1
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Yilmaz S, Öner P. Low α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase plasma concentration correlates with the presence and severity of the bipolar affective disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2023; 24:187-194. [PMID: 36102137 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2022.2124451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Believing that a neurodevelopmental pathology may cause bipolar affective disorder (BAD), we aimed to measure the concentrations of α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (α-NAGAL), a lysosomal enzyme. METHODS The study included 32 patients with BAD and 32 healthy controls. The Young Mania Rating Scale was used to measure the severity of the disease. Serum α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase concentrations were measured in all blood samples using the human α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase ELISA Kit. RESULTS A statistically significant difference was found in the α-NAGAL values between the groups. The mean α-NAGAL values of BAD patients are lower than the mean α-NAGAL values of the control group. A strong negative and statistically significant relationship was found between the α-NAGAL values of patients with BAD and their Young Mania Rating Scale scores. And a positive strong correlation was found between the age of onset of the disease and α-NAGAL levels. CONCLUSIONS Low α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase concentrations may cause the accumulation of some glycoproteins in the lysosomes in the brain during the gestational period, producing the clinical symptoms of BAD. α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase deficiency may not be the only cause of BAD, but it may be an important factor in the aetiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pınar Öner
- Elaziğ Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Elaziğ, Turkey
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2
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Using a neurodevelopmental approach to examine the aetiology, we predicted an enzyme deficiency to exist at the cellular level and aimed to measure α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (α-NAGAL) blood levels. METHODS The study included 32 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and 30 healthy controls. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) was applied to the patients with schizophrenia. Serum α-NAGAL concentrations were measured in blood samples taken from all participants using the human alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase ELISA Kit. RESULTS The mean α-NAGAL values of schizophrenic patients are lower than the mean α-NAGAL values of the control group (p = 0.000 < 0.001). Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between α-NAGAL values and PANSS scores of patients with schizophrenia. PANSS total (r = -0.708, p = 0.000 < 0.001), PANSS positive (r = -0.627, p = 0.000 < 0.001), PANSS negative (r = -0.386, p = 0.029 < 0.05). And a positive moderate correlation was found between the age of onset of the disease and α-NAGAL levels (r = 0.529, p = 0.002 < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Based on the neurodevelopmental hypothesis, the low α-NAGAL concentrations this study found might cause accumulation of glycoproteins in the lysosomes in the central nervous system during the gestational period and then might result in the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia. α-NAGAL may be an important factor in the aetiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Yılmaz
- Elazığ Medical Park Hospital, Istinye University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Pınar Öner
- Elazığ Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Elazığ, Turkey
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3
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Bakunina I, Imbs T, Likhatskaya G, Grigorchuk V, Zueva A, Malyarenko O, Ermakova S. Effect of Phlorotannins from Brown Algae Costaria costata on α- N-Acetylgalactosaminidase Produced by Duodenal Adenocarcinoma and Melanoma Cells. Mar Drugs 2022; 21:33. [PMID: 36662206 PMCID: PMC9860849 DOI: 10.3390/md21010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitor of human α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (α-NaGalase) was isolated from a water-ethanol extract of the brown algae Costaria costata. Currently, tumor α-NaGalase is considered to be a therapeutic target in the treatment of cancer. According to NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometric analysis, it is a high-molecular-weight fraction of phlorethols with a degree of polymerization (DP) equaling 11-23 phloroglucinols (CcPh). It was shown that CcPh is a direct inhibitor of α-NaGalases isolated from HuTu 80 and SK-MEL-28 cells (IC50 0.14 ± 0.008 and 0.12 ± 0.004 mg/mL, respectively) and reduces the activity of this enzyme in HuTu 80 and SK-MEL-28 cells up to 50% at concentrations of 15.2 ± 9.5 and 5.7 ± 1.6 μg/mL, respectively. Molecular docking of the putative DP-15 oligophlorethol (P15OPh) and heptaphlorethol (PHPh) with human α-NaGalase (PDB ID 4DO4) showed that this compound forms a complex and interacts directly with the Asp 156 and Asp 217 catalytic residues of the enzyme in question. Thus, brown algae phlorethol CcPh is an effective marine-based natural inhibitor of the α-NaGalase of cancer cells and, therefore, has high therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Bakunina
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Pr-t 100-let Vladivostoka Str., 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Tatiana Imbs
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Pr-t 100-let Vladivostoka Str., 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Galina Likhatskaya
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Pr-t 100-let Vladivostoka Str., 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Valeria Grigorchuk
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Pr-t 100-let Vladivostoka Str., 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Anastasya Zueva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Pr-t 100-let Vladivostoka Str., 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Olesya Malyarenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Pr-t 100-let Vladivostoka Str., 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Svetlana Ermakova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Pr-t 100-let Vladivostoka Str., 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
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4
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Serebryany E, Chowdhury S, Woods CN, Thorn DC, Watson NE, McClelland AA, Klevit RE, Shakhnovich EI. A native chemical chaperone in the human eye lens. eLife 2022; 11:76923. [PMID: 35723573 PMCID: PMC9246369 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cataract is one of the most prevalent protein aggregation disorders and still the most common cause of vision loss worldwide. The metabolically quiescent core region of the human lens lacks cellular or protein turnover; it has therefore evolved remarkable mechanisms to resist light-scattering protein aggregation for a lifetime. We now report that one such mechanism involves an unusually abundant lens metabolite, myo-inositol, suppressing aggregation of lens crystallins. We quantified aggregation suppression using our previously well-characterized in vitro aggregation assays of oxidation-mimicking human γD-crystallin variants and investigated myo-inositol’s molecular mechanism of action using solution NMR, negative-stain TEM, differential scanning fluorometry, thermal scanning Raman spectroscopy, turbidimetry in redox buffers, and free thiol quantitation. Unlike many known chemical chaperones, myo-inositol’s primary target was not the native, unfolded, or final aggregated states of the protein; rather, we propose that it was the rate-limiting bimolecular step on the aggregation pathway. Given recent metabolomic evidence that it is severely depleted in human cataractous lenses compared to age-matched controls, we suggest that maintaining or restoring healthy levels of myo-inositol in the lens may be a simple, safe, and globally accessible strategy to prevent or delay lens opacification due to age-onset cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Serebryany
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Sourav Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Christopher N Woods
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - David C Thorn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Nicki E Watson
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | | | - Rachel E Klevit
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Eugene I Shakhnovich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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5
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Cheong CSY, Khan SU, Ahmed N, Narayanan K. Identification of dual active sites in Caenorhabditis elegans GANA-1 protein: an ortholog of the human α-GAL a and α-NAGA enzymes. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-16. [PMID: 35694994 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2084162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is caused by a defective α-galactosidase A (α-GAL A) enzyme responsible for breaking down globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). To develop affordable therapeutics, more effort is needed to obtain insights into the underlying mechanism of FD and understanding human α-GAL A structure and function in related animal models. We adopted C. elegans as a model to elucidate the sequence and 3D structure of its GANA-1 enzyme and compared it to human α-GAL A. We constructed GANA-1 3D structure by homology modelling and validated the quality of the predicted GANA-1 structure, followed by computational docking of human ligands. The GANA-1 protein shared sequence similarities up to 42.1% with the human α-GAL A in silico and had dual active sites. GANA-1 homology modelling showed that 11 out of 13 amino acids in the first active site of GANA-1 protein overlapped with the human α-GAL A active site, indicating the prospect for substrate cross-reaction. Computational molecular docking using human ligands like Gb3 (first pocket), 4-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside (second pocket), α-galactose (second pocket), and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (second pocket) showed negative binding energy. This revealed that the ligands were able to bind within both GANA-1 active sites, mimicking the human α-GAL A and α-NAGA enzymes. We identified human compounds with adequate docking scores, predicting robust interactions with the GANA-1 active site. Our data suggested that the C. elegans GANA-1 enzyme may possess structural and functional similarities to human α-GAL A, including an intrinsic capability to metabolize Gb3 deposits.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clerance Su Yee Cheong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Shafi Ullah Khan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Pharmacy, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.,Product & Process Innovation Department, Qarshi Brands (Pvt) Ltd, District Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Nafees Ahmed
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kumaran Narayanan
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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6
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Quantifying lysosomal glycosidase activity within cells using bis-acetal substrates. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:332-341. [PMID: 35210619 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00960-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the function and regulation of enzymes within their physiologically relevant milieu requires quality tools that report on their cellular activities. Here we describe a strategy for glycoside hydrolases that overcomes several limitations in the field, enabling quantitative monitoring of their activities within live cells. We detail the design and synthesis of bright and modularly assembled bis-acetal-based (BAB) fluorescence-quenched substrates, illustrating this strategy for sensitive quantitation of disease-relevant human α-galactosidase and α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activities. We show that these substrates can be used within live patient cells to precisely measure the engagement of target enzymes by inhibitors and the efficiency of pharmacological chaperones, and highlight the importance of quantifying activity within cells using chemical perturbogens of cellular trafficking and lysosomal homeostasis. These BAB substrates should prove widely useful for interrogating the regulation of glycosidases within cells as well as in facilitating the development of therapeutics and diagnostics for this important class of enzymes.
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7
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Ashmus RA, Wang Y, González-Cuesta M, King DT, Tiet B, Gilormini PA, García Fernández JM, Ortiz Mellet C, Britton R, Vocadlo DJ. Rational design of cell active C2-modified DGJ analogues for the inhibition of human α-galactosidase A (GALA). Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8057-8062. [PMID: 34494637 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01526e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the rational design and synthesis of C2-modified DGJ analogues to improve the selective inhibition of human GALA over other glycosidases. We prepare these analogues using a concise route from non-carbohydrate materials and demonstrate the most selective inhibitor 7c (∼100-fold) can act in Fabry patient cells to drive reductions in levels of the disease-relevant glycolipid Gb3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Ashmus
- Department of Chemistry and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Manuel González-Cuesta
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Dustin T King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ben Tiet
- Department of Chemistry and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
| | | | - José M García Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Carmen Ortiz Mellet
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Robert Britton
- Department of Chemistry and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - David J Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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8
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Utkina N, Likhatskaya G, Malyarenko O, Ermakova S, Balabanova L, Slepchenko L, Bakunina I. Effects of Sponge-Derived Alkaloids on Activities of the Bacterial α-D-Galactosidase and Human Cancer Cell α-N-Acetylgalactosaminidase. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050510. [PMID: 34063022 PMCID: PMC8147984 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During a search for glycosidase inhibitors among marine natural products, we applied an integrated in vitro and in silico approach to evaluate the potency of some aaptamines and makaluvamines isolated from marine sponges on the hydrolyzing activity of α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (α-NaGalase) from human cancer cells and the recombinant α-D-galactosidase (α-PsGal) from a marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. KMM 701. These alkaloids showed no direct inhibitory effect on the cancer α-NaGalase; but isoaaptamine (2), 9-demethylaaptamine (3), damirone B (6), and makaluvamine H (7) reduced the expression of the enzyme in the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line DLD-1 at 5 μM. Isoaaptamine (2), 9-demethylaaptamine (3), makaluvamine G (6), and zyzzyanone A (7) are slow-binding irreversible inhibitors of the bacterial α-PsGal with the inactivation rate constants (kinact) 0.12 min−1, 0.092 min−1, 0.079 min−1, and 0.037 min−1, as well as equilibrium inhibition constants (Ki) 2.70 µM, 300 µM, 411 µM, and 105 µM, respectively. Docking analysis revealed that these alkaloids bind in a pocket close to the catalytic amino acid residues Asp451 and Asp516 and form complexes, due to π-π interactions with the Trp308 residue and hydrogen bonds with the Lys449 residue. None of the studied alkaloids formed complexes with the active site of the human α-NaGalase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Irina Bakunina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(432)-231-07-05-(3); Fax: +7-(432)-231-07-05-(7)
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9
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Losada Díaz JC, Cepeda del Castillo J, Rodriguez-López EA, Alméciga-Díaz CJ. Advances in the Development of Pharmacological Chaperones for the Mucopolysaccharidoses. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010232. [PMID: 31905715 PMCID: PMC6981736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of 11 lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) produced by mutations in the enzymes involved in the lysosomal catabolism of glycosaminoglycans. Most of the mutations affecting these enzymes may lead to changes in processing, folding, glycosylation, pH stability, protein aggregation, and defective transport to the lysosomes. It this sense, it has been proposed that the use of small molecules, called pharmacological chaperones (PCs), can restore the folding, trafficking, and biological activity of mutated enzymes. PCs have the advantages of wide tissue distribution, potential oral administration, lower production cost, and fewer issues of immunogenicity than enzyme replacement therapy. In this paper, we will review the advances in the identification and characterization of PCs for the MPS. These molecules have been described for MPS II, IVA, and IVB, showing a mutation-dependent enhancement of the mutated enzymes. Although the results show the potential of this strategy, further studies should focus in the development of disease-specific cellular models that allow a proper screening and evaluation of PCs. In addition, in vivo evaluation, both pre-clinical and clinical, should be performed, before they can become a real therapeutic strategy for the treatment of MPS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Camilo Losada Díaz
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia; (J.C.L.D.); (J.C.d.C.); (E.A.R.-L.)
| | - Jacobo Cepeda del Castillo
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia; (J.C.L.D.); (J.C.d.C.); (E.A.R.-L.)
| | - Edwin Alexander Rodriguez-López
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia; (J.C.L.D.); (J.C.d.C.); (E.A.R.-L.)
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
| | - Carlos J. Alméciga-Díaz
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia; (J.C.L.D.); (J.C.d.C.); (E.A.R.-L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-1-3208320 (ext. 4140); Fax: +57-1-3208320 (ext. 4099)
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10
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Scalia F, Marino Gammazza A, Conway de Macario E, Macario AJL, Cappello F. Myelin Pathology: Involvement of Molecular Chaperones and the Promise of Chaperonotherapy. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9110297. [PMID: 31671529 PMCID: PMC6896170 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9110297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of axon myelination involves various proteins including molecular chaperones. Myelin alteration is a common feature in neurological diseases due to structural and functional abnormalities of one or more myelin proteins. Genetic proteinopathies may occur either in the presence of a normal chaperoning system, which is unable to assist the defective myelin protein in its folding and migration, or due to mutations in chaperone genes, leading to functional defects in assisting myelin maturation/migration. The latter are a subgroup of genetic chaperonopathies causing demyelination. In this brief review, we describe some paradigmatic examples pertaining to the chaperonins Hsp60 (HSPD1, or HSP60, or Cpn60) and CCT (chaperonin-containing TCP-1). Our aim is to make scientists and physicians aware of the possibility and advantages of classifying patients depending on the presence or absence of a chaperonopathy. In turn, this subclassification will allow the development of novel therapeutic strategies (chaperonotherapy) by using molecular chaperones as agents or targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Scalia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
| | - Alberto J L Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy.
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11
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Marinko J, Huang H, Penn WD, Capra JA, Schlebach JP, Sanders CR. Folding and Misfolding of Human Membrane Proteins in Health and Disease: From Single Molecules to Cellular Proteostasis. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5537-5606. [PMID: 30608666 PMCID: PMC6506414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advances over the past 25 years have revealed much about how the structural properties of membranes and associated proteins are linked to the thermodynamics and kinetics of membrane protein (MP) folding. At the same time biochemical progress has outlined how cellular proteostasis networks mediate MP folding and manage misfolding in the cell. When combined with results from genomic sequencing, these studies have established paradigms for how MP folding and misfolding are linked to the molecular etiologies of a variety of diseases. This emerging framework has paved the way for the development of a new class of small molecule "pharmacological chaperones" that bind to and stabilize misfolded MP variants, some of which are now in clinical use. In this review, we comprehensively outline current perspectives on the folding and misfolding of integral MPs as well as the mechanisms of cellular MP quality control. Based on these perspectives, we highlight new opportunities for innovations that bridge our molecular understanding of the energetics of MP folding with the nuanced complexity of biological systems. Given the many linkages between MP misfolding and human disease, we also examine some of the exciting opportunities to leverage these advances to address emerging challenges in the development of therapeutics and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin
T. Marinko
- Department
of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
- Center
for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Hui Huang
- Department
of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
- Center
for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Wesley D. Penn
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - John A. Capra
- Center
for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37245, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Schlebach
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Charles R. Sanders
- Department
of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
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12
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Gazzotti S, Rainoldi G, Silvani A. Exploitation of the Ugi–Joullié reaction in drug discovery and development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:639-652. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1604676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gazzotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Rainoldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Silvani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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13
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Thomas R, Kermode AR. Enzyme enhancement therapeutics for lysosomal storage diseases: Current status and perspective. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 126:83-97. [PMID: 30528228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule- enzyme enhancement therapeutics (EETs) have emerged as attractive agents for the treatment of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), a broad group of genetic diseases caused by mutations in genes encoding lysosomal enzymes, or proteins required for lysosomal function. The underlying enzyme deficiencies characterizing LSDs cause a block in the stepwise degradation of complex macromolecules (e.g. glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids and others), such that undegraded or partially degraded substrates progressively accumulate in lysosomal and non-lysosomal compartments, a process leading to multisystem pathology via primary and secondary mechanisms. Missense mutations underlie many of the LSDs; the resultant mutant variant enzyme hydrolase is often impaired in its folding and maturation making it subject to rapid disposal by endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD). Enzyme deficiency in the lysosome is the result, even though the mutant enzyme may retain significant catalytic functioning. Small molecule modulators - pharmacological chaperones (PCs), or proteostasis regulators (PRs) are being identified through library screens and computational tools, as they may offer a less costly approach than enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for LSDs, and potentially treat neuronal forms of the diseases. PCs, capable of directly stabilizing the mutant protein, and PRs, which act on other cellular elements to enhance protein maturation, both allow a proportion of the synthesized variant protein to reach the lysosome and function. Proof-of-principle for PCs and PRs as therapeutic agents has been demonstrated for several LSDs, yet definitive data of their efficacy in disease models and/or in downstream clinical studies in many cases has yet to be achieved. Basic research to understand the cellular consequences of protein misfolding such as perturbed organellar crosstalk, redox status, and calcium balance is needed. Likewise, an elucidation of the early in cellulo pathogenic events underlying LSDs is vital and may lead to the discovery of new small molecule modulators and/or to other therapeutic approaches for driving proteostasis toward protein rescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Allison R Kermode
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada.
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14
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Integrating thin film microfluidics in developing a concise synthesis of DGJNAc: A potent inhibitor of α-N-acetylgalctosaminidases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3748-3751. [PMID: 30366618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple synthesis, which utilizes a thin film microfluidic reactor for a problematic step, of a potent inhibitor of α-N-acetylhexosaminidases, DGJNAc, has been developed.
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15
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Tao YX, Conn PM. Pharmacoperones as Novel Therapeutics for Diverse Protein Conformational Diseases. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:697-725. [PMID: 29442594 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00029.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
After synthesis, proteins are folded into their native conformations aided by molecular chaperones. Dysfunction in folding caused by genetic mutations in numerous genes causes protein conformational diseases. Membrane proteins are more prone to misfolding due to their more intricate folding than soluble proteins. Misfolded proteins are detected by the cellular quality control systems, especially in the endoplasmic reticulum, and proteins may be retained there for eventual degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system or through autophagy. Some misfolded proteins aggregate, leading to pathologies in numerous neurological diseases. In vitro, modulating mutant protein folding by altering molecular chaperone expression can ameliorate some misfolding. Some small molecules known as chemical chaperones also correct mutant protein misfolding in vitro and in vivo. However, due to their lack of specificity, their potential as therapeutics is limited. Another class of compounds, known as pharmacological chaperones (pharmacoperones), binds with high specificity to misfolded proteins, either as enzyme substrates or receptor ligands, leading to decreased folding energy barriers and correction of the misfolding. Because many of the misfolded proteins are misrouted but do not have defects in function per se, pharmacoperones have promising potential in advancing to the clinic as therapeutics, since correcting routing may ameliorate the underlying mechanism of disease. This review will comprehensively summarize this exciting area of research, surveying the literature from in vitro studies in cell lines to transgenic animal models and clinical trials in several protein misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama ; and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, Texas Tech University Health Science Center , Lubbock, Texas
| | - P Michael Conn
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama ; and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, Texas Tech University Health Science Center , Lubbock, Texas
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16
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Fontelle N, Yamamoto A, Arda A, Jiménez-Barbero J, Kato A, Désiré J, Blériot Y. 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-l-iminosugarC-Alkyl andC-Aryl Glycosides: Synthesis and Glycosidase Inhibition. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Fontelle
- IC2MP-UMR CNRS 7285; Université de Poitiers; Equipe “Synthèse Organique”; Université de Poitiers; 4 rue Michel Brunet 86073 Poitiers cedex 9 France
| | - Arisa Yamamoto
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy; University of Toyama; 2630 Sugitani 930-0194 Toyama Japan
| | - Ana Arda
- Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia; CIC bioGUNE; Edif. 801A-1° 48160 Derio-Bizkaia Spain
| | | | - Atsushi Kato
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy; University of Toyama; 2630 Sugitani 930-0194 Toyama Japan
| | - Jérôme Désiré
- IC2MP-UMR CNRS 7285; Université de Poitiers; Equipe “Synthèse Organique”; Université de Poitiers; 4 rue Michel Brunet 86073 Poitiers cedex 9 France
| | - Yves Blériot
- IC2MP-UMR CNRS 7285; Université de Poitiers; Equipe “Synthèse Organique”; Université de Poitiers; 4 rue Michel Brunet 86073 Poitiers cedex 9 France
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17
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Glawar AFG, Martínez RF, Ayers BJ, Hollas MA, Ngo N, Nakagawa S, Kato A, Butters TD, Fleet GWJ, Jenkinson SF. Structural essentials for β-N-acetylhexosaminidase inhibition by amides of prolines, pipecolic and azetidine carboxylic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:10371-10385. [PMID: 27735004 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01549b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the computer modelling aided design and synthesis of β-N-acetylhexosaminidase inhibitors along with their applicability to human disease treatment through biological evaluation in both an enzymatic and cellular setting. We investigated the importance of individual stereocenters, variations in structure-activity relationships along with factors influencing cell penetration. To achieve these goals we modified nitrogen heterocycles in terms of ring size, side chains present and ring nitrogen derivatization. By reducing the inhibitor interactions with the active site down to the essentials we were able to determine that besides the established 2S,3R trans-relationship, the presence and stereochemistry of the CH2OH side chain is of crucial importance for activity. In terms of cellular penetration, N-butyl side chains favour cellar uptake, while hydroxy- and carboxy-group bearing sidechains on the ring nitrogen retarded cellular penetration. Furthermore we show an early proof of principle study that β-N-acetylhexosaminidase inhibitors can be applicable to use in a potential anti-invasive anti-cancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F G Glawar
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK. and Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - R F Martínez
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - B J Ayers
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - M A Hollas
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - N Ngo
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - S Nakagawa
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - A Kato
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - T D Butters
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - G W J Fleet
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK. and Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - S F Jenkinson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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18
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Abstract
Pharmacological chaperones (PCs) are small molecules that bind to nascent protein targets to facilitate their biogenesis. The ability of PCs to assist in the folding and subsequent forward trafficking of disease-causative protein misfolding mutants has opened new avenues for the treatment of conformational diseases such as cystic fibrosis and lysosomal storage disorders. In this chapter, an overview of the use of PCs for the treatment of conformational disorders is provided. Beyond the therapeutic application of PCs for the treatment of these disorders, pharmacological chaperoning of wild-type integral membrane proteins is discussed. Central to this discussion is the notion that the endoplasmic reticulum is a reservoir of viable but inefficiently processed wild-type protein folding intermediates whose biogenesis can be facilitated by PCs to increase functional pools. To date, the potential therapeutic use of PCs to enhance the biogenesis of wild-type proteins has received little attention. Here the rationale for the development of PCs that target WT proteins is discussed. Also considered is the likelihood that some commonly used therapeutic agents may exert unrecognized pharmacological chaperoning activity on wild-type targets in patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Leidenheimer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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19
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de la Fuente A, Verdaguer X, Riera A. Stereodivergent Syntheses of altro
and manno
Stereoisomers of 2-Acetamido-1,2-dideoxynojirimycin. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex de la Fuente
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Xavier Verdaguer
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica; Secció Química Orgànica. Universitat de Barcelona; Martí i Franqués 1 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Antoni Riera
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Baldiri Reixac 10 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica; Secció Química Orgànica. Universitat de Barcelona; Martí i Franqués 1 08028 Barcelona Spain
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20
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Abstract
Lysosomes are cytoplasmic organelles that contain a variety of different hydrolases. A genetic deficiency in the enzymatic activity of one of these hydrolases will lead to the accumulation of the material meant for lysosomal degradation. Examples include glycogen in the case of Pompe disease, glycosaminoglycans in the case of the mucopolysaccharidoses, glycoproteins in the cases of the oligosaccharidoses, and sphingolipids in the cases of Niemann-Pick disease types A and B, Gaucher disease, Tay-Sachs disease, Krabbe disease, and metachromatic leukodystrophy. Sometimes, the lysosomal storage can be caused not by the enzymatic deficiency of one of the hydrolases, but by the deficiency of an activator protein, as occurs in the AB variant of GM2 gangliosidosis. Still other times, the accumulated lysosomal material results from failed egress of a small molecule as a consequence of a deficient transporter, as in cystinosis or Salla disease. In the last couple of decades, enzyme replacement therapy has become available for a number of lysosomal storage diseases. Examples include imiglucerase, taliglucerase and velaglucerase for Gaucher disease, laronidase for Hurler disease, idursulfase for Hunter disease, elosulfase for Morquio disease, galsulfase for Maroteaux-Lamy disease, alglucosidase alfa for Pompe disease, and agalsidase alfa and beta for Fabry disease. In addition, substrate reduction therapy has been approved for certain disorders, such as eliglustat for Gaucher disease. The advent of treatment options for some of these disorders has led to newborn screening pilot studies, and ultimately to the addition of Pompe disease and Hurler disease to the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel (RUSP) in 2015 and 2016, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R. Ferreira
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
- George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William A. Gahl
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Sánchez-Fernández EM, García Fernández JM, Mellet CO. Glycomimetic-based pharmacological chaperones for lysosomal storage disorders: lessons from Gaucher, GM1-gangliosidosis and Fabry diseases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5497-515. [PMID: 27043200 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01564f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are often caused by mutations that destabilize native folding and impair the trafficking of enzymes, leading to premature endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation, deficiencies of specific hydrolytic functions and aberrant storage of metabolites in the lysosomes. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and substrate reduction therapy (SRT) are available for a few of these conditions, but most remain orphan. A main difficulty is that virtually all LSDs involve neurological decline and neither proteins nor the current SRT drugs can cross the blood-brain barrier. Twenty years ago a new therapeutic paradigm better suited for neuropathic LSDs was launched, namely pharmacological chaperone (PC) therapy. PCs are small molecules capable of binding to the mutant protein at the ER, inducing proper folding, restoring trafficking and increasing enzyme activity and substrate processing in the lysosome. In many LSDs the mutated protein is a glycosidase and the accumulated substrate is an oligo- or polysaccharide or a glycoconjugate, e.g. a glycosphingolipid. Although it might appear counterintuitive, substrate analogues (glycomimetics) behaving as competitive glycosidase inhibitors are good candidates to perform PC tasks. The advancements in the knowledge of the molecular basis of LSDs, including enzyme structures, binding modes, trafficking pathways and substrate processing mechanisms, have been put forward to optimize PC selectivity and efficacy. Moreover, the chemical versatility of glycomimetics and the variety of structures at hand allow simultaneous optimization of chaperone and pharmacokinetic properties. In this Feature Article we review the advancements made in this field in the last few years and the future outlook through the lessons taught by three archetypical LSDs: Gaucher disease, GM1-gangliosidosis and Fabry disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Sánchez-Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - José M García Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC - Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Carmen Ortiz Mellet
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
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22
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Stütz AE, Wrodnigg TM. Carbohydrate-Processing Enzymes of the Lysosome: Diseases Caused by Misfolded Mutants and Sugar Mimetics as Correcting Pharmacological Chaperones. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2016; 73:225-302. [PMID: 27816107 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases are hereditary disorders caused by mutations on genes encoding for one of the more than fifty lysosomal enzymes involved in the highly ordered degradation cascades of glycans, glycoconjugates, and other complex biomolecules in the lysosome. Several of these metabolic disorders are associated with the absence or the lack of activity of carbohydrate-processing enzymes in this cell compartment. In a recently introduced therapy concept, for susceptible mutants, small substrate-related molecules (so-called pharmacological chaperones), such as reversible inhibitors of these enzymes, may serve as templates for the correct folding and transport of the respective protein mutant, thus improving its concentration and, consequently, its enzymatic activity in the lysosome. Carbohydrate-processing enzymes in the lysosome, related lysosomal diseases, and the scope and limitations of reported reversible inhibitors as pharmacological chaperones are discussed with a view to possibly extending and improving research efforts in this area of orphan diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold E Stütz
- Glycogroup, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Tanja M Wrodnigg
- Glycogroup, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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23
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Horowitz M, Elstein D, Zimran A, Goker-Alpan O. New Directions in Gaucher Disease. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:1121-1136. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mia Horowitz
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Ramat Aviv Israel
| | - Deborah Elstein
- Gaucher Clinic; Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Ari Zimran
- Gaucher Clinic; Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
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24
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Convertino M, Das J, Dokholyan NV. Pharmacological Chaperones: Design and Development of New Therapeutic Strategies for the Treatment of Conformational Diseases. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1471-89. [PMID: 27097127 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Errors in protein folding may result in premature clearance of structurally aberrant proteins, or in the accumulation of toxic misfolded species or protein aggregates. These pathological events lead to a large range of conditions known as conformational diseases. Several research groups have presented possible therapeutic solutions for their treatment by developing novel compounds, known as pharmacological chaperones. These cell-permeable molecules selectively provide a molecular scaffold around which misfolded proteins can recover their native folding and, thus, their biological activities. Here, we review therapeutic strategies, clinical potentials, and cost-benefit impacts of several classes of pharmacological chaperones for the treatment of a series of conformational diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marino Convertino
- Department of Biochemistry
and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jhuma Das
- Department of Biochemistry
and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nikolay V. Dokholyan
- Department of Biochemistry
and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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25
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Moynihan L, Chadda R, McArdle P, Murphy PV. Allylic Azide Rearrangement in Tandem with Huisgen Cycloaddition for Stereoselective Annulation: Synthesis of C-Glycosyl Iminosugars. Org Lett 2015; 17:6226-9. [PMID: 26650965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Allylic azide rearrangement is used in tandem with intramolecular azide-alkene cycloaddition to give a triazoline that when subsequently decomposed in the presence of a nucleophile gives piperidines. The tandem reaction gives two stereocenters that are generated with high control. The formation of the piperidines required the presence of innate conformational constraint. The applicability of the annulation reaction is demonstrated by the synthesis of iminosugars. A proposal is included to account for the observed stereoselectivity, which is influenced by the precursor structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Moynihan
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rekha Chadda
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Patrick McArdle
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Paul V Murphy
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, Galway, Ireland
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26
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Efficient stereoselective synthesis of 2-acetamido-1,2-dideoxyallonojirimycin (DAJNAc) and sp(2)-iminosugar conjugates: Novel hexosaminidase inhibitors with discrimination capabilities between the mature and precursor forms of the enzyme. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 121:926-938. [PMID: 26564401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to their capacity to inhibit hexosaminidases, 2-acetamido-1,2-dideoxy-iminosugars have been widely studied as potential therapeutic agents for various diseases. An efficient stereoselective synthesis of 2-acetamido-1,2-dideoxyallonojirimycin (DAJNAc), the most potent inhibitor of human placenta β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (β-hexosaminidase) among the epimeric series, is here described. This novel procedure can be easily scaled up, providing enough material for structural modifications and further biological tests. Thus, two series of sp(2)-iminosugar conjugates derived from DAJNAc have been prepared, namely monocyclic DAJNAc-thioureas and bicyclic 2-iminothiazolidines, and their glycosidase inhibitory activity evaluated. The data evidence the utmost importance of developing diversity-oriented synthetic strategies allowing optimization of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions to achieve high inhibitory potencies and selectivities among isoenzymes. Notably, strong differences in the inhibition potency of the compounds towards β-hexosaminidase from human placenta (mature) or cultured fibroblasts (precursor form) were encountered. The ensemble of data suggests that the ratio between them, and not the inhibition potency towards the placenta enzyme, is a good indication of the chaperoning potential of TaySachs disease-associated mutant hexosaminidase.
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27
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Abstract
Pharmacological chaperone therapy is an emerging approach to treat lysosomal storage diseases. Small-molecule chaperones interact with mutant enzymes, favor their correct conformation and enhance their stability. This approach shows significant advantages when compared with existing therapies, particularly in terms of the bioavailability of drugs, oral administration and positive impact on the quality of patients' lives. On the other hand, future research in this field must confront important challenges. The identification of novel chaperones is indispensable to expanding the number of patients amenable to this treatment and to optimize therapeutic efficacy. It is important to develop new allosteric drugs, to address the risk of inhibiting target enzymes. Future research must also be directed towards the exploitation of synergies between chaperone treatment and other therapeutic approaches.
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28
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Szcześniak P, Maziarz E, Stecko S, Furman B. Synthesis of Polyhydroxylated Piperidine and Pyrrolidine Peptidomimetics via One-Pot Sequential Lactam Reduction/Joullié–Ugi Reaction. J Org Chem 2015; 80:3621-33. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Szcześniak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Maziarz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Stecko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Furman
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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29
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Paszkowska J, Fernandez ON, Wandzik I, Boudesoque S, Dupont L, Plantier-Royon R, Behr JB. Perfluoroalkylation of Nitrones for the Synthesis of a Series of Fucosidase Inhibitors. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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de la Fuente A, Mena-Barragán T, Farrar-Tobar RA, Verdaguer X, García Fernández JM, Ortiz Mellet C, Riera A. Stereoselective synthesis of 2-acetamido-1,2-dideoxynojirimycin (DNJNAc) and ureido-DNJNAc derivatives as new hexosaminidase inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:6500-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00507h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach to the synthesis of 2-acetamido-1,2-dideoxynojirimycin (DNJNAc) and ureido-DNJNAc derivatives as potent hexosaminidase inhibitors is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex de la Fuente
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)
- E-08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Teresa Mena-Barragán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de Sevilla
- E-41012 Sevilla
- Spain
| | | | - Xavier Verdaguer
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)
- E-08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- Departament de Química Orgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
| | | | - Carmen Ortiz Mellet
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de Sevilla
- E-41012 Sevilla
- Spain
| | - Antoni Riera
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)
- E-08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- Departament de Química Orgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
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31
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Tannous A, Patel N, Tamura T, Hebert DN. Reglucosylation by UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 delays glycoprotein secretion but not degradation. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 26:390-405. [PMID: 25428988 PMCID: PMC4310732 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-08-1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 (UGT1) is a central quality control gatekeeper in the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The reglucosylation of glycoproteins supports their rebinding to the carbohydrate-binding ER molecular chaperones calnexin and calreticulin. A cell-based reglucosylation assay was used to investigate the role of UGT1 in ER protein surveillance or the quality control process. UGT1 was found to modify wild-type proteins or proteins that are expected to eventually traffic out of the ER through the secretory pathway. Trapping of reglucosylated wild-type substrates in their monoglucosylated state delayed their secretion. Whereas terminally misfolded substrates or off-pathway proteins were most efficiently reglucosylated by UGT1, the trapping of these mutant substrates in their reglucosylated or monoglucosylated state did not delay their degradation by the ER-associated degradation pathway. This indicated that monoglucosylated mutant proteins were actively extracted from the calnexin/calreticulin binding-reglucosylation cycle for degradation. Therefore trapping proteins in their monoglucosylated state was sufficient to delay their exit to the Golgi but had no effect on their rate of degradation, suggesting that the degradation selection process progressed in a dominant manner that was independent of reglucosylation and the glucose-containing A-branch on the substrate glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abla Tannous
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Nishant Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Taku Tamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Daniel N Hebert
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
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32
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Enzyme enhancers for the treatment of Fabry and Pompe disease. Mol Ther 2014; 23:456-64. [PMID: 25409744 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) are a group of heterogeneous diseases caused by compromised enzyme function leading to multiple organ failure. Therapeutic approaches involve enzyme replacement (ERT), which is effective for a substantial fraction of patients. However, there are still concerns about a number of issues including tissue penetrance, generation of host antibodies against the therapeutic enzyme, and financial aspects, which render this therapy suboptimal for many cases. Treatment with pharmacological chaperones (PC) was recognized as a possible alternative to ERT, because a great number of mutations do not completely abolish enzyme function, but rather trigger degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum. The theory behind PC is that they can stabilize enzymes with remaining function, avoid degradation and thereby ameliorate disease symptoms. We tested several compounds in order to identify novel small molecules that prevent premature degradation of the mutant lysosomal enzymes α-galactosidase A (for Fabry disease (FD)) and acid α-glucosidase (GAA) (for Pompe disease (PD)). We discovered that the expectorant Ambroxol when used in conjunction with known PC resulted in a significant enhancement of mutant α-galactosidase A and GAA activities. Rosiglitazone was effective on α-galactosidase A either as a monotherapy or when administered in combination with the PC 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin. We therefore propose both drugs as potential enhancers of pharmacological chaperones in FD and PD to improve current treatment strategies.
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33
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Blériot Y, Auberger N, Jagadeesh Y, Gauthier C, Prencipe G, Tran AT, Marrot J, Désiré J, Yamamoto A, Kato A, Sollogoub M. Synthesis of 1,2-cis-Homoiminosugars Derived from GlcNAc and GalNAc Exploiting a β-Amino Alcohol Skeletal Rearrangement. Org Lett 2014; 16:5512-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol502926f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Blériot
- Glycochemistry
Group of “Organic Synthesis” Team, Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS
7285 IC2MP, Bât. B28, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex
9, France
| | - Nicolas Auberger
- Glycochemistry
Group of “Organic Synthesis” Team, Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS
7285 IC2MP, Bât. B28, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex
9, France
| | - Yerri Jagadeesh
- Glycochemistry
Group of “Organic Synthesis” Team, Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS
7285 IC2MP, Bât. B28, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex
9, France
| | - Charles Gauthier
- Glycochemistry
Group of “Organic Synthesis” Team, Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS
7285 IC2MP, Bât. B28, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex
9, France
| | - Giuseppe Prencipe
- Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Universitaire de France, UMR-CNRS 8232, IPCM, LabEx MiChem, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Anh Tuan Tran
- Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Universitaire de France, UMR-CNRS 8232, IPCM, LabEx MiChem, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Marrot
- Institut
Lavoisier
de Versailles, UMR-CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles, 45 avenue des États-Unis, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Désiré
- Glycochemistry
Group of “Organic Synthesis” Team, Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS
7285 IC2MP, Bât. B28, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex
9, France
| | - Arisa Yamamoto
- Department
of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department
of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Matthieu Sollogoub
- Sorbonne Universités,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Universitaire de France, UMR-CNRS 8232, IPCM, LabEx MiChem, F-75005 Paris, France
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34
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Tao YX, Conn PM. Chaperoning G protein-coupled receptors: from cell biology to therapeutics. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:602-47. [PMID: 24661201 PMCID: PMC4105357 DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins that traverse the plasma membrane seven times (hence, are also called 7TM receptors). The polytopic structure of GPCRs makes the folding of GPCRs difficult and complex. Indeed, many wild-type GPCRs are not folded optimally, and defects in folding are the most common cause of genetic diseases due to GPCR mutations. Both general and receptor-specific molecular chaperones aid the folding of GPCRs. Chemical chaperones have been shown to be able to correct the misfolding in mutant GPCRs, proving to be important tools for studying the structure-function relationship of GPCRs. However, their potential therapeutic value is very limited. Pharmacological chaperones (pharmacoperones) are potentially important novel therapeutics for treating genetic diseases caused by mutations in GPCR genes that resulted in misfolded mutant proteins. Pharmacoperones also increase cell surface expression of wild-type GPCRs; therefore, they could be used to treat diseases that do not harbor mutations in GPCRs. Recent studies have shown that indeed pharmacoperones work in both experimental animals and patients. High-throughput assays have been developed to identify new pharmacoperones that could be used as therapeutics for a number of endocrine and other genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology (Y.-X.T.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5519; and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology (P.M.C.), Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430-6252
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35
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Ayers BJ, Glawar AFG, Martínez RF, Ngo N, Liu Z, Fleet GWJ, Butters TD, Nash RJ, Yu CY, Wormald MR, Nakagawa S, Adachi I, Kato A, Jenkinson SF. Nine of 16 Stereoisomeric Polyhydroxylated Proline Amides Are Potent β-N-Acetylhexosaminidase Inhibitors. J Org Chem 2014; 79:3398-409. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500157p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Ayers
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Andreas F. G. Glawar
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - R. Fernando Martínez
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Nigel Ngo
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Zilei Liu
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - George W. J. Fleet
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Terry D. Butters
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Robert J. Nash
- Phytoquest Limited,
IBERS, Plas Gogerddan, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, U.K
| | - Chu-Yi Yu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mark R. Wormald
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Shinpei Nakagawa
- Department
of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Isao Adachi
- Department
of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department
of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Sarah F. Jenkinson
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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36
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Ayers BJ, Hollinshead J, Saville AW, Nakagawa S, Adachi I, Kato A, Izumori K, Bartholomew B, Fleet GWJ, Nash RJ. Iteamine, the first alkaloid isolated from Itea virginica L. inflorescence. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 100:126-131. [PMID: 24534106 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Iteamine, o-aminobenzyl β-D-glucopyranoside, is the first alkaloid to be isolated from Itea virginica. Itea is the sole plant source of D-psicose, a rare sugar likely to be a major dietary supplement. The structure of iteamine was established by NMR and confirmed by total synthesis. Iteamine and its galacto-analog (which was not found in Itea plants) showed no strong inhibition of any of the 15 glycosidases tested; unnatural galacto-iteamine was a weak inhibitor of chicken liver α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Ayers
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | | | | | - Shinpei Nakagawa
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Isao Adachi
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ken Izumori
- Rare Sugar Research Center, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-07, Japan
| | - Barbara Bartholomew
- Phytoquest Limited, IBERS, Plas Gogerddan, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Wales, UK
| | - George W J Fleet
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Robert J Nash
- Phytoquest Limited, IBERS, Plas Gogerddan, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Wales, UK.
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37
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Pharmacological chaperoning: a primer on mechanism and pharmacology. Pharmacol Res 2014; 83:10-9. [PMID: 24530489 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Approximately forty percent of diseases are attributable to protein misfolding, including those for which genetic mutation produces misfolding mutants. Intriguingly, many of these mutants are not terminally misfolded since native-like folding, and subsequent trafficking to functional locations, can be induced by target-specific, small molecules variably termed pharmacological chaperones, pharmacoperones, or pharmacochaperones (PCs). PC targets include enzymes, receptors, transporters, and ion channels, revealing the breadth of proteins that can be engaged by ligand-assisted folding. The purpose of this review is to provide an integrated primer of the diverse mechanisms and pharmacology of PCs. In this regard, we examine the structural mechanisms that underlie PC rescue of misfolding mutants, including the ability of PCs to act as surrogates for defective intramolecular interactions and, at the intermolecular level, overcome oligomerization deficiencies and dominant negative effects, as well as influence the subunit stoichiometry of heteropentameric receptors. Not surprisingly, PC-mediated structural correction of misfolding mutants normalizes interactions with molecular chaperones that participate in protein quality control and forward-trafficking. A variety of small molecules have proven to be efficacious PCs and the advantages and disadvantages of employing orthostatic antagonists, active-site inhibitors, orthostatic agonists, and allosteric modulator PCs are considered. Also examined is the possibility that several therapeutic agents may have unrecognized activity as PCs, and this chaperoning activity may mediate/contribute to therapeutic action and/or account for adverse effects. Lastly, we explore evidence that pharmacological chaperoning exploits intrinsic ligand-assisted folding mechanisms. Given the widespread applicability of PC rescue of mutants associated with protein folding disorders, both in vitro and in vivo, the therapeutic potential of PCs is vast. This is most evident in the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders, cystic fibrosis, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, for which proof of principle in humans has been demonstrated.
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38
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Crabtree EV, Martínez RF, Nakagawa S, Adachi I, Butters TD, Kato A, Fleet GWJ, Glawar AFG. Synthesis of the enantiomers of XYLNAc and LYXNAc: comparison of β-N-acetylhexosaminidase inhibition by the 8 stereoisomers of 2-N-acetylamino-1,2,4-trideoxy-1,4-iminopentitols. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3932-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00097h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Saka T, Okaki T, Ifuku S, Yamashita Y, Sato K, Miyawaki S, Kamori A, Kato A, Adachi I, Tezuka Y, Kiria PG, Onomura O, Minato D, Sugimoto K, Matsuya Y, Toyooka N. Synthesis of phenylalkyl-substituted polyhydroxypiperidines as potent inhibitors for α-l-fucosidase. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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40
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de la Fuente A, Martin R, Mena-Barragán T, Verdaguer X, García Fernández JM, Ortiz Mellet C, Riera A. Stereoselective synthesis of 2-acetamido-1,2-dideoxyallonojirimycin (DAJNAc), a new potent hexosaminidase inhibitor. Org Lett 2013; 15:3638-41. [PMID: 23802126 DOI: 10.1021/ol401517x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A practical synthesis of the previously unreported N-acetyl-D-allosamine glycomimetic DAJNAc is described. The reaction sequence involves Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution by phthalimide in an azaheterobicyclic scaffold as the key step. The new iminosugar resulted in being a stronger β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (human placenta) competitive inhibitor than the D-gluco (DNJNAc) and D-galacto (DGJNAc) stereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex de la Fuente
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Li Z, Li T, Dai S, Xie X, Ma X, Zhao W, Zhang W, Li J, Wang PG. New Insights into the Pharmacological Chaperone Activity of C2-Substituted Glucoimidazoles for the Treatment of Gaucher Disease. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1239-47. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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42
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Boyd RE, Lee G, Rybczynski P, Benjamin ER, Khanna R, Wustman BA, Valenzano KJ. Pharmacological chaperones as therapeutics for lysosomal storage diseases. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2705-25. [PMID: 23363020 DOI: 10.1021/jm301557k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal enzymes are responsible for the degradation of a wide variety of glycolipids, oligosaccharides, proteins, and glycoproteins. Inherited mutations in the genes that encode these proteins can lead to reduced stability of newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes. While often catalytically competent, the mutated enzymes are unable to efficiently pass the quality control mechanisms of the endoplasmic reticulum, resulting in reduced lysosomal trafficking, substrate accumulation, and cellular dysfunction. Pharmacological chaperones (PCs) are small molecules that bind and stabilize mutant lysosomal enzymes, thereby allowing proper cellular translocation. Such compounds have been shown to increase enzyme activity and reduce substrate burden in a number of preclinical models and clinical studies. In this Perspective, we review several of the lysosomal diseases for which PCs have been studied and the SAR of the various classes of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Boyd
- Amicus Therapeutics, 1 Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512, United States.
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