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Mason NR, Cahill H, Diamond Y, McCleary K, Kotecha RS, Marshall GM, Mateos MK. Down syndrome-associated leukaemias: current evidence and challenges. Ther Adv Hematol 2024; 15:20406207241257901. [PMID: 39050114 PMCID: PMC11268035 DOI: 10.1177/20406207241257901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Children with Down syndrome (DS) are at increased risk of developing haematological malignancies, in particular acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The microenvironment established by abnormal haematopoiesis driven by trisomy 21 is compounded by additional genetic and epigenetic changes that can drive leukaemogenesis in patients with DS. GATA-binding protein 1 (GATA1) somatic mutations are implicated in the development of transient abnormal myelopoiesis and the progression to myeloid leukaemia of DS (ML-DS) and provide a model of the multi-step process of leukaemogenesis in DS. This review summarises key genetic drivers for the development of leukaemia in patients with DS, the biology and treatment of ML-DS and DS-associated acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, late effects of treatments for DS-leukaemias and the focus for future targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola R. Mason
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hilary Cahill
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Yonatan Diamond
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen McCleary
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Rishi S. Kotecha
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Oncology, Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- Leukaemia Translational Research Laboratory, Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Glenn M. Marshall
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, Randwick, NSW, Australia School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Marion K. Mateos
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Level 1 South Wing, High Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- Children’s Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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2
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Clements RL, Kennedy EA, Song D, Campbell A, An HH, Amses KR, Miller-Ensminger T, Addison MM, Eisenlohr LC, Chou ST, Jurado KA. Human erythroid progenitors express antigen presentation machinery. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.27.601047. [PMID: 39005276 PMCID: PMC11244935 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.27.601047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Early-life immune exposures can profoundly impact lifelong health. However, functional mechanisms underlying fetal immune development remain incomplete. Erythrocytes are not typically considered active immune mediators, primarily because erythroid precursors discard their organelles as they mature, thus losing the ability to alter gene expression in response to stimuli. Erythroid progenitors and precursors circulate in human fetuses and neonates. Although there is limited evidence that erythroid precursors are immunomodulatory, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains inadequate. To define the immunobiological role of fetal and perinatal erythroid progenitors and precursors, we analyzed single cell RNA-sequencing data and found that transcriptomics support erythroid progenitors as putative immune mediators. Unexpectedly, we discovered that human erythroid progenitors constitutively express Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II antigen processing and presentation machinery, which are hallmarks of specialized antigen presenting immune cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that erythroid progenitors internalize and cleave foreign proteins into peptide antigens. Unlike conventional antigen presenting cells, erythroid progenitors express atypical costimulatory molecules and immunoregulatory cytokines that direct the development of regulatory T cells, which are critical for establishing maternal-fetal tolerance. Expression of MHC II in definitive erythroid progenitors begins during the second trimester, coinciding with the appearance of mature T cells in the fetus, and is absent in primitive progenitors. Lastly, we demonstrate physical and molecular interaction potential of erythroid progenitors and T cells in the fetal liver. Our findings shed light on a unique orchestrator of fetal immunity and provide insight into the mechanisms by which erythroid cells contribute to host defense.
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3
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Caracausi M, Ramacieri G, Catapano F, Cicilloni M, Lajin B, Pelleri MC, Piovesan A, Vitale L, Locatelli C, Pirazzoli GL, Strippoli P, Antonaros F, Vione B. The functional roles of S-adenosyl-methionine and S-adenosyl-homocysteine and their involvement in trisomy 21. Biofactors 2024; 50:709-724. [PMID: 38353465 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
The one-carbon metabolism pathway is involved in critical human cellular functions such as cell proliferation, mitochondrial respiration, and epigenetic regulation. In the homocysteine-methionine cycle S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) and S-adenosyl-homocysteine (SAH) are synthetized, and their levels are finely regulated to ensure proper functioning of key enzymes which control cellular growth and differentiation. Here we review the main biological mechanisms involving SAM and SAH and the known related human diseases. It was recently demonstrated that SAM and SAH levels are altered in plasma of subjects with trisomy 21 (T21) but how this metabolic dysregulation influences the clinical manifestation of T21 phenotype has not been previously described. This review aims at providing an overview of the biological mechanisms which are altered in response to changes in the levels of SAM and SAH observed in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Caracausi
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ramacieri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Speciality School of Child Neuropsychiatry-Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Catapano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Cicilloni
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bassam Lajin
- Institute of Chemistry, ChromICP, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria Chiara Pelleri
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Allison Piovesan
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenza Vitale
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Locatelli
- Neonatology Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Pierluigi Strippoli
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Antonaros
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Vione
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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4
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Takasaki K, Wafula EK, Kumar SS, Smith D, Gagne AL, French DL, Thom CS, Chou ST. Single-cell transcriptomics reveal synergistic and antagonistic effects of T21 and GATA1s on hematopoiesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.24.595827. [PMID: 38826323 PMCID: PMC11142253 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.24.595827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Trisomy 21 (T21), or Down syndrome (DS), is associated with baseline macrocytic erythrocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and neutrophilia, and transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) and myeloid leukemia of DS (ML-DS). TAM and ML-DS blasts both arise from an aberrant megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor and exclusively express GATA1s, the truncated isoform of GATA1 , while germline GATA1s mutations in a non-T21 context lead to congenital cytopenias without a leukemic predisposition. This suggests that T21 and GATA1s perturb hematopoiesis independently and synergistically, but this interaction has been challenging to study in part due to limited human cell and murine models. To dissect the developmental impacts of GATA1s on hematopoiesis in euploid and T21 cells, we performed a single-cell RNA-sequencing timecourse on hematopoietic progenitors (HPCs) derived from isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cells differing only by chromosome 21 and/or GATA1 status. These HPCs were surprisingly heterogeneous and displayed spontaneous lineage skew apparently dictated by T21 and/or GATA1s. In euploid cells, GATA1s nearly eliminated erythropoiesis, impaired MK maturation, and promoted an immature myelopoiesis, while in T21 cells, GATA1s appeared to compete with the enhanced erythropoiesis and suppressed megakaryopoiesis driven by T21 to give rise to immature erythrocytes, MKs, and myeloid cells. T21 and GATA1s both disrupted temporal regulation of lineage-specific transcriptional programs and specifically perturbed cell cycle genes. These findings in an isogenic system can thus be attributed specifically to T21 and GATA1s and suggest that these genetic changes together enhance HPC proliferation at the expense of maturation, consistent with a pro-leukemic phenotype.
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Barwe SP, Kolb EA, Gopalakrishnapillai A. Down syndrome and leukemia: An insight into the disease biology and current treatment options. Blood Rev 2024; 64:101154. [PMID: 38016838 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2023.101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Children with Down syndrome (DS) have a 10- to 20-fold greater predisposition to develop acute leukemia compared to the general population, with a skew towards myeloid leukemia (ML-DS). While ML-DS is known to be a subtype with good outcome, patients who relapse face a dismal prognosis. Acute lymphocytic leukemia in DS (DS-ALL) is considered to have poor prognosis. The relapse rate is high in DS-ALL compared to their non-DS counterparts. We have a better understanding about the mutational spectrum of DS leukemia. Studies using animal, embryonic stem cell- and induced pluripotent stem cell-based models have shed light on the mechanism by which these mutations contribute to disease initiation and progression. In this review, we list the currently available treatment strategies for DS-leukemias along with their outcome with emphasis on challenges with chemotherapy-related toxicities in children with DS. We focus on the mechanisms of initiation and progression of leukemia in children with DS and highlight the novel molecular targets with greater success in preclinical trials that have the potential to progress to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali P Barwe
- Lisa Dean Moseley Institute for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children's Health, Wilmington, Delaware, 19803, USA
| | - E Anders Kolb
- Lisa Dean Moseley Institute for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children's Health, Wilmington, Delaware, 19803, USA
| | - Anilkumar Gopalakrishnapillai
- Lisa Dean Moseley Institute for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children's Health, Wilmington, Delaware, 19803, USA.
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6
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Jiang JH, Ren RT, Cheng YJ, Li XX, Zhang GR. Immune cells and RBCs derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells: method, progress, prospective challenges. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1327466. [PMID: 38250324 PMCID: PMC10796611 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1327466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood has an important role in the healthcare system, particularly in blood transfusions and immunotherapy. However, the occurrence of outbreaks of infectious diseases worldwide and seasonal fluctuations, blood shortages are becoming a major challenge. Moreover, the narrow specificity of immune cells hinders the widespread application of immune cell therapy. To address this issue, researchers are actively developing strategies for differentiating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into blood cells in vitro. The establishment of iPSCs from terminally differentiated cells such as fibroblasts and blood cells is a straightforward process. However, there is need for further refinement of the protocols for differentiating iPSCs into immune cells and red blood cells to ensure their clinical applicability. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the strategies and challenges facing the generation of iPSC-derived immune cells and red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-he Jiang
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ru-tong Ren
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan-jie Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, Anhui, China
| | - Xin-xin Li
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Gui-rong Zhang
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
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7
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Hormann FM, Mooij EJ, van de Mheen M, Beverloo HB, den Boer ML, Boer JM. The impact of an additional copy of chromosome 21 in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2024; 63:e23217. [PMID: 38087879 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
A common finding in pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCPALL) is that chromosome 21 is never lost and an extra chromosome 21 is often gained. This implies an important role for chromosome 21 in the pathobiology of BCPALL, emphasized by the increased risk of BCPALL in children with Down syndrome. However, model systems of chromosome 21 gain are lacking. We therefore developed a BCPALL cell line (Nalm-6, DUX4-rearranged) with an additional chromosome 21 by means of microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. FISH, PCR, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, and whole exome sequencing showed that an additional chromosome 21 was successfully transferred to the recipient cells. Transcription of some but not all genes on chromosome 21 was increased, indicating tight transcriptional regulation. Nalm-6 cells with an additional chromosome 21 proliferated slightly slower compared with parental Nalm-6 and sensitivity to induction chemotherapeutics was mildly increased. The extra copy of chromosome 21 did not confer sensitivity to targeted signaling inhibitors. In conclusion, a BCPALL cell line with an additional human chromosome 21 was developed, validated, and subjected to functional studies, which showed a minor but potentially relevant effect in vitro. This cell line offers the possibility to study further the role of chromosome 21 in ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke M Hormann
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva J Mooij
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - H Berna Beverloo
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique L den Boer
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M Boer
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Sit YT, Takasaki K, An HH, Xiao Y, Hurtz C, Gearhart PA, Zhang Z, Gadue P, French DL, Chou ST. Synergistic roles of DYRK1A and GATA1 in trisomy 21 megakaryopoiesis. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e172851. [PMID: 37906251 PMCID: PMC10895998 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Down syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21 (T21), are at increased risk of transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (ML-DS). Both TAM and ML-DS require prenatal somatic mutations in GATA1, resulting in the truncated isoform GATA1s. The mechanism by which individual chromosome 21 (HSA21) genes synergize with GATA1s for leukemic transformation is challenging to study, in part due to limited human cell models with wild-type GATA1 (wtGATA1) or GATA1s. HSA21-encoded DYRK1A is overexpressed in ML-DS and may be a therapeutic target. To determine how DYRK1A influences hematopoiesis in concert with GATA1s, we used gene editing to disrupt all 3 alleles of DYRK1A in isogenic T21 induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with and without the GATA1s mutation. Unexpectedly, hematopoietic differentiation revealed that DYRK1A loss combined with GATA1s leads to increased megakaryocyte proliferation and decreased maturation. This proliferative phenotype was associated with upregulation of D-type cyclins and hyperphosphorylation of Rb to allow E2F release and derepression of its downstream targets. Notably, DYRK1A loss had no effect in T21 iPSCs or megakaryocytes with wtGATA1. These surprising results suggest that DYRK1A and GATA1 may synergistically restrain megakaryocyte proliferation in T21 and that DYRK1A inhibition may not be a therapeutic option for GATA1s-associated leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ting Sit
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kaoru Takasaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hyun Hyung An
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yan Xiao
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christian Hurtz
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter A Gearhart
- Deparment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and
| | - Paul Gadue
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deborah L French
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stella T Chou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Lee SJ, Jung C, Oh JE, Kim S, Lee S, Lee JY, Yoon YS. Generation of Red Blood Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells-An Update. Cells 2023; 12:1554. [PMID: 37296674 PMCID: PMC10253210 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is a lifesaving medical procedure that can treat patients with anemia and hemoglobin disorders. However, the shortage of blood supply and risks of transfusion-transmitted infection and immune incompatibility present a challenge for transfusion. The in vitro generation of RBCs or erythrocytes holds great promise for transfusion medicine and novel cell-based therapies. While hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors derived from peripheral blood, cord blood, and bone marrow can give rise to erythrocytes, the use of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has also provided an important opportunity to obtain erythrocytes. These hPSCs include both human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). As hESCs carry ethical and political controversies, hiPSCs can be a more universal source for RBC generation. In this review, we first discuss the key concepts and mechanisms of erythropoiesis. Thereafter, we summarize different methodologies to differentiate hPSCs into erythrocytes with an emphasis on the key features of human definitive erythroid lineage cells. Finally, we address the current limitations and future directions of clinical applications using hiPSC-derived erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Jeong Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (C.J.); (J.E.O.); (S.K.)
- Research and Development Center, KarisBio Inc., 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Avison Biomedical Research Center Room 525, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Cholomi Jung
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (C.J.); (J.E.O.); (S.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Eun Oh
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (C.J.); (J.E.O.); (S.K.)
- Research and Development Center, KarisBio Inc., 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Avison Biomedical Research Center Room 525, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsung Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (C.J.); (J.E.O.); (S.K.)
- Research and Development Center, KarisBio Inc., 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Avison Biomedical Research Center Room 525, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangho Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Ji Yoon Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (C.J.); (J.E.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Young-sup Yoon
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.-J.L.); (C.J.); (J.E.O.); (S.K.)
- Research and Development Center, KarisBio Inc., 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Avison Biomedical Research Center Room 525, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
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Shivamallappa MD, Mullins A, Browning Carmo K. Bullous eruptions in transient abnormal myelopoiesis with normal phenotype. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e251523. [PMID: 37028822 PMCID: PMC10083739 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-251523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous lesions are common manifestation of congenital leukaemia especially myeloid type with incidence of 25%-50% in reported cases. It is relatively rare in transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) seen in trisomy 21 (~10%). The rashes seen in leukaemia and TAM are different. We report a case with a rare presentation of confluent bullous eruption in a phenotypically normal neonate with trisomy 21 restricted to haematopoietic blast cells. This rash resolved rapidly after low-dose cytarabine therapy with normalisation of total white cell counts. The risk of Down syndrome-associated myeloid leukaemia in such cases is still high (19%-23%) in first 5 years and rare thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Mullins
- Oncology, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Oncology, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathryn Browning Carmo
- Neonatal and Paediatric Emergency Transport Service, The Sydney Children's Hospitals Network Randwick and Westmead, Bankstown Aerodrome, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Gialesaki S, Bräuer-Hartmann D, Issa H, Bhayadia R, Alejo-Valle O, Verboon L, Schmell AL, Laszig S, Regényi E, Schuschel K, Labuhn M, Ng M, Winkler R, Ihling C, Sinz A, Glaß M, Hüttelmaier S, Matzk S, Schmid L, Strüwe FJ, Kadel SK, Reinhardt D, Yaspo ML, Heckl D, Klusmann JH. RUNX1 isoform disequilibrium promotes the development of trisomy 21-associated myeloid leukemia. Blood 2023; 141:1105-1118. [PMID: 36493345 PMCID: PMC10023736 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022017619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain of chromosome 21 (Hsa21) is among the most frequent aneuploidies in leukemia. However, it remains unclear how partial or complete amplifications of Hsa21 promote leukemogenesis and why children with Down syndrome (DS) (ie, trisomy 21) are particularly at risk of leukemia development. Here, we propose that RUNX1 isoform disequilibrium with RUNX1A bias is key to DS-associated myeloid leukemia (ML-DS). Starting with Hsa21-focused CRISPR-CRISPR-associated protein 9 screens, we uncovered a strong and specific RUNX1 dependency in ML-DS cells. Expression of the RUNX1A isoform is elevated in patients with ML-DS, and mechanistic studies using murine ML-DS models and patient-derived xenografts revealed that excess RUNX1A synergizes with the pathognomonic Gata1s mutation during leukemogenesis by displacing RUNX1C from its endogenous binding sites and inducing oncogenic programs in complex with the MYC cofactor MAX. These effects were reversed by restoring the RUNX1A:RUNX1C equilibrium in patient-derived xenografts in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, pharmacological interference with MYC:MAX dimerization using MYCi361 exerted strong antileukemic effects. Thus, our study highlights the importance of alternative splicing in leukemogenesis, even on a background of aneuploidy, and paves the way for the development of specific and targeted therapies for ML-DS, as well as for other leukemias with Hsa21 aneuploidy or RUNX1 isoform disequilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gialesaki
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniela Bräuer-Hartmann
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Hasan Issa
- Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Raj Bhayadia
- Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oriol Alejo-Valle
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Lonneke Verboon
- Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Schmell
- Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephanie Laszig
- Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Enikő Regényi
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin Schuschel
- Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maurice Labuhn
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michelle Ng
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Robert Winkler
- Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Ihling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Andrea Sinz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Markus Glaß
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan Hüttelmaier
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Sören Matzk
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Schmid
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Sofie-Katrin Kadel
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhardt
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Heckl
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Dirk Heckl, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle, Germany;
| | - Jan-Henning Klusmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: Jan-Henning Klusmann, Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany;
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12
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An HH, Gagne AL, Maguire JA, Pavani G, Abdulmalik O, Gadue P, French DL, Westhoff CM, Chou ST. The use of pluripotent stem cells to generate diagnostic tools for transfusion medicine. Blood 2022; 140:1723-1734. [PMID: 35977098 PMCID: PMC9707399 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022015883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is one of the most common medical treatments, with more than 10 million units transfused per year in the United States alone. Alloimmunization to foreign Rh proteins (RhD and RhCE) on donor RBCs remains a challenge for transfusion effectiveness and safety. Alloantibody production disproportionately affects patients with sickle cell disease who frequently receive blood transfusions and exhibit high genetic diversity in the Rh blood group system. With hundreds of RH variants now known, precise identification of Rh antibody targets is hampered by the lack of appropriate reagent RBCs with uncommon Rh antigen phenotypes. Using a combination of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming and gene editing, we designed a renewable source of cells with unique Rh profiles to facilitate the identification of complex Rh antibodies. We engineered a very rare Rh null iPSC line lacking both RHD and RHCE. By targeting the AAVS1 safe harbor locus in this Rh null background, any combination of RHD or RHCE complementary DNAs could be reintroduced to generate RBCs that express specific Rh antigens such as RhD alone (designated D--), Goa+, or DAK+. The RBCs derived from these iPSCs (iRBCs) are compatible with standard laboratory assays used worldwide and can determine the precise specificity of Rh antibodies in patient plasma. Rh-engineered iRBCs can provide a readily accessible diagnostic tool and guide future efforts to produce an alternative source of rare RBCs for alloimmunized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Hyung An
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alyssa L. Gagne
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jean Ann Maguire
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Giulia Pavani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Paul Gadue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Deborah L. French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Stella T. Chou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
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13
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Li J, Kalev-Zylinska ML. Advances in molecular characterization of myeloid proliferations associated with Down syndrome. Front Genet 2022; 13:891214. [PMID: 36035173 PMCID: PMC9399805 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.891214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid leukemia associated with Down syndrome (ML-DS) has a unique molecular landscape that differs from other subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia. ML-DS is often preceded by a myeloproliferative neoplastic condition called transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) that disrupts megakaryocytic and erythroid differentiation. Over the last two decades, many genetic and epigenetic changes in TAM and ML-DS have been elucidated. These include overexpression of molecules and micro-RNAs located on chromosome 21, GATA1 mutations, and a range of other somatic mutations and chromosomal alterations. In this review, we summarize molecular changes reported in TAM and ML-DS and provide a comprehensive discussion of these findings. Recent advances in the development of CRISPR/Cas9-modified induced pluripotent stem cell-based disease models are also highlighted. However, despite significant progress in this area, we still do not fully understand the pathogenesis of ML-DS, and there are no targeted therapies. Initial diagnosis of ML-DS has a favorable prognosis, but refractory and relapsed disease can be difficult to treat; therapeutic options are limited in Down syndrome children by their stronger sensitivity to the toxic effects of chemotherapy. Because of the rarity of TAM and ML-DS, large-scale multi-center studies would be helpful to advance molecular characterization of these diseases at different stages of development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixia Li
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Jixia Li, ; Maggie L. Kalev-Zylinska,
| | - Maggie L. Kalev-Zylinska
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Haematology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Jixia Li, ; Maggie L. Kalev-Zylinska,
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14
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Arkoun B, Robert E, Boudia F, Mazzi S, Dufour V, Siret A, Mammasse Y, Aid Z, Vieira M, Imanci A, Aglave M, Cambot M, Petermann R, Souquere S, Rameau P, Catelain C, Diot R, Tachdjian G, Hermine O, Droin N, Debili N, Plo I, Malinge S, Soler E, Raslova H, Mercher T, Vainchenker W. Stepwise GATA1 and SMC3 mutations alter megakaryocyte differentiation in a Down syndrome leukemia model. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:156290. [PMID: 35587378 PMCID: PMC9282925 DOI: 10.1172/jci156290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia of Down syndrome (DS-AMKL) is a model of clonal evolution from a preleukemic transient myeloproliferative disorder requiring both a trisomy 21 (T21) and a GATA1s mutation to a leukemia driven by additional driver mutations. We modeled the megakaryocyte differentiation defect through stepwise gene editing of GATA1s, SMC3+/–, and MPLW515K, providing 20 different T21 or disomy 21 (D21) induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) clones. GATA1s profoundly reshaped iPSC-derived hematopoietic architecture with gradual myeloid-to-megakaryocyte shift and megakaryocyte differentiation alteration upon addition of SMC3 and MPL mutations. Transcriptional, chromatin accessibility, and GATA1-binding data showed alteration of essential megakaryocyte differentiation genes, including NFE2 downregulation that was associated with loss of GATA1s binding and functionally involved in megakaryocyte differentiation blockage. T21 enhanced the proliferative phenotype, reproducing the cellular and molecular abnormalities of DS-AMKL. Our study provides an array of human cell–based models revealing individual contributions of different mutations to DS-AMKL differentiation blockage, a major determinant of leukemic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Arkoun
- INSERM, UMR1287, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Elie Robert
- INSERM, UMR1170, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Fabien Boudia
- INSERM, UMR1170, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Stefania Mazzi
- INSERM, UMR1287, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Virginie Dufour
- INSERM, UMR1287, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Villejuif, France
| | - Aurelie Siret
- INSERM, UMR1170, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Yasmine Mammasse
- Département d'Immunologie Plaquettaire, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
| | - Zakia Aid
- INSERM, UMR1170, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Mathieu Vieira
- INSERM, UMR1287, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Aygun Imanci
- INSERM, UMR1287, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Marine Aglave
- Plateforme de Bioinformatique, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie Cambot
- Département d'Immunologie Plaquettaire, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Petermann
- Département d'Immunologie Plaquettaire, Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Souquere
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8122, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Philippe Rameau
- UMS AMMICA, INSERM US23, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Cyril Catelain
- UMS AMMICA, INSERM US23, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Romain Diot
- Service d'Histologie, Embryologie et Cytogénétique, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France
| | - Gerard Tachdjian
- Service d'Histologie, Embryologie et Cytogénétique, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France
| | | | - Nathalie Droin
- INSERM, UMR1170, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Najet Debili
- INSERM, UMR1287, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Plo
- INSERM, UMR1287, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Sebastien Malinge
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Eric Soler
- IGMM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hana Raslova
- INSERM, UMR1287, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Thomas Mercher
- INSERM, UMR1170, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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15
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Boucher AC, Caldwell KJ, Crispino JD, Flerlage JE. Clinical and biological aspects of myeloid leukemia in Down syndrome. Leukemia 2021; 35:3352-3360. [PMID: 34518645 PMCID: PMC8639661 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Children with Down syndrome are at an elevated risk of leukemia, especially myeloid leukemia (ML-DS). This malignancy is frequently preceded by transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM), which is self-limited expansion of fetal liver-derived megakaryocyte progenitors. An array of international studies has led to consensus in treating ML-DS with reduced-intensity chemotherapy, leading to excellent outcomes. In addition, studies performed in the past 20 years have revealed many of the genetic and epigenetic features of the tumors, including GATA1 mutations that are arguably associated with all cases of both TAM and ML-DS. Despite these advances in understanding the clinical and biological aspects of ML-DS, little is known about the mechanisms of relapse. Upon relapse, patients face a poor outcome, and there is no consensus on treatment. Future studies need to be focused on this challenging aspect of leukemia in children with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Boucher
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Kenneth J Caldwell
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - John D Crispino
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Jamie E Flerlage
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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16
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Yuzuriha A, Eto K. Revised "hPSC-Sac Method" for Simple and Efficient Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2454:411-422. [PMID: 34724185 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The human hematopoietic differentiation in vitro of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has provided new tools to elucidate the mechanisms of related genetic abnormalities, such as congenital diseases and acquired hematopoietic malignancies, and to discover new treatments. The differentiation can also be applied to developing a stable source of blood products for transfusion with minimal risk of several blood-borne infections. We previously proposed a method for hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) differentiation, the "hPSC-sac method", in which hPSCs are cocultured with C3H10T1/2 mouse stromal cells and mixed with a single cytokine, VEGF. The hPSC-sac method can differentiate hPSCs to multiple blood lineages. Here we describe improvements in the method by adding bFGF, TGFβ inhibitor and heparin to the culture, which increases the yield of CD34+CD43+ HPCs 50-fold compared with the original protocol. This revised hPSC-sac method is expected to contribute to the development of disease models and regenerative medicine using hematopoietic lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Yuzuriha
- Department of Clinical Application, CiRA, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Eto
- Department of Clinical Application, CiRA, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. .,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
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17
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Danopoulos S, Deutsch GH, Dumortier C, Mariani TJ, Al Alam D. Lung disease manifestations in Down syndrome. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L892-L899. [PMID: 34469245 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00434.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most prevalent chromosomal abnormalities worldwide, affecting 1 in 700 live births. Although multiple organ systems are affected by the chromosomal defects, respiratory failure and lung disease are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality observed in DS. Manifestations of DS in the respiratory system encompass the entire lung starting from the nasopharynx to the trachea/upper airways to the lower airways and alveolar spaces, as well as vascular and lymphatic defects. Most of our knowledge on respiratory illness in persons with DS arises from pediatric studies; however, many of these disorders present early in infancy, supporting developmental mechanisms. In this review, we will focus on the different lung phenotypes in DS, as well as the genetic and molecular pathways that may be contributing to these complications during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soula Danopoulos
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Gail H Deutsch
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Claire Dumortier
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Denise Al Alam
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
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18
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Messelodi D, Bertuccio SN, Indio V, Strocchi S, Taddia A, Serravalle S, Bandini J, Astolfi A, Pession A. iPSC-Derived Gaucher Macrophages Display Growth Impairment and Activation of Inflammation-Related Cell Death. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112822. [PMID: 34831047 PMCID: PMC8616237 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by β-glucosidase enzyme deficiency and substrate accumulation, especially in cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Typical features of the disease are the unrestrained activation of inflammatory mechanisms, whose molecular pathways are still unclear. To investigate biological mechanisms underlying the macrophage activation in GD, we derived iPSCs from a healthy donor and a GD patient line and differentiated them into hematopoietic progenitors. While GD iPSCs are able to efficiently give rise to CD33+/CD45+ myeloid progenitors, the maturation towards the CD14+/CD163+ monocyte/macrophages fate resulted enhanced in the GD lines, that in addition displayed a decreased growth potential compared to control cells either in semisolid or in liquid culture. The GD lines growth impairment was associated with a significant upregulation of RIPK3 and MLKL, two key effectors of necroptosis, the inflammation related cell death pathway. The activation of necroptosis, which has already been linked to neuronopathic GD, may play a role in the disease proinflammatory condition and in the identified cell growth defects. Understanding the GD macrophage role in the alteration of mechanisms linked to cellular metabolism imbalance, cell death and inflammation are crucial in identifying new ways to approach the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Messelodi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.M.); (S.N.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Salvatore Nicola Bertuccio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.M.); (S.N.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Valentina Indio
- Alma Mater Institute on Healthy Planet, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Silvia Strocchi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Ospedale Santa Maria Nuova–IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Alberto Taddia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.M.); (S.N.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Salvatore Serravalle
- Division of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.S.); (J.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Jessica Bandini
- Division of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.S.); (J.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Annalisa Astolfi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Pession
- Division of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.S.); (J.B.); (A.P.)
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19
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Wang Y, Li Z, Yang G, Cai L, Yang F, Zhang Y, Zeng Y, Ma Q, Zeng F. The Study of Alternative Splicing Events in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells From a Down's Syndrome Patient. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:661381. [PMID: 34660567 PMCID: PMC8516071 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Down's syndrome (DS) is one of the most commonly known disorders with multiple congenital disabilities. Besides severe cognitive impairment and intellectual disability, individuals with DS also exhibit additional phenotypes of variable penetrance and severity, with one or more comorbid conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, congenital heart disease, or leukemia. Various vital genes and regulatory networks had been studied to reveal the pathogenesis of the disease. Nevertheless, very few studies have examined alternative splicing. Alternative splicing (AS) is a regulatory mechanism of gene expression when making one multi-exon protein-coding gene produce more than one unique mature mRNA. We employed the GeneChip Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 (HTA 2.0) for the global gene analysis with hiPSCs from DS and healthy individuals. Examining differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in these groups and focusing on specific transcripts with AS, 466 up-regulated and 722 down-regulated genes with AS events were identified. These genes were significantly enriched in biological processes, such as cell adhesion, cardiac muscle contraction, and immune response, through gene ontology (GO) analysis of DEGs. Candidate genes, such as FN1 were further explored for potentially playing a key role in DS. This study provides important insights into the potential role that AS plays in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Zexu Li
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanheng Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Cai
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Yitao Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingwen Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanyi Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, China.,Department of Histoembryology, Genetics & Development, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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20
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Nations CC, Pavani G, French DL, Gadue P. Modeling genetic platelet disorders with human pluripotent stem cells: mega-progress but wanting more on our plate(let). Curr Opin Hematol 2021; 28:308-314. [PMID: 34397590 PMCID: PMC8371829 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Megakaryocytes are rare hematopoietic cells that play an instrumental role in hemostasis, and other important biological processes such as immunity and wound healing. With the advent of cell reprogramming technologies and advances in differentiation protocols, it is now possible to obtain megakaryocytes from any pluripotent stem cell (PSC) via hematopoietic induction. Here, we review recent advances in PSC-derived megakaryocyte (iMK) technology, focusing on platform validation, disease modeling and current limitations. RECENT FINDINGS A comprehensive study confirmed that iMK can recapitulate many transcriptional and functional aspects of megakaryocyte and platelet biology, including variables associated with complex genetic traits such as sex and race. These findings were corroborated by several pathological models in which iMKs revealed molecular mechanisms behind inherited platelet disorders and assessed the efficacy of novel pharmacological interventions. However, current differentiation protocols generate primarily embryonic iMK, limiting the clinical and translational potential of this system. SUMMARY iMK are strong candidates to model pathologic mutations involved in platelet defects and develop innovative therapeutic strategies. Future efforts on generating definitive hematopoietic progenitors would improve current platelet generation protocols and expand our capacity to model neonatal and adult megakaryocyte disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriana C Nations
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Giulia Pavani
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Deborah L French
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul Gadue
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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SON inhibits megakaryocytic differentiation via repressing RUNX1 and the megakaryocytic gene expression program in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:1000-1015. [PMID: 33247227 PMCID: PMC8155101 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A high incidence of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) in Down syndrome patients implies that chromosome 21 genes have a pivotal role in AMKL development, but the functional contribution of individual genes remains elusive. Here, we report that SON, a chromosome 21-encoded DNA- and RNA-binding protein, inhibits megakaryocytic differentiation by suppressing RUNX1 and the megakaryocytic gene expression program. As megakaryocytic progenitors differentiate, SON expression is drastically reduced, with mature megakaryocytes having the lowest levels. In contrast, AMKL cells express an aberrantly high level of SON, and knockdown of SON induced the onset of megakaryocytic differentiation in AMKL cell lines. Genome-wide transcriptome analyses revealed that SON knockdown turns on the expression of pro-megakaryocytic genes while reducing erythroid gene expression. Mechanistically, SON represses RUNX1 expression by directly binding to the proximal promoter and two enhancer regions, the known +23 kb enhancer and the novel +139 kb enhancer, at the RUNX1 locus to suppress H3K4 methylation. In addition, SON represses the expression of the AP-1 complex subunits JUN, JUNB, and FOSB which are required for late megakaryocytic gene expression. Our findings define SON as a negative regulator of RUNX1 and megakaryocytic differentiation, implicating SON overexpression in impaired differentiation during AMKL development.
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22
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Martinez JL, Zammit MD, West NR, Christian BT, Bhattacharyya A. Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons: Linking Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:703876. [PMID: 34322015 PMCID: PMC8311593 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.703876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS, trisomy 21) is characterized by intellectual impairment at birth and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology in middle age. As individuals with DS age, their cognitive functions decline as they develop AD pathology. The susceptibility to degeneration of a subset of neurons, known as basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs), in DS and AD is a critical link between cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration in both disorders. BFCNs are the primary source of cholinergic innervation to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, as well as the amygdala. They play a critical role in the processing of information related to cognitive function and are directly engaged in regulating circuits of attention and memory throughout the lifespan. Given the importance of BFCNs in attention and memory, it is not surprising that these neurons contribute to dysfunctional neuronal circuitry in DS and are vulnerable in adults with DS and AD, where their degeneration leads to memory loss and disturbance in language. BFCNs are thus a relevant cell target for therapeutics for both DS and AD but, despite some success, efforts in this area have waned. There are gaps in our knowledge of BFCN vulnerability that preclude our ability to effectively design interventions. Here, we review the role of BFCN function and degeneration in AD and DS and identify under-studied aspects of BFCN biology. The current gaps in BFCN relevant imaging studies, therapeutics, and human models limit our insight into the mechanistic vulnerability of BFCNs in individuals with DS and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. Martinez
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Matthew D. Zammit
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nicole R. West
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Bradley T. Christian
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Anita Bhattacharyya
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Cellular and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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23
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Impaired Iron Homeostasis and Haematopoiesis Impacts Inflammation in the Ageing Process in Down Syndrome Dementia. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10132909. [PMID: 34209847 PMCID: PMC8268765 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) subjects are more likely to develop the clinical features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) very early in the disease process due to the additional impact of neuroinflammation and because of activation of innate immunity. Many factors involved in the neuropathology of AD in DS, including epigenetic factors, innate immunity and impaired haematopoiesis, contribute significantly towards the pathophysiology and the enhanced ageing processes seen in DS and as a consequence of the triplication of genes RUNX1, S100β and OLIG2, together with the influence of proteins that collectively protect from cellular defects and inflammation, which include hepcidin, ferritin, IL-6 and TREM2. This study is aimed at determining whether genetic variants and inflammatory proteins are involved in haematopoiesis and cellular processes in DS compared with age-matched control participants, particularly with respect to neuroinflammation and accelerated ageing. Serum protein levels from DS, AD and control participants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blood smears and post-mortem brain samples from AD and DS subjects were analysed by immunohistochemistry. RUNX1 mRNA expression was analysed by RT-PCR and in situ hybridisation in mouse tissues. Our results suggest that hepcidin, S100β and TREM2 play a critical role in survival and proliferation of glial cells through a common shared pathway. Blood smear analysis showed the presence of RUNX1 in megakaryocytes and platelets, implying participation in myeloid cell development. In contrast, hepcidin was expressed in erythrocytes and in platelets, suggesting a means of possible entry into the brain parenchyma via the choroid plexus (CP). The gene product of RUNX1 and hepcidin both play a critical role in haematopoiesis in DS. We propose that soluble TREM2, S100β and hepcidin can migrate from the periphery via the CP, modulate the blood-brain immune axis in DS and could form an important and hitherto neglected avenue for possible therapeutic interventions to reduce plaque formation.
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24
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Reiche L, Göttle P, Lane L, Duek P, Park M, Azim K, Schütte J, Manousi A, Schira-Heinen J, Küry P. C21orf91 Regulates Oligodendroglial Precursor Cell Fate-A Switch in the Glial Lineage? Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:653075. [PMID: 33796011 PMCID: PMC8008080 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.653075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathological diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are frequently associated with impaired differentiation of the oligodendroglial cell lineage and subsequent alterations in white matter structure and dynamics. Down syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21, is the most common genetic cause for cognitive impairments and intellectual disability (ID) and is associated with a reduction in the number of neurons and oligodendrocytes, as well as with hypomyelination and astrogliosis. Recent studies mainly focused on neuronal development in DS and underestimated the role of glial cells as pathogenic players. This also relates to C21ORF91, a protein considered a key modulator of aberrant CNS development in DS. We investigated the role of C21orf91 ortholog in terms of oligodendrogenesis and myelination using database information as well as through cultured primary oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs). Upon modulation of C21orf91 gene expression, we found this factor to be important for accurate oligodendroglial differentiation, influencing their capacity to mature and to myelinate axons. Interestingly, C21orf91 overexpression initiates a cell population coexpressing astroglial- and oligodendroglial markers indicating that elevated C21orf91 expression levels induce a gliogenic shift towards the astrocytic lineage reflecting non-equilibrated glial cell populations in DS brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Reiche
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lydie Lane
- CALIPHO Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paula Duek
- CALIPHO Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mina Park
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kasum Azim
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jana Schütte
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anastasia Manousi
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jessica Schira-Heinen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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25
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Grimm J, Heckl D, Klusmann JH. Molecular Mechanisms of the Genetic Predisposition to Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia in Infants With Down Syndrome. Front Oncol 2021; 11:636633. [PMID: 33777792 PMCID: PMC7992977 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.636633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome are genetically predisposed to developing acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. This myeloid leukemia associated with Down syndrome (ML–DS) demonstrates a model of step-wise leukemogenesis with perturbed hematopoiesis already presenting in utero, facilitating the acquisition of additional driver mutations such as truncating GATA1 variants, which are pathognomonic to the disease. Consequently, the affected individuals suffer from a transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM)—a pre-leukemic state preceding the progression to ML–DS. In our review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of the different steps of clonal evolution in Down syndrome leukemogenesis, and aim to provide a comprehensive view on the complex interplay between gene dosage imbalances, GATA1 mutations and somatic mutations affecting JAK-STAT signaling, the cohesin complex and epigenetic regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Grimm
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dirk Heckl
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jan-Henning Klusmann
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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26
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Nishinaka-Arai Y, Niwa A, Matsuo S, Kazuki Y, Yakura Y, Hiroma T, Toki T, Sakuma T, Yamamoto T, Ito E, Oshimura M, Nakahata T, Saito MK. Down syndrome-related transient abnormal myelopoiesis is attributed to a specific erythro-megakaryocytic subpopulation with GATA1 mutation. Haematologica 2021; 106:635-640. [PMID: 32354872 PMCID: PMC7849752 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.242693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nishinaka-Arai
- Dept. of Clinical Application, Center for iPS cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - Akira Niwa
- Dept. of Clinical Application, Center for iPS cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - Shiori Matsuo
- Dept. of Clinical Application, Center for iPS cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yuwna Yakura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Takehiko Hiroma
- Perinatal Medical Center, Nagano Children's Hospital, Nagano, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Toki
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Division of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Division of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tatsutoshi Nakahata
- Center for iPS cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Megumu K Saito
- Dept. of Clinical Application, Center for iPS cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto
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27
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Saito MK. Elucidation of the Pathogenesis of Autoinflammatory Diseases Using iPS Cells. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8020094. [PMID: 33535645 PMCID: PMC7912798 DOI: 10.3390/children8020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Autoinflammatory diseases are a disease entity caused by the dysregulation of innate immune cells. Typical autoinflammatory diseases are monogenic disorders and often very rare. As a result, there is a relative lack of understanding of the pathogenesis, poor diagnosis and little available treatment. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are a new technology being applied to in vitro disease modeling. These models are especially useful for the analysis of rare and intractable diseases including autoinflammatory diseases. In this review, I will provide a general overview of iPS cell models for autoinflammatory diseases and a brief description of the results obtained from individual reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumu K Saito
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
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28
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Pecze L, Szabo C. Meta-analysis of gene expression patterns in Down syndrome highlights significant alterations in mitochondrial and bioenergetic pathways. Mitochondrion 2021; 57:163-172. [PMID: 33412332 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have an extra copy of chromosome 21. Clinical observations and preclinical studies both suggest that DS is associated with altered bioenergetic pathways. Several studies have reported that differentially expressed genes in DS are located not only on chromosome 21 but also on all other chromosomes. Numerous sets of microarray and RNA-seq data are publicly accessible through the Gene Expression Omnibus. We have conducted a meta-analysis on differentially expressed genes between DS and control subjects. Data deposited before July 1, 2020, were identified by using the search terms "Down syndrome" or "trisomy 21" and "human". Gene expression data were analyzed and normalized for each study. The mixed effect model was used to identify the differentially expressed genes. We conclude that in DS more than 60% of the genes located on chromosome 21 are significantly upregulated and none of them are downregulated. In addition, a significant dysregulation of genes occurs on all other chromosomes as well. Several of the upregulated genes in DS encode for important components of various bioenergetic pathways, for instance PFKL and ACLY. Genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation are mostly downregulated in DS. The gene expression alterations are consistent with the development of significant metabolic disturbances ("pseudohypoxia") in DS cells, which may explain some of the well-known functional defects (ranging from neuronal dysfunction to reduced exercise tolerance) associated with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Pecze
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland.
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29
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Donada A, Basso-Valentina F, Arkoun B, Monte-Mor B, Plo I, Raslova H. Induced pluripotent stem cells and hematological malignancies: A powerful tool for disease modeling and drug development. Stem Cell Res 2020; 49:102060. [PMID: 33142254 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The derivation of human pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines by in vitro reprogramming of somatic cells revolutionized research: iPSCs have been used for disease modeling, drug screening and regenerative medicine for many disorders, especially when combined with cutting-edge genome editing technologies. In hematology, malignant transformation is often a multi-step process, that starts with either germline or acquired genetic alteration, followed by progressive acquisition of mutations combined with the selection of one or more pre-existing clones. iPSCs are an excellent model to study the cooperation between different genetic alterations and to test relevant therapeutic drugs. In this review, we will describe the use of iPSCs for pathophysiological studies and drug testing in inherited and acquired hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Donada
- INSERM, UMR1287, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France
| | - F Basso-Valentina
- INSERM, UMR1287, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France
| | - B Arkoun
- INSERM, UMR1287, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France
| | - B Monte-Mor
- Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - I Plo
- INSERM, UMR1287, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France
| | - H Raslova
- INSERM, UMR1287, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France.
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30
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Barwe SP, Sidhu I, Kolb EA, Gopalakrishnapillai A. Modeling Transient Abnormal Myelopoiesis Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and CRISPR/Cas9 Technology. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 19:201-209. [PMID: 33102613 PMCID: PMC7558799 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 1%–2% of children with Down syndrome (DS) develop acute myeloid leukemia (AML) prior to age 5 years. AML in DS children (ML-DS) is characterized by the pathognomonic mutation in the gene encoding the essential hematopoietic transcription factor GATA1, resulting in N-terminally truncated short form of GATA1 (GATA1s). Trisomy 21 and GATA1s together are sufficient to induce transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) exhibiting pre-leukemic characteristics. Approximately 30% of these cases progress into ML-DS by acquisition of additional somatic mutations. We employed disease modeling in vitro by the use of customizable induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to generate a TAM model. Isogenic iPSC lines derived from the fibroblasts of DS individuals with trisomy 21 and with disomy 21 were used. The CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas9 system was used to introduce GATA1 mutation in disomic and trisomic iPSC lines. The hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) derived from GATA1 mutant iPSC lines expressed GATA1s. The expression of GATA1s concomitant with loss of full-length GATA1 reduced the erythroid population, whereas it augmented megakaryoid and myeloid populations, characteristic of TAM. In conclusion, we have developed a model system representing TAM, which can be used for modeling ML-DS by stepwise introduction of additional mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali P Barwe
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.,University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Ishnoor Sidhu
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.,University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - E Anders Kolb
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Anilkumar Gopalakrishnapillai
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.,University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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31
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Galat Y, Perepitchka M, Elcheva I, Iannaccone S, Iannaccone PM, Galat V. iPSC-derived progenitor stromal cells provide new insights into aberrant musculoskeletal development and resistance to cancer in down syndrome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13252. [PMID: 32764607 PMCID: PMC7414019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a congenital disorder caused by trisomy 21 (T21). It is associated with cognitive impairment, muscle hypotonia, heart defects, and other clinical anomalies. At the same time, individuals with Down syndrome have lower prevalence of solid tumor formation. To gain new insights into aberrant DS development during early stages of mesoderm formation and its possible connection to lower solid tumor prevalence, we developed the first model of two types of DS iPSC-derived stromal cells. Utilizing bioinformatic and functional analyses, we identified over 100 genes with coordinated expression among mesodermal and endothelial cell types. The most significantly down-regulated processes in DS mesodermal progenitors were associated with decreased stromal progenitor performance related to connective tissue organization as well as muscle development and functionality. The differentially expressed genes included cytoskeleton-related genes (actin and myosin), ECM genes (Collagens, Galectin-1, Fibronectin, Heparan Sulfate, LOX, FAK1), cell cycle genes (USP16, S1P complexes), and DNA damage repair genes. For DS endothelial cells, our analysis revealed most down-regulated genes associated with cellular response to external stimuli, cell migration, and immune response (inflammation-based). Together with functional assays, these results suggest an impairment in mesodermal development capacity during early stages, which likely translates into connective tissue impairment in DS patients. We further determined that, despite differences in functional processes and characteristics, a significant number of differentially regulated genes involved in tumorigenesis were expressed in a highly coordinated manner across endothelial and mesodermal cells. These findings strongly suggest that microRNAs (miR-24-4, miR-21), cytoskeleton remodeling, response to stimuli, and inflammation can impact resistance to tumorigenesis in DS patients. Furthermore, we also show that endothelial cell functionality is impaired, and when combined with angiogenic inhibition, it can provide another mechanism for decreased solid tumor development. We propose that the same processes, which specify the basis of connective tissue impairment observed in DS patients, potentially impart a resistance to cancer by hindering tumor progression and metastasis. We further establish that cancer-related genes on Chromosome 21 are up-regulated, while genome-wide cancer-related genes are down-regulated. These results suggest that trisomy 21 induces a modified regulation and compensation of many biochemical pathways across the genome. Such downstream interactions may contribute toward promoting tumor resistant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekaterina Galat
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Mariana Perepitchka
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Irina Elcheva
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
- Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Stephen Iannaccone
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Philip M Iannaccone
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
- Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vasiliy Galat
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- ARTEC Biotech Inc, Chicago, IL, USA.
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32
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Direct Comparison of Four Hematopoietic Differentiation Methods from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:735-748. [PMID: 32763163 PMCID: PMC7486192 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are an invaluable resource for the study of human disease. However, there are no standardized methods for differentiation into hematopoietic cells, and there is a lack of robust, direct comparisons of different methodologies. In the current study we improved a feeder-free, serum-free method for generation of hematopoietic cells from iPSCs, and directly compared this with three other commonly used strategies with respect to efficiency, repeatability, hands-on time, and cost. We also investigated their capability and sensitivity to model genetic hematopoietic disorders in cells derived from Down syndrome and β-thalassemia patients. Of these methods, a multistep monolayer-based method incorporating aryl hydrocarbon receptor hyperactivation (“2D-multistep”) was the most efficient, generating significantly higher numbers of CD34+ progenitor cells and functional hematopoietic progenitors, while being the most time- and cost-effective and most accurately recapitulating phenotypes of Down syndrome and β-thalassemia. Direct comparison of 4 serum & feeder-free iPSC hematopoietic differentiation methods Comparison: cost-benefit efficiency, sensitivity to model genetic blood diseases Presents an improved iPSC hematopoietic differentiation: 7× efficiency at 50% cost Improved method = most live cells, CD34+, CFU; lowest cost; greatest sensitivity
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33
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Laurent AP, Kotecha RS, Malinge S. Gain of chromosome 21 in hematological malignancies: lessons from studying leukemia in children with Down syndrome. Leukemia 2020; 34:1984-1999. [PMID: 32433508 PMCID: PMC7387246 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0854-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Structural and numerical alterations of chromosome 21 are extremely common in hematological malignancies. While the functional impact of chimeric transcripts from fused chromosome 21 genes such as TEL-AML1, AML1-ETO, or FUS-ERG have been extensively studied, the role of gain of chromosome 21 remains largely unknown. Gain of chromosome 21 is a frequently occurring aberration in several types of acute leukemia and can be found in up to 35% of cases. Children with Down syndrome (DS), who harbor constitutive trisomy 21, highlight the link between gain of chromosome 21 and leukemogenesis, with an increased risk of developing acute leukemia compared with other children. Clinical outcomes for DS-associated leukemia have improved over the years through the development of uniform treatment protocols facilitated by international cooperative groups. The genetic landscape has also recently been characterized, providing an insight into the molecular pathogenesis underlying DS-associated leukemia. These studies emphasize the key role of trisomy 21 in priming a developmental stage and cellular context susceptible to transformation, and have unveiled its cooperative function with additional genetic events that occur during leukemia progression. Here, using DS-leukemia as a paradigm, we aim to integrate our current understanding of the role of trisomy 21, of critical dosage-sensitive chromosome 21 genes, and of associated mechanisms underlying the development of hematological malignancies. This review will pave the way for future investigations on the broad impact of gain of chromosome 21 in hematological cancer, with a view to discovering new vulnerabilities and develop novel targeted therapies to improve long term outcomes for DS and non-DS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouchka P Laurent
- INSERM U1170, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Rishi S Kotecha
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sébastien Malinge
- INSERM U1170, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France.
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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The Pediatric Acute Leukemia Fusion Oncogene ETO2-GLIS2 Increases Self-Renewal and Alters Differentiation in a Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Model. Hemasphere 2020; 4:e319. [PMID: 32072139 PMCID: PMC7000481 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Thom CS, Chou ST, French DL. Mechanistic and Translational Advances Using iPSC-Derived Blood Cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 1:36-44. [PMID: 33768218 PMCID: PMC7990314 DOI: 10.33696/pathology.1.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based model systems can be used to produce blood cells for the study of both hematologic and non-hematologic disorders. This commentary discusses recent advances that have utilized iPSC-derived red blood cells, megakaryocytes, myeloid cells, and lymphoid cells to model hematopoietic disorders. In addition, we review recent studies that have defined how microglial cells differentiated from iPSC-derived monocytes impact neurodegenerative disease. Related translational insights highlight the utility of iPSC models for studying pathologic anemia, bleeding, thrombosis, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, blood cancers, and neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Thom
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stella T Chou
- Division of Hematology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Deborah L French
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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36
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Gough G, O'Brien NL, Alic I, Goh PA, Yeap YJ, Groet J, Nizetic D, Murray A. Modeling Down syndrome in cells: From stem cells to organoids. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 251:55-90. [PMID: 32057312 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Down Syndrome (DS) is a complex chromosomal disorder, with neurological issues, featuring among the symptoms. Primary neuronal cells and tissues are extremely useful, but limited both in supply and experimental manipulability. To better understand the cellular, molecular and pathological mechanisms involved in DS neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration, a range of different cellular models have been developed over the years including human: mouse hybrid cells, transchromosomic mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and human ESC and induced pluripotent stem cells derived from different sources. All of these model systems have provided useful information in the study of DS. Furthermore, different technologies to genetically modify or correct trisomy of either single genes or the whole chromosome have been developed using these cellular models. New techniques and protocols to allow better modeling of cellular mechanisms and disease processes are being developed and the use of cerebral organoids offers great promise for future research into the neural phenotypes seen in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Gough
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Niamh L O'Brien
- The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; LonDownS Consortium, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Alic
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Pollyanna A Goh
- The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; LonDownS Consortium, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yee Jie Yeap
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jurgen Groet
- The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; LonDownS Consortium, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Nizetic
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; The Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; LonDownS Consortium, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Aoife Murray
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Gallaway L, Jnah AJ. Transient Myeloproliferative Disorder: An Update for Neonatal Nurses. Neonatal Netw 2019; 38:144-150. [PMID: 31470381 DOI: 10.1891/0730-0832.38.3.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a well-known genetic disorder that affects 700-1,000 infants per year. One particular comorbidity of DS is transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD), a disease characterized by leukocytosis with elevated blast counts. Approximately 10 percent of DS infants develop TMD, which usually manifests during the first week of life and can lead to an extended hospitalization in a NICU. In addition to hallmark hematologic findings, other manifestations include jaundice, conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, hepatomegaly, and pericardial or pleural effusions. TMD generally resolves spontaneously in the first three months of life with the provision of timely medical management; however, survivors are at increased risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Neonatal nurses need to have knowledge of this disorder to facilitate screening of DS infants and optimize family education and coordination of care.
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38
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Global MicroRNA Profiling Uncovers miR-206 as a Negative Regulator of Hematopoietic Commitment in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071737. [PMID: 30965622 PMCID: PMC6479521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can theoretically differentiate into any cell type, their ability to produce hematopoietic cells is highly variable from one cell line to another. The underlying mechanisms of this heterogeneity are not clearly understood. Here, using a whole miRNome analysis approach in hPSCs, we discovered that their hematopoietic competency was associated with the expression of several miRNAs and conversely correlated to that of miR-206 specifically. Lentiviral-based miR-206 ectopic expression in H1 hematopoietic competent embryonic stem (ES) cells markedly impaired their differentiation toward the blood lineage. Integrative bioinformatics identified a potential miR-206 target gene network which included hematopoietic master regulators RUNX1 and TAL1. This work sheds light on the critical role of miR-206 in the generation of blood cells off hPSCs. Our results pave the way for future genetic manipulation of hPSCs aimed at increasing their blood regenerative potential and designing better protocols for the generation of bona fide hPSC-derived hematopoietic stem cells.
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Watanabe K. Recent advances in the understanding of transient abnormal myelopoiesis in Down syndrome. Pediatr Int 2019; 61:222-229. [PMID: 30593694 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neonates with Down syndrome (DS) have a propensity to develop the unique myeloproliferative disorder, transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM). TAM usually resolves spontaneously in ≤3 months, but approximately 10% of patients with TAM die from hepatic or multi-organ failure. After remission, 20% of patients with TAM develop acute myeloid leukemia associated with Down syndrome (ML-DS). Blasts in both TAM and ML-DS have trisomy 21 and GATA binding protein 1 (GATA1) mutations. Recent studies have shown that infants with DS and no clinical signs of TAM or increases in peripheral blood blasts can have minor clones carrying GATA1 mutations, referred to as silent TAM. Low-dose cytarabine can improve the outcomes of patients with TAM and high white blood cell count. A number of studies using fetal liver cells, mouse models, or induced pluripotent stem cells have elucidated the roles of trisomy 21 and GATA1 mutations in the development of TAM. Next-generation sequencing of TAM and ML-DS patient samples identified additional mutations in genes involved in epigenetic regulation. Xenograft models of TAM demonstrate the genetic heterogeneity of TAM blasts and mimic the process of clonal selection and expansion of TAM clones that leads to ML-DS. DNA methylation analysis suggests that epigenetic dysregulation may be involved in the progression from TAM to ML-DS. Unraveling the mechanisms underlying leukemogenesis and identification of factors that predict progression to leukemia could assist in development of strategies to prevent progression to ML-DS. Investigation of TAM, a unique pre-leukemic condition, will continue to strongly influence basic and clinical research into the development of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Watanabe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shizuoka Children's Hospital, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
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40
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Karagiannis P, Takahashi K, Saito M, Yoshida Y, Okita K, Watanabe A, Inoue H, Yamashita JK, Todani M, Nakagawa M, Osawa M, Yashiro Y, Yamanaka S, Osafune K. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Use in Human Models of Disease and Development. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:79-114. [PMID: 30328784 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of somatic cell nuclear transfer proved that somatic cells can carry the same genetic code as the zygote, and that activating parts of this code are sufficient to reprogram the cell to an early developmental state. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) nearly half a century later provided a molecular mechanism for the reprogramming. The initial creation of iPSCs was accomplished by the ectopic expression of four specific genes (OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and c-Myc; OSKM). iPSCs have since been acquired from a wide range of cell types and a wide range of species, suggesting a universal molecular mechanism. Furthermore, cells have been reprogrammed to iPSCs using a myriad of methods, although OSKM remains the gold standard. The sources for iPSCs are abundant compared with those for other pluripotent stem cells; thus the use of iPSCs to model the development of tissues, organs, and other systems of the body is increasing. iPSCs also, through the reprogramming of patient samples, are being used to model diseases. Moreover, in the 10 years since the first report, human iPSCs are already the basis for new cell therapies and drug discovery that have reached clinical application. In this review, we examine the generation of iPSCs and their application to disease and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Karagiannis
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Takahashi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Megumu Saito
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yoshida
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Keisuke Okita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Jun K Yamashita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masaya Todani
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masato Nakagawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Mitsujiro Osawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yoshimi Yashiro
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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Disrupted filamin A/α IIbβ 3 interaction induces macrothrombocytopenia by increasing RhoA activity. Blood 2019; 133:1778-1788. [PMID: 30602618 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-07-861427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamin A (FLNa) links the cell membrane with the cytoskeleton and is central in several cellular processes. Heterozygous mutations in the X-linked FLNA gene are associated with a large spectrum of conditions, including macrothrombocytopenia, called filaminopathies. Using an isogenic pluripotent stem cell model derived from patients, we show that the absence of the FLNa protein in megakaryocytes (MKs) leads to their incomplete maturation, particularly the inability to produce proplatelets. Reduction in proplatelet formation potential is associated with a defect in actomyosin contractility, which results from inappropriate RhoA activation. This dysregulated RhoA activation was observed when MKs were plated on fibrinogen but not on other matrices (fibronectin, vitronectin, collagen 1, and von Willebrand factor), strongly suggesting a role for FLNa/αIIbβ3 interaction in the downregulation of RhoA activity. This was confirmed by experiments based on the overexpression of FLNa mutants deleted in the αIIbβ3-binding domain and the RhoA-interacting domain, respectively. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of the RhoA-associated kinase ROCK1/2 restored a normal phenotype and proplatelet formation. Overall, this work suggests a new etiology for macrothrombocytopenia, in which increased RhoA activity is associated with disrupted FLNa/αIIbβ3 interaction.
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42
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Lopez CK, Mercher T. [Pediatric de novo acute megakaryoblastic leukemia: an affair of complexes]. Med Sci (Paris) 2018; 34:954-962. [PMID: 30526836 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2018237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) are generally associated with poor prognosis and the expression of fusion oncogenes involving transcriptional regulators. Recent results indicate that the ETO2-GLIS2 fusion, associated with 25-30 % of pediatric AMKL, binds and alters the activity of regulatory regions of gene expression, called "enhancers", resulting in the deregulation of GATA and ETS factors essential for the development of hematopoietic stem cells. An imbalance in GATA/ETS factor activity is also found in other AMKL subgroups. This review addresses the transcriptional bases of transformation in pediatric AMKL and therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile K Lopez
- Inserm U1170, Institut Gustave Roussy, Pavillon recherche 2, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Thomas Mercher
- Inserm U1170, Institut Gustave Roussy, Pavillon recherche 2, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France
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Trisomy silencing by XIST normalizes Down syndrome cell pathogenesis demonstrated for hematopoietic defects in vitro. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5180. [PMID: 30518921 PMCID: PMC6281598 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07630-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that an integrated XIST transgene can broadly repress one chromosome 21 in Down syndrome (DS) pluripotent cells. Here we address whether trisomy-silencing can normalize cell function and development sufficiently to correct cell pathogenesis, tested in an in vitro model of human fetal hematopoiesis, for which DS cellular phenotypes are best known. XIST induction in four transgenic clones reproducibly corrected over-production of megakaryocytes and erythrocytes, key to DS myeloproliferative disorder and leukemia. A contrasting increase in neural stem and iPS cells shows cell-type specificity, supporting this approach successfully rebalances the hematopoietic developmental program. Given this, we next used this system to extend knowledge of hematopoietic pathogenesis on multiple points. Results demonstrate trisomy 21 expression promotes over-production of CD43+ but not earlier CD34+/CD43-progenitors and indicates this is associated with increased IGF signaling. This study demonstrates proof-of-principle for this epigenetic-based strategy to investigate, and potentially mitigate, DS developmental pathologies.
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44
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Mutation-specific signaling profiles and kinase inhibitor sensitivities of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia revealed by induced pluripotent stem cells. Leukemia 2018; 33:181-190. [PMID: 29884903 PMCID: PMC6286697 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is an uncommon myeloproliferative neoplasm driven by Ras pathway mutations and hyperactive Ras/MAPK signaling. Outcomes for many children with JMML remain dismal with current standard-of-care cytoreductive chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We used patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to characterize the signaling profiles and potential therapeutic vulnerabilities of PTPN11-mutant and CBL-mutant JMML. We assessed whether MEK, JAK, and PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitors (i) could inhibit myeloproliferation and aberrant signaling in iPSC-derived hematopoietic progenitors with PTPN11 E76K or CBL Y371H mutations. We detected constitutive Ras/MAPK and PI3K/mTOR signaling in PTPN11 and CBL iPSC-derived myeloid cells. Activated signaling and growth of PTPN11 iPSCs were preferentially inhibited in vitro by the MEKi PD0325901 and trametinib. Conversely, JAK/STAT signaling was selectively activated in CBL iPSCs and abrogated by the JAKi momelotinib and ruxolitinib. The PI3Kδi idelalisib and mTORi rapamycin inhibited signaling and myeloproliferation in both PTPN11 and CBL iPSCs. These findings demonstrate differential sensitivity of PTPN11 iPSCs to MEKi and of CBL iPSCs to JAKi, but similar sensitivity to PI3Ki and mTORi. Clinical investigation of mutation-specific kinase inhibitor therapies in children with JMML may be warranted.
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45
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Downregulation of Endothelin Receptor B Contributes to Defective B Cell Lymphopoiesis in Trisomy 21 Pluripotent Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8001. [PMID: 29789608 PMCID: PMC5964225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Trisomy 21 (T21) exhibit numerous hematological abnormalities, including reductions in numbers of circulating B and T lymphocytes. To elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying these phenotypes, we differentiated human isogenic disomic and trisomic pluripotent cells, and observed that trisomic cells showed defects in B cell, but not T cell differentiation. Global gene expression of differentiated, trisomic B cells revealed reduced expression of genes encoding endothelin signaling components, namely the Endothelin Receptor B (EDNRB), and its ligand Endothelin1 (EDN1). Depletion of EDNRB mRNA in cord blood-derived CD34+ cells led to defective B cell differentiation, supporting a hypothesis that low EDNRB expression in T21 contributes to intrinsic lymphoid defects. Further evidence for the role of the EDNRB pathway in B cell differentiation was obtained through CRISPR/Cas9 gene targeting in disomic and trisomic iPS cells. Knockout of EDNRB in both cell backgrounds reduced the capacity for B cell differentiation. Collectively, this work identifies downregulation of EDNRB as a causative factor for impaired B lymphocyte generation in trisomic cells, which may contribute to defects in immune function associated with T21. Furthermore, a novel role for endothelin signaling in regulation of B cell development has been identified.
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46
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Gialesaki S, Mahnken AK, Schmid L, Labuhn M, Bhayadia R, Heckl D, Klusmann JH. GATA1s exerts developmental stage-specific effects in human hematopoiesis. Haematologica 2018; 103:e336-e340. [PMID: 29567780 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.191338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gialesaki
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Lena Schmid
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Halle, Germany
| | - Maurice Labuhn
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Halle, Germany
| | - Raj Bhayadia
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dirk Heckl
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Halle, Germany
| | - Jan-Henning Klusmann
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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47
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Huang J, Mo J, Zhao G, Lin Q, Wei G, Deng W, Chen D, Yu B. Application of the amniotic fluid metabolome to the study of fetal malformations, using Down syndrome as a specific model. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7405-7415. [PMID: 28944830 PMCID: PMC5865872 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although monitoring and diagnosis of fetal diseases in utero remains a challenge, metabolomics may provide an additional tool to study the etiology and pathophysiology of fetal diseases at a functional level. In order to explore specific markers of fetal disease, metabolites were analyzed in two separate sets of experiments using amniotic fluid from fetuses with Down syndrome (DS) as a model. Both sets included 10–15 pairs of controls and cases, and amniotic fluid samples were processed separately; metabolomic fingerprinting was then conducted using UPLC-MS. Significantly altered metabolites involved in respective metabolic pathways were compared in the two experimental sets. In addition, significantly altered metabolic pathways were further compared with the genomic characters of the DS fetuses. The data suggested that metabolic profiles varied across different experiments, however alterations in the 4 metabolic pathways of the porphyrin metabolism, bile acid metabolism, hormone metabolism and amino acid metabolism, were validated for the two experimental sets. Significant changes in metabolites of coproporphyrin III, glycocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholate, taurocholate, hydrocortisone, pregnenolone sulfate, L-histidine, L-arginine, L-glutamate and L-glutamine were further confirmed. Analysis of these metabolic alterations was linked to aberrant gene expression at chromosome 21 of the DS fetus. The decrease in coproporphyrin III in the DS fetus may portend abnormal erythropoiesis, and unbalanced glutamine-glutamate concentration was observed to be closely associated with abnormal brain development in the DS fetus. Therefore, alterations in amniotic fluid metabolites may provide important clues to understanding the etiology of fetal disease and help to develop diagnostic testing for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- Key Laboratory For Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Jinhua Mo
- Key Laboratory For Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Guili Zhao
- Key Laboratory For Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Qiyin Lin
- Key Laboratory For Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Guanhui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Weinan Deng
- Key Laboratory For Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Dunjin Chen
- Key Laboratory For Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Bolan Yu
- Key Laboratory For Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
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48
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Elagib KE, Lu CH, Mosoyan G, Khalil S, Zasadzińska E, Foltz DR, Balogh P, Gru AA, Fuchs DA, Rimsza LM, Verhoeyen E, Sansó M, Fisher RP, Iancu-Rubin C, Goldfarb AN. Neonatal expression of RNA-binding protein IGF2BP3 regulates the human fetal-adult megakaryocyte transition. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2365-2377. [PMID: 28481226 DOI: 10.1172/jci88936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic transitions that accompany fetal development, such as erythroid globin chain switching, play important roles in normal physiology and disease development. In the megakaryocyte lineage, human fetal progenitors do not execute the adult morphogenesis program of enlargement, polyploidization, and proplatelet formation. Although these defects decline with gestational stage, they remain sufficiently severe at birth to predispose newborns to thrombocytopenia. These defects may also contribute to inferior platelet recovery after cord blood stem cell transplantation and may underlie inefficient platelet production by megakaryocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells. In this study, comparison of neonatal versus adult human progenitors has identified a blockade in the specialized positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) activation mechanism that is known to drive adult megakaryocyte morphogenesis. This blockade resulted from neonatal-specific expression of an oncofetal RNA-binding protein, IGF2BP3, which prevented the destabilization of the nuclear RNA 7SK, a process normally associated with adult megakaryocytic P-TEFb activation. Knockdown of IGF2BP3 sufficed to confer both phenotypic and molecular features of adult-type cells on neonatal megakaryocytes. Pharmacologic inhibition of IGF2BP3 expression via bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) inhibition also elicited adult features in neonatal megakaryocytes. These results identify IGF2BP3 as a human ontogenic master switch that restricts megakaryocyte development by modulating a lineage-specific P-TEFb activation mechanism, revealing potential strategies toward enhancing platelet production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaleldin E Elagib
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Chih-Huan Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Goar Mosoyan
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shadi Khalil
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ewelina Zasadzińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel R Foltz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter Balogh
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Alejandro A Gru
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Deborah A Fuchs
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Lisa M Rimsza
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team EVIR, Inserm, U1111, Ecole Normale Supériere de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France.,Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
| | - Miriam Sansó
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert P Fisher
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Camelia Iancu-Rubin
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam N Goldfarb
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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49
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Galat Y, Dambaeva S, Elcheva I, Khanolkar A, Beaman K, Iannaccone PM, Galat V. Cytokine-free directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells efficiently produces hemogenic endothelium with lymphoid potential. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:67. [PMID: 28302184 PMCID: PMC5356295 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The robust generation of human hematopoietic progenitor cells from induced or embryonic pluripotent stem cells would be beneficial for multiple areas of research, including mechanistic studies of hematopoiesis, the development of cellular therapies for autoimmune diseases, induced transplant tolerance, anticancer immunotherapies, disease modeling, and drug/toxicity screening. Over the past years, significant progress has been made in identifying effective protocols for hematopoietic differentiation from pluripotent stem cells and understanding stages of mesodermal, endothelial, and hematopoietic specification. Thus, it has been shown that variations in cytokine and inhibitory molecule treatments in the first few days of hematopoietic differentiation define primitive versus definitive potential of produced hematopoietic progenitor cells. The majority of current feeder-free, defined systems for hematopoietic induction from pluripotent stem cells include prolonged incubations with various cytokines that make the differentiation process complex and time consuming. We established that the application of Wnt agonist CHIR99021 efficiently promotes differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells in the absence of any hematopoietic cytokines to the stage of hemogenic endothelium capable of definitive hematopoiesis. Methods The hemogenic endothelium differentiation was accomplished in an adherent, serum-free culture system by applying CHIR99021. Hemogenic endothelium progenitor cells were isolated on day 5 of differentiation and evaluated for their endothelial, myeloid, and lymphoid potential. Results Monolayer induction based on GSK3 inhibition, described here, yielded a large number of CD31+CD34+ hemogenic endothelium cells. When isolated and propagated in adherent conditions, these progenitors gave rise to mature endothelium. When further cocultured with OP9 mouse stromal cells, these progenitors gave rise to various cells of myeloid lineages as well as natural killer lymphoid, T-lymphoid, and B-lymphoid cells. Conclusion The results of this study substantiate a method that significantly reduces the complexity of current protocols for hematopoietic induction, offers a defined system to study the factors that affect the early stages of hematopoiesis, and provides a new route of lymphoid and myeloid cell derivation from human pluripotent stem cells, thus enhancing their use in translational medicine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0519-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekaterina Galat
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Svetlana Dambaeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Irina Elcheva
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Present Address: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Aaruni Khanolkar
- Department of Pathology, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kenneth Beaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Philip M Iannaccone
- Department of Pediatrics, Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vasiliy Galat
- Department of Pathology, Developmental Biology Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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50
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Colvin KL, Yeager ME. What people with Down Syndrome can teach us about cardiopulmonary disease. Eur Respir Rev 2017; 26:26/143/160098. [DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0098-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal abnormality among live-born infants. Through full or partial trisomy of chromosome 21, Down syndrome is associated with cognitive impairment, congenital malformations (particularly cardiovascular) and dysmorphic features. Immune disturbances in Down syndrome account for an enormous disease burden ranging from quality-of-life issues (autoimmune alopecia) to more serious health issues (autoimmune thyroiditis) and life-threatening issues (leukaemia, respiratory tract infections and pulmonary hypertension). Cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases account for ∼75% of the mortality seen in persons with Down syndrome. This review summarises the cardiovascular, respiratory and immune challenges faced by individuals with Down syndrome, and the genetic underpinnings of their pathobiology. We strongly advocate increased comparative studies of cardiopulmonary disease in persons with and without Down syndrome, as we believe these will lead to new strategies to prevent and treat diseases affecting millions of people worldwide.
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