1
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Cheng A, Holland SM. Anti-cytokine autoantibodies: mechanistic insights and disease associations. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:161-177. [PMID: 37726402 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00933-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Anti-cytokine autoantibodies (ACAAs) are increasingly recognized as modulating disease severity in infection, inflammation and autoimmunity. By reducing or augmenting cytokine signalling pathways or by altering the half-life of cytokines in the circulation, ACAAs can be either pathogenic or disease ameliorating. The origins of ACAAs remain unclear. Here, we focus on the most common ACAAs in the context of disease groups with similar characteristics. We review the emerging genetic and environmental factors that are thought to drive their production. We also describe how the profiling of ACAAs should be considered for the early diagnosis, active monitoring, treatment or sub-phenotyping of diseases. Finally, we discuss how understanding the biology of naturally occurring ACAAs can guide therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristine Cheng
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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2
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Su T, Jin Q, Zhao T, Wang S. 57-year-old woman with purpura fulminans and acute kidney injury. J Clin Pathol 2023; 76:654-657. [PMID: 34893518 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-207020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Su
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Renal Pathological Center, Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qizhuang Jin
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Renal Pathological Center, Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Renal Pathological Center, Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Suxia Wang
- Renal Pathological Center, Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Pathological Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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3
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[Peripheral neuropathies during systemic diseases: Part II (vasculitis)]. Rev Med Interne 2023; 44:174-180. [PMID: 36925342 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary systemic vasculitides, mainly of the small and medium-sized vessels, are frequently associated with peripheral neuropathies. When the disease is already known, the appearance of a neuropathy should suggest a specific injury, especially when associated with other systemic manifestations. Conversely, when neuropathy is inaugural, close collaboration between neurologists and internists is necessary to reach a diagnosis. A standardized electro-clinical investigation specifying the topography, the evolution and the mechanism of the nerve damage enables the positive diagnosis of the neuropathy. Several elements orient the etiological diagnosis and allow to eliminate the main differential diagnosis: non systemic vasculitic neuropathy. The existence of associated systemic manifestations (glomerular or vascular nephropathy, interstitial lung disease, intra-alveolar hemorrhage, ENT involvement…), biological markers (ANCA, cryoglobulinemia, rheumatoid factor), and invasive examinations allowing histological analysis (neuromuscular biopsy) are all useful tools for.
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4
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Kolopp-Sarda MN, Miossec P. Practical Details for the Detection and Interpretation of Cryoglobulins. Clin Chem 2021; 68:282-290. [PMID: 34718470 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvab195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryoglobulins are immunoglobulins that precipitate at low temperature. Strict preanalytical and analytical conditions are critical for the detection of cryoglobulins. CONTENT This review will focus on practical recommendations for detection and characterization of cryoglobulins and the technical problems that may be encountered. A laboratory report format is proposed for presentation of these results that includes the parameters necessary for an optimal interpretation by clinicians. The first step of detection of cryoglobulins can be performed in any laboratory that has a 37 °C incubator and temperature-controlled centrifuge. The second step is the characterization of cryoglobulins, and this often must be performed in more specialized laboratories. Characterization includes immunoglobulin typing, for the classification of cryoglobulins and potential underlying disease(s); quantification of immunoglobulins and rheumatoid factor in the cryoprecipitate to define the pathogenicity; and quantification of serum complement, which is useful for diagnosis. SUMMARY These practical recommendations will be useful for the accurate detection of cryoglobulins, an essential step for the diagnosis of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, a rare but severe clinical manifestation of cryoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Nathalie Kolopp-Sarda
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Immunology Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Miossec
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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5
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Ríos de Anda I, Coutable-Pennarun A, Brasnett C, Whitelam S, Seddon A, Russo J, Anderson JLR, Royall CP. Decorated networks of native proteins: nanomaterials with tunable mesoscopic domain size. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:6873-6883. [PMID: 34231559 PMCID: PMC8294043 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02269a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural and artificial proteins with designer properties and functionalities offer unparalleled opportunity for functional nanoarchitectures formed through self-assembly. However, to exploit this potential we need to design the system such that assembly results in desired architecture forms while avoiding denaturation and therefore retaining protein functionality. Here we address this challenge with a model system of fluorescent proteins. By manipulating self-assembly using techniques inspired by soft matter where interactions between the components are controlled to yield the desired structure, we have developed a methodology to assemble networks of proteins of one species which we can decorate with another, whose coverage we can tune. Consequently, the interfaces between domains of each component can also be tuned, with potential applications for example in energy - or electron - transfer. Our model system of eGFP and mCherry with tuneable interactions reveals control over domain sizes in the resulting networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioatzin Ríos de Anda
- H.H. Wills Physics LaboratoryTyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TLUK
- School of Mathematics, University WalkBristolBS8 1TWUK
| | - Angélique Coutable-Pennarun
- BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, Life Sciences BuildingTyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TQUK
- School of Biochemistry, University of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | | | - Stephen Whitelam
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCalifornia 94720USA
| | - Annela Seddon
- H.H. Wills Physics LaboratoryTyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TLUK
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of BristolBristolBS8 1TLUK
| | - John Russo
- School of Mathematics, University WalkBristolBS8 1TWUK
- Dipartimento di Fisica and CNR-ISC, Sapienza-Università di RomaPiazzale A. Moro 200185 RomaItaly
| | - J. L. Ross Anderson
- School of Biochemistry, University of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University WalkBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | - C. Patrick Royall
- H.H. Wills Physics LaboratoryTyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TLUK
- Gulliver UMR CNRS 7083, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL75005 ParisFrance
- School of Chemistry, University of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
- Centre for Nanoscience and Quantum InformationTyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1FDUK
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6
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Kolopp-Sarda MN, Miossec P. Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: pathophysiological mechanisms and diagnosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2021; 33:1-7. [PMID: 33186245 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cryoglobulins (CG) are immunoglobulins that precipitate in the cold, and dissolve at 37°C. In vivo, in cold exposed tissues and organs, they can induce vasculitis and occlusive vasculopathy after deposition on vascular endothelium under low temperature and high concentration conditions. Clinical manifestations are cutaneous (purpura, ulcers, vasomotor symptoms, and livedo reticularis), rheumatological (arthralgia and arthritis), and peripheral neuropathy (paresthesia and pain in the lower limbs). In profound organs such as the kidneys, CG deposition is less temperature-dependent, favored by local protein and anion concentrations, and can lead to glomerulonephritis. This review will focus on cryoglobulinemic vasculitis and vascular lesion, and their diagnosis. RECENT FINDINGS The mechanisms of vascular lesions of pathogenic CG in function of CG type and their characteristics are better defined. Optimal conditions for CG detection are critical. The importance of looking for underlying diseases, especially hepatitis C virus status in mixed CG, is reminded. SUMMARY A decision diagram for CG vasculitis diagnosis based on clinical and biological parameters is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie N Kolopp-Sarda
- Immunogenomics and inflammation research Unit EA 4130, University of Lyon
- Immunology Laboratory
| | - Pierre Miossec
- Immunogenomics and inflammation research Unit EA 4130, University of Lyon
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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[A case of cryocrystalglobulinemia with microvascular embolization as the first manifestation and literature review]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2020; 40:856-858. [PMID: 31775487 PMCID: PMC7364983 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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8
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Ko JW, Jung KE, Choi CW, Lee Y, Seo YJ. Extracellular Crystal Deposition in Cutaneous Plasmacytosis. JAMA Dermatol 2020; 156:217-218. [PMID: 31746970 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.3401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Woo Ko
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Jung
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Won Choi
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Seo
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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9
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A stepwise mechanism for aqueous two-phase system formation in concentrated antibody solutions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15784-15791. [PMID: 31337677 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900886116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) formation is the macroscopic completion of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), a process by which aqueous solutions demix into 2 distinct phases. We report the temperature-dependent kinetics of ATPS formation for solutions containing a monoclonal antibody and polyethylene glycol. Measurements are made by capturing dark-field images of protein-rich droplet suspensions as a function of time along a linear temperature gradient. The rate constants for ATPS formation fall into 3 kinetically distinct categories that are directly visualized along the temperature gradient. In the metastable region, just below the phase separation temperature, T ph , ATPS formation is slow and has a large negative apparent activation energy. By contrast, ATPS formation proceeds more rapidly in the spinodal region, below the metastable temperature, T meta , and a small positive apparent activation energy is observed. These region-specific apparent activation energies suggest that ATPS formation involves 2 steps with opposite temperature dependencies. Droplet growth is the first step, which accelerates with decreasing temperature as the solution becomes increasingly supersaturated. The second step, however, involves droplet coalescence and is proportional to temperature. It becomes the rate-limiting step in the spinodal region. At even colder temperatures, below a gelation temperature, T gel , the proteins assemble into a kinetically trapped gel state that arrests ATPS formation. The kinetics of ATPS formation near T gel is associated with a remarkably fragile solid-like gel structure, which can form below either the metastable or the spinodal region of the phase diagram.
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10
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Matsarskaia O, Roosen-Runge F, Lotze G, Möller J, Mariani A, Zhang F, Schreiber F. Tuning phase transitions of aqueous protein solutions by multivalent cations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:27214-27225. [PMID: 30351336 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05884a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of trivalent cations, negatively charged globular proteins show a rich phase behaviour including reentrant condensation, crystallisation, clustering and lower critical solution temperature metastable liquid-liquid phase separation (LCST-LLPS). Here, we present a systematic study on how different multivalent cations can be employed to tune the interactions and the associated phase behaviour of proteins. We focus our investigations on the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the presence of HoCl3, LaCl3 and YCl3. Using UV-Vis spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), we find that the interprotein attraction induced by Ho3+ is very strong, while the one induced by La3+ is comparatively weak when comparing the data to BSA-Y3+ systems based on our previous work. Using zeta potential and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) measurements, we establish different binding affinities of cations to BSA with Ho3+ having the highest one. We propose that a combination of different cation features such as radius, polarisability and in particular hydration effects determine the protein-protein interaction induced by these cations. Our findings imply that subtle differences in cation properties can be a sensitive tool to fine-tune protein-protein interactions and phase behaviour in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Matsarskaia
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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11
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Kolopp-Sarda MN, Miossec P. Cryoglobulins: An update on detection, mechanisms and clinical contribution. Autoimmun Rev 2018. [PMID: 29526627 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cryoglobulins are immunoglobulins precipitating in cold condition. They are classified in 3 types according to the Brouet classification and may lead to vasculitis of small and medium size vessels. Vasculitis is related to vessel obstruction by monoclonal cryoglobulin aggregates in type I cryoglobulins and immune complex deposition in type II and III mixed cryoglobulins. This phenomenon is favored by low temperature, especially in skin, joints, and peripheral nerves, or increased cryoglobulin concentration in kidneys. For their detection, collection and clotting at 37°C are critical pre-analytical conditions. Cryoglobulin characterization and quantification are important to identify the underlying disease. Since detection and identification of cryoglobulins lack standardization, a protocol for such detection, characterization and quantification is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Nathalie Kolopp-Sarda
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Immunogenomics and inflammation research Unit EA 4130, University of Lyon, Lyon, France; Immunology Laboratory, University Hospital Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Miossec
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Immunogenomics and inflammation research Unit EA 4130, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.
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12
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Rowe JB, Cancel RA, Evangelous TD, Flynn RP, Pechenov S, Subramony JA, Zhang J, Wang Y. Metastability Gap in the Phase Diagram of Monoclonal IgG Antibody. Biophys J 2017; 113:1750-1756. [PMID: 29045869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystallization of IgG antibodies has important applications in the fields of structural biology, biotechnology, and biopharmaceutics. However, a rational approach to crystallize antibodies is still lacking. In this work, we report a method to estimate the solubility of antibodies at various temperatures. We experimentally determined the full phase diagram of an IgG antibody. Using the full diagram, we examined the metastability gaps, i.e., the distance between the crystal solubility line and the liquid-liquid coexistence curve, of IgG antibodies. By comparing our results to the partial phase diagrams of other IgGs reported in literature, we found that IgG antibodies have similar metastability gaps. Thereby, we present an equation with two phenomenological parameters to predict the approximate location of the solubility line of IgG antibodies with respect to their liquid-liquid coexistence curves. We have previously shown that the coexistence curve of an antibody solution can be readily determined by the polyethylene glycol-induced liquid-liquid phase separation method. Combining the polyethylene glycol-induced liquid-liquid phase separation measurements and the phenomenological equation in this article, we provide a general and practical means to predict the thermodynamic conditions for crystallizing IgG antibodies in the solution environments of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Rowe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Rachel A Cancel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Tyler D Evangelous
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Rhiannon P Flynn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina.
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13
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Wang Y, Lomakin A, Kanai S, Alex R, Benedek GB. Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Oligomeric Peptide Solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7715-7721. [PMID: 28689408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oligomeric peptides exist widely in living organisms and play a role in a broad range of biological functions. We report the first observation of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in peptide solutions, in particular, solutions of peptides consisting of noncovalent oligomers. We determined the binary phase boundary of the oligomeric peptide solution and compared the result to the well-established phase diagram of globular proteins. We also provide simple theoretical interpretations of the similarities and differences between the phase diagrams of peptides and proteins. Finally, by tuning inter-oligomer interactions using a crowding agent, we demonstrated that LLPS is a universal phenomenon that can be observed under different solution conditions for a variety of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aleksey Lomakin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sonoko Kanai
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Alex
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - George B Benedek
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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14
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Da Vela S, Roosen-Runge F, Skoda MWA, Jacobs RMJ, Seydel T, Frielinghaus H, Sztucki M, Schweins R, Zhang F, Schreiber F. Effective Interactions and Colloidal Stability of Bovine γ-Globulin in Solution. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5759-5769. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Da Vela
- Institut
für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Felix Roosen-Runge
- Institut Max von Laue − Paul Langevin (ILL), CS 20156, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9, F-38042, France
| | - Maximilian W. A. Skoda
- Institut
für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Robert M. J. Jacobs
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Tilo Seydel
- Institut Max von Laue − Paul Langevin (ILL), CS 20156, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9, F-38042, France
| | - Henrich Frielinghaus
- Jülich
Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (JCNS at
MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, Garching D-85747, Germany
| | - Michael Sztucki
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), CS 40220, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9, F-38043, France
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Max von Laue − Paul Langevin (ILL), CS 20156, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9, F-38042, France
| | - Fajun Zhang
- Institut
für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut
für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen D-72076, Germany
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15
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Horstman EM, Keswani RK, Frey BA, Rzeczycki PM, LaLone V, Bertke JA, Kenis PJA, Rosania GR. Elasticity in Macrophage-Synthesized Biocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1815-1819. [PMID: 28079296 PMCID: PMC5514847 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular crystalline assembly constitutes a rational approach to bioengineer intracellular structures. Here, biocrystals of clofazimine (CFZ) that form in vivo within macrophages were measured to have marked curvature. Isolated crystals, however, showed reduced curvature suggesting that intracellular forces bend these drug crystals. Consistent with the ability of biocrystals to elastically deform, the inherent crystal structure of the principal molecular component of the biocrystals-the hydrochloride salt of CFZ (CFZ-HCl)-has a corrugated packing along the (001) face and weak dispersive bonding in multiple directions. These characteristics were previously found to be linked to the elasticity of other organic crystals. Internal stress in bent CFZ-HCl led to photoelastic effects on the azimuthal orientation of polarized light transmittance. We propose that elastic, intracellular crystals can serve as templates to construct functional microdevices with different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Horstman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Rahul K Keswani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin A Frey
- Morgan State University, 1700 E Cold Spring Ln, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA
| | - Phillip M Rzeczycki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Vernon LaLone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jeffery A Bertke
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Mathews Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Paul J A Kenis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Gus R Rosania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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16
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Brader ML, Baker EN, Dunn MF, Laue TM, Carpenter JF. Using X-Ray Crystallography to Simplify and Accelerate Biologics Drug Development. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:477-494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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Horstman EM, Keswani RK, Frey BA, Rzeczycki PM, LaLone V, Bertke JA, Kenis PJA, Rosania GR. Elasticity in Macrophage-Synthesized Biocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Horstman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; 600 South Mathews Street Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Rahul K. Keswani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; 428 Church Street Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Benjamin A. Frey
- Morgan State University; 1700 E Cold Spring Ln Baltimore MD 21251 USA
| | - Phillip M. Rzeczycki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; 428 Church Street Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Vernon LaLone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; 428 Church Street Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Jeffery A. Bertke
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; 505 South Mathews Street Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Paul J. A. Kenis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; 600 South Mathews Street Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Gus R. Rosania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; 428 Church Street Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
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Da Vela S, Braun MK, Dörr A, Greco A, Möller J, Fu Z, Zhang F, Schreiber F. Kinetics of liquid-liquid phase separation in protein solutions exhibiting LCST phase behavior studied by time-resolved USAXS and VSANS. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:9334-9341. [PMID: 27830221 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm01837h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We study the kinetics of the liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and its arrest in protein solutions exhibiting a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase behavior using the combination of ultra-small angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) and very-small angle neutron scattering (VSANS). We employ a previously established model system consisting of bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions with YCl3. We follow the phase transition from sub-second to 104 s upon an off-critical temperature jump. After a temperature jump, the USAXS profiles exhibit a peak that grows in intensity and shifts to lower q values with time. Below 45 °C, the characteristic length scale (ξ) obtained from this scattering peak increases with time with a power of about 1/3 for different sample compositions. This is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction for the intermediate stage of spinodal decomposition where the growth is driven by interface tension. Above 45 °C, ξ follows initially the 1/3 power law growth, then undergoes a significant slowdown, and an arrested state is reached below the denaturation temperature of the protein. This growth kinetics may indicate that the final composition of the protein-rich phase is located close to the high density branch of the LLPS binodal when a kinetically arrested state is reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Da Vela
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Michal K Braun
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Dörr
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Alessandro Greco
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Möller
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Zhendong Fu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, JCNS@MLZ, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Fajun Zhang
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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19
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Thompson RW, Latypov RF, Wang Y, Lomakin A, Meyer JA, Vunnum S, Benedek GB. Evaluation of effects of pH and ionic strength on colloidal stability of IgG solutions by PEG-induced liquid-liquid phase separation. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:185101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4966708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald W. Thompson
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, USA
| | - Ramil F. Latypov
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Materials Processing Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Aleksey Lomakin
- Materials Processing Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Julie A. Meyer
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, USA
| | - Suresh Vunnum
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, USA
| | - George B. Benedek
- Materials Processing Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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20
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Abstract
Cryoglobulinemia is a distinct entity characterized by the presence of cryoglobulins in the serum. Cryoglobulins differ in their composition, which has an impact on the clinical presentation and the underlying disease that triggers cryoglobulin formation. Cryoglobulinemia is categorized into two main subgroups: type I, which is seen exclusively in clonal hematologic diseases, and type II/III, which is called mixed cryoglobulinemia and is seen in hepatitis C virus infection and systemic diseases such as B-cell lineage hematologic malignancies and connective tissue disorders. Clinical presentation is broad and varies between types but includes arthralgia, purpura, skin ulcers, glomerulonephritis, and peripheral neuropathy. Life-threatening manifestations can develop in a small proportion of patients. A full evaluation for the underlying cause is required, because each type requires a different kind of treatment, which should be tailored on the basis of disease severity, underlying disease, and prior therapies. Relapses can be frequent and can result in significant morbidity and cumulative organ impairment. We explore the spectrum of this heterogeneous disease by discussing the disease characteristics of 5 different patients.
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21
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Hoelbeek J, Duivenvoorden R, de Boer OJ, Claessen N, Van den Bergh Weerman MA, Roelofs JJ, Kers J, Ten Berge IJ, Florquin S. Unique Renal Manifestation of Type I Cryoglobulinemia, With Massive Crystalloid Deposits in Glomerular Histiocytes, Podocytes, and Endothelial Cells. Am J Clin Pathol 2016; 145:282-5. [PMID: 26796493 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqv027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We describe a 62-year-old woman with a 15-year history of a plasma cell dyscrasia (monoclonal IgGκ), manifested by type I cryoglobulinemia and dermal vasculitis. METHODS In addition to the clinical examinations, light microscopy with immunohistochemistry, sequential multicolor immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy were used to characterize the crystalline deposits. RESULTS At initial presentation and for a later flare, she was treated with cyclophosphamide and prednisolone with good clinical response. She had renal function decline, microscopic hematuria, and proteinuria. A renal biopsy specimen revealed the presence of glomerular macrophages and duplication of the capillary walls with cellular interposition. Glomerular cells contained abundant needle-shaped eosinophilic crystalline inclusions positive for κ light chain. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of intracytoplasmatic crystalline structures in endothelial cells, podocytes, and macrophages but not in the tubular epithelium. Rituximab treatment was started. At follow-up (now up to 6 months), renal function remained stable. CONCLUSIONS This patient displays a unique renal manifestation of type I cryoglobulinemia related to a plasma cell dyscrasia.
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Hasegawa H, Woods CE, Kinderman F, He F, Lim AC. Russell body phenotype is preferentially induced by IgG mAb clones with high intrinsic condensation propensity: relations between the biosynthetic events in the ER and solution behaviors in vitro. MAbs 2015; 6:1518-32. [PMID: 25484054 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.36242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying reasons for why some mAb (monoclonal antibody) clones are much more inclined to induce a Russell body (RB) phenotype during immunoglobulin biosynthesis remain elusive. Although RBs are morphologically understood as enlarged globular aggregates of immunoglobulins deposited in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), little is known about the properties of the RB-inducing mAb clones as secretory cargo and their physical behaviors in the extracellular space. To elucidate how RB-inducing propensities, secretion outputs, and the intrinsic physicochemical properties of individual mAb clones are interrelated, we used HEK293 cells to study the biosynthesis of 5 human IgG mAbs for which prominent solution behavior problems were known a priori. All 5 model mAbs with inherently high condensation propensities induced RB phenotypes both at steady state and under ER-to-Golgi transport block, and resulted in low secretion titer. By contrast, one reference mAb that readily crystallized at neutral pH in vitro produced rod-shaped crystalline bodies in the ER without inducing RBs. Another reference mAb without notable solution behavior issues did not induce RBs and was secreted abundantly. Intrinsic physicochemical properties of individual IgG clones thus directly affected the biosynthetic steps in the ER, and thereby produced distinctive cellular phenotypes and influenced IgG secretion output. The findings implicated that RB formation represents a phase separation event or a loss of colloidal stability in the secretory pathway organelles. The process of RB induction allows the cell to preemptively reduce the extracellular concentration of potentially pathogenic, highly aggregation-prone IgG clones by selectively storing them in the ER.
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Key Words
- BFA, Brefeldin A
- CB, crystalline body
- DIC, differential interference contrast
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum;
- Fab, fragment antigen binding
- HC, heavy chain
- HEK, human embryonic kidney
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- LC, light chain;
- RB, Russell body
- Russell body
- VH, heavy chain variable domain
- VL, light chain variable domain
- crystalline body
- endoplasmic reticulum
- gelation
- immunoglobulin
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- phase separation
- protein aggregation
- protein condensation
- protein crystallization
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Hasegawa
- a Department of Therapeutic Discovery; Amgen ; Seattle , WA USA
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23
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Casaz P, Boucher E, Wollacott R, Pierce BG, Rivera R, Sedic M, Ozturk S, Thomas WD, Wang Y. Resolving self-association of a therapeutic antibody by formulation optimization and molecular approaches. MAbs 2015; 6:1533-9. [PMID: 25484044 DOI: 10.4161/19420862.2014.975658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A common challenge encountered during development of high concentration monoclonal antibody formulations is preventing self-association. Depending on the antibody and its formulation, self-association can be seen as aggregation, precipitation, opalescence or phase separation. Here we report on an unusual manifestation of self-association, formation of a semi-solid gel or "gelation." Therapeutic monoclonal antibody C4 was isolated from human B cells based on its strong potency in neutralizing bacterial toxin in animal models. The purified antibody possessed the unusual property of forming a firm, opaque white gel when it was formulated at concentrations >30 mg/mL and the temperature was <6°C. Gel formation was reversible with temperature. Gelation was affected by salt concentration or pH, suggesting an electrostatic interaction between IgG monomers. A comparison of the C4 amino acid sequences to consensus germline sequences revealed differences in framework regions. A C4 variant in which the framework sequence was restored to the consensus germline sequence did not gel at 100 mg/mL at temperatures as low as 1°C. Additional genetic analysis was used to predict the key residue(s) involved in the gelation. Strikingly, a single substitution in the native antibody, replacing heavy chain glutamate 23 with lysine (E23K), was sufficient to prevent gelation. These results indicate that the framework region is involved in intermolecular interactions. The temperature dependence of gelation may be related to conformational changes near glutamate 23 or the regions it interacts with. Molecular engineering of the framework can be an effective approach to resolve the solubility issues of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Casaz
- a MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School ; Boston , MA USA
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24
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Damoiseaux J, Cohen Tervaert JW. Diagnostics and treatment of cryoglobulinaemia: it takes two to tango. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2015; 47:299-310. [PMID: 24068540 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-013-8390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cryoglobulins are immunoglobulins that reversibly precipitate in the cold. They come in different flavours and, as such, are differentially associated with lymphoproliferative diseases (type I), or systemic autoimmune diseases, and/or infectious diseases (type II/III). The clinical manifestations of cryoglobulinaemia result from either hyper-viscosity or small vessel vasculitis. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a well-known factor in the aetiology of cryoglobulinaemia, but substantial geographical differences exist in the association between cryoglobulins and HCV. In the absence of any underlying disease, cryoglobulinaemia is referred to as 'idiopathic' or 'essential'. Detection of cryoglobulins in the laboratory is hampered by several pitfalls, in particular in the pre-analytical stage as well as in the quantification. In addition, our personal experience reveals that the detection of rheumatoid factor, most often present in high concentrations in patients with mixed cryoglobulinaemia, relies on the choice of the test system. Hence, interpretation of the laboratory results in relation to the clinical manifestations requires a partnership between the clinician and the laboratory specialist in order to make a correct diagnosis. Treatment options are primarily directed by identification of underlying diseases, i.e. infections or systemic autoimmune diseases. Idiopathic cryoglobulinaemia is treated with corticosteroids and immunosuppression, or B cell depleting anti-CD20 biologicals. In this overview, the recent literature on current laboratory and clinical practice of cryoglobulinaemia is discussed from a personal perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Damoiseaux
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands,
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25
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Axford D, Ji X, Stuart DI, Sutton G. In cellulo structure determination of a novel cypovirus polyhedrin. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2014; 70:1435-41. [PMID: 24816111 PMCID: PMC4014125 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714004714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates that with the use of a microfocus synchrotron beam the structure of a novel viral polyhedrin could be successfully determined from microcrystals within cells, removing the preparatory step of sample isolation and maintaining a favourable biological environment. The data obtained are of high quality, comparable to that obtained from isolated crystals, and enabled a facile structure determination. A small but significant difference is observed between the unit-cell parameters and the mosaic spread of in cellulo and isolated crystals, suggesting that even these robust crystals are adversely affected by removal from the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Axford
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0DE, England
| | - Xiaoyun Ji
- Division of Structural Biology, The Welcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, England
| | - David I. Stuart
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0DE, England
- Division of Structural Biology, The Welcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, England
| | - Geoff Sutton
- Division of Structural Biology, The Welcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, England
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26
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Wang Y, Lomakin A, Latypov RF, Laubach JP, Hideshima T, Richardson PG, Munshi NC, Anderson KC, Benedek GB. Phase transitions in human IgG solutions. J Chem Phys 2014; 139:121904. [PMID: 24089716 DOI: 10.1063/1.4811345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein condensations, such as crystallization, liquid-liquid phase separation, aggregation, and gelation, have been observed in concentrated antibody solutions under various solution conditions. While most IgG antibodies are quite soluble, a few outliers can undergo condensation under physiological conditions. Condensation of IgGs can cause serious consequences in some human diseases and in biopharmaceutical formulations. The phase transitions underlying protein condensations in concentrated IgG solutions is also of fundamental interest for the understanding of the phase behavior of non-spherical protein molecules. Due to the high solubility of generic IgGs, the phase behavior of IgG solutions has not yet been well studied. In this work, we present an experimental approach to study IgG solutions in which the phase transitions are hidden below the freezing point of the solution. Using this method, we have investigated liquid-liquid phase separation of six human myeloma IgGs and two recombinant pharmaceutical human IgGs. We have also studied the relation between crystallization and liquid-liquid phase separation of two human cryoglobulin IgGs. Our experimental results reveal several important features of the generic phase behavior of IgG solutions: (1) the shape of the coexistence curve is similar for all IgGs but quite different from that of quasi-spherical proteins; (2) all IgGs have critical points located at roughly the same protein concentration at ~100 mg/ml while their critical temperatures vary significantly; and (3) the liquid-liquid phase separation in IgG solutions is metastable with respect to crystallization. These features of phase behavior of IgG solutions reflect the fact that all IgGs have nearly identical molecular geometry but quite diverse net inter-protein interaction energies. This work provides a foundation for further experimental and theoretical studies of the phase behavior of generic IgGs as well as outliers with large propensity to condense. The investigation of the phase diagram of IgG solutions is of great importance for the understanding of immunoglobulin deposition diseases as well as for the understanding of the colloidal stability of IgG pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Materials Processing Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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27
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Zhang F, Roosen-Runge F, Sauter A, Wolf M, Jacobs RMJ, Schreiber F. Reentrant condensation, liquid–liquid phase separation and crystallization in protein solutions induced by multivalent metal ions. PURE APPL CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2014-5002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We briefly summarize the recent progress in tuning protein interactions as well as phase behavior in protein solutions using multivalent metal ions. We focus on the influence of control parameters and the mechanism of reentrant condensation, the metastable liquid–liquid phase separation and classical vs. non-classical pathways of protein crystallization.
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28
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Baker AE, Mantz AR, Chiu ML. Raman spectroscopy characterization of antibody phases in serum. MAbs 2014; 6:1509-17. [PMID: 25484036 PMCID: PMC4622053 DOI: 10.4161/19420862.2014.975100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
When administered in serum, an efficacious therapeutic antibody should be homogeneous to minimize immune reactions or injection site irritation during administration. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) phase separation is one type of inhomogeneity observed in serum, and thus screening potential phase separation of mAbs in serum could guide lead optimization. However, serum contains numerous components, making it difficult to resolve mAb/serum mixtures at a scale amenable to analysis in a discovery setting. To address these challenges, a miniaturized assay was developed that combined confocal microscopy with Raman spectroscopy. The method was examined using CNTO607, a poorly-soluble anti-interleukin-13 human mAb, and CNTO3930, a soluble anti-respiratory syncytial virus humanized mAb. When CNTO607 was diluted into serum above 4.5 mg/mL, phase separation occurred, resulting in droplet formation. Raman spectra of droplet phases in mixtures included bands at 1240 and 1670 cm(-1), which are typical of mAb β-sheets, and lacked bands at 1270 and 1655 cm(-1), which are typical of α-helices. The continuous phases included bands at 1270 and 1655 cm(-1) and lacked those at 1240 and 1670 cm(-1). Therefore, CNTO607 appeared to be sequestered within the droplets, while albumin and other α-helix-forming serum proteins remained within the continuous phases. In contrast, CNTO3930 formed only one phase, and its Raman spectra contained bands at 1240, 1670, 1270 and 1655 cm,(-1) demonstrating homogeneous distribution of components. Our results indicate that this plate-based method utilizing confocal Raman spectroscopy to probe liquid-liquid phases in mAb/serum mixtures can provide a screen for phase separation of mAb candidates in a discovery setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amber R Mantz
- Janssen Supply Chain; Process Science and Advanced Analytics; Spring House, PA USA
| | - Mark L Chiu
- Janssen R&D; Biotech CoE; Spring House, PA USA
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Janetta A Bryksin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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30
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Aggregates, crystals, gels, and amyloids: intracellular and extracellular phenotypes at the crossroads of immunoglobulin physicochemical property and cell physiology. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:604867. [PMID: 23533417 PMCID: PMC3603282 DOI: 10.1155/2013/604867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant immunoglobulins comprise an important class of human therapeutics. Although specific immunoglobulins can be purposefully raised against desired antigen targets by various methods, identifying an immunoglobulin clone that simultaneously possesses potent therapeutic activities and desirable manufacturing-related attributes often turns out to be challenging. The variable domains of individual immunoglobulins primarily define the unique antigen specificities and binding affinities inherent to each clone. The primary sequence of the variable domains also specifies the unique physicochemical properties that modulate various aspects of individual immunoglobulin life cycle, starting from the biosynthetic steps in the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory pathway trafficking, secretion, and the fate in the extracellular space and in the endosome-lysosome system. Because of the diverse repertoire of immunoglobulin physicochemical properties, some immunoglobulin clones' intrinsic properties may manifest as intriguing cellular phenotypes, unusual solution behaviors, and serious pathologic outcomes that are of scientific and clinical importance. To gain renewed insights into identifying manufacturable therapeutic antibodies, this paper catalogs important intracellular and extracellular phenotypes induced by various subsets of immunoglobulin clones occupying different niches of diverse physicochemical repertoire space. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors that make certain immunoglobulin clones desirable or undesirable for large-scale manufacturing and therapeutic use are summarized.
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