1
|
Irving M. Functional control of myosin motors in the cardiac cycle. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024:10.1038/s41569-024-01063-5. [PMID: 39030271 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-024-01063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Contraction of the heart is driven by cyclical interactions between myosin and actin filaments powered by ATP hydrolysis. The modular structure of heart muscle and the organ-level synchrony of the heartbeat ensure tight reciprocal coupling between this myosin ATPase cycle and the macroscopic cardiac cycle. The myosin motors respond to the cyclical activation of the actin and myosin filaments to drive the pressure changes that control the inflow and outflow valves of the heart chambers. Opening and closing of the valves in turn switches the myosin motors between roughly isometric and roughly isotonic contraction modes. Peak filament stress in the heart is much smaller than in fully activated skeletal muscle, although the myosin filaments in the two muscle types have the same number of myosin motors. Calculations indicate that only ~5% of the myosin motors in the heart are needed to generate peak systolic pressure, although many more motors are needed to drive ejection. Tight regulation of the number of active motors is essential for the efficient functioning of the healthy heart - this control is commonly disrupted by gene variants associated with inherited heart disease, and its restoration might be a useful end point in the development of novel therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Irving
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics and BHF Centre for Research Excellence, King's College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Childers MC, Geeves MA, Regnier M. An atomistic model of myosin interacting heads motif dynamics and their modification by 2'-deoxy-ADP. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.06.597809. [PMID: 38895221 PMCID: PMC11185614 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.06.597809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The contraction of striated muscle is driven by cycling myosin motor proteins embedded within the thick filaments of sarcomeres. In addition to cross-bridge cycling with actin, these myosin proteins can enter an inactive, sequestered state in which the globular S1 heads rest along the thick filament surface and are unable to perform motor activities. Structurally, this state is called the interacting heads motif (IHM) and is a critical conformational state of myosin that regulates muscle contractility and energy expenditure. Structural perturbation of the sequestered state via missense mutations can pathologically disrupt the mechanical performance of muscle tissue. Thus, the IHM state has become a target for therapeutic intervention. An ATP analogue called 2'-deoxy-ATP (dATP) is a potent myosin activator which destabilizes the IHM. Here we use molecular dynamics simulations to study the molecular mechanisms by which dATP modifies the structure and dynamics of myosin in a sequestered state. Simulations with IHM containing ADP.Pi in both nucleotide binding pockets revealed residual dynamics in an otherwise 'inactive' and 'sequestered' state of a motor protein. Replacement of ADP.Pi by dADP.Pi triggered a series of structural changes that modify the protein-protein interface that stabilizes the sequestered state, and changes to this interface were accompanied by allosteric changes in remote regions of the protein complex. A comparative analysis of these dynamics predicted new structural sites that may affect IHM stability.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kelly CM, Martin JL, Previs MJ. Myosin folding boosts solubility in cardiac muscle sarcomeres. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e178131. [PMID: 38483507 PMCID: PMC11141871 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.178131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The polymerization of myosin molecules into thick filaments in muscle sarcomeres is essential for cardiac contractility, with the attenuation of interactions between the heads of myosin molecules within the filaments being proposed to result in hypercontractility, as observed in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, experimental evidence demonstrates that the structure of these giant macromolecular complexes is highly dynamic, with molecules exchanging between the filaments and a pool of soluble molecules on the minute timescale. Therefore, we sought to test the hypothesis that the enhancement of interactions between the heads of myosin molecules within thick filaments limits the mobility of myosin by taking advantage of mavacamten, a small molecule approved for the treatment of HCM. Myosin molecules were labeled in vivo with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) and imaged in intact hearts using multiphoton microscopy. Treatment of the intact hearts with mavacamten resulted in an unexpected > 5-fold enhancement in GFP-myosin mobility within the sarcomere. In vitro biochemical assays suggested that mavacamten enhanced the mobility of GFP-myosin by increasing the solubility of myosin molecules, through the stabilization of a compact/folded conformation of the molecules, once disassociated from the thick filaments. These findings provide alternative insight into the mechanisms by which molecules exchange into and out of thick filaments and have implications for how mavacamten may affect cardiac contractility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Kelly
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Department, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Jody L Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael J Previs
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Department, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Doh CY, Schmidt AV, Chinthalapudi K, Stelzer JE. Bringing into focus the central domains C3-C6 of myosin binding protein C. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1370539. [PMID: 38487262 PMCID: PMC10937550 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1370539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Myosin binding protein C (MyBPC) is a multi-domain protein with each region having a distinct functional role in muscle contraction. The central domains of MyBPC have often been overlooked due to their unclear roles. However, recent research shows promise in understanding their potential structural and regulatory functions. Understanding the central region of MyBPC is important because it may have specialized function that can be used as drug targets or for disease-specific therapies. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the evolution of our understanding of the central domains of MyBPC in regard to its domain structures, arrangement and dynamics, interaction partners, hypothesized functions, disease-causing mutations, and post-translational modifications. We highlight key research studies that have helped advance our understanding of the central region. Lastly, we discuss gaps in our current understanding and potential avenues to further research and discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yoon Doh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Alexandra V. Schmidt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Krishna Chinthalapudi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Julian E. Stelzer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen L, Liu J, Rastegarpouyani H, Janssen PML, Pinto JR, Taylor KA. Structure of mavacamten-free human cardiac thick filaments within the sarcomere by cryoelectron tomography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2311883121. [PMID: 38386705 PMCID: PMC10907299 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311883121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart muscle has the unique property that it can never rest; all cardiomyocytes contract with each heartbeat which requires a complex control mechanism to regulate cardiac output to physiological requirements. Changes in calcium concentration regulate the thin filament activation. A separate but linked mechanism regulates the thick filament activation, which frees sufficient myosin heads to bind the thin filament, thereby producing the required force. Thick filaments contain additional nonmyosin proteins, myosin-binding protein C and titin, the latter being the protein that transmits applied tension to the thick filament. How these three proteins interact to control thick filament activation is poorly understood. Here, we show using 3-D image reconstruction of frozen-hydrated human cardiac muscle myofibrils lacking exogenous drugs that the thick filament is structured to provide three levels of myosin activation corresponding to the three crowns of myosin heads in each 429Å repeat. In one crown, the myosin heads are almost completely activated and disordered. In another crown, many myosin heads are inactive, ordered into a structure called the interacting heads motif. At the third crown, the myosin heads are ordered into the interacting heads motif, but the stability of that motif is affected by myosin-binding protein C. We think that this hierarchy of control explains many of the effects of length-dependent activation as well as stretch activation in cardiac muscle control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL32306
| | - Jun Liu
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT06516
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06536
| | - Hosna Rastegarpouyani
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL32306
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL32306
| | - Paul M. L. Janssen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH43210
| | - Jose R. Pinto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL32306
| | - Kenneth A. Taylor
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL32306
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL32306
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Force generation in striated muscle is primarily controlled by structural changes in the actin-containing thin filaments triggered by an increase in intracellular calcium concentration. However, recent studies have elucidated a new class of regulatory mechanisms, based on the myosin-containing thick filament, that control the strength and speed of contraction by modulating the availability of myosin motors for the interaction with actin. This review summarizes the mechanisms of thin and thick filament activation that regulate the contractility of skeletal and cardiac muscle. A novel dual-filament paradigm of muscle regulation is emerging, in which the dynamics of force generation depends on the coordinated activation of thin and thick filaments. We highlight the interfilament signaling pathways based on titin and myosin-binding protein-C that couple thin and thick filament regulatory mechanisms. This dual-filament regulation mediates the length-dependent activation of cardiac muscle that underlies the control of the cardiac output in each heartbeat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Brunello
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Luca Fusi
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; ,
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tanner BCW. Design Principles and Benefits of Spatially Explicit Models of Myofilament Function. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2735:43-62. [PMID: 38038843 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3527-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Spatially explicit models of muscle contraction include fine-scale details about the spatial, kinetic, and/or mechanical properties of the biological processes being represented within the model network. Over the past 25 years, this has primarily consisted of a set of mathematical and computational algorithms representing myosin cross-bridge activity, Ca2+-activation of contraction, and ensemble force production within a half-sarcomere representation of the myofilament network. Herein we discuss basic design principles associated with creating spatially explicit models of myofilament function, as well as model assumptions underlying model development. A brief overview of computational approaches is introduced. Opportunities for new model directions that could investigate coupled regulatory pathways between the thick-filament and thin-filaments are also presented. Given the modular design and flexibility associated with spatially explicit models, we highlight some advantages of this approach compared to other model formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand C W Tanner
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Caremani M, Fusi L, Reconditi M, Piazzesi G, Narayanan T, Irving M, Lombardi V, Linari M, Brunello E. Dependence of myosin filament structure on intracellular calcium concentration in skeletal muscle. J Gen Physiol 2023; 155:e202313393. [PMID: 37756601 PMCID: PMC10533363 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202313393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Contraction of skeletal muscle is triggered by an increase in intracellular calcium concentration that relieves the structural block on actin-binding sites in resting muscle, potentially allowing myosin motors to bind and generate force. However, most myosin motors are not available for actin binding because they are stabilized in folded helical tracks on the surface of myosin-containing thick filaments. High-force contraction depends on the release of the folded motors, which can be triggered by stress in the thick filament backbone, but additional mechanisms may link the activation of the thick filaments to that of the thin filaments or to intracellular calcium concentration. Here, we used x-ray diffraction in combination with temperature-jump activation to determine the steady-state calcium dependence of thick filament structure and myosin motor conformation in near-physiological conditions. We found that x-ray signals associated with the perpendicular motors characteristic of isometric force generation had almost the same calcium sensitivity as force, but x-ray signals associated with perturbations in the folded myosin helix had a much higher calcium sensitivity. Moreover, a new population of myosin motors with a longer axial periodicity became prominent at low levels of calcium activation and may represent an intermediate regulatory state of the myosin motors in the physiological pathway of filament activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Fusi
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, London, UK
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Massimo Reconditi
- PhysioLab, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Malcolm Irving
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Marco Linari
- PhysioLab, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Brunello
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kelly CM, Martin JL, Coseno M, Previs MJ. Visualization of cardiac thick filament dynamics in ex vivo heart preparations. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2023; 185:88-98. [PMID: 37923195 PMCID: PMC10959293 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cardiac muscle cells are terminally differentiated after birth and must beat continually throughout one's lifetime. This mechanical process is driven by the sliding of actin-based thin filaments along myosin-based thick filaments, organized within sarcomeres. Despite costly energetic demand, the half-life of the proteins that comprise the cardiac thick filaments is ∼10 days, with individual molecules being replaced stochastically, by unknown mechanisms. OBJECTIVES To allow for the stochastic replacement of molecules, we hypothesized that the structure of thick filaments must be highly dynamic in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS To test this hypothesis in adult mouse hearts, we replaced a fraction of the endogenous myosin regulatory light chain (RLC), a component of thick filaments, with GFP-labeled RLC by adeno-associated viral (AAV) transduction. The RLC-GFP was properly localized to the heads of the myosin molecules within thick filaments in ex vivo heart preparations and had no effect on heart size or actin filament siding in vitro. However, the localization of the RLC-GFP molecules was highly mobile, changing its position within the sarcomere on the minute timescale, when quantified by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) using multiphoton microscopy. Interestingly, RLC-GFP mobility was restricted to within the boundaries of single sarcomeres. When cardiomyocytes were lysed, the RLC-GFP remained strongly bound to myosin heavy chain, and the intact myosin molecules adopted a folded, compact configuration, when disassociated from the filaments at physiological ionic conditions. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the structure of the thick filament is highly dynamic in the intact heart, with a rate of molecular exchange into and out of thick filaments that is ∼1500 times faster than that required for the replacement of molecules through protein synthesis or degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Kelly
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Department, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, United States of America
| | - Jody L Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 90095, United States of America
| | - Molly Coseno
- Fluidic Analytics, The Paddocks Business Centre, Cambridge CB1 8DH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Previs
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Department, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Parijat P, Attili S, Hoare Z, Shattock M, Kenyon V, Kampourakis T. Discovery of a novel cardiac-specific myosin modulator using artificial intelligence-based virtual screening. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7692. [PMID: 38001148 PMCID: PMC10673995 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct modulation of cardiac myosin function has emerged as a therapeutic target for both heart disease and heart failure. However, the development of myosin-based therapeutics has been hampered by the lack of targeted in vitro screening assays. In this study we use Artificial Intelligence-based virtual high throughput screening (vHTS) to identify novel small molecule effectors of human β-cardiac myosin. We test the top scoring compounds from vHTS in biochemical counter-screens and identify a novel chemical scaffold called 'F10' as a cardiac-specific low-micromolar myosin inhibitor. Biochemical and biophysical characterization in both isolated proteins and muscle fibers show that F10 stabilizes both the biochemical (i.e. super-relaxed state) and structural (i.e. interacting heads motif) OFF state of cardiac myosin, and reduces force and left ventricular pressure development in isolated myofilaments and Langendorff-perfused hearts, respectively. F10 is a tunable scaffold for the further development of a novel class of myosin modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Parijat
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics; and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Seetharamaiah Attili
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics; and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Hoare
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences; Rayne Institute and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Shattock
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences; Rayne Institute and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas Kampourakis
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics; and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tamborrini D, Wang Z, Wagner T, Tacke S, Stabrin M, Grange M, Kho AL, Rees M, Bennett P, Gautel M, Raunser S. Structure of the native myosin filament in the relaxed cardiac sarcomere. Nature 2023; 623:863-871. [PMID: 37914933 PMCID: PMC10665186 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The thick filament is a key component of sarcomeres, the basic units of striated muscle1. Alterations in thick filament proteins are associated with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and other heart and muscle diseases2. Despite the central importance of the thick filament, its molecular organization remains unclear. Here we present the molecular architecture of native cardiac sarcomeres in the relaxed state, determined by cryo-electron tomography. Our reconstruction of the thick filament reveals the three-dimensional organization of myosin, titin and myosin-binding protein C (MyBP-C). The arrangement of myosin molecules is dependent on their position along the filament, suggesting specialized capacities in terms of strain susceptibility and force generation. Three pairs of titin-α and titin-β chains run axially along the filament, intertwining with myosin tails and probably orchestrating the length-dependent activation of the sarcomere. Notably, whereas the three titin-α chains run along the entire length of the thick filament, titin-β chains do not. The structure also demonstrates that MyBP-C bridges thin and thick filaments, with its carboxy-terminal region binding to the myosin tails and directly stabilizing the OFF state of the myosin heads in an unforeseen manner. These results provide a foundation for future research investigating muscle disorders involving sarcomeric components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Tamborrini
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Zhexin Wang
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
- Structural Studies Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thorsten Wagner
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Tacke
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Markus Stabrin
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Grange
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot, UK
| | - Ay Lin Kho
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Kings College London BHF Centre of Research Excellence, London, UK
| | - Martin Rees
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Kings College London BHF Centre of Research Excellence, London, UK
| | - Pauline Bennett
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Kings College London BHF Centre of Research Excellence, London, UK
| | - Mathias Gautel
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Kings College London BHF Centre of Research Excellence, London, UK
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dutta D, Nguyen V, Campbell KS, Padrón R, Craig R. Cryo-EM structure of the human cardiac myosin filament. Nature 2023; 623:853-862. [PMID: 37914935 PMCID: PMC10846670 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Pumping of the heart is powered by filaments of the motor protein myosin that pull on actin filaments to generate cardiac contraction. In addition to myosin, the filaments contain cardiac myosin-binding protein C (cMyBP-C), which modulates contractility in response to physiological stimuli, and titin, which functions as a scaffold for filament assembly1. Myosin, cMyBP-C and titin are all subject to mutation, which can lead to heart failure. Despite the central importance of cardiac myosin filaments to life, their molecular structure has remained a mystery for 60 years2. Here we solve the structure of the main (cMyBP-C-containing) region of the human cardiac filament using cryo-electron microscopy. The reconstruction reveals the architecture of titin and cMyBP-C and shows how myosin's motor domains (heads) form three different types of motif (providing functional flexibility), which interact with each other and with titin and cMyBP-C to dictate filament architecture and function. The packing of myosin tails in the filament backbone is also resolved. The structure suggests how cMyBP-C helps to generate the cardiac super-relaxed state3; how titin and cMyBP-C may contribute to length-dependent activation4; and how mutations in myosin and cMyBP-C might disturb interactions, causing disease5,6. The reconstruction resolves past uncertainties and integrates previous data on cardiac muscle structure and function. It provides a new paradigm for interpreting structural, physiological and clinical observations, and for the design of potential therapeutic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Dutta
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Vu Nguyen
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Campbell
- Department of Physiology and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Raúl Padrón
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Roger Craig
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Quedan D, Singh R, Akel A, Bernardino AL, Thang C, Bhaskaruni M, Haldankar A, Tanner BCW, Root DD. Cooperative & competitive binding of anti-myosin tail antibodies revealed by super-resolution microscopy. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 747:109753. [PMID: 37714251 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The MF30 monoclonal antibody, which binds to the myosin subfragment-2 (S2), was found to increase the extent of myofibril shortening. Yet, previous observations found no effect of this antibody on actin sliding over myosin during in vitro motility assays with purified proteins in which myosin binding protein C (MyBPC) was absent. MF30 is hypothesized to enhance the availability of myosin heads (subfragment-1 or S1) to bind actin by destabilizing the myosin S2 coiled-coil and sterically blocking S2 from binding S1. The mechanism of action likely includes MF30's substantial size, thereby inhibiting S1 heads and MyBPC from binding S2. Hypothetically, MF30 should enhance the ON state of myosin, thereby increasing muscle contraction. Our findings indicate that MF30 binds preferentially to the unfolded heavy chains of S2, displaying positive cooperativity. However, the dose-response curve of MF30's enhancement of myofibril shortening did not suggest complex interactions with S2. Single, double, and triple-stained myofibrils with increasing amounts of antibodies against myosin rods indicate a possible competition with MyBPC. Additional assays revealed decreased fluorescence intensity at the C-zone (central zone in the sarcomere, where MyBPC is located), where MyBPC may inhibit MF30 binding. Another monoclonal antibody named MF20, which binds to the light meromyosin (LMM) without affecting myofibril contraction, showed less reduction in fluorescence intensity at the C-zone in expansion microscopy than MF30. Expansion microscopy images of myofibrils labeled with MF20 revealed labeling of the A-band (anisotropic band) and a slight reduction in the labeling at the C-zone. The staining pattern obtained from the expansion microscopy image was consistent with images from photolocalization microscopy which required the synthesis of unique photoactivatable quantum dots, and Zeiss Airyscan imaging as well as alternative expansion microscopy digestion methods. Consistent with the hypothesis that MF30 competes with MyBPC binding to S2, cardiac tissue from MyBPC knockout mice was stained more intensely, especially in the C-zone, by MF30 compared to the wild type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dua'a Quedan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Rohit Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Amal Akel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Andrea L Bernardino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Christopher Thang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Mithilesh Bhaskaruni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Anushka Haldankar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Bertrand C W Tanner
- Department of Integrative Physiology & Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Douglas D Root
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ma W, Lee KH, Delligatti CE, Davis MT, Zheng Y, Gong H, Kirk JA, Craig R, Irving T. The structural and functional integrities of porcine myocardium are mostly preserved by cryopreservation. J Gen Physiol 2023; 155:e202313345. [PMID: 37398997 PMCID: PMC10318404 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202313345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional studies of heart muscle are important to gain insights into the physiological bases of cardiac muscle contraction and the pathological bases of heart disease. While fresh muscle tissue works best for these kinds of studies, this is not always practical to obtain, especially for heart tissue from large animal models and humans. Conversely, tissue banks of frozen human hearts are available and could be a tremendous resource for translational research. It is not well understood, however, how liquid nitrogen freezing and cryostorage may impact the structural integrity of myocardium from large mammals. In this study, we directly compared the structural and functional integrity of never-frozen to previously frozen porcine myocardium to investigate the consequences of freezing and cryostorage. X-ray diffraction measurements from hydrated tissue under near-physiological conditions and electron microscope images from chemically fixed porcine myocardium showed that prior freezing has only minor effects on structural integrity of the muscle. Furthermore, mechanical studies similarly showed no significant differences in contractile capabilities of porcine myocardium with and without freezing and cryostorage. These results demonstrate that liquid nitrogen preservation is a practical approach for structural and functional studies of myocardium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Ma
- BioCAT, Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyoung Hwan Lee
- Electron Microscopy Facility, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - M. Therese Davis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yahan Zheng
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Henry Gong
- BioCAT, Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Kirk
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Roger Craig
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Irving
- BioCAT, Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang X, Torre I, Chiappi M, Yin Z, Vydyanath A, Cao S, Raschdorf O, Beeby M, Quigley B, de Tombe PP, Liu J, Morris EP, Luther PK. Cryo-electron tomography of intact cardiac muscle reveals myosin binding protein-C linking myosin and actin filaments. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2023; 44:165-178. [PMID: 37115473 PMCID: PMC10542292 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-023-09647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Myosin binding protein C (MyBP-C) is an accessory protein of the thick filament in vertebrate cardiac muscle arranged over 9 stripes of intervals of 430 Å in each half of the A-band in the region called the C-zone. Mutations in cardiac MyBP-C are a leading cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the mechanism of which is unknown. It is a rod-shaped protein composed of 10 or 11 immunoglobulin- or fibronectin-like domains labelled C0 to C10 which binds to the thick filament via its C-terminal region. MyBP-C regulates contraction in a phosphorylation dependent fashion that may be through binding of its N-terminal domains with myosin or actin. Understanding the 3D organisation of MyBP-C in the sarcomere environment may provide new light on its function. We report here the fine structure of MyBP-C in relaxed rat cardiac muscle by cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging of refrozen Tokuyasu cryosections. We find that on average MyBP-C connects via its distal end to actin across a disc perpendicular to the thick filament. The path of MyBP-C suggests that the central domains may interact with myosin heads. Surprisingly MyBP-C at Stripe 4 is different; it has weaker density than the other stripes which could result from a mainly axial or wavy path. Given that the same feature at Stripe 4 can also be found in several mammalian cardiac muscles and in some skeletal muscles, our finding may have broader implication and significance. In the D-zone, we show the first demonstration of myosin crowns arranged on a uniform 143 Å repeat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Iratxe Torre
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Michele Chiappi
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Zhan Yin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anupama Vydyanath
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Shuangyi Cao
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Morgan Beeby
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Bonnie Quigley
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Pieter P de Tombe
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Phymedexp, Université de Montpellier, Inserm, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Edward P Morris
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Jarrett Building, 351, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Pradeep K Luther
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- Cardiac Function Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Taylor KA. John Squire and the myosin thick filament structure in muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2023; 44:143-152. [PMID: 37099254 PMCID: PMC10686309 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-023-09646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the thin, actin-containing filament of muscle is both highly conserved across a broad range of muscle types and is now well understood. The structure of the thick, myosin-containing filaments of striated muscle are quite variable and remained comparatively unknown until recently, particularly in the arrangement of the myosin tails. John Squire played a major role not only in our understanding of thin filament structure and function but also in the structure of the thick filaments. Long before much was known about the structure and composition of muscle thick filaments, he proposed a general model for how myosin filaments were constructed. His role in our current understanding the structure of striated muscle thick filaments and the extent through which his predictions have held true is the topic of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Taylor
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4380, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rees M, Nikoopour R, Alexandrovich A, Pfuhl M, Lopes LR, Akhtar MM, Syrris P, Elliott P, Carr-White G, Gautel M. Structure determination and analysis of titin A-band fibronectin type III domains provides insights for disease-linked variants and protein oligomerisation. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:108009. [PMID: 37549721 PMCID: PMC10862085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2023.108009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Titin is the largest protein found in nature and spans half a sarcomere in vertebrate striated muscle. The protein has multiple functions, including in the organisation of the thick filament and acting as a molecular spring during the muscle contraction cycle. Missense variants in titin have been linked to both cardiac and skeletal myopathies. Titin is primarily composed of tandem repeats of immunoglobulin and fibronectin type III (Fn3) domains in a variety of repeat patterns; however, the vast majority of these domains have not had their high-resolution structure determined experimentally. Here, we present the crystal structures of seven wild type titin Fn3 domains and two harbouring rare missense variants reported in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients. All domains present the typical Fn3 fold, with the domains harbouring variants reported in HCM patients retaining the wild-type conformation. The effect on domain folding and stability were assessed for five rare missense variants found in HCM patients: four caused thermal destabilization of between 7 and 13 °C and one prevented the folding of its domain. The structures also allowed us to locate the positions of residues whose mutations have been linked to congenital myopathies and rationalise how they convey their deleterious effects. We find no evidence of physiological homodimer formation, excluding one hypothesised mechanism as to how titin variants could exert pathological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rees
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London BHF Centre of Research Excellence, United Kingdom.
| | - Roksana Nikoopour
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London BHF Centre of Research Excellence, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Alexandrovich
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London BHF Centre of Research Excellence, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Pfuhl
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London BHF Centre of Research Excellence, United Kingdom; School of Cardiovascular Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Luis R Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom; Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed M Akhtar
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Petros Syrris
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Perry Elliott
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom; Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerry Carr-White
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Rayne Institute, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Gautel
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London BHF Centre of Research Excellence, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Morris EP, Knupp C, Luther PK. Obituary: Professor John Michael Squire. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2023; 44:125-132. [PMID: 37665489 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-023-09656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Morris
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Jarrett Building, 351, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Carlo Knupp
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Pradeep K Luther
- Cardiac Function Section NHLI, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus ICTEM Building, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nag S, Gollapudi SK, Del Rio CL, Spudich JA, McDowell R. Mavacamten, a precision medicine for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: From a motor protein to patients. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabo7622. [PMID: 37506209 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo7622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a primary myocardial disorder characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy, hyperdynamic contraction, and impaired relaxation of the heart. These functional derangements arise directly from altered sarcomeric function due to either mutations in genes encoding sarcomere proteins, or other defects such as abnormal energetics. Current treatment options do not directly address this causal biology but focus on surgical and extra-sarcomeric (sarcolemmal) pharmacological symptomatic relief. Mavacamten (formerly known as MYK-461), is a small molecule designed to regulate cardiac function at the sarcomere level by selectively but reversibly inhibiting the enzymatic activity of myosin, the fundamental motor of the sarcomere. This review summarizes the mechanism and translational progress of mavacamten from proteins to patients, describing how the mechanism of action and pharmacological characteristics, involving both systolic and diastolic effects, can directly target pathophysiological derangements within the cardiac sarcomere to improve cardiac structure and function in HCM. Mavacamten was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in April 2022 for the treatment of obstructive HCM and now goes by the commercial name of Camzyos. Full information about the risks, limitations, and side effects can be found at www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/214998s000lbl.pdf.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Nag
- MyoKardia Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Bristol Myers Squibb, Brisbane, CA 94005, USA
| | - Sampath K Gollapudi
- MyoKardia Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Bristol Myers Squibb, Brisbane, CA 94005, USA
| | - Carlos L Del Rio
- MyoKardia Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Bristol Myers Squibb, Brisbane, CA 94005, USA
- Cardiac Consulting, 1630 S Delaware St. #56426, San Mateo, CA 94403, USA
| | | | - Robert McDowell
- MyoKardia Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Bristol Myers Squibb, Brisbane, CA 94005, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rastegarpouyani H, Yeganeh FA, Hojjatian A, Taylor KA. Optimizing the Protein Stability in Thick Filament Cryo-EM Sample Preparation Using a PEGylation Technique. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:958-959. [PMID: 37613831 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hosna Rastegarpouyani
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Fatemeh Abbasi Yeganeh
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Alimohammad Hojjatian
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Kenneth A Taylor
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Grinzato A, Auguin D, Kikuti C, Nandwani N, Moussaoui D, Pathak D, Kandiah E, Ruppel KM, Spudich JA, Houdusse A, Robert-Paganin J. Cryo-EM structure of the folded-back state of human β-cardiac myosin. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3166. [PMID: 37258552 PMCID: PMC10232470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38698-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To save energy and precisely regulate cardiac contractility, cardiac muscle myosin heads are sequestered in an 'off' state that can be converted to an 'on' state when exertion is increased. The 'off' state is equated with a folded-back structure known as the interacting-heads motif (IHM), which is a regulatory feature of all class-2 muscle and non-muscle myosins. We report here the human β-cardiac myosin IHM structure determined by cryo-electron microscopy to 3.6 Å resolution, providing details of all the interfaces stabilizing the 'off' state. The structure shows that these interfaces are hot spots of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations that are thought to cause hypercontractility by destabilizing the 'off' state. Importantly, the cardiac and smooth muscle myosin IHM structures dramatically differ, providing structural evidence for the divergent physiological regulation of these muscle types. The cardiac IHM structure will facilitate development of clinically useful new molecules that modulate IHM stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Grinzato
- CM01 beamline. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Auguin
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Paris Université Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, F-75005, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d'Orléans, UPRES EA 1207, INRA-USC1328, F-45067, Orléans, France
| | - Carlos Kikuti
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Paris Université Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Neha Nandwani
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Dihia Moussaoui
- BM29 BIOSAXS beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France
| | - Divya Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Eaazhisai Kandiah
- CM01 beamline. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France
| | - Kathleen M Ruppel
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - James A Spudich
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Paris Université Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Julien Robert-Paganin
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Paris Université Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, F-75005, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Grinzato A, Auguin D, Kikuti C, Nandwani N, Moussaoui D, Pathak D, Kandiah E, Ruppel KM, Spudich JA, Houdusse A, Robert-Paganin J. Cryo-EM structure of the folded-back state of human β-cardiac myosin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.15.536999. [PMID: 37131793 PMCID: PMC10153137 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.15.536999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
During normal levels of exertion, many cardiac muscle myosin heads are sequestered in an off-state even during systolic contraction to save energy and for precise regulation. They can be converted to an on-state when exertion is increased. Hypercontractility caused by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) myosin mutations is often the result of shifting the equilibrium toward more heads in the on-state. The off-state is equated with a folded-back structure known as the interacting head motif (IHM), which is a regulatory feature of all muscle myosins and class-2 non-muscle myosins. We report here the human β-cardiac myosin IHM structure to 3.6 Å resolution. The structure shows that the interfaces are hot spots of HCM mutations and reveals details of the significant interactions. Importantly, the structures of cardiac and smooth muscle myosin IHMs are dramatically different. This challenges the concept that the IHM structure is conserved in all muscle types and opens new perspectives in the understanding of muscle physiology. The cardiac IHM structure has been the missing puzzle piece to fully understand the development of inherited cardiomyopathies. This work will pave the way for the development of new molecules able to stabilize or destabilize the IHM in a personalized medicine approach. *This manuscript was submitted to Nature Communications in August 2022 and dealt efficiently by the editors. All reviewers received this version of the manuscript before 9 208 August 2022. They also received coordinates and maps of our high resolution structure on the 18 208 August 2022. Due to slowness of at least one reviewer, this contribution was delayed for acceptance by Nature Communications and we are now depositing in bioRxiv the originally submitted version written in July 2022 for everyone to see. Indeed, two bioRxiv contributions at lower resolution but adding similar concepts on thick filament regulation were deposited this week in bioRxiv, one of the contributions having had access to our coordinates. We hope that our data at high resolution will be helpful for all readers that appreciate that high resolution information is required to build accurate atomic models and discuss implications for sarcomere regulation and the effects of cardiomyopathy mutations on heart muscle function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Grinzato
- CM01 beamline. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Auguin
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Paris Université Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d’Orléans, UPRES EA 1207, INRA-USC1328, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - Carlos Kikuti
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Paris Université Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Neha Nandwani
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Dihia Moussaoui
- BM29 BIOSAXS beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France
| | - Divya Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Eaazhisai Kandiah
- CM01 beamline. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France
| | - Kathleen M. Ruppel
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - James A. Spudich
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Paris Université Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Julien Robert-Paganin
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Paris Université Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dutta D, Nguyen V, Campbell KS, Padrón R, Craig R. Cryo-EM structure of the human cardiac myosin filament. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.11.536274. [PMID: 37090534 PMCID: PMC10120621 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.11.536274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Pumping of the heart is powered by filaments of the motor protein myosin, which pull on actin filaments to generate cardiac contraction. In addition to myosin, the filaments contain cardiac myosin-binding protein C (cMyBP-C), which modulates contractility in response to physiological stimuli, and titin, which functions as a scaffold for filament assembly 1 . Myosin, cMyBP-C and titin are all subject to mutation, which can lead to heart failure. Despite the central importance of cardiac myosin filaments to life, their molecular structure has remained a mystery for 60 years 2 . Here, we have solved the structure of the main (cMyBP-C-containing) region of the human cardiac filament to 6 Å resolution by cryo-EM. The reconstruction reveals the architecture of titin and cMyBP-C for the first time, and shows how myosin's motor domains (heads) form 3 different types of motif (providing functional flexibility), which interact with each other and with specific domains of titin and cMyBP-C to dictate filament architecture and regulate function. A novel packing of myosin tails in the filament backbone is also resolved. The structure suggests how cMyBP-C helps generate the cardiac super-relaxed state 3 , how titin and cMyBP-C may contribute to length-dependent activation 4 , and how mutations in myosin and cMyBP-C might disrupt interactions, causing disease 5, 6 . A similar structure is likely in vertebrate skeletal myosin filaments. The reconstruction resolves past uncertainties, and integrates previous data on cardiac muscle structure and function. It provides a new paradigm for interpreting structural, physiological and clinical observations, and for the design of potential therapeutic drugs.
Collapse
|
24
|
Nelson S, Beck-Previs S, Sadayappan S, Tong C, Warshaw DM. Myosin-binding protein C stabilizes, but is not the sole determinant of SRX myosin in cardiac muscle. J Gen Physiol 2023; 155:e202213276. [PMID: 36688870 PMCID: PMC9884578 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202213276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The myosin super-relaxed (SRX) state is central to striated muscle metabolic and functional regulation. In skeletal muscle, SRX myosin are predominantly colocalized with myosin-binding protein C (MyBP-C) in the sarcomere C-zone. To define how cardiac MyBP-C (cMyBP-C) and its specific domains contribute to stabilizing the SRX state in cardiac muscle, we took advantage of transgenic cMyBP-C null mice and those expressing cMyBP-C with a 271-residue N-terminal truncation. Utilizing super-resolution microscopy, we determined the lifetime and subsarcomeric location of individual fluorescent-ATP turnover events within isolated cardiac myofibrils. The proportion of SRX myosin demonstrated a gradient along the half-thick filament, highest in the P- and C-zones (72 ± 9% and 71 ± 6%, respectively) and lower in the D-zone (45 ± 10%), which lies farther from the sarcomere center and lacks cMyBP-C, suggesting a possible role for cMyBP-C in stabilizing the SRX. However, myofibrils from cMyBP-C null mice demonstrated an ∼40% SRX reduction, not only within the now cMyBP-C-free C-zone (49 ± 9% SRX), but also within the D-zone (22 ± 5% SRX). These data suggest that the influence of cMyBP-C on the SRX state is not limited to the C-zone but extends along the thick filament. Interestingly, myofibrils with N-terminal truncated cMyBP-C had an SRX content and spatial gradient similar to the cMyBP-C null, indicating that the N terminus of cMyBP-C is necessary for cMyBP-C's role in enhancing the SRX gradient along the entire thick filament. Given that SRX myosin exist as a gradient along the thick filament that is highest in the C-zone, even in the absence of cMyBP-C or its N-terminus, an inherent bias must exist in the structure of the thick filament to stabilize the SRX state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane Nelson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Samantha Beck-Previs
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Sakthivel Sadayappan
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Carl Tong
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - David M. Warshaw
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Marcucci L. Muscle Mechanics and Thick Filament Activation: An Emerging Two-Way Interaction for the Vertebrate Striated Muscle Fine Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076265. [PMID: 37047237 PMCID: PMC10094676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Contraction in striated muscle is classically described as regulated by calcium-mediated structural changes in the actin-containing thin filaments, which release the binding sites for the interaction with myosin motors to produce force. In this view, myosin motors, arranged in the thick filaments, are basically always ready to interact with the thin filaments, which ultimately regulate the contraction. However, a new “dual-filament” activation paradigm is emerging, where both filaments must be activated to generate force. Growing evidence from the literature shows that the thick filament activation has a role on the striated muscle fine regulation, and its impairment is associated with severe pathologies. This review is focused on the proposed mechanical feedback that activates the inactive motors depending on the level of tension generated by the active ones, the so-called mechanosensing mechanism. Since the main muscle function is to generate mechanical work, the implications on muscle mechanics will be highlighted, showing: (i) how non-mechanical modulation of the thick filament activation influences the contraction, (ii) how the contraction influences the activation of the thick filament and (iii) how muscle, through the mechanical modulation of the thick filament activation, can regulate its own mechanics. This description highlights the crucial role of the emerging bi-directional feedback on muscle mechanical performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Marcucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Suita 565-0874, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Under relaxing conditions, the two heads of myosin II interact with each other and with the proximal part (S2) of the myosin tail, establishing the interacting-heads motif (IHM), found in myosin molecules and thick filaments of muscle and nonmuscle cells. The IHM is normally thought of as a single, unique structure, but there are several variants. In the simplest ("canonical") IHM, occurring in most relaxed thick filaments and in heavy meromyosin, the interacting heads bend back and interact with S2, and the motif lies parallel to the filament surface. In one variant, occurring in insect indirect flight muscle, there is no S2-head interaction and the motif is perpendicular to the filament. In a second variant, found in smooth and nonmuscle single myosin molecules in their inhibited (10S) conformation, S2 is shifted ∼20 Å from the canonical form and the tail folds twice and wraps around the interacting heads. These molecule and filament IHM variants have important energetic and pathophysiological consequences. (1) The canonical motif, with S2-head interaction, correlates with the super-relaxed (SRX) state of myosin. The absence of S2-head interaction in insects may account for the lower stability of this IHM and apparent absence of SRX in indirect flight muscle, contributing to the quick initiation of flight in insects. (2) The ∼20 Å shift of S2 in 10S myosin molecules means that S2-head interactions are different from those in the canonical IHM. This variant therefore cannot be used to analyze the impact of myosin mutations on S2-head interactions that occur in filaments, as has been proposed. It can be used, instead, to analyze the structural impact of mutations in smooth and nonmuscle myosin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Padrón
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Debabrata Dutta
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Roger Craig
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sevrieva IR, Ponnam S, Yan Z, Irving M, Kampourakis T, Sun YB. Phosphorylation-dependent interactions of myosin-binding protein C and troponin coordinate the myofilament response to protein kinase A. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102767. [PMID: 36470422 PMCID: PMC9826837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of sarcomeric proteins enhances heart muscle performance in response to β-adrenergic stimulation and is associated with accelerated relaxation and increased cardiac output for a given preload. At the cellular level, the latter translates to a greater dependence of Ca2+ sensitivity and maximum force on sarcomere length (SL), that is, enhanced length-dependent activation. However, the mechanisms by which PKA phosphorylation of the most notable sarcomeric PKA targets, troponin I (cTnI) and myosin-binding protein C (cMyBP-C), lead to these effects remain elusive. Here, we specifically altered the phosphorylation level of cTnI in heart muscle cells and characterized the structural and functional effects at different levels of background phosphorylation of cMyBP-C and with two different SLs. We found Ser22/23 bisphosphorylation of cTnI was indispensable for the enhancement of length-dependent activation by PKA, as was cMyBP-C phosphorylation. This high level of coordination between cTnI and cMyBP-C may suggest coupling between their regulatory mechanisms. Further evidence for this was provided by our finding that cardiac troponin (cTn) can directly interact with cMyBP-C in vitro, in a phosphorylation- and Ca2+-dependent manner. In addition, bisphosphorylation at Ser22/Ser23 increased Ca2+ sensitivity at long SL in the presence of endogenously phosphorylated cMyBP-C. When cMyBP-C was dephosphorylated, bisphosphorylation of cTnI increased Ca2+ sensitivity and decreased cooperativity at both SLs, which may translate to deleterious effects in physiological settings. Our results could have clinical relevance for disease pathways, where PKA phosphorylation of cTnI may be functionally uncoupled from cMyBP-C phosphorylation due to mutations or haploinsufficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka R Sevrieva
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Saraswathi Ponnam
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ziqian Yan
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Irving
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Kampourakis
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yin-Biao Sun
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, and British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li J, Rahmani H, Abbasi Yeganeh F, Rastegarpouyani H, Taylor DW, Wood NB, Previs MJ, Iwamoto H, Taylor KA. Structure of the Flight Muscle Thick Filament from the Bumble Bee, Bombus ignitus, at 6 Å Resolution. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:377. [PMID: 36613818 PMCID: PMC9820631 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Four insect orders have flight muscles that are both asynchronous and indirect; they are asynchronous in that the wingbeat frequency is decoupled from the frequency of nervous stimulation and indirect in that the muscles attach to the thoracic exoskeleton instead of directly to the wing. Flight muscle thick filaments from two orders, Hemiptera and Diptera, have been imaged at a subnanometer resolution, both of which revealed a myosin tail arrangement referred to as “curved molecular crystalline layers”. Here, we report a thick filament structure from the indirect flight muscles of a third insect order, Hymenoptera, the Asian bumble bee Bombus ignitus. The myosin tails are in general agreement with previous determinations from Lethocerus indicus and Drosophila melanogaster. The Skip 2 region has the same unusual structure as found in Lethocerus indicus thick filaments, an α-helix discontinuity is also seen at Skip 4, but the orientation of the Skip 1 region on the surface of the backbone is less angled with respect to the filament axis than in the other two species. The heads are disordered as in Drosophila, but we observe no non-myosin proteins on the backbone surface that might prohibit the ordering of myosin heads onto the thick filament backbone. There are strong structural similarities among the three species in their non-myosin proteins within the backbone that suggest how one previously unassigned density in Lethocerus might be assigned. Overall, the structure conforms to the previously observed pattern of high similarity in the myosin tail arrangement, but differences in the non-myosin proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Li
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4380, USA
| | - Hamidreza Rahmani
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4380, USA
| | - Fatemeh Abbasi Yeganeh
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4380, USA
| | - Hosna Rastegarpouyani
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4380, USA
| | - Dianne W. Taylor
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4380, USA
| | - Neil B. Wood
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Michael J. Previs
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Iwamoto
- Scattering and Imaging Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kenneth A. Taylor
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4380, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rasicci DV, Tiwari P, Bodt SML, Desetty R, Sadler FR, Sivaramakrishnan S, Craig R, Yengo CM. Dilated cardiomyopathy mutation E525K in human beta-cardiac myosin stabilizes the interacting-heads motif and super-relaxed state of myosin. eLife 2022; 11:e77415. [PMID: 36422472 PMCID: PMC9691020 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The auto-inhibited, super-relaxed (SRX) state of cardiac myosin is thought to be crucial for regulating contraction, relaxation, and energy conservation in the heart. We used single ATP turnover experiments to demonstrate that a dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) mutation (E525K) in human beta-cardiac myosin increases the fraction of myosin heads in the SRX state (with slow ATP turnover), especially in physiological ionic strength conditions. We also utilized FRET between a C-terminal GFP tag on the myosin tail and Cy3ATP bound to the active site of the motor domain to estimate the fraction of heads in the closed, interacting-heads motif (IHM); we found a strong correlation between the IHM and SRX state. Negative stain electron microscopy and 2D class averaging of the construct demonstrated that the E525K mutation increased the fraction of molecules adopting the IHM. Overall, our results demonstrate that the E525K DCM mutation may reduce muscle force and power by stabilizing the auto-inhibited SRX state. Our studies also provide direct evidence for a correlation between the SRX biochemical state and the IHM structural state in cardiac muscle myosin. Furthermore, the E525 residue may be implicated in crucial electrostatic interactions that modulate this conserved, auto-inhibited conformation of myosin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David V Rasicci
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Prince Tiwari
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, UMass Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Skylar ML Bodt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Rohini Desetty
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Fredrik R Sadler
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota Twin CitiesMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Sivaraj Sivaramakrishnan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota Twin CitiesMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Roger Craig
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, UMass Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Christopher M Yengo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
McMillan SN, Scarff CA. Cryo-electron microscopy analysis of myosin at work and at rest. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 75:102391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
31
|
Morck MM, Bhowmik D, Pathak D, Dawood A, Spudich J, Ruppel KM. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations in the pliant and light chain-binding regions of the lever arm of human β-cardiac myosin have divergent effects on myosin function. eLife 2022; 11:e76805. [PMID: 35767336 PMCID: PMC9242648 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the lever arm of β-cardiac myosin are a frequent cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a disease characterized by hypercontractility and eventual hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Here, we studied five such mutations: three in the pliant region of the lever arm (D778V, L781P, and S782N) and two in the light chain-binding region (A797T and F834L). We investigated their effects on both motor function and myosin subfragment 2 (S2) tail-based autoinhibition. The pliant region mutations had varying effects on the motor function of a myosin construct lacking the S2 tail: overall, D778V increased power output, L781P reduced power output, and S782N had little effect on power output, while all three reduced the external force sensitivity of the actin detachment rate. With a myosin containing the motor domain and the proximal S2 tail, the pliant region mutations also attenuated autoinhibition in the presence of filamentous actin but had no impact in the absence of actin. By contrast, the light chain-binding region mutations had little effect on motor activity but produced marked reductions in autoinhibition in both the presence and absence of actin. Thus, mutations in the lever arm of β-cardiac myosin have divergent allosteric effects on myosin function, depending on whether they are in the pliant or light chain-binding regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makenna M Morck
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Debanjan Bhowmik
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Divya Pathak
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Aminah Dawood
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - James Spudich
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Kathleen M Ruppel
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Doh C, Dominic KL, Swanberg CE, Bharambe N, Willard BB, Li L, Ramachandran R, Stelzer JE. Identification of Phosphorylation and Other Post-Translational Modifications in the Central C4C5 Domains of Murine Cardiac Myosin Binding Protein C. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:14189-14202. [PMID: 35573219 PMCID: PMC9089392 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac myosin binding protein C (cMyBPC) is a critical multidomain protein that modulates myosin cross bridge behavior and cardiac contractility. cMyBPC is principally regulated by phosphorylation of the residues within the M-domain of its N-terminus. However, not much is known about the phosphorylation or other post-translational modification (PTM) landscape of the central C4C5 domains. In this study, the presence of phosphorylation outside the M-domain was confirmed in vivo using mouse models expressing cMyBPC with nonphosphorylatable serine (S) to alanine substitutions. Purified recombinant mouse C4C5 domain constructs were incubated with 13 different kinases, and samples from the 6 strongest kinases were chosen for mass spectrometry analysis. A total of 26 unique phosphorylated peptides were found, representing 13 different phosphorylation sites including 10 novel sites. Parallel reaction monitoring and subsequent mutagenesis experiments revealed that the S690 site (UniProtKB O70468) was the predominant target of PKA and PKG1. We also report 6 acetylation and 7 ubiquitination sites not previously described in the literature. These PTMs demonstrate the possibility of additional layers of regulation and potential importance of the central domains of cMyBPC in cardiac health and disease. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD031262.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang
Yoon Doh
- Department
of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Katherine L. Dominic
- Department
of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Caitlin E. Swanberg
- Department
of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nikhil Bharambe
- Department
of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Belinda B. Willard
- Proteomics
and Metabolomics Laboratory, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - Ling Li
- Proteomics
and Metabolomics Laboratory, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Department
of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Julian E. Stelzer
- Department
of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Koubassova NA, Tsaturyan AK, Bershitsky SY, Ferenczi MA, Padrón R, Craig R. Interacting-heads motif explains the X-ray diffraction pattern of relaxed vertebrate skeletal muscle. Biophys J 2022; 121:1354-1366. [PMID: 35318005 PMCID: PMC9072692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron microscopy (EM) shows that myosin heads in thick filaments isolated from striated muscles interact with each other and with the myosin tail under relaxing conditions. This "interacting-heads motif" (IHM) is highly conserved across the animal kingdom and is thought to be the basis of the super-relaxed state. However, a recent X-ray modeling study concludes, contrary to expectation, that the IHM is not present in relaxed intact muscle. We propose that this conclusion results from modeling with a thick filament 3D reconstruction in which the myosin heads have radially collapsed onto the thick filament backbone, not from absence of the IHM. Such radial collapse, by about 3-4 nm, is well established in EM studies of negatively stained myosin filaments, on which the reconstruction was based. We have tested this idea by carrying out similar X-ray modeling and determining the effect of the radial position of the heads on the goodness of fit to the X-ray pattern. We find that, when the IHM is modeled into a thick filament at a radius 3-4 nm greater than that modeled in the recent study, there is good agreement with the X-ray pattern. When the original (collapsed) radial position is used, the fit is poor, in agreement with that study. We show that modeling of the low-angle region of the X-ray pattern is relatively insensitive to the conformation of the myosin heads but very sensitive to their radial distance from the filament axis. We conclude that the IHM is sufficient to explain the X-ray diffraction pattern of intact muscle when placed at the appropriate radius.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey Y Bershitsky
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Michael A Ferenczi
- Brunel Medical School, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Raúl Padrón
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Roger Craig
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ovejero JG, Fusi L, Park-Holohan SJ, Ghisleni A, Narayanan T, Irving M, Brunello E. Cooling intact and demembranated trabeculae from rat heart releases myosin motors from their inhibited conformation. J Gen Physiol 2022; 154:212988. [PMID: 35089319 PMCID: PMC8823665 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202113029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin filament–based regulation supplements actin filament–based regulation to control the strength and speed of contraction in heart muscle. In diastole, myosin motors form a folded helical array that inhibits actin interaction; during contraction, they are released from that array. A similar structural transition has been observed in mammalian skeletal muscle, in which cooling below physiological temperature has been shown to reproduce some of the structural features of the activation of myosin filaments during active contraction. Here, we used small-angle x-ray diffraction to characterize the structural changes in the myosin filaments associated with cooling of resting and relaxed trabeculae from the right ventricle of rat hearts from 39°C to 7°C. In intact quiescent trabeculae, cooling disrupted the folded helical conformation of the myosin motors and induced extension of the filament backbone, as observed in the transition from diastole to peak systolic force at 27°C. Demembranation of trabeculae in relaxing conditions induced expansion of the filament lattice, but the structure of the myosin filaments was mostly preserved at 39°C. Cooling of relaxed demembranated trabeculae induced changes in motor conformation and filament structure similar to those observed in intact quiescent trabeculae. Osmotic compression of the filament lattice to restore its spacing to that of intact trabeculae at 39°C stabilized the helical folded state against disruption by cooling. The myosin filament structure and motor conformation of intact trabeculae at 39°C were largely preserved in demembranated trabeculae at 27°C or above in the presence of Dextran, allowing the physiological mechanisms of myosin filament–based regulation to be studied in those conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesus G Ovejero
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luca Fusi
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.,Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - So-Jin Park-Holohan
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Ghisleni
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Malcolm Irving
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elisabetta Brunello
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nanosurgical Manipulation of Titin and Its M-Complex. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12020178. [PMID: 35055197 PMCID: PMC8779236 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Titin is a multifunctional filamentous protein anchored in the M-band, a hexagonally organized supramolecular lattice in the middle of the muscle sarcomere. Functionally, the M-band is a framework that cross-links myosin thick filaments, organizes associated proteins, and maintains sarcomeric symmetry via its structural and putative mechanical properties. Part of the M-band appears at the C-terminal end of isolated titin molecules in the form of a globular head, named here the “M-complex”, which also serves as the point of head-to-head attachment of titin. We used high-resolution atomic force microscopy and nanosurgical manipulation to investigate the topographical and internal structure and local mechanical properties of the M-complex and its associated titin molecules. We find that the M-complex is a stable structure that corresponds to the transverse unit of the M-band organized around the myosin thick filament. M-complexes may be interlinked into an M-complex array that reflects the local structural and mechanical status of the transversal M-band lattice. Local segments of titin and the M-complex could be nanosurgically manipulated to achieve extension and domain unfolding. Long threads could be pulled out of the M-complex, suggesting that it is a compact supramolecular reservoir of extensible filaments. Nanosurgery evoked an unexpected volume increment in the M-complex, which may be related to its function as a mechanical spacer. The M-complex thus displays both elastic and plastic properties which support the idea that the M-band may be involved in mechanical functions within the muscle sarcomere.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Super-relaxation is a state of muscle thick filaments in which ATP turnover by myosin is much slower than that of myosin II in solution. This inhibited state, in equilibrium with a faster (relaxed) state, is ubiquitous and thought to be fundamental to muscle function, acting as a mechanism for switching off energy-consuming myosin motors when they are not being used. The structural basis of super-relaxation is usually taken to be a motif formed by myosin in which the two heads interact with each other and with the proximal tail forming an interacting-heads motif, which switches the heads off. However, recent studies show that even isolated myosin heads can exhibit this slow rate. Here, we review the role of head interactions in creating the super-relaxed state and show how increased numbers of interactions in thick filaments underlie the high levels of super-relaxation found in intact muscle. We suggest how a third, even more inhibited, state of myosin (a hyper-relaxed state) seen in certain species results from additional interactions involving the heads. We speculate on the relationship between animal lifestyle and level of super-relaxation in different species and on the mechanism of formation of the super-relaxed state. We also review how super-relaxed thick filaments are activated and how the super-relaxed state is modulated in healthy and diseased muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Craig
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Actomyosin Complex. Subcell Biochem 2022; 99:421-470. [PMID: 36151385 PMCID: PMC9710302 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-00793-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Formation of cross-bridges between actin and myosin occurs ubiquitously in eukaryotic cells and mediates muscle contraction, intracellular cargo transport, and cytoskeletal remodeling. Myosin motors repeatedly bind to and dissociate from actin filaments in a cycle that transduces the chemical energy from ATP hydrolysis into mechanical force generation. While the general layout of surface elements within the actin-binding interface is conserved among myosin classes, sequence divergence within these motifs alters the specific contacts involved in the actomyosin interaction as well as the kinetics of mechanochemical cycle phases. Additionally, diverse lever arm structures influence the motility and force production of myosin molecules during their actin interactions. The structural differences generated by myosin's molecular evolution have fine-tuned the kinetics of its isoforms and adapted them for their individual cellular roles. In this chapter, we will characterize the structural and biochemical basis of the actin-myosin interaction and explain its relationship with myosin's cellular roles, with emphasis on the structural variation among myosin isoforms that enables their functional specialization. We will also discuss the impact of accessory proteins, such as the troponin-tropomyosin complex and myosin-binding protein C, on the formation and regulation of actomyosin cross-bridges.
Collapse
|
38
|
Heissler SM, Arora AS, Billington N, Sellers JR, Chinthalapudi K. Cryo-EM structure of the autoinhibited state of myosin-2. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabk3273. [PMID: 34936462 PMCID: PMC8694606 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We solved the near-atomic resolution structure of smooth muscle myosin-2 in the autoinhibited state (10S) using single-particle cryo–electron microscopy. The 3.4-Å structure reveals the precise molecular architecture of 10S and the structural basis for myosin-2 regulation. We reveal the position of the phosphorylation sites that control myosin autoinhibition and activation by phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain. Further, we present a previously unidentified conformational state in myosin-2 that traps ADP and Pi produced by the hydrolysis of ATP in the active site. This noncanonical state represents a branch of the myosin enzyme cycle and explains the autoinhibition of the enzyme function of 10S along with its reduced affinity for actin. Together, our structure defines the molecular mechanisms that drive 10S formation, stabilization, and relief by phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Heissler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amandeep S. Arora
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Neil Billington
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James R. Sellers
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Krishna Chinthalapudi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Microscale thermophoresis suggests a new model of regulation of cardiac myosin function via interaction with cardiac myosin-binding protein C. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101485. [PMID: 34915024 PMCID: PMC8733265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac isoform of myosin-binding protein C (cMyBP-C) is a key regulatory protein found in cardiac myofilaments that can control the activation state of both the actin-containing thin and myosin-containing thick filaments. However, in contrast to thin filament–based mechanisms of regulation, the mechanism of myosin-based regulation by cMyBP-C has yet to be defined in detail. To clarify its function in this process, we used microscale thermophoresis to build an extensive interaction map between cMyBP-C and isolated fragments of β-cardiac myosin. We show here that the regulatory N-terminal domains (C0C2) of cMyBP-C interact with both the myosin head (myosin S1) and tail domains (myosin S2) with micromolar affinity via phosphorylation-independent and phosphorylation-dependent interactions of domain C1 and the cardiac-specific m-motif, respectively. Moreover, we show that the interaction sites with the highest affinity between cMyBP-C and myosin S1 are localized to its central domains, which bind myosin with submicromolar affinity. We identified two separate interaction regions in the central C2C4 and C5C7 segments that compete for the same binding site on myosin S1, suggesting that cMyBP-C can crosslink the two myosin heads of a single myosin molecule and thereby stabilize it in the folded OFF state. Phosphorylation of the cardiac-specific m-motif by protein kinase A had no effect on the binding of either the N-terminal or the central segments to the myosin head domain, suggesting this might therefore represent a constitutively bound state of myosin associated with cMyBP-C. Based on our results, we propose a new model of regulation of cardiac myosin function by cMyBP-C.
Collapse
|
40
|
Burghardt TP. Natural variant frequencies across domains from different sarcomere proteins cross-correlate to identify inter-protein contacts associated with cardiac muscle function and disease. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:35. [PMID: 35006463 PMCID: PMC8607394 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-021-00056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated sarcomere proteins produce contraction force for muscle shortening. In human ventriculum they include the cardiac myosin motor (βmys), repetitively converting ATP free energy into work, and myosin binding protein C (MYBPC3) that in complex with βmys is regulatory. Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) causing hereditary heart diseases frequently target this protein pair. The βmys/MYBPC3 complex models a regulated motor and is used here to study how the proteins couple. SNVs in βmys or MYBPC3 survey human populations worldwide. Their protein expression modifies domain structure affecting phenotype and pathogenicity outcomes. When the SNV modified domain locates to inter-protein contacts it could affect complex coordination. Domains involved, one in βmys the other in MYBPC3, form coordinated domains (co-domains). Co-domain bilateral structure implies the possibility for a shared impact from SNV modification in either domain suggesting a correlated response to a common perturbation could identify their location. Genetic divergence over human populations is proposed to perturb SNV probability coupling that is detected by cross-correlation in 2D correlation genetics (2D-CG). SNV probability data and 2D-CG identify three critical sites, two in MYBPC3 with links to several domains across the βmys motor, and, one in βmys with links to the MYBPC3 regulatory domain. MYBPC3 sites are hinges sterically enabling regulatory interactions with βmys. The βmys site is the actin binding C-loop (residues 359-377). The C-loop is a trigger for actin-activated myosin ATPase and a contraction velocity modulator. Co-domain identification implies their spatial proximity suggesting a novel approach for in vivo protein complex structure determination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Burghardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
van der Pijl RJ, Domenighetti AA, Sheikh F, Ehler E, Ottenheijm CAC, Lange S. The titin N2B and N2A regions: biomechanical and metabolic signaling hubs in cross-striated muscles. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:653-677. [PMID: 34745373 PMCID: PMC8553726 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle specific signaling has been shown to originate from myofilaments and their associated cellular structures, including the sarcomeres, costameres or the cardiac intercalated disc. Two signaling hubs that play important biomechanical roles for cardiac and/or skeletal muscle physiology are the N2B and N2A regions in the giant protein titin. Prominent proteins associated with these regions in titin are chaperones Hsp90 and αB-crystallin, members of the four-and-a-half LIM (FHL) and muscle ankyrin repeat protein (Ankrd) families, as well as thin filament-associated proteins, such as myopalladin. This review highlights biological roles and properties of the titin N2B and N2A regions in health and disease. Special emphasis is placed on functions of Ankrd and FHL proteins as mechanosensors that modulate muscle-specific signaling and muscle growth. This region of the sarcomere also emerged as a hotspot for the modulation of passive muscle mechanics through altered titin phosphorylation and splicing, as well as tethering mechanisms that link titin to the thin filament system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea A. Domenighetti
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Farah Sheikh
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Elisabeth Ehler
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Coen A. C. Ottenheijm
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Lange
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Reconditi M, Brunello E, Fusi L, Linari M, Lombardi V, Irving M, Piazzesi G. Myosin motors that cannot bind actin leave their folded OFF state on activation of skeletal muscle. J Gen Physiol 2021; 153:212712. [PMID: 34668926 PMCID: PMC8532561 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202112896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The myosin motors in resting skeletal muscle are folded back against their tails in the thick filament in a conformation that makes them unavailable for binding to actin. When muscles are activated, calcium binding to troponin leads to a rapid change in the structure of the actin-containing thin filaments that uncovers the myosin binding sites on actin. Almost as quickly, myosin motors leave the folded state and move away from the surface of the thick filament. To test whether motor unfolding is triggered by the availability of nearby actin binding sites, we measured changes in the x-ray reflections that report motor conformation when muscles are activated at longer sarcomere length, so that part of the thick filaments no longer overlaps with thin filaments. We found that the intensity of the M3 reflection from the axial repeat of the motors along the thick filaments declines almost linearly with increasing sarcomere length up to 2.8 µm, as expected if motors in the nonoverlap zone had left the folded state and become relatively disordered. In a recent article in JGP, Squire and Knupp challenged this interpretation of the data. We show here that their analysis is based on an incorrect assumption about how the interference subpeaks of the M3 reflection were reported in our previous paper. We extend previous models of mass distribution along the filaments to show that the sarcomere length dependence of the M3 reflection is consistent with <10% of no-overlap motors remaining in the folded conformation during active contraction, confirming our previous conclusion that unfolding of myosin motors on muscle activation is not due to the availability of local actin binding sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Reconditi
- PhysioLab, Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia, Unità di Ricerca Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Brunello
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luca Fusi
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marco Linari
- PhysioLab, Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Malcolm Irving
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Barrick SK, Greenberg MJ. Cardiac myosin contraction and mechanotransduction in health and disease. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101297. [PMID: 34634306 PMCID: PMC8559575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac myosin is the molecular motor that powers heart contraction by converting chemical energy from ATP hydrolysis into mechanical force. The power output of the heart is tightly regulated to meet the physiological needs of the body. Recent multiscale studies spanning from molecules to tissues have revealed complex regulatory mechanisms that fine-tune cardiac contraction, in which myosin not only generates power output but also plays an active role in its regulation. Thus, myosin is both shaped by and actively involved in shaping its mechanical environment. Moreover, these studies have shown that cardiac myosin-generated tension affects physiological processes beyond muscle contraction. Here, we review these novel regulatory mechanisms, as well as the roles that myosin-based force generation and mechanotransduction play in development and disease. We describe how key intra- and intermolecular interactions contribute to the regulation of myosin-based contractility and the role of mechanical forces in tuning myosin function. We also discuss the emergence of cardiac myosin as a drug target for diseases including heart failure, leading to the discovery of therapeutics that directly tune myosin contractility. Finally, we highlight some of the outstanding questions that must be addressed to better understand myosin's functions and regulation, and we discuss prospects for translating these discoveries into precision medicine therapeutics targeting contractility and mechanotransduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Barrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael J Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hassoun R, Budde H, Mügge A, Hamdani N. Cardiomyocyte Dysfunction in Inherited Cardiomyopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11154. [PMID: 34681814 PMCID: PMC8541428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited cardiomyopathies form a heterogenous group of disorders that affect the structure and function of the heart. Defects in the genes encoding sarcomeric proteins are associated with various perturbations that induce contractile dysfunction and promote disease development. In this review we aimed to outline the functional consequences of the major inherited cardiomyopathies in terms of myocardial contraction and kinetics, and to highlight the structural and functional alterations in some sarcomeric variants that have been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of the inherited cardiomyopathies. A particular focus was made on mutation-induced alterations in cardiomyocyte mechanics. Since no disease-specific treatments for familial cardiomyopathies exist, several novel agents have been developed to modulate sarcomere contractility. Understanding the molecular basis of the disease opens new avenues for the development of new therapies. Furthermore, the earlier the awareness of the genetic defect, the better the clinical prognostication would be for patients and the better the prevention of development of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roua Hassoun
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Heidi Budde
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Mügge
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nazha Hamdani
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kampourakis T, Irving M. The regulatory light chain mediates inactivation of myosin motors during active shortening of cardiac muscle. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5272. [PMID: 34489440 PMCID: PMC8421338 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal function of heart muscle depends on its ability to contract more strongly at longer length. Increased venous filling stretches relaxed heart muscle cells, triggering a stronger contraction in the next beat- the Frank-Starling relation. Conversely, heart muscle cells are inactivated when they shorten during ejection, accelerating relaxation to facilitate refilling before the next beat. Although both effects are essential for the efficient function of the heart, the underlying mechanisms were unknown. Using bifunctional fluorescent probes on the regulatory light chain of the myosin motor we show that its N-terminal domain may be captured in the folded OFF state of the myosin dimer at the end of the working-stroke of the actin-attached motor, whilst its C-terminal domain joins the OFF state only after motor detachment from actin. We propose that sequential folding of myosin motors onto the filament backbone may be responsible for shortening-induced de-activation in the heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kampourakis
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Malcolm Irving
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Squire JM, Knupp C. Analysis methods and quality criteria for investigating muscle physiology using x-ray diffraction. J Gen Physiol 2021; 153:212538. [PMID: 34351359 PMCID: PMC8348228 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray diffraction studies of muscle have been tremendously powerful in providing fundamental insights into the structures of, for example, the myosin and actin filaments in a variety of muscles and the physiology of the cross-bridge mechanism during the contractile cycle. However, interpretation of x-ray diffraction patterns is far from trivial, and if modeling of the observed diffraction intensities is required it needs to be performed carefully with full knowledge of the possible pitfalls. Here, we discuss (1) how x-ray diffraction can be used as a tool to monitor various specific muscle properties and (2) how to get the most out of the rest of the observed muscle x-ray diffraction patterns by modeling where the reliability of the modeling conclusions can be objectively tested. In other x-ray diffraction methods, such as protein crystallography, the reliability of every step of the process is estimated and quoted in published papers. In this way, the quality of the structure determination can be properly assessed. To be honest with ourselves in the muscle field, we need to do as near to the same as we can, within the limitations of the techniques that we are using. We discuss how this can be done. We also use test cases to reveal the dos and don’ts of using x-ray diffraction to study muscle physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Squire
- Muscle Contraction Group, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Carlo Knupp
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Squire JM, Knupp C. The muscle M3 x-ray diffraction peak and sarcomere length: No evidence for disordered myosin heads out of actin overlap. J Gen Physiol 2021; 153:212534. [PMID: 34347004 PMCID: PMC8348229 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray diffraction studies of muscle have provided a wealth of information on muscle structure and physiology, and the meridian of the diffraction pattern is particularly informative. Reconditi et al. (2014. J. Physiol.https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2013.267849) performed superb experiments on changes to the M3 meridional peak as a function of sarcomere length (SL). They found that the M3 intensity dropped almost linearly as sarcomere length increased at least to about SL = 3.0 µm, and that it followed the same track as tension, pointing toward zero at the end of overlap at ∼3.6 µm. They concluded that, just as tension could only be generated by overlapped myosin heads, so ordered myosin heads contributing to the M3 intensity could only occur in the overlap region of the A-band, and that nonoverlapped heads must be highly disordered. Here we show that this conclusion is not consistent with x-ray diffraction theory; it would not explain their observations. We discuss one possible reason for the change in M3 intensity with increasing sarcomere length in terms of increasing axial misalignment of the myosin filaments that at longer sarcomere lengths is limited by the elastic stretching of the M-band and titin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Squire
- Muscle Contraction Group, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Carlo Knupp
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Singh RR, McNamara JW, Sadayappan S. Mutations in myosin S2 alter cardiac myosin-binding protein-C interaction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100836. [PMID: 34051236 PMCID: PMC8239744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an inherited cardiovascular disorder primarily caused by mutations in the β-myosin heavy-chain gene. The proximal subfragment 2 region (S2), 126 amino acids of myosin, binds with the C0-C2 region of cardiac myosin-binding protein-C to regulate cardiac muscle contractility in a manner dependent on PKA-mediated phosphorylation. However, it is unknown if HCM-associated mutations within S2 dysregulate actomyosin dynamics by disrupting its interaction with C0-C2, ultimately leading to HCM. Herein, we study three S2 mutations known to cause HCM: R870H, E924K, and E930Δ. First, experiments using recombinant proteins, solid-phase binding, and isothermal titrating calorimetry assays independently revealed that mutant S2 proteins displayed significantly reduced binding with C0-C2. In addition, CD revealed greater instability of the coiled-coil structure in mutant S2 proteins compared with S2Wt proteins. Second, mutant S2 exhibited 5-fold greater affinity for PKA-treated C0-C2 proteins. Third, skinned papillary muscle fibers treated with mutant S2 proteins showed no change in the rate of force redevelopment as a measure of actin–myosin cross-bridge kinetics, whereas S2Wt showed increased the rate of force redevelopment. In summary, S2 and C0-C2 interaction mediated by phosphorylation is altered by mutations in S2, which augment the speed and force of contraction observed in HCM. Modulating this interaction could be a potential strategy to treat HCM in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit R Singh
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - James W McNamara
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sakthivel Sadayappan
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang Z, Grange M, Wagner T, Kho AL, Gautel M, Raunser S. The molecular basis for sarcomere organization in vertebrate skeletal muscle. Cell 2021; 184:2135-2150.e13. [PMID: 33765442 PMCID: PMC8054911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomeres are force-generating and load-bearing devices of muscles. A precise molecular picture of how sarcomeres are built underpins understanding their role in health and disease. Here, we determine the molecular architecture of native vertebrate skeletal sarcomeres by electron cryo-tomography. Our reconstruction reveals molecular details of the three-dimensional organization and interaction of actin and myosin in the A-band, I-band, and Z-disc and demonstrates that α-actinin cross-links antiparallel actin filaments by forming doublets with 6-nm spacing. Structures of myosin, tropomyosin, and actin at ~10 Å further reveal two conformations of the "double-head" myosin, where the flexible orientation of the lever arm and light chains enable myosin not only to interact with the same actin filament, but also to split between two actin filaments. Our results provide unexpected insights into the fundamental organization of vertebrate skeletal muscle and serve as a strong foundation for future investigations of muscle diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhexin Wang
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Grange
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wagner
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ay Lin Kho
- The Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Kings College London BHF Excellence Centre, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Mathias Gautel
- The Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Kings College London BHF Excellence Centre, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Stress-dependent activation of myosin in the heart requires thin filament activation and thick filament mechanosensing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2023706118. [PMID: 33850019 PMCID: PMC8072254 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023706118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of the heart as a pump depends on an autoregulatory mechanism, the Frank–Starling law of the heart, that potentiates the strength of contraction in response to an increase in ventricular filling. Disruption of this mechanism compromises the ability of the heart to pump blood, potentially leading to heart failure. We used fluorescent probes on myosin in heart muscle cells to investigate the molecular basis of the Frank–Starling mechanism. Our results show that the stronger contraction of heart muscle at longer lengths is due to a calcium-dependent interfilament signaling pathway that links stress sensing in the myosin-containing filaments with calcium activation of the actin-containing filaments. This pathway can potentially be targeted for treating heart failure. Myosin-based regulation in the heart muscle modulates the number of myosin motors available for interaction with calcium-regulated thin filaments, but the signaling pathways mediating the stronger contraction triggered by stretch between heartbeats or by phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) remain unclear. Here, we used RLC probes in demembranated cardiac trabeculae to investigate the molecular structural basis of these regulatory pathways. We show that in relaxed trabeculae at near-physiological temperature and filament lattice spacing, the RLC-lobe orientations are consistent with a subset of myosin motors being folded onto the filament surface in the interacting-heads motif seen in isolated filaments. The folded conformation of myosin is disrupted by cooling relaxed trabeculae, similar to the effect induced by maximal calcium activation. Stretch or increased RLC phosphorylation in the physiological range have almost no effect on RLC conformation at a calcium concentration corresponding to that between beats. These results indicate that in near-physiological conditions, the folded myosin motors are not directly switched on by RLC phosphorylation or by the titin-based passive tension at longer sarcomere lengths in the absence of thin filament activation. However, at the higher calcium concentrations that activate the thin filaments, stretch produces a delayed activation of folded myosin motors and force increase that is potentiated by RLC phosphorylation. We conclude that the increased contractility of the heart induced by RLC phosphorylation and stretch can be explained by a calcium-dependent interfilament signaling pathway involving both thin filament sensitization and thick filament mechanosensing.
Collapse
|