1
|
Dantchev D. On Casimir and Helmholtz Fluctuation-Induced Forces in Micro- and Nano-Systems: Survey of Some Basic Results. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:499. [PMID: 38920508 PMCID: PMC11202628 DOI: 10.3390/e26060499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Fluctuations are omnipresent; they exist in any matter, due either to its quantum nature or to its nonzero temperature. In the current review, we briefly cover the quantum electrodynamic Casimir (QED) force as well as the critical Casimir (CC) and Helmholtz (HF) forces. In the QED case, the medium is usually a vacuum and the massless excitations are photons, while in the CC and HF cases the medium is usually a critical or correlated fluid and the fluctuations of the order parameter are the cause of the force between the macroscopic or mesoscopic bodies immersed in it. We discuss the importance of the presented results for nanotechnology, especially for devising and assembling micro- or nano-scale systems. Several important problems for nanotechnology following from the currently available experimental findings are spelled out, and possible strategies for overcoming them are sketched. Regarding the example of HF, we explicitly demonstrate that when a given integral quantity characterizing the fluid is conserved, it has an essential influence on the behavior of the corresponding fluctuation-induced force.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dantchev
- Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academic Georgy Bonchev St., Building 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Svidzinsky A. Time reflection of light from a quantum perspective and vacuum entanglement. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:15623-15644. [PMID: 38859209 DOI: 10.1364/oe.520671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
If a boundary between two static media is moving with a constant superluminal velocity, or there is a sudden change of the refractive index with time, this yields generation of entangled pairs of photons out of vacuum propagating in the opposite directions. Here we show that during this process, entanglement of Minkowski vacuum is transferred to the entanglement of the generated photon pairs. If initially an electromagnetic pulse is present in the medium the photon generation is stimulated into the pulse mode, and since photons are created as entangled pairs the counter-propagating photon partners produce a pulse moving in the opposite direction, which is known as time reflection. Thus, time reflection occurs due to stimulated generation of the entangled photon pairs out of entangled vacuum and no photons in the original pulse are in fact being reflected. This is different from the mechanism of light reflection from spatial inhomogeneities for which no photons are generated.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ann BM, Deve S, Steele GA. Resolving Nonperturbative Renormalization of a Microwave-Dressed Weakly Anharmonic Superconducting Qubit Coupled to a Single Quantized Mode. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:193605. [PMID: 38000406 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.193605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Microwave driving is a ubiquitous technique for superconducting qubits, but the dressed states description based on the conventionally used perturbation theory cannot fully capture the dynamics in the strong driving limit. Comprehensive studies beyond these approximations applicable to transmon-based circuit quantum electrodynamics (QED) systems are unfortunately rare, as the relevant works have been mainly limited to single-mode or two-state systems. In this work, we investigate a microwave-dressed transmon coupled to a single quantized mode over a wide range of driving parameters. We reveal that the interaction between the transmon and resonator as well as the properties of each mode is significantly renormalized in the strong driving limit. Unlike previous theoretical works, we establish a nonrecursive and non-Floquet theory beyond the perturbative regimes, which excellently quantifies the experiments. This work expands our fundamental understanding of dressed cavity QED-like systems beyond the conventional approximations. Our work will also contribute to fast quantum gate implementation, qubit parameter engineering, and fundamental studies on driven nonlinear systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Moo Ann
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Quantum Technology Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 34113 Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sercan Deve
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gary A Steele
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Paula MVS, Sinesio WWT, Dodonov AV. Ancilla-Assisted Generation of Photons from Vacuum via Time-Modulation of Extracavity Qubit. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:901. [PMID: 37372245 DOI: 10.3390/e25060901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
We propose a scheme for the generation of photons from a vacuum via time-modulation of a quantum system indirectly coupled to the cavity field through some ancilla quantum subsystem. We consider the simplest case when the modulation is applied to an artificial two-level atom (we call 't-qubit', that can be located even outside the cavity), while the ancilla is a stationary qubit coupled via the dipole interaction both to the cavity and t-qubit. We find that tripartite entangled states with a small number of photons can be generated from the system ground state under resonant modulations, even when the t-qubit is far detuned from both the ancilla and the cavity, provided its bare and modulation frequencies are properly adjusted. We attest our approximate analytic results by numeric simulations and show that photon generation from vacuum persists in the presence of common dissipation mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos V S de Paula
- Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia, Caixa Postal 04455, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - William W T Sinesio
- Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia, Caixa Postal 04455, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Alexandre V Dodonov
- Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia, Caixa Postal 04455, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
- International Center of Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jolin SW, Andersson G, Hernández JCR, Strandberg I, Quijandría F, Aumentado J, Borgani R, Tholén MO, Haviland DB. Multipartite Entanglement in a Microwave Frequency Comb. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:120601. [PMID: 37027873 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.120601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made with multipartite entanglement of discrete qubits, but continuous variable systems may provide a more scalable path toward entanglement of large ensembles. We demonstrate multipartite entanglement in a microwave frequency comb generated by a Josephson parametric amplifier subject to a bichromatic pump. We find 64 correlated modes in the transmission line using a multifrequency digital signal processing platform. Full inseparability is verified in a subset of seven modes. Our method can be expanded to generate even more entangled modes in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan W Jolin
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustav Andersson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - J C Rivera Hernández
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Strandberg
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Fernando Quijandría
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - José Aumentado
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Riccardo Borgani
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Intermodulation Products AB, SE-823 93 Segersta, Sweden
| | - Mats O Tholén
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Intermodulation Products AB, SE-823 93 Segersta, Sweden
| | - David B Haviland
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tian Z, Wu L, Zhang L, Jing J, Du J. Probing Lorentz-invariance-violation-induced nonthermal Unruh effect in quasi-two-dimensional dipolar condensates. Int J Clin Exp Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.106.l061701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
7
|
Müller MM, Said RS, Jelezko F, Calarco T, Montangero S. One decade of quantum optimal control in the chopped random basis. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:076001. [PMID: 35605567 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac723c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The chopped random basis (CRAB) ansatz for quantum optimal control has been proven to be a versatile tool to enable quantum technology applications such as quantum computing, quantum simulation, quantum sensing, and quantum communication. Its capability to encompass experimental constraints-while maintaining an access to the usually trap-free control landscape-and to switch from open-loop to closed-loop optimization (including with remote access-or RedCRAB) is contributing to the development of quantum technology on many different physical platforms. In this review article we present the development, the theoretical basis and the toolbox for this optimization algorithm, as well as an overview of the broad range of different theoretical and experimental applications that exploit this powerful technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias M Müller
- Peter Grünberg Institute-Quantum Control (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Germany
| | - Ressa S Said
- Institute for Quantum Optics & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Ulm, D-89081 Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Ulm, D-89081 Germany
| | - Tommaso Calarco
- Peter Grünberg Institute-Quantum Control (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, D-50937 Germany
| | - Simone Montangero
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'G. Galilei', Università degli Studi di Padova & INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Italy
- Padua Quantum Technology Center, Università degli Studi di Padova, I-35131 Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zack E, Zhang D, Trepanier M, Cai J, Tai T, Lazarides N, Hizanidis J, Anlage SM. Tuning of strong nonlinearity in radio-frequency superconducting-quantum-interference-device meta-atoms. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:044202. [PMID: 35590567 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.044202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Strong nonlinearity of a self-resonant radio-frequency (rf) superconducting-quantum-interference-device (SQUID) meta-atom is explored via intermodulation (IM) measurements. Previous work in zero dc magnetic flux showed a sharp onset of IM response as the frequency sweeps through the resonance. A second onset at higher frequency was also observed, creating a prominent gap in the IM response. By extending those measurements to nonzero dc flux, different dynamics are revealed, including dc flux tunability of the aforementioned gaps and enhanced IM response near geometric resonance of the rf SQUID. These features observed experimentally are understood and analyzed theoretically through a combination of a steady-state analytical modeling and a full numerical treatment of the rf SQUID dynamics. The latter in addition predicts the presence of chaos in narrow parameter regimes. The understanding of intermodulation in rf SQUID metamaterials is important for producing low-noise amplification of microwave signals and tunable filters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Zack
- Quantum Materials Center, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4111, USA
| | - Daimeng Zhang
- Quantum Materials Center, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4111, USA
| | - Melissa Trepanier
- Quantum Materials Center, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4111, USA
| | - Jingnan Cai
- Quantum Materials Center, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4111, USA
| | - Tamin Tai
- Quantum Materials Center, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4111, USA
| | - Nikos Lazarides
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 71003 Herakleio, Greece
| | | | - Steven M Anlage
- Quantum Materials Center, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4111, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Towards Quantum Simulation of Black Holes in a dc-SQUID Array. UNIVERSE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/universe7120499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We propose quantum simulations of 1 + 1D radial sections of different black hole spacetimes (Schwarzschild, Reissner–Nordstrøm, Kerr and Kerr–Newman), by means of a dc-SQUID array embedded on an open transmission line. This was achieved by reproducing the spatiotemporal dependence of 1 + 1D sections of the spacetime metric with the propagation speed of the electromagnetic field in the simulator, which can be modulated by an external magnetic flux. We show that the generation of event horizons—and therefore Hawking radiation—in the simulator could be achieved for non-rotating black holes, although we discuss limitations related to fluctuations of the quantum phase. In the case of rotating black holes, it seems that the simulation of ergospheres is beyond reach.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ford LH. Cosmological particle production: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2021; 84:116901. [PMID: 34352740 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac1b23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This article will review quantum particle creation in expanding universes. The emphasis will be on the basic physical principles and on selected applications to cosmological models. The needed formalism of quantum field theory in curved spacetime will be summarized, and applied to the example of scalar particle creation in a spatially flat Universe. Estimates for the creation rate will be given and applied to inflationary cosmology models. Analog models which illustrate the same physical principles and may be experimentally realizable are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L H Ford
- Institute of Cosmology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kort-Kamp WJM, Azad AK, Dalvit DAR. Space-Time Quantum Metasurfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:043603. [PMID: 34355970 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.043603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have recently entered the realm of quantum photonics, enabling manipulation of quantum light using a compact nanophotonic platform. Realizing the full potential of metasurfaces at the deepest quantum level requires the ability to tune coherent light-matter interactions continuously in space and time. Here, we introduce the concept of space-time quantum metasurfaces for arbitrary control of the spectral, spatial, and spin properties of nonclassical light using a compact photonic platform. We show that space-time quantum metasurfaces allow on-demand tailoring of entanglement among all degrees of freedom of a single photon. We also show that spatiotemporal modulation induces asymmetry at the fundamental level of quantum fluctuations, resulting in the generation of steered and vortex photon pairs out of vacuum. Space-time quantum metasurfaces have the potential to enable novel photonic functionalities, such as encoding quantum information into high-dimensional color qudits using designer modulation protocols, sculpting multispectral and multispatial modes in spontaneous emission, and generating reconfigurable hyperentanglement for high-capacity quantum communications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abul K Azad
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Diego A R Dalvit
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Measuring the Effect of Blockchain Extrinsic Cues on Consumers' Perceived Flavor and Healthiness: A Cross-Country Analysis. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061413. [PMID: 34207107 PMCID: PMC8235256 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies in the related literature have proven that the perception of flavor and healthiness can be affected by both the product’s intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Package designs, brands, colors, labels and other visual elements exert and influence consumers’ expectations and guide them toward food decisions. With the increasing initiatives promoted within Europe in support of the adoption of blockchain technology in supply chains and agri-food contexts, in the coming years, packages will be used with additional product information certified with the technology itself. Cueing packages with blockchain-certified information could affect consumers in their overall flavor and health perceptions, similarly to that previously demonstrated with other extrinsic cues. In the present study, we analyzed a sample of 310 primary grocery shoppers from Germany, Italy and the UK, demonstrating the effectiveness of technology-certified information on the package of animal milk in influencing consumers’ flavor and health perceptions and exploring the differences and similarities across the three countries and milk categories.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zeng X, Zubairy MS. Graphene Plasmon Excitation with Ground-State Two-Level Quantum Emitters. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:117401. [PMID: 33798356 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.117401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of a two-level quantum emitter in its ground state through a graphene nanosheet is investigated. The graphene plasmons (GPs) field distribution, especially the opposite orientations of the vertical electric field components on the two sides of the graphene nanosheet, produces a significant nonadiabatic process during the interaction between the emitter and the localized GPs. By taking into account the counterrotating terms, the excitation of the quantum emitter with simultaneous emission of a GP has a large probability. This happens for emitter speeds of about 10^{-4} times the speed of light. For accelerated emitters, the GPs exhibit thermal field photon distribution with a high temperature. As a consequence, this study provides a promising platform to observe the dynamical Casimir effect as well as a simulation of the Unruh effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zeng
- Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (IQSE) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA
| | - M Suhail Zubairy
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (IQSE) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Perspective on Some Recent and Future Developments in Casimir Interactions. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app11010293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present a critical review of recent developments in Casimir physics motivated by discoveries of novel materials. Specifically, topologically nontrivial properties of the graphene family, Chern and topological insulators, and Weyl semimetals have diverse manifestations in the distance dependence, presence of fundamental constants, magnitude, and sign of the Casimir interaction. Limited studies of the role of nonlinear optical properties in the interaction are also reviewed. We show that, since many new materials have greatly enhanced the nonlinear optical response, new efficient pathways for investigation of the characteristic regimes of the Casimir force need to be explored, which are expected to lead to new discoveries. Recent progress in the dynamical Casimir effect is also reviewed and we argue that nonlinear media can open up new directions in this field as well.
Collapse
|
15
|
Mandal A, Montillo Vega S, Huo P. Polarized Fock States and the Dynamical Casimir Effect in Molecular Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9215-9223. [PMID: 32991814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a new theoretical framework, polarized Fock states (PFSs), to describe the coupled molecule-cavity hybrid system in quantum electrodynamics. Through the quantum light-matter interactions under the dipole Gauge, the molecular permanent dipoles polarize the photon field by displacing the photonic coordinate. Hence, it is convenient to use these shifted Fock states (termed the PFSs) to describe light-matter interactions under the strong coupling regimes. These PFSs are nonorthogonal to each other and are light-matter entangled states. They allow an intuitive understanding of several phenomena that go beyond the prediction of the quantum Rabi model, while also offering numerical convenience to converge the results with much fewer states. With this powerful new theoretical framework, we explain how molecular permanent dipoles lead to the generation of multiple photons from a single electronic excitation (down-conversion), effectively achieving the dynamical Casimir effect through the nuclear vibration instead of cavity mirror oscillations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | | | - Pengfei Huo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Braidotti MC, Vinante A, Gasbarri G, Faccio D, Ulbricht H. Zel'dovich Amplification in a Superconducting Circuit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:140801. [PMID: 33064533 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.140801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zel'dovich proposed that electromagnetic (EM) waves with angular momentum reflected from a rotating metallic, lossy cylinder will be amplified. However, we are still lacking a direct experimental EM-wave verification of this fifty-year-old prediction due to the challenging conditions in which the phenomenon manifests itself: the mechanical rotation frequency of the cylinder must be comparable with the EM oscillation frequency. Here, we propose an experimental approach that solves this issue and is predicted to lead to a measurable Zel'dovich amplification with existing superconducting circuit technology. We design a superconducting circuit with low frequency EM modes that couple through free space to a magnetically levitated and spinning microsphere placed at the center of the circuit. We theoretically estimate the circuit EM mode gain and show that rotation of the microsphere can lead to experimentally observable amplification, thus paving the way for the first EM-field experimental demonstration of Zel'dovich amplification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Vinante
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United Kingdom
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-CNR and Fondazione Bruno Kessler, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Giulio Gasbarri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Faccio
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik Ulbricht
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
We propose an experimental setup to test the effect of curved spacetime upon the extraction of entanglement from the quantum field vacuum to a pair of two-level systems. We consider two superconducting qubits coupled to a dc-SQUID array embedded into an open microwave transmission line, where an external bias can emulate a spacetime containing a traversable wormhole. We find that the amount of vacuum entanglement that can be extracted by the qubits depends on the wormhole parameters. At some distances qubits which would be in a separable state in flat spacetime would become entangled due to the analogue wormhole background.
Collapse
|
18
|
Blencowe MP, Wang H. Analogue gravity on a superconducting chip. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190224. [PMID: 32684136 PMCID: PMC7422880 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We describe how analogues of a Hawking evaporating black hole as well as the Unruh effect for an oscillatory, accelerating photodetector in vacuum may be realized using superconducting, microwave circuits that are fashioned out of Josephson tunnel junction and film bulk acoustic resonator elements. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The next generation of analogue gravity experiments'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miles P. Blencowe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wittemer M, Schröder JP, Hakelberg F, Kiefer P, Fey C, Schuetzhold R, Warring U, Schaetz T. Trapped-ion toolkit for studies of quantum harmonic oscillators under extreme conditions. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190230. [PMID: 32684127 PMCID: PMC7422877 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many phenomena described in relativistic quantum field theory are inaccessible to direct observations, but analogue processes studied under well-defined laboratory conditions can present an alternative perspective. Recently, we demonstrated an analogy of particle creation using an intrinsically robust motional mode of two trapped atomic ions. Here, we substantially extend our classical control techniques by implementing machine-learning strategies in our platform and, consequently, increase the accessible parameter regime. As a proof of methodology, we present experimental results of multiple quenches and parametric modulation of an unprotected motional mode of a single ion, demonstrating the increased level of real-time control. In combination with previous results, we enable future experiments that may yield entanglement generation using a process in analogy to Hawking radiation. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The next generation of analogue gravity experiments'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wittemer
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Philipp Schröder
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frederick Hakelberg
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philip Kiefer
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Fey
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Fachbereich Physik, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Schuetzhold
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Warring
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Schaetz
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen L, Chang K. Chiral-Anomaly-Driven Casimir-Lifshitz Torque between Weyl Semimetals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:047402. [PMID: 32794785 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.047402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new mechanism to generate the Casimir-Lifshitz torque between Weyl semimetals arising from the chiral anomaly. For short distances ranging from a nanometer to a few tens of nanometers, chiral anomaly is manifested via a Casimir-Lifshitz torque ∼sin(θ) with θ being the twisting angle. As the distance between Weyl semimetals increases from a submicrometer to a few micrometers, chiral-anomaly-driven Casimir-Lifshitz torque between Weyl semimetals is remarkably large, which is comparable with that of conventional birefringent materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Mathematics and Physics Department, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Kai Chang
- SKLSM, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 912, Beijing 100083, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schneider BH, Bengtsson A, Svensson IM, Aref T, Johansson G, Bylander J, Delsing P. Observation of Broadband Entanglement in Microwave Radiation from a Single Time-Varying Boundary Condition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:140503. [PMID: 32338986 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.140503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Entangled pairs of microwave photons are commonly produced in the narrow frequency band of a resonator, which represents a modified vacuum density of states. We generate and investigate the entanglement of a stream of photon pairs, generated in a semi-infinite broadband transmission line, terminated by a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). A weak pump signal modulates the SQUID inductance, resulting in a single time-varying boundary condition, and we detect all four quadratures of the microwave radiation emitted at two different frequencies separated by 0.7 GHz. Power calibration is done in situ, and we find positive logarithmic negativity and two-mode squeezing below the vacuum in the observed radiation, indicating entanglement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B H Schneider
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Bengtsson
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - I M Svensson
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - T Aref
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - G Johansson
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bylander
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - P Delsing
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
This is a digest of the main achievements in the wide area, called the Dynamical Casimir Effect nowadays, for the past 50 years, with the emphasis on results obtained after 2010.
Collapse
|
23
|
The Dynamical Casimir Effect in a Dissipative Optomechanical Cavity Interacting with Photonic Crystal. PHYSICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/physics2010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We theoretically study the dynamical Casimir effect (DCE), i.e., parametric amplification of a quantum vacuum, in an optomechanical cavity interacting with a photonic crystal, which is considered to be an ideal system to study the microscopic dissipation effect on the DCE. Starting from a total Hamiltonian including the photonic band system as well as the optomechanical cavity, we have derived an effective Floquet–Liouvillian by applying the Floquet method and Brillouin–Wigner–Feshbach projection method. The microscopic dissipation effect is rigorously taken into account in terms of the energy-dependent self-energy. The obtained effective Floquet–Liouvillian exhibits the two competing instabilities, i.e., parametric and resonance instabilities, which determine the stationary mode as a result of the balance between them in the dissipative DCE. Solving the complex eigenvalue problem of the Floquet–Liouvillian, we have determined the stationary mode with vanishing values of the imaginary parts of the eigenvalues. We find a new non-local multimode DCE represented by a multimode Bogoliubov transformation of the cavity mode and the photon band. We show the practical advantage for the observation of DCE in that we can largely reduce the pump frequency when the cavity system is embedded in a narrow band photonic crystal with a bandgap.
Collapse
|
24
|
Wittemer M, Hakelberg F, Kiefer P, Schröder JP, Fey C, Schützhold R, Warring U, Schaetz T. Phonon Pair Creation by Inflating Quantum Fluctuations in an Ion Trap. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:180502. [PMID: 31763879 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.180502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantum theory predicts intriguing dynamics during drastic changes of external conditions. We switch the trapping field of two ions sufficiently fast to tear apart quantum fluctuations, i.e., create pairs of phonons and, thereby, squeeze the ions' motional state. This process can be interpreted as an experimental analog to cosmological particle creation and is accompanied by the formation of spatial entanglement. Hence, our platform allows one to study the causal connections of squeezing, pair creation, and entanglement and might permit one to cross-fertilize between concepts in cosmology and applications of quantum information processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wittemer
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frederick Hakelberg
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philip Kiefer
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Philipp Schröder
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Fey
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Fachbereich Physik, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Schützhold
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Warring
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Schaetz
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sánchez-Burillo E, Martín-Moreno L, García-Ripoll JJ, Zueco D. Single Photons by Quenching the Vacuum. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:013601. [PMID: 31386390 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.013601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle implies that the quantum vacuum is not empty but fluctuates. These fluctuations can be converted into radiation through nonadiabatic changes in the Hamiltonian. Here, we discuss how to control this vacuum radiation, engineering a single-photon emitter out of a two-level system (2LS) ultrastrongly coupled to a finite-band waveguide in a vacuum state. More precisely, we show the 2LS nonlinearity shapes the vacuum radiation into a non-Gaussian superposition of even and odd cat states. When the 2LS bare frequency lays within the band gaps, this emission can be well approximated by individual photons. This picture is confirmed by a characterization of the ground and bound states, and a study of the dynamics with matrix-product states and polaron Hamiltonian methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - L Martín-Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J J García-Ripoll
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, IFF-CSIC, Calle Serrano 113b, Madrid E-28006
| | - D Zueco
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundación ARAID, Paseo María Agustín 36, E-50004 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Svidzinsky AA, Ben-Benjamin JS, Fulling SA, Page DN. Excitation of an Atom by a Uniformly Accelerated Mirror through Virtual Transitions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:071301. [PMID: 30169085 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.071301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We find that uniformly accelerated motion of a mirror yields excitation of a static two-level atom with simultaneous emission of a real photon. This occurs because of virtual transitions with probability governed by the Planck factor involving the photon frequency ν and the Unruh temperature. The result is different from the Unruh radiation of an accelerated atom, which is governed by the frequency of the atom, ω, rather than frequency of the emitted photon. We also find that the excitation probability oscillates as a function of the atomic position because of interference between contributions from the waves incident on and reflected from the mirror.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Don N Page
- University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Qu K, Jia Q, Edwards MR, Fisch NJ. Theory of electromagnetic wave frequency upconversion in dynamic media. Phys Rev E 2018; 98:023202. [PMID: 30253507 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.98.023202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Frequency upconversion of an electromagnetic wave can occur in ionized plasma with decreasing electric permittivity and in split-ring resonator-structure metamaterials with decreasing magnetic permeability. We develop a general theory to describe the evolution of the wave frequency, amplitude, and energy density in homogeneous media with a temporally decreasing refractive index. We find that upconversion of the wave frequency is necessarily accompanied by partitioning of the wave energy into low-frequency modes, which sets an upper limit on the energy conversion efficiency. The efficiency limits are obtained for both varying permittivity and varying permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Qu
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Qing Jia
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Matthew R Edwards
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Fisch
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
We report development and microwave characterization of rf SQUID (Superconducting QUantum Interference Device) qubits, consisting of an aluminium-based Josephson junction embedded in a superconducting loop patterned from a thin film of TiN with high kinetic inductance. Here we demonstrate that the systems can offer small physical size, high anharmonicity, and small scatter of device parameters. The work constitutes a non-tunable prototype realization of an rf SQUID qubit built on the kinetic inductance of a superconducting nanowire, proposed in Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 027002 (2010). The hybrid devices can be utilized as tools to shed further light onto the origin of film dissipation and decoherence in phase-slip nanowire qubits, patterned entirely from disordered superconducting films.
Collapse
|
29
|
Shahmoon E, Leonhardt U. Electronic zero-point fluctuation forces inside circuit components. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaaq0842. [PMID: 29719863 PMCID: PMC5922796 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaq0842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the most intriguing manifestations of quantum zero-point fluctuations are the van der Waals and Casimir forces, often associated with vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. We study generalized fluctuation potentials acting on internal degrees of freedom of components in electrical circuits. These electronic Casimir-like potentials are induced by the zero-point current fluctuations of any general conductive circuit. For realistic examples of an electromechanical capacitor and a superconducting qubit, our results reveal the possibility of tunable forces between the capacitor plates, or the level shifts of the qubit, respectively. Our analysis suggests an alternative route toward the exploration of Casimir-like fluctuation potentials, namely, by characterizing and measuring them as a function of parameters of the environment. These tunable potentials may be useful for future nanoelectromechanical and quantum technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim Shahmoon
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ulf Leonhardt
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 761001, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Villar PI, Soba A. Adaptive numerical algorithms to simulate the dynamical Casimir effect in a closed cavity with different boundary conditions. Phys Rev E 2018; 96:013307. [PMID: 29347069 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.013307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We present an alternative numerical approach to compute the number of particles created inside a cavity due to time-dependent boundary conditions. The physical model consists of a rectangular cavity, where a wall always remains still while the other wall of the cavity presents a smooth movement in one direction. The method relies on the setting of the boundary conditions (Dirichlet and Neumann) and the following resolution of the corresponding equations of modes. By a further comparison between the ground state before and after the movement of the cavity wall, we finally compute the number of particles created. To demonstrate the method, we investigate the creation of particle production in vibrating cavities, confirming previously known results in the appropriate limits. Within this approach, the dynamical Casimir effect can be investigated, making it possible to study a variety of scenarios where no analytical results are known. Of special interest is, of course, the realistic case of the electromagnetic field in a three-dimensional cavity, with transverse electric (TE)-mode and transverse magnetic (TM)-mode photon production. Furthermore, with our approach we are able to calculate numerically the particle creation in a tuneable resonant superconducting cavity by the use of the generalized Robin boundary condition. We compare the numerical results with analytical predictions as well as a different numerical approach. Its extension to three dimensions is also straightforward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula I Villar
- Departamento de Física Juan José Giambiagi, FCEyN UBA and IFIBA CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón I, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Soba
- CNEA-CONICET centro Atómico Constituyentes, Avenida General Paz 1499, San Martín, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Silveri MP, Tuorila JA, Thuneberg EV, Paraoanu GS. Quantum systems under frequency modulation. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:056002. [PMID: 28379844 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa5170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We review the physical phenomena that arise when quantum mechanical energy levels are modulated in time. The dynamics resulting from changes in the transition frequency is a problem studied since the early days of quantum mechanics. It has been of constant interest both experimentally and theoretically since, with the simple two-state model providing an inexhaustible source of novel concepts. When the transition frequency of a quantum system is modulated, several phenomena can be observed, such as Landau-Zener-Stückelberg-Majorana interference, motional averaging and narrowing, and the formation of dressed states with the appearance of sidebands in the spectrum. Adiabatic changes result in the accumulation of geometric phases, which can be used to create topological states. In recent years, an exquisite experimental control in the time domain was gained through the parameters entering the Hamiltonian, and high-fidelity readout schemes allowed the state of the system to be monitored non-destructively. These developments were made in the field of quantum devices, especially in superconducting qubits, as a well as in atomic physics, in particular in ultracold gases. As a result of these advances, it became possible to demonstrate many of the fundamental effects that arise in a quantum system when its transition frequencies are modulated. The purpose of this review is to present some of these developments, from two-state atoms and harmonic oscillators to multilevel and many-particle systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Silveri
- Department of Physics, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland. Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Entanglement of superconducting qubits via acceleration radiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:657. [PMID: 28386085 PMCID: PMC5429651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00770-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that simulated relativistic motion can generate entanglement between artificial atoms and protect them from spontaneous emission. We consider a pair of superconducting qubits coupled to a resonator mode, where the modulation of the coupling strength can mimic the harmonic motion of the qubits at relativistic speeds, generating acceleration radiation. We find the optimal feasible conditions for generating a stationary entangled state between the qubits when they are initially prepared in their ground state. Furthermore, we analyse the effects of motion on the probability of spontaneous emission in the standard scenarios of single-atom and two-atom superradiance, where one or two excitations are initially present. Finally, we show that relativistic motion induces sub-radiance and can generate a Zeno-like effect, preserving the excitations from radiative decay.
Collapse
|
33
|
Marino J, Recati A, Carusotto I. Casimir Forces and Quantum Friction from Ginzburg Radiation in Atomic Bose-Einstein Condensates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:045301. [PMID: 28186806 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.045301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically propose an experimentally viable scheme to use an impurity atom in an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate, in order to realize condensed-matter analogs of quantum vacuum effects. In a suitable atomic level configuration, the collisional interaction between the impurity atom and the density fluctuations in the condensate can be tailored to closely reproduce the electric-dipole coupling of quantum electrodynamics. By virtue of this analogy, we recover and extend the paradigm of electromagnetic vacuum forces to the domain of cold atoms, showing in particular the emergence, at supersonic atomic speeds, of a novel power-law scaling of the Casimir force felt by the atomic impurity, as well as the occurrence of a quantum frictional force, accompanied by the Ginzburg emission of Bogoliubov quanta. Observable consequences of these quantum vacuum effects in realistic spectroscopic experiments are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamir Marino
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, TU Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alessio Recati
- Physik Department, TU München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Italy
| | - Iacopo Carusotto
- INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Freitas N, Paz JP. Fundamental limits for cooling of linear quantum refrigerators. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:012146. [PMID: 28208454 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.012146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We study the asymptotic dynamics of arbitrary linear quantum open systems that are periodically driven while coupled with generic bosonic reservoirs. We obtain exact results for the heat flowing from each reservoir, and these results are valid beyond the weak-coupling or Markovian approximations. We prove the validity of the dynamical third law of thermodynamics (Nernst unattainability principle), showing that the ultimate limit for cooling is imposed by a fundamental heating mechanism that dominates at low temperatures, namely the nonresonant creation of excitation pairs in the reservoirs induced by the driving field. This quantum effect, which is missed in the weak-coupling approximation, restores the unattainability principle, the validity of which was recently challenged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahuel Freitas
- Departamento de Física, FCEyN, UBA, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina and Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires, UBA CONICET, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Paz
- Departamento de Física, FCEyN, UBA, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina and Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires, UBA CONICET, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nieminen T, Lähteenmäki P, Tan Z, Cox D, Hakonen PJ. Low-noise correlation measurements based on software-defined-radio receivers and cooled microwave amplifiers. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:114706. [PMID: 27910622 DOI: 10.1063/1.4966971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a microwave correlation measurement system based on two low-cost USB-connected software defined radio dongles modified to operate as coherent receivers by using a common local oscillator. Existing software is used to obtain I/Q samples from both dongles simultaneously at a software tunable frequency. To achieve low noise, we introduce an easy low-noise solution for cryogenic amplification at 600-900 MHz based on single discrete HEMT with 21 dB gain and 7 K noise temperature. In addition, we discuss the quantization effects in a digital correlation measurement and determination of optimal integration time by applying Allan deviation analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Nieminen
- Low Temperature Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Pasi Lähteenmäki
- Low Temperature Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Zhenbing Tan
- Low Temperature Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Daniel Cox
- Low Temperature Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Pertti J Hakonen
- Low Temperature Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
|
38
|
Coherence and multimode correlations from vacuum fluctuations in a microwave superconducting cavity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12548. [PMID: 27562246 PMCID: PMC5007450 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of vacuum fluctuations is one of the most important predictions of modern quantum field theory. In the vacuum state, fluctuations occurring at different frequencies are uncorrelated. However, if a parameter in the Lagrangian of the field is modulated by an external pump, vacuum fluctuations stimulate spontaneous downconversion processes, creating squeezing between modes symmetric with respect to half of the frequency of the pump. Here we show that by double parametric pumping of a superconducting microwave cavity, it is possible to generate another type of correlation, namely coherence between photons in separate frequency modes. The coherence correlations are tunable by the phases of the pumps and are established by a quantum fluctuation that stimulates the simultaneous creation of two photon pairs. Our analysis indicates that the origin of this vacuum-induced coherence is the absence of which-way information in the frequency space. Vacuum fluctuations can produce observable phenomena which can potentially be harnessed, for example using the dynamical Casimir effect. Here, the authors show that, on the basis of the same effect, it is possible to establish distinct two-mode coherence correlations in a pumped microwave cavity owing to absence of which-way information.
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Silva JDL, Braga AN, Rego AL, Alves DT. Interference phenomena in the dynamical Casimir effect for a single mirror with Robin conditions. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.92.025040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
41
|
Dodonov VV. Dynamical Casimir effect in microwave cavities containing nonlinear crystals. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:214009. [PMID: 25965975 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/21/214009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
I consider a possibility of parametric amplification of the microwave vacuum field in a reentrant cavity enclosing a nonlinear crystal whose refractive index is modulated by periodic high-intensity short laser pulses. The main result is that the total number of created 'Casimir quanta' depends neither on the laser beam shape, nor on the duration or power of individual pulses, but it depends on the total energy of all the pulses, provided the duration of each pulse is much shorter than the period of field oscillations in the selected resonant mode. The scheme can be feasible if reliable materials with high nonlinear coefficients can be found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V V Dodonov
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de Brasília, PO Box 04455, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Doukas J, Louko J. Superconducting circuit boundary conditions beyond the dynamical Casimir effect. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.91.044010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
44
|
Lozovik Y, Shapiro D, Zhukov A, Pogosov W. Dynamical Lamb Effect: Prediction and Possibility of Experimental Detection. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201510301009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
45
|
Navarrete-Benlloch C, García-Ripoll JJ, Porras D. Inducing nonclassical lasing via periodic drivings in circuit quantum electrodynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:193601. [PMID: 25415906 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.193601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We show how a pair of superconducting qubits coupled to a microwave cavity mode can be used to engineer a single-atom laser that emits light into a nonclassical state. Our scheme relies on the dressing of the qubit-field coupling by periodic modulations of the qubit energy. In the dressed basis, the radiative decay of the first qubit becomes an effective incoherent pumping mechanism that injects energy into the system, hence turning dissipation to our advantage. A second, auxiliary qubit is used to shape the decay within the cavity, in such a way that lasing occurs in a squeezed basis of the cavity mode. We characterize the system both by mean-field theory and exact calculations. Our work may find applications in the generation of squeezing and entanglement in circuit QED, as well as in the study of dissipative few- and many-body phase transitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diego Porras
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN19QH, United Kingdom and Departamento de Física Teórica I, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Felicetti S, Sanz M, Lamata L, Romero G, Johansson G, Delsing P, Solano E. Dynamical Casimir effect entangles artificial atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:093602. [PMID: 25215982 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.093602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We show that the physics underlying the dynamical Casimir effect may generate multipartite quantum correlations. To achieve it, we propose a circuit quantum electrodynamics scenario involving superconducting quantum interference devices, cavities, and superconducting qubits, also called artificial atoms. Our results predict the generation of highly entangled states for two and three superconducting qubits in different geometric configurations with realistic parameters. This proposal paves the way for a scalable method of multipartite entanglement generation in cavity networks through dynamical Casimir physics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Felicetti
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - M Sanz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - L Lamata
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - G Romero
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - G Johansson
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - P Delsing
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - E Solano
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain and IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo 36, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Quantum electromagnetic fluctuations induce forces between neutral particles, known as the van der Waals and Casimir interactions. These fundamental forces, mediated by virtual photons from the vacuum, play an important role in basic physics and chemistry and in emerging technologies involving, e.g., microelectromechanical systems or quantum information processing. Here we show that these interactions can be enhanced by many orders of magnitude upon changing the character of the mediating vacuum modes. By considering two polarizable particles in the vicinity of any standard electric transmission line, along which photons can propagate in one dimension, we find a much stronger and longer-range interaction than in free space. This enhancement may have profound implications on many-particle and bulk systems and impact the quantum technologies mentioned above. The predicted giant vacuum force is estimated to be measurable in a coplanar waveguide line.
Collapse
|
48
|
Antezza M, Braggio C, Carugno G, Noto A, Passante R, Rizzuto L, Ruoso G, Spagnolo S. Optomechanical Rydberg-atom excitation via dynamic Casimir-Polder coupling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:023601. [PMID: 25062178 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.023601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We study the optomechanical coupling of a oscillating effective mirror with a Rydberg atomic gas, mediated by the dynamical atom-mirror Casimir-Polder force. This coupling may produce a near-field resonant atomic excitation whose probability scales as ∝(d(2)an(4)t)(2)/z(0)(8), where z(0) is the average atom-surface distance, d the atomic dipole moment, a the mirror's effective oscillation amplitude, n the initial principal quantum number, and t the time. We propose an experimental configuration to realize this system with a cold atom gas trapped at a distance ∼2×10 μm from a semiconductor substrate whose dielectric constant is periodically driven by an external laser pulse, hence realizing an effective mechanical mirror motion due to the periodic change of the substrate from transparent to reflecting. For a parabolic gas shape, this effect is predicted to excite about ∼10(2) atoms of a dilute gas of 10(3) trapped Rydberg atoms with n=75 after about 0.5 μs, which is high enough to be detected in typical Rydberg gas experimental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Antezza
- Université Montpellier 2, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, F-34095 Montpellier, France and CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, F-34095 Montpellier, France and Institut Universitaire de France - 103, bd Saint-Michel, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Caterina Braggio
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Carugno
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Noto
- Université Montpellier 2, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, F-34095 Montpellier, France and CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, F-34095 Montpellier, France and Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Universitá degli Studi di Palermo and CNISM, Via Archirafi 36, I-90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Passante
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Universitá degli Studi di Palermo and CNISM, Via Archirafi 36, I-90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Lucia Rizzuto
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Universitá degli Studi di Palermo and CNISM, Via Archirafi 36, I-90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ruoso
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Universitá 2, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Salvatore Spagnolo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Universitá degli Studi di Palermo and CNISM, Via Archirafi 36, I-90123 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gramich V, Gasparinetti S, Solinas P, Ankerhold J. Lamb-shift enhancement and detection in strongly driven superconducting circuits. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:027001. [PMID: 25062221 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.027001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It is shown that strong driving of a quantum system substantially enhances the Lamb shift induced by broadband reservoirs, which are typical for solid-state devices. By varying drive parameters the impact of environmental vacuum fluctuations with continuous spectral distribution onto system observables can be tuned in a distinctive way. This provides experimentally feasible measurement schemes for the Lamb shift in superconducting circuits based on Cooper pair boxes, where it can be detected either in shifted dressed transition frequencies or in pumped charge currents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Gramich
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany and Low Temperature Laboratory (OVLL), Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 13500, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Simone Gasparinetti
- Low Temperature Laboratory (OVLL), Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 13500, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Paolo Solinas
- Low Temperature Laboratory (OVLL), Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 13500, 00076 Aalto, Finland and SPIN-CNR, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Joachim Ankerhold
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Busch X, Parentani R. Quantum entanglement in analogue Hawking radiation: When is the final state nonseparable? Int J Clin Exp Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.89.105024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|