two different cellular states can be observed under stress: a regulated state, which prepares cells for fast recovery, and a disrupted cellular state due to acute stress, with slow and heterogeneous recovery dynamics. The disrupted state may be described by general properties of large random networks rather than by specific pathway activation. Better understanding of the disrupted state could shed new light on the survival and evolution of cells under stress.
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9
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Pal SK, Mehta N, Mikla V, Horvat A, Minkovich V, Dahshan A. Insights into the physical aging in chalcogenide glasses: A case study of a first-generation As2Se3 binary glass. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Cassidy A, Jørgensen MRV, Glavic A, Lauter V, Plekan O, Field D. A mechanism for ageing in a deeply supercooled molecular glass. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6368-6371. [PMID: 34105533 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01639c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of the decay of electric fields, formed spontaneously within vapour-deposited films of cis-methyl formate, provide the first direct assessment of the energy barrier to secondary relaxation in a molecular glass. At temperatures far below the glass transition temperature, the mechanism of relaxation is shown to be through hindered molecular rotation. Magnetically-polarised neutron scattering experiments exclude diffusion, which is demonstrated to take place only close to the glass transition temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cassidy
- Center for Interstellar Catalysis and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Mads R V Jørgensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, iNano & Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C, Denmark & MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Fotongatan 2, Lund, Sweden
| | - Artur Glavic
- Laboratory for Neutron and Muon Instrumentation, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5231 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Lauter
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | - Oksana Plekan
- Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Area Science Park, Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, I-34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - David Field
- Center for Interstellar Catalysis and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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11
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Multiscale Post-Seismic Deformation Based on cGNSS Time Series Following the 2015 Lefkas (W. Greece) Mw6.5 Earthquake. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11114817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a multiscale post-seismic relaxation mechanism, based on the existence of a distribution in relaxation time, is presented. Assuming an Arrhenius dependence of the relaxation time with uniform distributed activation energy in a mesoscopic scale, a generic logarithmic-type relaxation in a macroscopic scale results. The model was applied in the case of the strong 2015 Lefkas Mw6.5 (W. Greece) earthquake, where continuous GNSS (cGNSS) time series were recorded in a station located in the near vicinity of the epicentral area. The application of the present approach to the Lefkas event fits the observed displacements implied by a distribution of relaxation times in the range τmin ≈ 3.5 days to τmax ≈ 350 days.
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12
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Hem J, Crauste-Thibierge C, Clément F, Long DR, Ciliberto S. Simultaneous memory effects in the stress and in the dielectric susceptibility of a stretched polymer glass. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:L040502. [PMID: 34005906 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.l040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report experimental evidence that a polymer stretched at constant strain rate λ[over ̇] presents complex memory effects after λ[over ̇] is set to zero at a specific strain λ_{w} for a duration t_{w}, ranging from 100s to 2.2×10^{5}s. When the strain rate is resumed, both the stress and the dielectric constant relax to the unperturbed state nonmonotonically. The relaxations depend on the observable, on λ_{w} and on t_{w}. Relaxation master curves are obtained by scaling the time and the amplitudes by ln(t_{w}). The dielectric evolution also captures the distribution of the relaxation times, so the results impose strong constraints on the relaxation models of polymers under stress and they can be useful for a better understanding of memory effects in other disorder materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hem
- Univ of Lyon, Ens de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, UMR 5672, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - C Crauste-Thibierge
- Univ of Lyon, Ens de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, UMR 5672, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - F Clément
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS/Solvay, UMR 5268, 69192 Saint Fons Cedex, France
| | - D R Long
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS/Solvay, UMR 5268, 69192 Saint Fons Cedex, France
| | - S Ciliberto
- Univ of Lyon, Ens de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, UMR 5672, F-69342 Lyon, France
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13
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Wang SY, Zhuang HY, Zhang H, He HJ, Jiang WP, Yao EL, Ruan B, Wu YX, Miao Y. Near-surface softening and healing in eastern Honshu associated with the 2011 magnitude-9 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1215. [PMID: 33619266 PMCID: PMC7900222 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The near-surface part of the crust, also called the skin of the earth, is the arena of human activity of which the stiffness is of great concern to engineers in infrastructure construction. The stiffness reduction of near-surface geomaterials also plays a vital role in geohazards triggering. However, the physical mechanism behind the material softening is still not fully understood. Here, we report a coseismic shear-wave velocity reduction in the near surface by up to a few tens of percent during the strongest shaking from the 11 March 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake and a subsequent two-stage healing process including a rapid recovery within a few minutes and a slow recovery over many years. We also present a theoretical contact model between mineral grains in geomaterials containing multiple metastable contacts at small separations due to the oscillatory hydration interaction, which can explain the emergence of different stages in the healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yang Wang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Yang Zhuang
- grid.412022.70000 0000 9389 5210Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Jun He
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Ping Jiang
- grid.450296.c0000 0000 9558 2971Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin, China
| | - Er-Lei Yao
- grid.464249.90000 0004 1759 2997Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Ruan
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-Xin Wu
- grid.257065.30000 0004 1760 3465Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Miao
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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14
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De Silva N, Warnakula T, Gunapala SD, Stockman MI, Premaratne M. Effect of logarithmic perturbations in ohmic like spectral densities in dynamics of electronic excitation using variational polaron transformation approach. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:145304. [PMID: 33503593 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abe078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electronic excitation energy transfer is a ubiquitous process that has generated prime research interest since its discovery. Recently developed variational polaron transformation-based second-order master equation is capable of interpolating between Förster and Redfield limits with exceptional accuracy. Forms of spectral density functions studied so far through the variational approach provide theoretical support for various experiments. Recently introduced ohmic like spectral density function that can account for logarithmic perturbations provides generality and exposition to a unique and practical set of environments. In this paper, we exploit the energy transfer dynamics of a two-level system attached to an ohmic like spectral density function with logarithmic perturbations using a variational polaron transformed master equation. Our results demonstrate that even for a relatively large bath coupling strength, quantum coherence effects can be increased by introducing logarithmic perturbations of the order of one and two in super-ohmic environments. Moreover, for particular values of the ohmicity parameter, the effect of logarithmic perturbations is observed to be insignificant for the overall dynamics. In regard to ohmic environments, as logarithmic perturbations increase, damping characteristics of the coherent transient dynamics also increase in general. It is also shown that, having logarithmic perturbations of the order of one in an ohmic environment can result in a less efficient energy transfer for relatively larger system bath coupling strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisal De Silva
- Advanced Computing and Simulation Laboratory (AχL), Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tharindu Warnakula
- Advanced Computing and Simulation Laboratory (AχL), Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sarath D Gunapala
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, United States of America
| | - Mark I Stockman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States of America
| | - Malin Premaratne
- Advanced Computing and Simulation Laboratory (AχL), Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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15
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Thevenon F, Devulapalli B, Marchand M, Melkior T, de Ryck A. Slow and intermittent stress relaxation of biomass granular media. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202124908010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the relaxation of several wood powders has been investigated in an annular shear cell. It is found that the slow logarithmic relaxation commonly observed for various materials including granular materials is interrupted by large events. Their frequency and amplitude are investigated with respect to particle size and stress-history by measuring stresses and strain. These large events during the relaxation appear to be controlled by the deformation. The coarser the particles are, the bigger is the deformation of the powder bed between two fast relaxation events and during the event.
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16
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Abstract
This paper links the nonequilibrium glassy relaxation behavior of otherwise athermal granular materials to those of thermally activated glasses. Thus, it demonstrates a much wider universality among complex glassy materials out of equilibrium. Our three-dimensional molecular dynamics simulations, fully incorporating friction and inelastic collisions, are designed to reproduce experimental behavior of tapped granular piles. A simple theory based on a dynamics of records explains why the typical phenomenology of annealing and aging after a quench should extend to such granular matter, activated by taps, beyond the more familiar realm of polymers, colloids, and magnetic materials that all exhibit thermal fluctuations.
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17
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Jules T, Lechenault F, Adda-Bedia M. Plasticity and aging of folded elastic sheets. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:033005. [PMID: 33075954 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.033005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the dissipative mechanisms exhibited by creased material sheets when subjected to mechanical loading, which comes in the form of plasticity and relaxation phenomena within the creases. After demonstrating that plasticity mostly affects the rest angle of the creases, we devise a mapping between this quantity and the macroscopic state of the system that allows us to track its reference configuration along an arbitrary loading path, resulting in a powerful monitoring and design tool for crease-based metamaterials. Furthermore, we show that complex relaxation phenomena, in particular memory effects, can give rise to a nonmonotonic response at the crease level, possibly relating to the similar behavior reported for crumpled sheets. We describe our observations through a classical double-logarithmic time evolution and obtain a constitutive behavior compatible with that of the underlying material. Thus the lever effect provided by the crease allows magnified access to the material's rheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jules
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, F-69342 Lyon, France.,Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne University, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - F Lechenault
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne University, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - M Adda-Bedia
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, F-69342 Lyon, France
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18
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Song L, Xu W, Huo J, Li F, Wang LM, Ediger MD, Wang JQ. Activation Entropy as a Key Factor Controlling the Memory Effect in Glasses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:135501. [PMID: 33034495 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.135501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As opposed to the common monotonic relaxation process of glasses, the Kovacs memory effect describes an isothermal annealing experiment, in which the enthalpy and volume of a preannealed glass first increases before finally decreasing toward equilibrium. This interesting behavior has been observed for many materials and is generally explained in terms of heterogeneous dynamics. In this Letter, the memory effect in a model Au-based metallic glass is studied using a high-precision high-rate calorimeter. The activation entropy (S^{*}) during isothermal annealing is determined according to the absolute reaction rate theory. We observe that the memory effect appears only when the second-annealing process has a large S^{*}. These results indicate that a large value of S^{*} is a key requirement for observation of the memory effect and this may provide a useful perspective for understanding the memory effect in both thermal and athermal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juntao Huo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fushan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Li-Min Wang
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - M D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Jun-Qiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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19
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Urbach EY, Efrati E. Predicting delayed instabilities in viscoelastic solids. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/36/eabb2948. [PMID: 32917615 PMCID: PMC7473665 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Determining the stability of a viscoelastic structure is a difficult task. Seemingly stable conformations of viscoelastic structures may gradually creep until their stability is lost, while a discernible creeping in viscoelastic solids does not necessarily lead to instability. In lieu of theoretical predictive tools for viscoelastic instabilities, we are presently limited to numerical simulation to predict future stability. In this work, we describe viscoelastic solids through a temporally evolving instantaneous reference metric with respect to which elastic strains are measured. We show that for incompressible viscoelastic solids, this transparent and intuitive description allows to reduce the question of future stability to static calculations. We demonstrate the predictive power of the approach by elucidating the subtle mechanism of delayed instability in thin elastomeric shells, showing quantitative agreement with experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Y Urbach
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Efi Efrati
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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20
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Morgan IL, Avinery R, Rahamim G, Beck R, Saleh OA. Glassy Dynamics and Memory Effects in an Intrinsically Disordered Protein Construct. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:058001. [PMID: 32794838 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.058001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glassy, nonexponential relaxations in globular proteins are typically attributed to conformational behaviors that are missing from intrinsically disordered proteins. Yet, we show that single molecules of a disordered-protein construct display two signatures of glassy dynamics, logarithmic relaxations and a Kovacs memory effect, in response to changes in applied tension. We attribute this to the presence of multiple independent local structures in the chain, which we corroborate with a model that correctly predicts the force dependence of the relaxation. The mechanism established here likely applies to other disordered proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian L Morgan
- BMSE Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Ram Avinery
- The Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Gil Rahamim
- The Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Roy Beck
- The Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Omar A Saleh
- BMSE Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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21
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Abstract
Out-of-equilibrium relaxation processes show aging if they become slower as time passes. Aging processes are ubiquitous and play a fundamental role in the physics of glasses and spin glasses and in other applications (e.g., in algorithms minimizing complex cost/loss functions). The theory of aging in the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of mean-field spin glass models has achieved a fundamental role, thanks to the asymptotic analytic solution found by Cugliandolo and Kurchan. However, this solution is based on assumptions (e.g., the weak ergodicity breaking hypothesis) which have never been put under a strong test until now. In the present work, we present the results of an extraordinary large set of numerical simulations of the prototypical mean-field spin glass models, namely the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick and the Viana-Bray models. Thanks to a very intensive use of graphics processing units (GPUs), we have been able to run the latter model for more than [Formula: see text] spin updates and thus safely extrapolate the numerical data both in the thermodynamical limit and in the large times limit. The measurements of the two-times correlation functions in isothermal aging after a quench from a random initial configuration to a temperature [Formula: see text] provides clear evidence that, at large times, such correlations do not decay to zero as expected by assuming weak ergodicity breaking. We conclude that strong ergodicity breaking takes place in mean-field spin glasses aging dynamics which, asymptotically, takes place in a confined configurational space. Theoretical models for the aging dynamics need to be revised accordingly.
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22
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Yoritomo JY, Weaver RL. Slow dynamic elastic recovery in unconsolidated metal structures. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:012901. [PMID: 32795059 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.012901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Slow dynamic nonlinearity is widely observed in brittle materials with complex heterogeneous or cracked microstructures. It is seen in rocks, concrete, and cracked glass blocks. Unconsolidated structures show the behavior as well: aggregates of glass beads under pressure and a single glass bead confined between two glass plates. A defining feature is the loss of stiffness after a mechanical conditioning, followed by a logarithmic-in-time recovery. Materials observed to exhibit slow dynamics are sufficiently different in microstructure, chemical composition, and scale (ranging from the laboratory to the seismological) to suggest some kind of universality. There lacks a full theoretical understanding of the universality in general and the log(time) recovery in particular. One suspicion has been that the phenomenon is associated with glassy grain boundaries and microcracking. Seminal studies were focused on sandstones and other natural rocks, but in recent years other experimental venues have been introduced with which to inform theory. Here, we present measurements on some simple metallic systems: an unconsolidated aggregate of aluminum beads under a confining pressure, an aluminum bead confined between two aluminum plates, and a steel bead confined between steel plates. Ultrasonic waves are used as probes of the systems, and changes are assessed with coda wave interferometry. Three different methods of low-frequency conditioning are applied; all reveal slow dynamic nonlinearities. Results imply that glassy microstructures and cracking do not play essential roles, as they would appear to be absent in our systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Y Yoritomo
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Richard L Weaver
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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23
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Dutta NS, Almeida JMP, Mendonça CR, Arnold CB. Effects of disorder on two-photon absorption in amorphous semiconductors. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3228-3231. [PMID: 32538949 DOI: 10.1364/ol.391197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Structural disorder inherent to amorphous materials affords them unique, tailorable properties desirable for diverse applications, but our ability to exploit these phenomena is limited by a lack of understanding of complex structure-property relationships. Here we focus on nonlinear optical absorption and derive a relationship between disorder and the two-photon absorption (2PA) coefficient. We employ an open-aperture Z-scan to measure the 2PA spectra of arsenic (III) sulfide (As2S3) chalcogenide glass films processed with two solvents that impart different levels of structural disorder. We find that the effect of solvent choice on 2PA depends on the energy of the exciting photons and explain this as a consequence of bonding disorder and electron state localization. Our results demonstrate how optical nonlinearities in As2S3 can be enhanced through informed processing and present a fundamental relationship between disorder and 2PA for a generalized amorphous solid.
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24
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Liu Y, Howard MW. Generation of Scale-Invariant Sequential Activity in Linear Recurrent Networks. Neural Comput 2020; 32:1379-1407. [PMID: 32433902 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Sequential neural activity has been observed in many parts of the brain and has been proposed as a neural mechanism for memory. The natural world expresses temporal relationships at a wide range of scales. Because we cannot know the relevant scales a priori, it is desirable that memory, and thus the generated sequences, is scale invariant. Although recurrent neural network models have been proposed as a mechanism for generating sequences, the requirements for scale-invariant sequences are not known. This letter reports the constraints that enable a linear recurrent neural network model to generate scale-invariant sequential activity. A straightforward eigendecomposition analysis results in two independent conditions that are required for scale invariance for connectivity matrices with real, distinct eigenvalues. First, the eigenvalues of the network must be geometrically spaced. Second, the eigenvectors must be related to one another via translation. These constraints are easily generalizable for matrices that have complex and distinct eigenvalues. Analogous albeit less compact constraints hold for matrices with degenerate eigenvalues. These constraints, along with considerations on initial conditions, provide a general recipe to build linear recurrent neural networks that support scale-invariant sequential activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Physics and Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, U.S.A.
| | - Marc W Howard
- Department of Physics, Center for Systems Neuroscience, and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, U.S.A.
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25
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Moran J, Fosset A, Luzzati D, Bouchaud JP, Benzaquen M. By force of habit: Self-trapping in a dynamical utility landscape. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2020; 30:053123. [PMID: 32491895 DOI: 10.1063/5.0009518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Historically, rational choice theory has focused on the utility maximization principle to describe how individuals make choices. In reality, there is a computational cost related to exploring the universe of available choices and it is often not clear whether we are truly maximizing an underlying utility function. In particular, memory effects and habit formation may dominate over utility maximization. We propose a stylized model with a history-dependent utility function, where the utility associated to each choice is increased when that choice has been made in the past, with a certain decaying memory kernel. We show that self-reinforcing effects can cause the agent to get stuck with a choice by sheer force of habit. We discuss the special nature of the transition between free exploration of the space of choice and self-trapping. We find, in particular, that the trapping time distribution is precisely a Zipf law at the transition, and that the self-trapped phase exhibits super-aging behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Moran
- Centre d'Analyse et de Mathématique Sociales, EHESS, 54 Boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Antoine Fosset
- Chair of Econophysics and Complex Systems, Ecole polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Davide Luzzati
- Chair of Econophysics and Complex Systems, Ecole polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Bouchaud
- Chair of Econophysics and Complex Systems, Ecole polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Michael Benzaquen
- Chair of Econophysics and Complex Systems, Ecole polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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26
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Murphy KA, Kruppe JW, Jaeger HM. Memory in Nonmonotonic Stress Relaxation of a Granular System. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:168002. [PMID: 32383904 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.168002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate experimentally that a granular packing of glass spheres is capable of storing memory of multiple strain states in the dynamic process of stress relaxation. Modeling the system as a noninteracting population of relaxing elements, we find that the functional form of the predicted relaxation requires a quantitative correction which grows in severity with each additional memory and is suggestive of interactions between elements. Our findings have implications for the broad class of soft matter systems that display memory and anomalous relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran A Murphy
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Jonathon W Kruppe
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Heinrich M Jaeger
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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27
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Dillavou S, Rubinstein SM. Shear Controls Frictional Aging by Erasing Memory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:085502. [PMID: 32167345 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.085502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We simultaneously measure the static friction and the real area of contact between two solid bodies. These quantities are traditionally considered equivalent, and under static conditions both increase logarithmically in time, a phenomenon coined aging. Here we show that the frictional aging rate is determined by the combination of the aging rate of the real area of contact and two memory-erasure effects that occur when shear is changed (e.g., to measure static friction.) The application of a static shear load accelerates frictional aging while the aging rate of the real area of contact is unaffected. Moreover, a negative static shear-pulling instead of pushing-slows frictional aging, but similarly does not affect the aging of contacts. The origin of this shear effect on aging is geometrical. When shear load is increased, minute relative tilts between the two blocks prematurely erase interfacial memory prior to sliding, negating the effect of aging. Modifying the loading point of the interface eliminates these tilts and as a result frictional aging rate becomes insensitive to shear. We also identify a secondary memory-erasure effect that remains even when all tilts are eliminated and show that this effect can be leveraged to accelerate aging by cycling between two static shear loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Dillavou
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Shmuel M Rubinstein
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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28
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Tian K, Li Z, Liu Y, Gosvami NN, Goldsby DL, Szlufarska I, Carpick RW. Linear Aging Behavior at Short Timescales in Nanoscale Contacts. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:026801. [PMID: 32004017 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.026801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale silica-silica contacts were recently found to exhibit logarithmic aging for times ranging from 0.1 to 100 s, consistent with the macroscopic rate and state friction laws and several other aging processes. Nanoscale aging in this system is attributed to progressive formation of interfacial siloxane bonds between surface silanol groups. However, understanding or even data for contact behavior for aging times <0.1 s, before the onset of logarithmic aging, is limited. Using a combination of atomic force microscopy experiments and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, we find that aging is nearly linear with aging time at short timescales between ∼ 5 and 90 ms. We demonstrate that aging at these timescales requires the existence of a particular range of reaction energy barriers for interfacial bonding. Specifically, linear aging behavior consistent with experiments requires a narrow peak close to the upper bound of this range of barriers. These new insights into the reaction kinetics of interfacial bonding in nanoscale aging advance the development of physically based rate and state friction laws for nanoscale contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Tian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Zhuohan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Nitya N Gosvami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - David L Goldsby
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Izabela Szlufarska
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Robert W Carpick
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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29
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Guo Y, Vucelja M, Amir A. Stochastic tunneling across fitness valleys can give rise to a logarithmic long-term fitness trajectory. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav3842. [PMID: 31392265 PMCID: PMC6669011 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav3842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation, where a population evolves increasing fitness in a fixed environment, is typically thought of as a hill-climbing process on a fitness landscape. With a finite genome, such a process eventually leads the population to a fitness peak, at which point fitness can no longer increase through individual beneficial mutations. Instead, the ruggedness of typical landscapes due to epistasis between genes or DNA sites suggests that the accumulation of multiple mutations (via a process known as stochastic tunneling) can allow a population to continue increasing in fitness. However, it is not clear how such a phenomenon would affect long-term fitness evolution. By using a spin-glass type model for the fitness function that takes into account microscopic epistasis, we find that hopping between metastable states can mechanistically and robustly give rise to a slow, logarithmic average fitness trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipei Guo
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marija Vucelja
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Ariel Amir
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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30
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31
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Liu Y, Tiganj Z, Hasselmo ME, Howard MW. A neural microcircuit model for a scalable scale-invariant representation of time. Hippocampus 2019; 29:260-274. [PMID: 30421473 PMCID: PMC7001882 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Scale-invariant timing has been observed in a wide range of behavioral experiments. The firing properties of recently described time cells provide a possible neural substrate for scale-invariant behavior. Earlier neural circuit models do not produce scale-invariant neural sequences. In this article, we present a biologically detailed network model based on an earlier mathematical algorithm. The simulations incorporate exponentially decaying persistent firing maintained by the calcium-activated nonspecific (CAN) cationic current and a network structure given by the inverse Laplace transform to generate time cells with scale-invariant firing rates. This model provides the first biologically detailed neural circuit for generating scale-invariant time cells. The circuit that implements the inverse Laplace transform merely consists of off-center/on-surround receptive fields. Critically, rescaling temporal sequences can be accomplished simply via cortical gain control (changing the slope of the f-I curve).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Zoran Tiganj
- Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Michael E. Hasselmo
- Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Marc W. Howard
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
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32
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van Bruggen E, van der Linden E, Habibi M. Tailoring relaxation dynamics and mechanical memory of crumpled materials by friction and ductility. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:1633-1639. [PMID: 30672957 PMCID: PMC8612726 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01951g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Crumpled sheets show slow mechanical relaxation and long lasting memory of previous mechanical states. By using uniaxial compression tests, the role of friction and ductility on the stress relaxation dynamics of crumpled systems is investigated. We find a material dependent relaxation constant that can be tuned by changing ductility and adhesive properties of the sheet. After a two-step compression protocol, nonmonotonic aging is reported for polymeric, elastomeric and metal sheets, with relaxation dynamics that are dependent on the material's properties. These findings can contribute to tailoring and programming of crumpled materials to get desirable mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric van Bruggen
- Laboratory of Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Erik van der Linden
- Laboratory of Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mehdi Habibi
- Laboratory of Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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33
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Singh I, Tiganj Z, Howard MW. Is working memory stored along a logarithmic timeline? Converging evidence from neuroscience, behavior and models. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 153:104-110. [PMID: 29698768 PMCID: PMC6064661 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that short-term memory does not only store the identity of recently experienced stimuli, but also information about when they were presented. This representation of 'what' happened 'when' constitutes a neural timeline of recent past. Behavioral results suggest that people can sequentially access memories for the recent past, as if they were stored along a timeline to which attention is sequentially directed. In the short-term judgment of recency (JOR) task, the time to choose between two probe items depends on the recency of the more recent probe but not on the recency of the more remote probe. This pattern of results suggests a backward self-terminating search model. We review recent neural evidence from the macaque lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) (Tiganj, Cromer, Roy, Miller, & Howard, in press) and behavioral evidence from human JOR task (Singh & Howard, 2017) bearing on this question. Notably, both lines of evidence suggest that the timeline is logarithmically compressed as predicted by Weber-Fechner scaling. Taken together, these findings provide an integrative perspective on temporal organization and neural underpinnings of short-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inder Singh
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, United States
| | - Zoran Tiganj
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, United States
| | - Marc W Howard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, United States.
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34
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Boettcher S, Robe DM, Sibani P. Aging is a log-Poisson process, not a renewal process. Phys Rev E 2018; 98:020602. [PMID: 30253586 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.98.020602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a ubiquitous relaxation dynamic in disordered materials. It ensues after a rapid quench from an equilibrium "fluid" state into a nonequilibrium, history-dependent jammed state. We propose a physically motivated description that contrasts sharply with a continuous-time random walk (CTRW) with broadly distributed trapping times commonly used to fit aging data. A renewal process such as CTRW proves irreconcilable with the log-Poisson statistic exhibited, for example, by jammed colloids as well as by disordered magnets. A log-Poisson process is characteristic of the intermittent and decelerating dynamics of jammed matter usually activated by record-breaking fluctuations ("quakes"). We show that such a record dynamics provides a universal model for aging, physically grounded in generic features of free-energy landscapes of disordered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Boettcher
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Dominic M Robe
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Paolo Sibani
- Institut for Fysik Kemi og Farmaci, Syddansk Universitet, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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35
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Boucheron LS, Stanley JT, Dai Y, You SS, Parzyck CT, Narayanan S, Sandy AR, Jiang Z, Meron M, Lin B, Shpyrko OG. Stress relaxation in quasi-two-dimensional self-assembled nanoparticle monolayers. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:052803. [PMID: 29906983 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.052803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We experimentally probed the stress relaxation of a monolayer of iron oxide nanoparticles at the water-air interface. Upon drop-casting onto a water surface, the nanoparticles self-assembled into islands of two-dimensional hexagonally close packed crystalline domains surrounded by large voids. When compressed laterally, the voids gradually disappeared as the surface pressure increased. After the compression was stopped, the surface pressure (as measured by a Wilhelmy plate) evolved as a function of the film aging time with three distinct timescales. These aging dynamics were intrinsic to the stressed state built up during the non-equilibrium compression of the film. Utilizing x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, we measured the characteristic relaxation time (τ) of in-plane nanoparticle motion as a function of the aging time through both second-order and two-time autocorrelation analysis. Compressed and stretched exponential fitting of the intermediate scattering function yielded exponents (β) indicating different relaxation mechanisms of the films under different compression stresses. For a monolayer compressed to a lower surface pressure (between 20 mN/m and 30 mN/m), the relaxation time (τ) decreased continuously as a function of the aging time, as did the fitted exponent, which transitioned from being compressed (>1) to stretched (<1), indicating that the monolayer underwent a stress release through crystalline domain reorganization. However, for a monolayer compressed to a higher surface pressure (around 40 mN/m), the relaxation time increased continuously and the compressed exponent varied very little from a value of 1.6, suggesting that the system may have been highly stressed and jammed. Despite the interesting stress relaxation signatures seen in these samples, the structural ordering of the monolayer remained the same over the sample lifetime, as revealed by grazing incidence x-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandra S Boucheron
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jacob T Stanley
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Yeling Dai
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Siheng Sean You
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Christopher T Parzyck
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratories, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Alec R Sandy
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratories, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Zhang Jiang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratories, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Mati Meron
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Binhua Lin
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Oleg G Shpyrko
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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36
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Dillavou S, Rubinstein SM. Nonmonotonic Aging and Memory in a Frictional Interface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:224101. [PMID: 29906177 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.224101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We measure the static frictional resistance and the real area of contact between two solid blocks subjected to a normal load. We show that following a two-step change in the normal load the system exhibits nonmonotonic aging and memory effects, two hallmarks of glassy dynamics. These dynamics are strongly influenced by the discrete geometry of the frictional interface, characterized by the attachment and detachment of unique microcontacts. The results are in good agreement with a theoretical model we propose that incorporates this geometry into the framework recently used to describe Kovacs-like relaxation in glasses as well as thermal disordered systems. These results indicate that a frictional interface is a glassy system and strengthen the notion that nonmonotonic relaxation behavior is generic in such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Dillavou
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Shmuel M Rubinstein
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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37
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Yadav AC. Correspondence between a noisy sample-space-reducing process and records in correlated random events. Phys Rev E 2018; 96:032134. [PMID: 29346976 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.032134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We study survival time statistics in a noisy sample-space-reducing (SSR) process. Our simulations suggest that both the mean and standard deviation scale as ∼N/N^{λ}, where N is the system size and λ is a tunable parameter that characterizes the process. The survival time distribution has the form P_{N}(τ)∼N^{-θ}J(τ/N^{θ}), where J is a universal scaling function and θ=1-λ. Analytical insight is provided by a conjecture for the equivalence between the survival time statistics in the noisy SSR process and the record statistics in a correlated time series modeled as a drifted random walk with Cauchy distributed jumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Chand Yadav
- Department of Physics & Astronomical Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Samba 181 143, India
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38
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Yadav AC, Ramaswamy R, Dhar D. General mechanism for the 1/f noise. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:022215. [PMID: 28950591 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.022215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We consider the response of a memoryless nonlinear device that acts instantaneously, converting an input signal ξ(t) into an output η(t) at the same time t. For input Gaussian noise with power-spectrum 1/f^{α}, the nonlinearity can modify the spectral index of the output to give a spectrum that varies as 1/f^{α^{'}} with α^{'}≠α. We show that the value of α^{'} depends on the nonlinear transformation and can be tuned continuously. This provides a general mechanism for the ubiquitous 1/f noise found in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Chand Yadav
- Department of Physics and Astronomical Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Samba 181 143, India
| | | | - Deepak Dhar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
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39
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Peco C, Chen W, Liu Y, Bandi MM, Dolbow JE, Fried E. Influence of surface tension in the surfactant-driven fracture of closely-packed particulate monolayers. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:5832-5841. [PMID: 28812091 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01245d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A phase-field model is used to capture the surfactant-driven formation of fracture patterns in particulate monolayers. The model is intended for the regime of closely-packed systems in which the mechanical response of the monolayer can be approximated as that of a linearly elastic solid. The model approximates the loss in tensile strength of the monolayer with increasing surfactant concentration through the evolution of a damage field. Initial-boundary value problems are constructed and spatially discretized with finite element approximations to the displacement and surfactant damage fields. A comparison between model-based simulations and existing experimental observations indicates a qualitative match in both the fracture patterns and temporal scaling of the fracture process. The importance of surface tension differences is quantified by means of a dimensionless parameter, revealing thresholds that separate different regimes of fracture. These findings are supported by newly performed experiments that validate the model and demonstrate the strong sensitivity of the fracture pattern to differences in surface tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peco
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Wei Chen
- Mathematics, Mechanics, and Materials Unit, OIST Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Yingjie Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - M M Bandi
- Collective Interactions Unit, OIST Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - John E Dolbow
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Eliot Fried
- Mathematics, Mechanics, and Materials Unit, OIST Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
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40
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Lahini Y, Gottesman O, Amir A, Rubinstein SM. Nonmonotonic Aging and Memory Retention in Disordered Mechanical Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:085501. [PMID: 28282188 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.085501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We observe nonmonotonic aging and memory effects, two hallmarks of glassy dynamics, in two disordered mechanical systems: crumpled thin sheets and elastic foams. Under fixed compression, both systems exhibit monotonic nonexponential relaxation. However, when after a certain waiting time the compression is partially reduced, both systems exhibit a nonmonotonic response: the normal force first increases over many minutes or even hours until reaching a peak value, and only then is relaxation resumed. The peak time scales linearly with the waiting time, indicating that these systems retain long-lasting memory of previous conditions. Our results and the measured scaling relations are in good agreement with a theoretical model recently used to describe observations of monotonic aging in several glassy systems, suggesting that the nonmonotonic behavior may be generic and that athermal systems can show genuine glassy behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Lahini
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Omer Gottesman
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Ariel Amir
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Shmuel M Rubinstein
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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41
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Yadav AC. Survival-time statistics for sample space reducing stochastic processes. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:042131. [PMID: 27176278 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.042131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Stochastic processes wherein the size of the state space is changing as a function of time offer models for the emergence of scale-invariant features observed in complex systems. I consider such a sample-space reducing (SSR) stochastic process that results in a random sequence of strictly decreasing integers {x(t)},0≤t≤τ, with boundary conditions x(0)=N and x(τ) = 1. This model is shown to be exactly solvable: P_{N}(τ), the probability that the process survives for time τ is analytically evaluated. In the limit of large N, the asymptotic form of this probability distribution is Gaussian, with mean and variance both varying logarithmically with system size: 〈τ〉∼lnN and σ_{τ}^{2}∼lnN. Correspondence can be made between survival-time statistics in the SSR process and record statistics of independent and identically distributed random variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Chand Yadav
- School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh 123 029, India
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42
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Ortuño M, Escasain E, Lopez-Elvira E, Somoza AM, Colchero J, Palacios-Lidon E. Conducting polymers as electron glasses: surface charge domains and slow relaxation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21647. [PMID: 26911652 PMCID: PMC4766496 DOI: 10.1038/srep21647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface potential of conducting polymers has been studied with scanning Kelvin probe microscopy. The results show that this technique can become an excellent tool to really 'see' interesting surface charge interaction effects at the nanoscale. The electron glass model, which assumes that charges are localized by the disorder and that interactions between them are relevant, is employed to understand the complex behavior of conducting polymers. At equilibrium, we find surface potential domains with a typical lateral size of 50 nm, basically uncorrelated with the topography and strongly fluctuating in time. These fluctuations are about three times larger than thermal energy. The charge dynamics is characterized by an exponentially broad time distribution. When the conducting polymers are excited with light the surface potential relaxes logarithmically with time, as usually observed in electron glasses. In addition, the relaxation for different illumination times can be scaled within the full aging model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ortuño
- Dep. de Física - CIOyN, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elisa Escasain
- Dep. de Física - CIOyN, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Lopez-Elvira
- Dep. Surfaces and Coatings, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid - CSIC (Campus Cantoblanco), E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres M. Somoza
- Dep. de Física - CIOyN, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jaime Colchero
- Dep. de Física - CIOyN, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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43
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Rickards AMJ, Song YC, Miles REH, Preston TC, Reid JP. Variabilities and uncertainties in characterising water transport kinetics in glassy and ultraviscous aerosol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:10059-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05383d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive assessment of the accuracy with which water transport in viscous aerosol can be measured and predicted is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas C. Preston
- School of Chemistry
- University of Bristol
- Bristol
- UK
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Department of Chemistry
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44
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Pourkabirian A, Gustafsson MV, Johansson G, Clarke J, Delsing P. Nonequilibrium probing of two-level charge fluctuators using the step response of a single-electron transistor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:256801. [PMID: 25554902 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.256801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a new method to study two-level fluctuators (TLFs) by measuring the offset charge induced after applying a sudden step voltage to the gate electrode of a single-electron transistor. The offset charge is measured for more than 20 h for samples made on three different substrates. We find that the offset charge drift follows a logarithmic increase over 4 orders of magnitude in time and that the logarithmic slope increases linearly with the step voltage. The charge drift is independent of temperature, ruling out thermally activated TLFs and demonstrating that the charge fluctuations involve tunneling. These observations are in agreement with expectations for an ensemble of TLFs driven out of equilibrium. From our model, we extract the density of TLFs assuming either a volume density or a surface density.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pourkabirian
- Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, S-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - M V Gustafsson
- Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, S-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - G Johansson
- Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, S-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - J Clarke
- Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, S-41296 Göteborg, Sweden and Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - P Delsing
- Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, S-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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45
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Zaitsev VY, Gusev VE, Tournat V, Richard P. Slow relaxation and aging phenomena at the nanoscale in granular materials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:108302. [PMID: 24679330 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.108302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Granular matter exhibits a rich variety of dynamic behaviors, for which the role of thermal fluctuations is usually ignored. Here we show that thermal fluctuations can pronouncedly affect contacting nanoscale asperities at grain interfaces and brightly manifest themselves through the influence on nonlinear-acoustic effects. The proposed mechanism based on intrinsic bistability of nanoscale contacts comprises a wealth of slow-dynamics regimes including slow relaxations and aging as universal properties of a wide class of systems with metastable states.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Y Zaitsev
- Institute of Applied Physics, RAS, Uljanova St. 46, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia and LUNAM Université, Université du Maine, CNRS, LAUM UMR 6613, avenue O. Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France and Nizhny Novgorod State University, avenue Gagarina 23, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - V E Gusev
- LUNAM Université, Université du Maine, CNRS, LAUM UMR 6613, avenue O. Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - V Tournat
- LUNAM Université, Université du Maine, CNRS, LAUM UMR 6613, avenue O. Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - P Richard
- LUNAM Université, IFSTTAR, site de Nantes, Route de Bouaye CS4, 44344 Bouguenais Cedex, France
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46
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Lu JW, Rickards AMJ, Walker JS, Knox KJ, Miles REH, Reid JP, Signorell R. Timescales of water transport in viscous aerosol: measurements on sub-micron particles and dependence on conditioning history. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:9819-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54233e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Béland LK, Anahory Y, Smeets D, Guihard M, Brommer P, Joly JF, Pothier JC, Lewis LJ, Mousseau N, Schiettekatte F. Replenish and relax: explaining logarithmic annealing in ion-implanted c-Si. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:105502. [PMID: 25166679 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.105502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We study ion-damaged crystalline silicon by combining nanocalorimetric experiments with an off-lattice kinetic Monte Carlo simulation to identify the atomistic mechanisms responsible for the structural relaxation over long time scales. We relate the logarithmic relaxation, observed in a number of disordered systems, with heat-release measurements. The microscopic mechanism associated with this logarithmic relaxation can be described as a two-step replenish and relax process. As the system relaxes, it reaches deeper energy states with logarithmically growing barriers that need to be unlocked to replenish the heat-releasing events leading to lower-energy configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Karim Béland
- Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), Département de physique, Université de Montréal, Case Postale 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Yonathan Anahory
- Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), Département de physique, Université de Montréal, Case Postale 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Dries Smeets
- Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), Département de physique, Université de Montréal, Case Postale 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Matthieu Guihard
- Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), Département de physique, Université de Montréal, Case Postale 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Peter Brommer
- Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), Département de physique, Université de Montréal, Case Postale 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-François Joly
- Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), Département de physique, Université de Montréal, Case Postale 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-Christophe Pothier
- Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), Département de physique, Université de Montréal, Case Postale 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Laurent J Lewis
- Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), Département de physique, Université de Montréal, Case Postale 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Normand Mousseau
- Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), Département de physique, Université de Montréal, Case Postale 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - François Schiettekatte
- Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), Département de physique, Université de Montréal, Case Postale 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
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48
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Lomholt MA, Lizana L, Metzler R, Ambjörnsson T. Microscopic origin of the logarithmic time evolution of aging processes in complex systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:208301. [PMID: 25167457 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.208301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There exists compelling experimental evidence in numerous systems for logarithmically slow time evolution, yet its full theoretical understanding remains elusive. We here introduce and study a generic transition process in complex systems, based on nonrenewal, aging waiting times. Each state n of the system follows a local clock initiated at t = 0. The random time τ between clock ticks follows the waiting time density ψ(τ). Transitions between states occur only at local clock ticks and are hence triggered by the local forward waiting time, rather than by ψ(τ). For power-law forms ψ(τ) ≃ τ(-1-α) (0 < α < 1) we obtain a logarithmic time evolution of the state number ⟨n(t)⟩ ≃ log(t/t(0)), while for α > 2 the process becomes normal in the sense that ⟨n(t)⟩ ≃ t. In the intermediate range 1 < α < 2 we find the power-law growth ⟨n(t)⟩ ≃ t(α-1). Our model provides a universal description for transition dynamics between aging and nonaging states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Lomholt
- MEMPHYS, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ludvig Lizana
- Department of Physics and Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, New York 10003, USA and Department of Physics, Integrated Science Lab, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ralf Metzler
- Institute for Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany and Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Tobias Ambjörnsson
- Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
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49
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Ehrburger-Dolle F, Morfin I, Bley F, Livet F, Heinrich G, Richter S, Piché L, Sutton M. XPCS Investigation of the Dynamics of Filler Particles in Stretched Filled Elastomers. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3013674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle Morfin
- Univ. Grenoble 1/CNRS, LIPhy UMR 5588, Grenoble F-38041,
France
| | - Françoise Bley
- SIMaP, UMR 5266 Grenoble INP/CNRS/UJF, 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères,
France
| | - Frédéric Livet
- SIMaP, UMR 5266 Grenoble INP/CNRS/UJF, 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères,
France
| | - Gert Heinrich
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, 010169 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sven Richter
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, 010169 Dresden, Germany
| | - Luc Piché
- Physics Department, McGill University,
Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Mark Sutton
- Physics Department, McGill University,
Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
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50
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Comparing the mechanism of water condensation and evaporation in glassy aerosol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:11613-8. [PMID: 22753520 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200691109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric models generally assume that aerosol particles are in equilibrium with the surrounding gas phase. However, recent observations that secondary organic aerosols can exist in a glassy state have highlighted the need to more fully understand the kinetic limitations that may control water partitioning in ambient particles. Here, we explore the influence of slow water diffusion in the condensed aerosol phase on the rates of both condensation and evaporation, demonstrating that significant inhibition in mass transfer occurs for ultraviscous aerosol, not just for glassy aerosol. Using coarse mode (3-4 um radius) ternary sucrose/sodium chloride/aqueous droplets as a proxy for multicomponent ambient aerosol, we demonstrate that the timescale for particle equilibration correlates with bulk viscosity and can be ≫10(3) s. Extrapolation of these timescales to particle sizes in the accumulation mode (e.g., approximately 100 nm) by applying the Stokes-Einstein equation suggests that the kinetic limitations imposed on mass transfer of water by slow bulk phase diffusion must be more fully investigated for atmospheric aerosol. Measurements have been made on particles covering a range in dynamic viscosity from < 0.1 to > 10(13) Pa s. We also retrieve the radial inhomogeneities apparent in particle composition during condensation and evaporation and contrast the dynamics of slow dissolution of a viscous core into a labile shell during condensation with the slow percolation of water during evaporation through a more homogeneous viscous particle bulk.
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