1
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Levitas VI, Dhar A, Pandey KK. Tensorial stress-plastic strain fields in α - ω Zr mixture, transformation kinetics, and friction in diamond-anvil cell. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5955. [PMID: 37741842 PMCID: PMC10517986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Various phenomena (phase transformations (PTs), chemical reactions, microstructure evolution, strength, and friction) under high pressures in diamond-anvil cell are strongly affected by fields of stress and plastic strain tensors. However, they could not be measured. Here, we suggest coupled experimental-analytical-computational approaches utilizing synchrotron X-ray diffraction, to solve an inverse problem and find fields of all components of stress and plastic strain tensors and friction rules before, during, and after α-ω PT in strongly plastically predeformed Zr. Results are in good correspondence with each other and experiments. Due to advanced characterization, the minimum pressure for the strain-induced α-ω PT is changed from 1.36 to 2.7 GPa. It is independent of the plastic strain before PT and compression-shear path. The theoretically predicted plastic strain-controlled kinetic equation is verified and quantified. Obtained results open opportunities for developing quantitative high-pressure/stress science, including mechanochemistry, synthesis of new nanostructured materials, geophysics, astrogeology, and tribology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery I Levitas
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
- Ames National Laboratory, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Achyut Dhar
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - K K Pandey
- High Pressure & Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
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2
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Meng L, Vu TV, Criscenti LJ, Ho TA, Qin Y, Fan H. Theoretical and Experimental Advances in High-Pressure Behaviors of Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10206-10257. [PMID: 37523660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Using compressive mechanical forces, such as pressure, to induce crystallographic phase transitions and mesostructural changes while modulating material properties in nanoparticles (NPs) is a unique way to discover new phase behaviors, create novel nanostructures, and study emerging properties that are difficult to achieve under conventional conditions. In recent decades, NPs of a plethora of chemical compositions, sizes, shapes, surface ligands, and self-assembled mesostructures have been studied under pressure by in-situ scattering and/or spectroscopy techniques. As a result, the fundamental knowledge of pressure-structure-property relationships has been significantly improved, leading to a better understanding of the design guidelines for nanomaterial synthesis. In the present review, we discuss experimental progress in NP high-pressure research conducted primarily over roughly the past four years on semiconductor NPs, metal and metal oxide NPs, and perovskite NPs. We focus on the pressure-induced behaviors of NPs at both the atomic- and mesoscales, inorganic NP property changes upon compression, and the structural and property transitions of perovskite NPs under pressure. We further discuss in depth progress on molecular modeling, including simulations of ligand behavior, phase-change chalcogenides, layered transition metal dichalcogenides, boron nitride, and inorganic and hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites NPs. These models now provide both mechanistic explanations of experimental observations and predictive guidelines for future experimental design. We conclude with a summary and our insights on future directions for exploration of nanomaterial phase transition, coupling, growth, and nanoelectronic and photonic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyao Meng
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Tuan V Vu
- Geochemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Louise J Criscenti
- Geochemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Tuan A Ho
- Geochemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Yang Qin
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Hongyou Fan
- Geochemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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3
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Resolving puzzles of the phase-transformation-based mechanism of the strong deep-focus earthquake. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6291. [PMID: 36273002 PMCID: PMC9588062 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33802-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep-focus earthquakes that occur at 350–660 km are assumed to be caused by olivine → spinel phase transformation (PT). However, there are many existing puzzles: (a) What are the mechanisms for jump from geological 10−17 − 10−15 s−1 to seismic 10 − 103 s−1 strain rates? Is it possible without PT? (b) How does metastable olivine, which does not completely transform to spinel for over a million years, suddenly transform during seconds? (c) How to connect shear-dominated seismic signals with volume-change-dominated PT strain? Here, we introduce a combination of several novel concepts that resolve the above puzzles quantitatively. We treat the transformation in olivine like plastic strain-induced (instead of pressure/stress-induced) and find an analytical 3D solution for coupled deformation-transformation-heating in a shear band. This solution predicts conditions for severe (singular) transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) and self-blown-up deformation-transformation-heating process due to positive thermomechanochemical feedback between TRIP and strain-induced transformation. This process leads to temperature in a band, above which the self-blown-up shear-heating process in the shear band occurs after finishing the PT. Our findings change the main concepts in studying the initiation of the deep-focus earthquakes and PTs during plastic flow in geophysics in general. The developed theory for coupled deformation, plastic strain-induced phase transformation, transformation-induced plasticity, and self-blown-up deformation-transformation-heating in shear band explains the main puzzles of deep-focus earthquakes.
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4
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Cheng G, Jin Z, Zhao C, Zhou C, Li B, Wang J. Hexagonal Network of Photocurrent Enhancement in Few-Layer Graphene/InGaN Quantum Dot Junctions. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6964-6971. [PMID: 36006796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Strain in two-dimensional (2D) materials has attracted particular attention because of the remarkable modification of electronic and optical properties. However, emergent electromechanical phenomena and hidden mechanisms, such as strain-superlattice-induced topological states or flexoelectricity under strain gradient, remain under debate. Here, using scanning photocurrent microscopy, we observe significant photocurrent enhancement in hybrid vertical junction devices made of strained few-layer graphene and InGaN quantum dots. Optoelectronic response and photoluminescence measurements demonstrate a possible mechanism closely tied to the flexoelectric effect in few-layer graphene, where the strain can induce a lateral built-in electric field and assist the separation of electron-hole pairs. Photocurrent mapping reveals an unprecedentedly ordered hexagonal network, suggesting the potential to create a superlattice by strain engineering. Our work provides insights into optoelectronic phenomena in the presence of strain and paves the way for practical applications associated with strained 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Cheng
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zijing Jin
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Chengjie Zhou
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Baikui Li
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Ave, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiannong Wang
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
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5
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Pattamatta ASLS, Srolovitz DJ. Allotropy in ultra high strength materials. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3326. [PMID: 35680870 PMCID: PMC9184473 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30845-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Allotropic phase transformations may be driven by the application of stresses in many materials; this has been especially well-documented for pressure driven transformations. Recent advances in strengthening materials allow for the application of very large shear stresses as well – opening up vast new regions of stress space. This means that the stress space is six-dimensional (rather than one for pressure) and that phase transformations depend upon crystal/grain orientation. We propose a novel approach for predicting the role of the entire stress tensor on phase transformations in grains of all orientations in any material. This multiscale approach is density functional theory based and guided by nonlinear elasticity. We focus on stress tensor dependent allotropic phase transformations in iron at high pressure and ultra-fine grained nickel and titanium. The results are quantitatively consistent with a range of experimental observations in these disparate systems. This approach enables the balanced design of high strength-high ductility materials. Here the authors propose a crystal thermodynamics framework describing the tensor stress induced phase transformations in solids based on nonlinear elasticity and first principles calculations. The proposed approach enables balanced design of high-strength, high-ductility materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J Srolovitz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,International Digital Economy Academy (IDEA), Shenzhen, China.
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6
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Zhao L, Liang Y, Cai X, Du J, Wang X, Liu X, Wang M, Wei Z, Zhang J, Zhang Q. Engineering Near-Infrared Light Emission in Mechanically Exfoliated InSe Platelets through Hydrostatic Pressure for Multicolor Microlasing. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3840-3847. [PMID: 35500126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
γ-indium selenide (InSe) is a van der Waals semiconductor and holds great potentials for low-energy-consumption electronic and optoelectronic devices. Herein, we investigated the hydrostatic pressure engineered near-infrared (NIR) light emission of mechanically exfoliated γ-InSe crystals using the diamond anvil cell (DAC) technique. A record-wide spectral tuning range of 185 nm and a large linear pressure coefficient of 40 nm GPa-1 were achieved for spontaneous emissions, leading to ultrabroadband microlasing spectrally ranging from 1022 to 911 nm. This high emission tunability can be attributed to the compression of the soft intralayer In-Se bonds under high pressure, which suppressed the band gap shrinkage by increasing the interlayer interaction. Furthermore, two band gap crossovers of valence (direct-to-indirect) and conduction bands were resolved at approximately 4.0 and 7.0 GPa, respectively, resulting in pressure-sensitive emission lifetime and intensity. These findings pave the pathways for pressure-sensitive InSe-based NIR light sources, sensors and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yin Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinghong Cai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiaxing Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Min Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhongming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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7
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Perezhogin I, Kulnitskiy B, Zholudev S, Ovsyannikov D, Popov M, Blank V. Effect of elastic deformations on direct polymorphic transformations in BN under pressure. Ann Ital Chir 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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8
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Bias-Enhanced Formation of Metastable and Multiphase Boron Nitride Coating in Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237167. [PMID: 34885322 PMCID: PMC8658670 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Boron nitride (BN) is primarily a synthetically produced advanced ceramic material. It is isoelectronic to carbon and, like carbon, can exist as several polymorphic modifications. Microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) of metastable wurtzite boron nitride is reported for the first time and found to be facilitated by the application of direct current (DC) bias to the substrate. The applied negative DC bias was found to yield a higher content of sp3 bonded BN in both cubic and metastable wurtzite structural forms. This is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Nano-indentation measurements reveal an average coating hardness of 25 GPa with some measurements as high as 31 GPa, consistent with a substantial fraction of sp3 bonding mixed with the hexagonal sp2 bonded BN phase.
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9
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Shen Y, Xie H, Wang Q. Pentagonal B 2N 3-based 3D metallic boron nitride with high energy density. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:165702. [PMID: 33735850 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abeffb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Different from conventional insulating or semiconducting boron nitride,metallicBN has received increasing attention in recent years as its intrinsic metallicity grants it great potential for broad applications. In this study, by assembling the experimentally synthesized pentagonal B2N3units, we have proposed the first pentagon-based three-dimensional (3D) metallic boron nitride, labeled penta-B4N7.First-principles calculations together with molecular dynamics simulations and convex hull diagram show that penta-B4N7is not only thermally, dynamically and mechanically stable, but also three dimensionally metallic. A detailed analysis of its electronic structure reveals that the intrinsic metallicity comes from the delocalized electrons in the partially occupied antibonding N-Nπorbitals. Equally important, the energy density of penta-B4N7is found to be 4.07 kJ g-1, which is the highest among that of all the 3D boron nitrides reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiheng Shen
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, BKL-MEMD, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, BKL-MEMD, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, BKL-MEMD, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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10
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Cellini F, Lavini F, Chen E, Bongiorno A, Popovic F, Hartman RL, Dingreville R, Riedo E. Pressure-Induced Formation and Mechanical Properties of 2D Diamond Boron Nitride. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002541. [PMID: 33511011 PMCID: PMC7816702 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding phase transformations in 2D materials can unlock unprecedented developments in nanotechnology, since their unique properties can be dramatically modified by external fields that control the phase change. Here, experiments and simulations are used to investigate the mechanical properties of a 2D diamond boron nitride (BN) phase induced by applying local pressure on atomically thin h-BN on a SiO2 substrate, at room temperature, and without chemical functionalization. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show a metastable local rearrangement of the h-BN atoms into diamond crystal clusters when increasing the indentation pressure. Raman spectroscopy experiments confirm the presence of a pressure-induced cubic BN phase, and its metastability upon release of pressure. Å-indentation experiments and simulations show that at pressures of 2-4 GPa, the indentation stiffness of monolayer h-BN on SiO2 is the same of bare SiO2, whereas for two- and three-layer-thick h-BN on SiO2 the stiffness increases of up to 50% compared to bare SiO2, and then it decreases when increasing the number of layers. Up to 4 GPa, the reduced strain in the layers closer to the substrate decreases the probability of the sp2-to-sp3 phase transition, explaining the lower stiffness observed in thicker h-BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Cellini
- Tandon School of EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
| | - Francesco Lavini
- Tandon School of EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
- Department of PhysicsNew York UniversityNew YorkNY10003USA
| | - Elton Chen
- Center for Integrated NanotechnologiesSandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerqueNM87185USA
| | - Angelo Bongiorno
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Staten IslandCity University of New YorkStaten IslandNY10314USA
- CUNY Graduate CenterPh.D. Program in Chemistry and PhysicsNew YorkNY10016USA
| | - Filip Popovic
- Tandon School of EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
| | - Ryan L. Hartman
- Tandon School of EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
| | - Remi Dingreville
- Center for Integrated NanotechnologiesSandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerqueNM87185USA
| | - Elisa Riedo
- Tandon School of EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
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11
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Zhang L, Tang Y, Khan AR, Hasan MM, Wang P, Yan H, Yildirim T, Torres JF, Neupane GP, Zhang Y, Li Q, Lu Y. 2D Materials and Heterostructures at Extreme Pressure. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002697. [PMID: 33344136 PMCID: PMC7740103 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
2D materials possess wide-tuning properties ranging from semiconducting and metallization to superconducting, etc., which are determined by their structure, empowering them to be appealing in optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications. Pressure is an effective and clean tool that allows modifications of the electronic structure, crystal structure, morphologies, and compositions of 2D materials through van der Waals (vdW) interaction engineering. This enables an insightful understanding of the variable vdW interaction induced structural changes, structure-property relations as well as contributes to the versatile implications of 2D materials. Here, the recent progress of high-pressure research toward 2D materials and heterostructures, involving graphene, boron nitride, transition metal dichalcogenides, 2D perovskites, black phosphorene, MXene, and covalent-organic frameworks, using diamond anvil cell is summarized. A detailed analysis of pressurized structure, phonon dynamics, superconducting, metallization, doping together with optical property is performed. Further, the pressure-induced optimized properties and potential applications as well as the vision of engineering the vdW interactions in heterostructures are highlighted. Finally, conclusions and outlook are presented on the way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglong Zhang
- Institute of Microscale OptoelectronicsCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Yilin Tang
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Ahmed Raza Khan
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Md Mehedi Hasan
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Ping Wang
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Han Yan
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Tanju Yildirim
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Juan Felipe Torres
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Guru Prakash Neupane
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Institute of Microscale OptoelectronicsCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Quan Li
- International Center for Computational Methods and SoftwareCollege of PhysicsJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
| | - Yuerui Lu
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
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12
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McCulloch DG, Wong S, Shiell TB, Haberl B, Cook BA, Huang X, Boehler R, McKenzie DR, Bradby JE. Investigation of Room Temperature Formation of the Ultra-Hard Nanocarbons Diamond and Lonsdaleite. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2004695. [PMID: 33150739 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diamond is an attractive material due to its extreme hardness, high thermal conductivity, quantum optical, and biomedical applications. There is still much that is not understood about how diamonds form, particularly at room temperature and without catalysts. In this work, a new route for the formation of nanocrystalline diamond and the diamond-like phase lonsdaleite is presented. Both diamond phases are found to form together within bands with a core-shell structure following the high pressure treatment of a glassy carbon precursor at room temperature. The crystallographic arrangements of the diamond phases revealed that shear is the driving force for their formation and growth. This study gives new understanding of how shear can lead to crystallization in materials and helps elucidate how diamonds can form on Earth, in meteorite impacts and on other planets. Finally, the new shear induced formation mechanism works at room temperature, a key finding that may enable diamond and other technically important nanomaterials to be synthesized more readily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dougal G McCulloch
- Physics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Sherman Wong
- Physics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Thomas B Shiell
- Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Bianca Haberl
- Neutron Scattering Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Brenton A Cook
- Physics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Xingshuo Huang
- Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Reinhard Boehler
- Neutron Scattering Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - David R McKenzie
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jodie E Bradby
- Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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13
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Steele BA, Goldman N, Kuo IFW, Kroonblawd MP. Mechanochemical synthesis of glycine oligomers in a virtual rotational diamond anvil cell. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7760-7771. [PMID: 34123069 PMCID: PMC8163322 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00755b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanochemistry of glycine under compression and shear at room temperature is predicted using quantum-based molecular dynamics (QMD) and a simulation design based on rotational diamond anvil cell (RDAC) experiments. Ensembles of high throughput semiempirical density functional tight binding (DFTB) simulations are used to identify chemical trends and bounds for glycine chemistry during rapid shear under compressive loads of up to 15.6 GPa. Significant chemistry is found to occur during compressive shear above 10 GPa. Recovered products consist of small molecules such as water, structural analogs to glycine, heterocyclic molecules, large oligomers, and polypeptides including the simplest polypeptide glycylglycine at up to 4% mass fraction. The population and size of oligomers generally increases with pressure. A number of oligomeric polypeptide precursors and intermediates are also identified that consist of two or three glycine monomers linked together through C-C, C-N, and/or C-O bridges. Even larger oligomers also form that contain peptide C-N bonds and exhibit branched structures. Many of the product molecules exhibit one or more chiral centers. Our simulations demonstrate that athermal mechanical compressive shearing of glycine is a plausible prebiotic route to forming polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad A Steele
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Nir Goldman
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - I-Feng W Kuo
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Matthew P Kroonblawd
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA 94550 USA
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14
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Hierarchically structured diamond composite with exceptional toughness. Nature 2020; 582:370-374. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Raza A, Qumar U, Hassan J, Ikram M, Ul-Hamid A, Haider J, Imran M, Ali S. A comparative study of dirac 2D materials, TMDCs and 2D insulators with regard to their structures and photocatalytic/sonophotocatalytic behavior. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Liu C, Song X, Li Q, Ma Y, Chen C. Superconductivity in Compression-Shear Deformed Diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:147001. [PMID: 32338977 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.147001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diamond is a prototypical ultrawide band gap semiconductor, but turns into a superconductor with a critical temperature T_{c}≈4 K near 3% boron doping [E. A. Ekimov et al., Nature (London) 428, 542 (2004)NATUAS0028-083610.1038/nature02449]. Here we unveil a surprising new route to superconductivity in undoped diamond by compression-shear deformation that induces increasing metallization and lattice softening with rising strain, producing phonon mediated T_{c} up to 2.4-12.4 K for a wide range of Coulomb pseudopotential μ^{*}=0.15-0.05. This finding raises intriguing prospects of generating robust superconductivity in strained diamond crystal, showcasing a distinct and hitherto little explored approach to driving materials into superconducting states via strain engineering. These results hold promise for discovering superconductivity in normally nonsuperconductive materials, thereby expanding the landscape of viable nontraditional superconductors and offering actionable insights for experimental exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, Department of Materials Science, and Innovation Center for Computational Physics Method and Software, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xianqi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, Department of Materials Science, and Innovation Center for Computational Physics Method and Software, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Quan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, Department of Materials Science, and Innovation Center for Computational Physics Method and Software, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yanming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, Department of Materials Science, and Innovation Center for Computational Physics Method and Software, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Changfeng Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
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Understanding controversies in the α-ω and ω-β phase transformations of zirconium from nonhydrostatic thermodynamics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16889. [PMID: 31729444 PMCID: PMC6858310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant debate has been noted in the α-ω and ω-β phase transformations of zirconium. The initial pressure of the α-to-ω transformation at room temperature has been reported to vary from 0.25 to 7.0 GPa, while the hydrostatic transformation is believed to occur at approximately 2.2 GPa. Shear stress is commonly considered as a key factor leading to the discrepancy. However, the principal mechanisms previously proposed concluded that the phase transformation pressure would be decreased in the presence of shear stress. The experimental results of the α-ω transformation in zirconium are contrary to this conclusion. In the ω-β phase diagram of zirconium, the dT/dP along the phase boundary near the α-ω-β triple-point was reported to be either positive or negative, but no theoretical explanation, especially a quantitative one, has been proposed. This article aimed to quantitatively investigate and explain the controversies reported in the α-ω and ω-β phase transformations of zirconium by applying a new nonhydrostatic thermodynamic formalism for solid medium, which has recently been proposed and is capable of quantitatively estimating the impact of shear stress on phase transformations in solids.
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18
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Thi M, Tran T, Hai Anh P, Nhac-Vu HT, Bui Q. Hierarchical zinc–nickel phosphides nanosheets on 3D nickel foam as self-support electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stabilizing the metastable superhard material wurtzite boron nitride by three-dimensional networks of planar defects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11181-11186. [PMID: 31101716 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902820116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wurtzite boron nitride (w-BN) is a metastable superhard material that is a high-pressure polymorph of BN. Clarifying how the metastable high-pressure material can be stabilized at atmospheric pressure is a challenging issue of fundamental scientific importance and promising technological value. Here, we fabricate millimeter-size w-BN bulk crystals via the hexagonal-to-wurtzite phase transformation at high pressure and high temperature. By combining transmission electron microscopy and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, we reveal a stabilization mechanism for w-BN, i.e., the metastable high-pressure phase can be stabilized by 3D networks of planar defects which are constructed by a high density of intersecting (0001) stacking faults and {10[Formula: see text]0} inversion domain boundaries. The 3D networks of planar defects segment the w-BN bulk crystal into numerous nanometer-size prismatic domains with the reverse crystallographic polarities. Our findings unambiguously demonstrate the retarding effect of crystal defects on the phase transformations of metastable materials, which is in contrast to the common knowledge that the crystal defects in materials will facilitate the occurrence of phase transformations.
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Lyu B, Li H, Jiang L, Shan W, Hu C, Deng A, Ying Z, Wang L, Zhang Y, Bechtel HA, Martin MC, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Luo W, Wang F, Shi Z. Phonon Polariton-assisted Infrared Nanoimaging of Local Strain in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1982-1989. [PMID: 30779587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b05166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Strain plays an important role in condensed matter physics and materials science because it can strongly modify the mechanical, electrical, and optical properties of a material and even induce a structural phase transition. Strain effects are especially interesting in atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) materials, where unusually large strain can be achieved without breaking them. Measuring the strain distribution in 2D materials at the nanometer scale is therefore greatly important but is extremely challenging experimentally. Here, we use near-field infrared nanoscopy to demonstrate phonon polariton-assisted mapping and quantitative analysis of strain in atomically thin polar crystals of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) at the nanoscale. A local strain as low as 0.01% can be detected using this method with ∼20 nm spatial resolution. Such ultrasensitive nanoscale strain imaging and analysis technique opens up opportunities for exploring unique local strain structures and strain-related physics in 2D materials. In addition, experimental evidence for local strain-induced phonon polariton reflection is also provided, which offers a new approach to manipulate light at deep subwavelength scales for nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosai Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Hongyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Wanfei Shan
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Aolin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Zhe Ying
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Lele Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Yiran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Hans A Bechtel
- Advanced Light Source Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California United States
| | - Michael C Martin
- Advanced Light Source Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California United States
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Weidong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing 210093 , China
- Institute of Natural Sciences , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Zhiwen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing 210093 , China
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Örnek M, Hwang C, Xiang S, Xie KY, Etzold A, Yang B, Haber RA. Effect of synthesis conditions of BCNO on the formation and structural ordering of boron nitride at high temperatures. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Levitas VI, Esfahani SE, Ghamarian I. Scale-Free Modeling of Coupled Evolution of Discrete Dislocation Bands and Multivariant Martensitic Microstructure. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:205701. [PMID: 30500235 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.205701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A scale-free model for the coupled evolution of discrete dislocation bands and multivariant martensitic microstructure is developed. In contrast to previous phase field models, which are limited to nanoscale specimens, this model allows for treating the nucleation and evolution of martensite at evolving dislocation pileups, twin tips, and shear bands in a sample of an arbitrary size. The model is applied for finite element simulations of plastic strain-induced phase transformations (PTs) in a polycrystalline sample under compression and shear. The solution explains the one to two orders of magnitude reduction in PT pressure by plastic shear, the existence of incompletely transformed stationary state, and optimal shear strain for the strain-induced synthesis of high pressure phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery I Levitas
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Ames Laboratory, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - S Ehsan Esfahani
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Iman Ghamarian
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Zarkevich NA, Chen H, Levitas VI, Johnson DD. Lattice Instability during Solid-Solid Structural Transformations under a General Applied Stress Tensor: Example of Si I→Si II with Metallization. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:165701. [PMID: 30387636 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.165701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The density functional theory was employed to study the stress-strain behavior and elastic instabilities during the solid-solid phase transformation (PT) when subjected to a general stress tensor, as exemplified for semiconducting Si I and metallic Si II, where metallization precedes the PT, so stressed Si I can be a metal. The hydrostatic PT occurs at 76 GPa, while under uniaxial loading it is 11 GPa (3.7 GPa mean pressure), 21 times lower. The Si I→Si II PT is described by a critical value of the phase-field's modified transformation work, and the PT criterion has only two parameters given six independent stress elements. Our findings reveal novel, more practical synthesis routes for new or known high-pressure phases under predictable nonhydrostatic loading, where competition of instabilities can serve for phase selection rather than free energy minima used for equilibrium processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai A Zarkevich
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3020, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Valery I Levitas
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3020, USA
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Duane D Johnson
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3020, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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First principles calculation of the nonhydrostatic effects on structure and Raman frequency of 3C-SiC. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11279. [PMID: 30050170 PMCID: PMC6062540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29666-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For understanding the quantitative effect of nonhydrostatic stress on properties of material, the crystal structure and Raman spectra of 3C-SiC under hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic stress were calculated using a first-principles method. The results show that the lattice constants (a, b, and c) under nonhydrostatic stresses deviate those under hydrostatic stress. The differences of the lattice constants under hydrostatic stress from nonhydrostatic stresses with differential stress were fitted by linear equation. Nonhydrostatic stress has no effect on density of 3C-SiC at high pressure, namely the equations of state of 3C-SiC under hydrostatic stress are same as those under nonhydrostatic stress. The frequencies and pressure dependences of LO and TO modes of 3C-SiC Raman spectra under nonhydrostatic stress are just same as those under hydrostatic stress. Under nonhydrostatic stress, there are four new lines with 361, 620, 740, and 803 cm−1 appeared in the Raman spectra except for the LO and TO lines because of the reduction of structure symmetry. However the frequencies and pressure dependences of the four Raman modes remain unchanged under different nonhydrostatic stresses. Appearance of new Raman modes under nonhydrostatic stress and the linear relationship of the differences of lattice constants under hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic stresses with differential stress can be used to indicate state of stress in high pressure experiments. The effect of nonhydrostatic stress on materials under high pressure is complicated and our calculation would help to understanding state of stress at high pressure experiments.
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Levitas VI. High pressure phase transformations revisited. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:163001. [PMID: 29512511 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aab4b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High pressure phase transformations play an important role in the search for new materials and material synthesis, as well as in geophysics. However, they are poorly characterized, and phase transformation pressure and pressure hysteresis vary drastically in experiments of different researchers, with different pressure transmitting media, and with different material suppliers. Here we review the current state, challenges in studying phase transformations under high pressure, and the possible ways in overcoming the challenges. This field is critically compared with fields of phase transformations under normal pressure in steels and shape memory alloys, as well as plastic deformation of materials. The main reason for the above mentioned discrepancy is the lack of understanding that there is a fundamental difference between pressure-induced transformations under hydrostatic conditions, stress-induced transformations under nonhydrostatic conditions below yield, and strain-induced transformations during plastic flow. Each of these types of transformations has different mechanisms and requires a completely different thermodynamic and kinetic description and experimental characterization. In comparison with other fields the following challenges are indicated for high pressure phase transformation: (a) initial and evolving microstructure is not included in characterization of transformations; (b) continuum theory is poorly developed; (c) heterogeneous stress and strain fields in experiments are not determined, which leads to confusing material transformational properties with a system behavior. Some ways to advance the field of high pressure phase transformations are suggested. The key points are: (a) to take into account plastic deformations and microstructure evolution during transformations; (b) to formulate phase transformation criteria and kinetic equations in terms of stress and plastic strain tensors (instead of pressure alone); (c) to develop multiscale continuum theories, and (d) to couple experimental, theoretical, and computational studies of the behavior of a tested sample to extract information about fields of stress and strain tensors and concentration of high pressure phase, transformation criteria and kinetics. The ideal characterization should contain complete information which is required for simulation of the same experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery I Levitas
- Departments of Aerospace Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Material Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America. Ames Laboratory, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames, IA, United States of America
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26
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Razavi-Khosroshahi H, Edalati K, Emami H, Akiba E, Horita Z, Fuji M. Optical Properties of Nanocrystalline Monoclinic Y2O3 Stabilized by Grain Size and Plastic Strain Effects via High-Pressure Torsion. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:2576-2580. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Masayoshi Fuji
- Advanced Ceramics
Research Center, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gifu, Japan
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Levitas VI, Chen H, Xiong L. Triaxial-Stress-Induced Homogeneous Hysteresis-Free First-Order Phase Transformations with Stable Intermediate Phases. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:025701. [PMID: 28128597 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.025701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Starting with thermodynamic predictions and following with molecular dynamics simulations, special triaxial compression-tension states were found for which the stresses for the instability of the crystal lattice of silicon (Si) are the same for direct and reverse phase transformations (PTs) between semiconducting Si I and metallic Si II phases. This leads to unique homogeneous and hysteresis-free first-order PTs, for which each intermediate crystal lattice along the transformation path is in indifferent thermodynamic equilibrium and can be arrested and studied by fixing the strain in one direction. By approaching these stress states, a traditional two-phase system continuously transforms to homogenous intermediate phases. Zero hysteresis and homogeneous transformations are the optimal property for various PT applications, which drastically reduce damage and energy dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery I Levitas
- Iowa State University, Departments of Aerospace Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Material Science and Engineering, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Ames Laboratory, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Iowa State University, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Liming Xiong
- Iowa State University, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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28
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Nanocrystalline hexagonal diamond formed from glassy carbon. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37232. [PMID: 27897174 PMCID: PMC5126635 DOI: 10.1038/srep37232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon exhibits a large number of allotropes and its phase behaviour is still subject to significant uncertainty and intensive research. The hexagonal form of diamond, also known as lonsdaleite, was discovered in the Canyon Diablo meteorite where its formation was attributed to the extreme conditions experienced during the impact. However, it has recently been claimed that lonsdaleite does not exist as a well-defined material but is instead defective cubic diamond formed under high pressure and high temperature conditions. Here we report the synthesis of almost pure lonsdaleite in a diamond anvil cell at 100 GPa and 400 °C. The nanocrystalline material was recovered at ambient and analysed using diffraction and high resolution electron microscopy. We propose that the transformation is the result of intense radial plastic flow under compression in the diamond anvil cell, which lowers the energy barrier by “locking in” favourable stackings of graphene sheets. This strain induced transformation of the graphitic planes of the precursor to hexagonal diamond is supported by first principles calculations of transformation pathways and explains why the new phase is found in an annular region. Our findings establish that high purity lonsdaleite is readily formed under strain and hence does not require meteoritic impacts.
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Momeni K, Levitas VI. A phase-field approach to nonequilibrium phase transformations in elastic solids via an intermediate phase (melt) allowing for interface stresses. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:12183-203. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00943c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A phase-field approach for phase transformations between three different phases at nonequilibrium temperatures with mechanics and interfacial stresses is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Momeni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Pennsylvania State University
- Pennsylvania 16802
- USA
| | - Valery I. Levitas
- Department of Aerospace Engineering
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Department of Material Science and Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
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30
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Levitas VI, Javanbakht M. Phase transformations in nanograin materials under high pressure and plastic shear: nanoscale mechanisms. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:162-166. [PMID: 24213214 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05044k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
There are two main challenges in the discovery of new high pressure phases (HPPs) and transforming this discovery into technologies: finding conditions to synthesize new HPPs and finding ways to reduce the phase transformation (PT) pressure to an economically reasonable level. Based on the results of pressure-shear experiments in the rotational diamond anvil cell (RDAC), superposition of plastic shear on high pressure is a promising way to resolve these problems. However, physical mechanisms behind these phenomena are not yet understood. Here, we elucidate generic mechanisms of coupled nucleation and evolution of dislocation and HPP structures in the nanograin material under pressure and shear utilizing the developed advanced phase field approach (PFA). Dislocations are generated at the grain boundaries and are densely piled up near them, creating a strong concentrator of the stress tensor. Averaged shear stress is essentially larger in the nanograin material due to grain boundary strengthening. This leads to the increase in the local thermodynamic driving force for PT, which allows one to significantly reduce the applied pressure. For all cases, the applied pressure is 3-20 times lower than the PT pressure and 2-12.5 times smaller than the phase equilibrium pressure. Interaction between nuclei leads sometimes to their coalescence and growth of the HPP away from stress concentrators. Plasticity plays a dual role: in addition to creating stress concentrators, it may relax stresses at other concentrators, thus competing with PT. Some ways to optimize the loading parameters have been found that lead to methods for controlling PT. Since such a local stress tensor with high shear stress component cannot be created without plastic deformations, this may lead to new transformation paths and phases, which are hidden during pressure induced PTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery I Levitas
- Departments of Aerospace, Mechanical, and Material Science Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
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