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Taw MN, Boock JT, Sotomayor B, Kim D, Rocco MA, Waraho-Zhmayev D, DeLisa MP. Twin-arginine translocase component TatB performs folding quality control via a chaperone-like activity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14862. [PMID: 36050356 PMCID: PMC9436932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway involves an inbuilt quality control (QC) system that synchronizes the proofreading of substrate protein folding with lipid bilayer transport. However, the molecular details of this QC mechanism remain poorly understood. Here, we hypothesized that the conformational state of Tat substrates is directly sensed by the TatB component of the bacterial Tat translocase. In support of this hypothesis, several TatB variants were observed to form functional translocases in vivo that had compromised QC activity as evidenced by the uncharacteristic export of several misfolded protein substrates. These variants each possessed cytoplasmic membrane-extrinsic domains that were either truncated or mutated in the vicinity of a conserved, highly flexible α-helical domain. In vitro folding experiments revealed that the TatB membrane-extrinsic domain behaved like a general molecular chaperone, transiently binding to highly structured, partially unfolded intermediates of a model protein, citrate synthase, in a manner that prevented its irreversible aggregation and stabilized the active species. Collectively, these results suggest that the Tat translocase may use chaperone-like client recognition to monitor the conformational status of its substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- May N Taw
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jason T Boock
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Belen Sotomayor
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Daniel Kim
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Mark A Rocco
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Dujduan Waraho-Zhmayev
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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2
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Taw MN, Li M, Kim D, Rocco MA, Waraho-Zhmayev D, DeLisa MP. Engineering a Supersecreting Strain of Escherichia coli by Directed Coevolution of the Multiprotein Tat Translocation Machinery. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:2947-2958. [PMID: 34757717 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli remains one of the preferred hosts for biotechnological protein production due to its robust growth in culture and ease of genetic manipulation. It is often desirable to export recombinant proteins into the periplasmic space for reasons related to proper disulfide bond formation, prevention of aggregation and proteolytic degradation, and ease of purification. One such system for expressing heterologous secreted proteins is the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway, which has the unique advantage of delivering correctly folded proteins into the periplasm. However, transit times for proteins through the Tat translocase, comprised of the TatABC proteins, are much longer than for passage through the SecYEG pore, the translocase associated with the more widely utilized Sec pathway. To date, a high protein flux through the Tat pathway has yet to be demonstrated. To address this shortcoming, we employed a directed coevolution strategy to isolate mutant Tat translocases for their ability to deliver higher quantities of heterologous proteins into the periplasm. Three supersecreting translocases were selected that each exported a panel of recombinant proteins at levels that were significantly greater than those observed for wild-type TatABC or SecYEG translocases. Interestingly, all three of the evolved Tat translocases exhibited quality control suppression, suggesting that increased translocation flux was gained by relaxation of substrate proofreading. Overall, our discovery of more efficient translocase variants paves the way for the use of the Tat system as a powerful complement to the Sec pathway for secreted production of both commodity and high value-added proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- May N. Taw
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mingji Li
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Daniel Kim
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mark A. Rocco
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Dujduan Waraho-Zhmayev
- Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Matthew P. DeLisa
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Cornell Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, 130 Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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3
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TAR RNA Mediated Folding of a Single-Arginine-Mutant HIV-1 Tat Protein within HeLa Cells Experiencing Intracellular Crowding. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189998. [PMID: 34576162 PMCID: PMC8468913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The various effects of native protein folding on the stability and folding rate of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) in crowded intracellular environments are important in biomedicine. Although most studies on protein folding have been conducted in vitro, providing valuable insights, studies on protein folding in crowded intracellular environments are scarce. This study aimed to explore the effects of intracellular molecular crowding on the folding of mutant transactivator HIV-1 Tat based on intracellular interactions, including TAR RNA, as proof of the previously reported chaperna-RNA concept. Considering that the Tat-TAR RNA motif binds RNA, we assessed the po tential function of TAR RNA as a chaperna for the refolding of R52Tat, a mutant in which the argi nine (R) residues at R52 have been replaced with alanine (A) by site-directed mutagenesis. We mon itored Tat-EGFP and Tat folding in HeLa cells via time-lapse fluorescence microscopy and biolayer interferometry using EGFP fusion as an indicator for folding status. These results show that the refolding of R52A Tat was stimulated well at a 0.3 μM TAR RNA concentration; wild-type Tat refolding was essentially abolished because of a reduction in the affinity for TAR RNA at that con centration. The folding and refolding of R52Tat were mainly promoted upon stimulation with TAR RNA. Our findings provide novel insights into the therapeutic potential of chaperna-mediated fold ing through the examination of as-yet-unexplored RNA-mediated protein folding as well as viral genetic variants that modulate viral evolutionary linkages for viral diseases inside a crowded intra cellular environment.
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4
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Abstract
The Tat pathway for protein translocation across bacterial membranes stands out for its selective handling of fully folded cargo proteins. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of our current understanding of the different known Tat components, their assembly into different complexes, and their specific roles in the protein translocation process. In particular, this overview focuses on the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Using these organisms as examples, we discuss structural features of Tat complexes alongside mechanistic models that allow for the Tat pathway's unique protein proofreading and transport capabilities. Finally, we highlight recent advances in exploiting the Tat pathway for biotechnological benefit, the production of high-value pharmaceutical proteins.
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5
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Abstract
The twin-arginine protein translocation (Tat) system has been characterized in bacteria, archaea and the chloroplast thylakoidal membrane. This system is distinct from other protein transport systems with respect to two key features. Firstly, it accepts cargo proteins with an N-terminal signal peptide that carries the canonical twin-arginine motif, which is essential for transport. Second, the Tat system only accepts and translocates fully folded cargo proteins across the respective membrane. Here, we review the core essential features of folded protein transport via the bacterial Tat system, using the three-component TatABC system of Escherichia coli and the two-component TatAC systems of Bacillus subtilis as the main examples. In particular, we address features of twin-arginine signal peptides, the essential Tat components and how they assemble into different complexes, mechanistic features and energetics of Tat-dependent protein translocation, cytoplasmic chaperoning of Tat cargo proteins, and the remarkable proofreading capabilities of the Tat system. In doing so, we present the current state of our understanding of Tat-dependent protein translocation across biological membranes, which may serve as a lead for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Frain
- The School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ UK
| | - Colin Robinson
- The School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ UK
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen (UMCG), Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Pohlschroder M, Pfeiffer F, Schulze S, Abdul Halim MF. Archaeal cell surface biogenesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:694-717. [PMID: 29912330 PMCID: PMC6098224 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surfaces are critical for diverse functions across all domains of life, from cell-cell communication and nutrient uptake to cell stability and surface attachment. While certain aspects of the mechanisms supporting the biosynthesis of the archaeal cell surface are unique, likely due to important differences in cell surface compositions between domains, others are shared with bacteria or eukaryotes or both. Based on recent studies completed on a phylogenetically diverse array of archaea, from a wide variety of habitats, here we discuss advances in the characterization of mechanisms underpinning archaeal cell surface biogenesis. These include those facilitating co- and post-translational protein targeting to the cell surface, transport into and across the archaeal lipid membrane, and protein anchoring strategies. We also discuss, in some detail, the assembly of specific cell surface structures, such as the archaeal S-layer and the type IV pili. We will highlight the importance of post-translational protein modifications, such as lipid attachment and glycosylation, in the biosynthesis as well as the regulation of the functions of these cell surface structures and present the differences and similarities in the biogenesis of type IV pili across prokaryotic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Friedhelm Pfeiffer
- Computational Biology Group, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulze
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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7
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Sutherland GA, Grayson KJ, Adams NBP, Mermans DMJ, Jones AS, Robertson AJ, Auman DB, Brindley AA, Sterpone F, Tuffery P, Derreumaux P, Dutton PL, Robinson C, Hitchcock A, Hunter CN. Probing the quality control mechanism of the Escherichia coli twin-arginine translocase with folding variants of a de novo-designed heme protein. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6672-6681. [PMID: 29559557 PMCID: PMC5936819 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein transport across the cytoplasmic membrane of bacterial cells is mediated by either the general secretion (Sec) system or the twin-arginine translocase (Tat). The Tat machinery exports folded and cofactor-containing proteins from the cytoplasm to the periplasm by using the transmembrane proton motive force as a source of energy. The Tat apparatus apparently senses the folded state of its protein substrates, a quality-control mechanism that prevents premature export of nascent unfolded or misfolded polypeptides, but its mechanistic basis has not yet been determined. Here, we investigated the innate ability of the model Escherichia coli Tat system to recognize and translocate de novo–designed protein substrates with experimentally determined differences in the extent of folding. Water-soluble, four-helix bundle maquette proteins were engineered to bind two, one, or no heme b cofactors, resulting in a concomitant reduction in the extent of their folding, assessed with temperature-dependent CD spectroscopy and one-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy. Fusion of the archetypal N-terminal Tat signal peptide of the E. coli trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) reductase (TorA) to the N terminus of the protein maquettes was sufficient for the Tat system to recognize them as substrates. The clear correlation between the level of Tat-dependent export and the degree of heme b–induced folding of the maquette protein suggested that the membrane-bound Tat machinery can sense the extent of folding and conformational flexibility of its substrates. We propose that these artificial proteins are ideal substrates for future investigations of the Tat system's quality-control mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Sutherland
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J Grayson
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan B P Adams
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Daphne M J Mermans
- the School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander S Jones
- the School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Angus J Robertson
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk B Auman
- the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Amanda A Brindley
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Sterpone
- the Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, UPR 9080 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France, and
| | - Pierre Tuffery
- INSERM U973, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Derreumaux
- the Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, UPR 9080 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France, and
| | - P Leslie Dutton
- the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Colin Robinson
- the School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hitchcock
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - C Neil Hunter
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom,
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8
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Zhao L, Chen J, Sun J, Zhang D. Multimer recognition and secretion by the non-classical secretion pathway in Bacillus subtilis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44023. [PMID: 28276482 PMCID: PMC5343618 DOI: 10.1038/srep44023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-classical protein secretion in bacteria is a common phenomenon. However, the selection principle for non-classical secretion pathways remains unclear. Here, our experimental data, to our knowledge, are the first to show that folded multimeric proteins can be recognized and excreted by a non-classical secretion pathway in Bacillus subtilis. We explored the secretion pattern of a typical cytoplasmic protein D-psicose 3-epimerase from Ruminococcus sp. 5_1_39BFAA (RDPE), and showed that its non-classical secretion is not simply due to cell lysis. Analysis of truncation variants revealed that the C- and N-terminus, and two hydrophobic domains, are required for structural stability and non-classical secretion of RDPE. Alanine scanning mutagenesis of the hydrophobic segments of RDPE revealed that hydrophobic residues mediated the equilibrium between its folded and unfolded forms. Reporter mCherry and GFP fusions with RDPE regions show that its secretion requires an intact tetrameric protein complex. Using cross-linked tetramers, we show that folded tetrameric RDPE can be secreted as a single unit. Finally, we provide evidence that the non-classical secretion pathway has a strong preference for multimeric substrates, which accumulate at the poles and septum region. Altogether, these data show that a multimer recognition mechanism is likely applicable across the non-classical secretion pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqun Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, P. R. China
| | - Jingqi Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, P. R. China
| | - Jibin Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, P. R. China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300308, P. R. China
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9
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Jones AS, Austerberry JI, Dajani R, Warwicker J, Curtis R, Derrick JP, Robinson C. Proofreading of substrate structure by the Twin-Arginine Translocase is highly dependent on substrate conformational flexibility but surprisingly tolerant of surface charge and hydrophobicity changes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:3116-3124. [PMID: 27619192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Tat system transports folded proteins across the bacterial plasma membrane, and in Escherichia coli preferentially transports correctly-folded proteins. Little is known of the mechanism by which Tat proofreads a substrate's conformational state, and in this study we have addressed this question using a heterologous single-chain variable fragment (scFv) with a defined structure. We introduced mutations to surface residues while leaving the folded structure intact, and also tested the importance of conformational flexibility. We show that while the scFv is stably folded and active in the reduced form, formation of the 2 intra-domain disulphide bonds enhances Tat-dependent export 10-fold, indicating Tat senses the conformational flexibility and preferentially exports the more rigid structure. We further show that a 26-residue unstructured tail at the C-terminus blocks export, suggesting that even this short sequence can be sensed by the proofreading system. In contrast, the Tat system can tolerate significant changes in charge or hydrophobicity on the scFv surface; substitution of uncharged residues by up to 3 Lys-Glu pairs has little effect, as has the introduction of up to 5 Lys or Glu residues in a confined domain, or the introduction of a patch of 4 to 6 Leu residues in a hydrophilic region. We propose that the proofreading system has evolved to sense conformational flexibility and detect even very transiently-exposed internal regions, or the presence of unfolded peptide sections. In contrast, it tolerates major changes in surface charge or hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Jones
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - James I Austerberry
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Rana Dajani
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Warwicker
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Curtis
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy P Derrick
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Robinson
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom.
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10
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Abstract
Twin-arginine protein translocation systems (Tat) translocate fully folded and co-factor-containing proteins across biological membranes. In this review, we focus on the Tat pathway of Gram-positive bacteria. The minimal Tat pathway is composed of two components, namely a TatA and TatC pair, which are often complemented with additional TatA-like proteins. We provide overviews of our current understanding of Tat pathway composition and mechanistic aspects related to Tat-dependent cargo protein translocation. This includes Tat pathway flexibility, requirements for the correct folding and incorporation of co-factors in cargo proteins and the functions of known cargo proteins. Tat pathways of several Gram-positive bacteria are discussed in detail, with emphasis on the Tat pathway of Bacillus subtilis. We discuss both shared and unique features of the different Gram-positive bacterial Tat pathways. Lastly, we highlight topics for future research on Tat, including the development of this protein transport pathway for the biotechnological secretion of high-value proteins and its potential applicability as an antimicrobial drug target in pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivianne J Goosens
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700, RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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11
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Glasscock C, Lucks J, DeLisa M. Engineered Protein Machines: Emergent Tools for Synthetic Biology. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:45-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben C. Berks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom;
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13
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Mizrachi D, Chen Y, Liu J, Peng HM, Ke A, Pollack L, Turner RJ, Auchus RJ, DeLisa MP. Making water-soluble integral membrane proteins in vivo using an amphipathic protein fusion strategy. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6826. [PMID: 25851941 PMCID: PMC4403311 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Integral membrane proteins (IMPs) play crucial roles in all cells and represent attractive pharmacological targets. However, functional and structural studies of IMPs are hindered by their hydrophobic nature and the fact that they are generally unstable following extraction from their native membrane environment using detergents. Here we devise a general strategy for in vivo solubilization of IMPs in structurally relevant conformations without the need for detergents or mutations to the IMP itself, as an alternative to extraction and in vitro solubilization. This technique, called SIMPLEx (solubilization of IMPs with high levels of expression), allows the direct expression of soluble products in living cells by simply fusing an IMP target with truncated apolipoprotein A-I, which serves as an amphipathic proteic ‘shield' that sequesters the IMP from water and promotes its solubilization. The study of integral membrane proteins (IMPs) is hampered by yields and the difficulty in retaining activity once they have been solubilized. Here Mizrachi et al. develop a strategy for in vivo expression and solubilization of IMPs in functionally relevant states by fusing them to truncated apolipoprotein A-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Mizrachi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Yujie Chen
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Jiayan Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Hwei-Ming Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ailong Ke
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Lois Pollack
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Raymond J Turner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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14
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Du X, Li M, Tang W, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wang J, Li T, Tang B, Tang XF. Secretion of Tat-dependent halolysin SptA capable of autocatalytic activation and its relation to haloarchaeal growth. Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:548-65. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Moran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Yaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Bing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
- Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation; Wuhan China
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
- Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation; Wuhan China
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15
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Boock JT, King BC, Taw MN, Conrado RJ, Siu KH, Stark JC, Walker LP, Gibson DM, DeLisa MP. Repurposing a bacterial quality control mechanism to enhance enzyme production in living cells. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:1451-1463. [PMID: 25591491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heterologous expression of many proteins in bacteria, yeasts, and plants is often limited by low titers of functional protein. To address this problem, we have created a two-tiered directed evolution strategy in Escherichia coli that enables optimization of protein production while maintaining high biological activity. The first tier involves a genetic selection for intracellular protein stability that is based on the folding quality control mechanism inherent to the twin-arginine translocation pathway, while the second is a semi-high-throughput screen for protein function. To demonstrate the utility of this strategy, we isolated variants of the endoglucanase Cel5A, from the plant-pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum, whose production was increased by as much as 30-fold over the parental enzyme. This gain in production was attributed to just two amino acid substitutions, and it was isolated after two iterations through the two-tiered approach. There was no significant tradeoff in activity on soluble or insoluble cellulose substrates. Importantly, by combining the folding filter afforded by the twin-arginine translocation quality control mechanism with a function-based screen, we show enrichment for variants with increased protein abundance in a manner that does not compromise catalytic activity, providing a highly soluble parent for engineering of improved or new function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Boock
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brian C King
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - May N Taw
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Robert J Conrado
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ka-Hei Siu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jessica C Stark
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Larry P Walker
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Donna M Gibson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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16
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An engineered genetic selection for ternary protein complexes inspired by a natural three-component hitchhiker mechanism. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7570. [PMID: 25531212 PMCID: PMC4273604 DOI: 10.1038/srep07570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway is well known to translocate correctly folded monomeric and dimeric proteins across the tightly sealed cytoplasmic membrane. We identified a naturally occurring heterotrimer, the Escherichia coli aldehyde oxidoreductase PaoABC, that is co-translocated by the Tat translocase according to a ternary “hitchhiker” mechanism. Specifically, the PaoB and PaoC subunits, each devoid of export signals, are escorted to the periplasm in a piggyback fashion by the Tat signal peptide-containing subunit PaoA. Moreover, export of PaoA was blocked when either PaoB or PaoC was absent, revealing a surprising interdependence for export that is not seen for classical secretory proteins. Inspired by this observation, we created a bacterial three-hybrid selection system that links the formation of ternary protein complexes with antibiotic resistance. As proof-of-concept, a bispecific antibody was employed as an adaptor that physically crosslinked one antigen fused to a Tat export signal with a second antigen fused to TEM-1 β-lactamase (Bla). The resulting non-covalent heterotrimer was exported in a Tat-dependent manner, delivering Bla to the periplasm where it hydrolyzed β-lactam antibiotics. Collectively, these results highlight the remarkable flexibility of the Tat system and its potential for studying and engineering ternary protein interactions in living bacteria.
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17
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Waraho-Zhmayev D, Meksiriporn B, Portnoff AD, DeLisa MP. Optimizing recombinant antibodies for intracellular function using hitchhiker-mediated survival selection. Protein Eng Des Sel 2014; 27:351-8. [PMID: 25225416 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzu038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 'hitchhiker' mechanism of the bacterial twin-arginine translocation pathway has previously been adapted as a genetic selection for detecting pairwise protein interactions in the cytoplasm of living Escherichia coli cells. Here, we extended this method, called FLI-TRAP, for rapid isolation of intracellular antibodies (intrabodies) in the single-chain Fv format that possess superior traits simply by demanding bacterial growth on high concentrations of antibiotic. Following just a single round of survival-based enrichment using FLI-TRAP, variants of an intrabody against the dimerization domain of the yeast Gcn4p transcription factor were isolated having significantly greater intracellular stability that translated to yield enhancements of >10-fold. Likewise, an intrabody specific for the non-amyloid component region of α-synuclein was isolated that has ~8-fold improved antigen-binding affinity. Collectively, our results illustrate the potential of the FLI-TRAP method for intracellular stabilization and affinity maturation of intrabodies, all without the need for purification or immobilization of the antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dujduan Waraho-Zhmayev
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha-utid Road, Bangmod, Toongkru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | | | - Alyse D Portnoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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18
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Nayak CR, Brown AI, Rutenberg AD. Protein translocation without specific quality control in a computational model of the Tat system. Phys Biol 2014; 11:056005. [PMID: 25154305 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/11/5/056005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system transports folded proteins of various sizes across both bacterial and plant thylakoid membranes. The membrane-associated TatA protein is an essential component of the Tat translocon, and a broad distribution of different sized TatA-clusters is observed in bacterial membranes. We assume that the size dynamics of TatA clusters are affected by substrate binding, unbinding, and translocation to associated TatBC clusters, where clusters with bound translocation substrates favour growth and those without associated substrates favour shrinkage. With a stochastic model of substrate binding and cluster dynamics, we numerically determine the TatA cluster size distribution. We include a proportion of targeted but non-translocatable (NT) substrates, with the simplifying hypothesis that the substrate translocatability does not directly affect cluster dynamical rate constants or substrate binding or unbinding rates. This amounts to a translocation model without specific quality control. Nevertheless, NT substrates will remain associated with TatA clusters until unbound and so will affect cluster sizes and translocation rates. We find that the number of larger TatA clusters depends on the NT fraction f. The translocation rate can be optimized by tuning the rate of spontaneous substrate unbinding, [Formula: see text]. We present an analytically solvable three-state model of substrate translocation without cluster size dynamics that follows our computed translocation rates, and that is consistent with in vitro Tat-translocation data in the presence of NT substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra R Nayak
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada
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19
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Dittmar J, Schlesier R, Klösgen RB. Tat transport of a Sec passenger leads to both completely translocated as well as membrane-arrested passenger proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1843:446-53. [PMID: 24321767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the membrane transport of the chimeric precursor protein 16/33, which is composed of the Tat(1)-specific transport signal of OEC16 and the Sec passenger protein OEC33, both subunits of the oxygen-evolving system associated with photosystem II. Protein transport experiments performed with isolated pea thylakoids show that the 16/33 chimera is transported in a strictly Tat-dependent manner into the thylakoid vesicles yielding mature OEC33 (mOEC33) in two different topologies. One fraction accumulates in the thylakoid lumen and is thus resistant to externally added protease. A second fraction is arrested during transport in an N-in/C-out topology within the membrane. Chase experiments demonstrate that this membrane-arrested mOEC33 moiety does not represent a translocation intermediate but instead an alternative end product of the transport process. Transport arrest of mOEC33, which is embedded in the membrane with a mildly hydrophobic protein segment, requires more than 26 additional and predominantly hydrophilic residues C-terminal of the membrane-embedded segment. Furthermore, it is stimulated by mutations which potentially affect the conformation of mOEC33 suggesting that at least partial folding of the passenger protein is required for complete membrane translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dittmar
- Institute of Biology-Plant Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - René Schlesier
- Institute of Biology-Plant Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ralf Bernd Klösgen
- Institute of Biology-Plant Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
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20
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Goosens VJ, Monteferrante CG, van Dijl JM. The Tat system of Gram-positive bacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1843:1698-706. [PMID: 24140208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The twin-arginine protein translocation (Tat) system has a unique ability to translocate folded and co-factor-containing proteins across lipid bilayers. The Tat pathway is present in bacteria, archaea and in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and, depending on the organism and environmental conditions, it can be deemed important for cell survival, virulence or bioproduction. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the Tat system with specific focus on Gram-positive bacteria. The 'universal minimal Tat system' is composed of a TatA and a TatC protein. However, this pathway is more commonly composed of two TatA-like proteins and one TatC protein. Often the TatA-like proteins have diverged to have two different functions and, in this case, the second TatA-like protein is usually referred to as TatB. The correct folding and/or incorporation of co-factors are requirements for translocation, and the known quality control mechanisms are examined in this review. A number of examples of crosstalk between the Tat system and other protein transport systems, such as the Sec-YidC translocon and signal peptidases or sheddases are also discussed. Further, an overview of specific Gram-positive bacterial Tat systems found in monoderm and diderm species is detailed. Altogether, this review highlights the unique features of Gram-positive bacterial Tat systems and pinpoints key questions that remain to be addressed in future research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein trafficking and secretion in bacteria. Guest Editors: Anastassios Economou and Ross Dalbey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivianne J Goosens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carmine G Monteferrante
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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21
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Feiler C, Fisher AC, Boock JT, Marrichi MJ, Wright L, Schmidpeter PAM, Blankenfeldt W, Pavelka M, DeLisa MP. Directed evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-lactamase reveals gatekeeper residue that regulates antibiotic resistance and catalytic efficiency. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73123. [PMID: 24023821 PMCID: PMC3762836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed evolution can be a powerful tool for revealing the mutational pathways that lead to more resistant bacterial strains. In this study, we focused on the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is resistant to members of the β-lactam class of antibiotics and thus continues to pose a major public health threat. Resistance of this organism is the result of a chromosomally encoded, extended spectrum class A β-lactamase, BlaC, that is constitutively produced. Here, combinatorial enzyme libraries were selected on ampicillin to identify mutations that increased resistance of bacteria to β-lactams. After just a single round of mutagenesis and selection, BlaC mutants were evolved that conferred 5-fold greater antibiotic resistance to cells and enhanced the catalytic efficiency of BlaC by 3-fold compared to the wild-type enzyme. All isolated mutants carried a mutation at position 105 (e.g., I105F) that appears to widen access to the active site by 3.6 Å while also stabilizing the reorganized topology. In light of these findings, we propose that I105 is a ‘gatekeeper’ residue of the active site that regulates substrate hydrolysis by BlaC. Moreover, our results suggest that directed evolution can provide insight into the development of highly drug resistant microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Feiler
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Adam C. Fisher
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason T. Boock
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Marrichi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Lori Wright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Philipp A. M. Schmidpeter
- Laboratorium für Biochemie und Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Laboratorium für Biochemie und Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin Pavelka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. DeLisa
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Kudva R, Denks K, Kuhn P, Vogt A, Müller M, Koch HG. Protein translocation across the inner membrane of Gram-negative bacteria: the Sec and Tat dependent protein transport pathways. Res Microbiol 2013; 164:505-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Whitaker N, Bageshwar U, Musser SM. Effect of cargo size and shape on the transport efficiency of the bacterial Tat translocase. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:912-6. [PMID: 23422074 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Tat machinery translocates fully-folded and oligomeric substrates. The passage of large, bulky cargos across an ion-tight membrane suggests the need to match pore and cargo size, and therefore that Tat transport efficiency may depend on both cargo size and shape. A series of cargos of different sizes and shapes were generated using the natural Tat substrate pre-SufI as a base. Four (of 17) cargos transported with significant (>20% of wild-type) efficiencies. These results indicate that cargo size and shape significantly influence Tat transportability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Whitaker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, The Texas A&M Health Science Center, 1114 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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24
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Waraho-Zhmayev D, Gkogka L, Yu TY, DeLisa MP. A microbial sensor for discovering structural probes of protein misfolding and aggregation. Prion 2013; 7:151-6. [PMID: 23357829 DOI: 10.4161/pri.23328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In all cell types, protein homeostasis, or "proteostasis," is maintained by sophisticated quality control networks that regulate protein synthesis, folding, trafficking, aggregation, disaggregation, and degradation. In one notable example, Escherichia coli employ a proteostasis system that determines whether substrates of the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway are correctly folded and thus suitable for transport across the tightly sealed cytoplasmic membrane. Herein, we review growing evidence that the Tat translocase itself discriminates folded proteins from those that are misfolded and/or aggregated, preferentially exporting only the former. Genetic suppressors that inactivate this mechanism have recently been isolated and provide direct evidence for the participation of the Tat translocase in structural proofreading of its protein substrates. We also discuss how this discriminatory "folding sensor" has been exploited for the discovery of structural probes (e.g., sequence mutations, pharmacologic chaperones, intracellular antibodies) that modulate the folding and solubility of virtually any protein-of-interest, including those associated with aggregation diseases (e.g., α-synuclein, amyloid-β protein). Taken together, these studies highlight the utility of engineered bacteria for rapidly and inexpensively uncovering potent anti-aggregation factors.
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25
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Goosens VJ, Otto A, Glasner C, Monteferrante CC, van der Ploeg R, Hecker M, Becher D, van Dijl JM. Novel Twin-Arginine Translocation Pathway-Dependent Phenotypes of Bacillus subtilis Unveiled by Quantitative Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:796-807. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300866f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivianne J. Goosens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center
Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Otto
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str.
15, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Corinna Glasner
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center
Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carmine C. Monteferrante
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center
Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - René van der Ploeg
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center
Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Hecker
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str.
15, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str.
15, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center
Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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