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Li D, Li H, Feng H, Qi P, Wu Z. Unveiling kiwifruit TCP genes: evolution, functions, and expression insights. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2338985. [PMID: 38597293 PMCID: PMC11008546 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2338985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The TEOSINTE-BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLEFERATING-CELL-FACTORS (TCP) gene family is a plant-specific transcriptional factor family involved in leaf morphogenesis and senescence, lateral branching, hormone crosstalk, and stress responses. To date, a systematic study on the identification and characterization of the TCP gene family in kiwifruit has not been reported. Additionally, the function of kiwifruit TCPs in regulating kiwifruit responses to the ethylene treatment and bacterial canker disease pathogen (Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, Psa) has not been investigated. Here, we identified 40 and 26 TCP genes in Actinidia chinensis (Ac) and A. eriantha (Ae) genomes, respectively. The synteny analysis of AcTCPs illustrated that whole-genome duplication accounted for the expansion of the TCP family in Ac. Phylogenetic, conserved domain, and selection pressure analysis indicated that TCP family genes in Ac and Ae had undergone different evolutionary patterns after whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, causing differences in TCP gene number and distribution. Our results also suggested that protein structure and cis-element architecture in promoter regions of TCP genes have driven the function divergence of duplicated gene pairs. Three and four AcTCP genes significantly affected kiwifruit responses to the ethylene treatment and Psa invasion, respectively. Our results provided insight into general characters, evolutionary patterns, and functional diversity of kiwifruit TCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Li
- College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Haibo Li
- College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Huimin Feng
- College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Qi
- College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhicheng Wu
- College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
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Lou X, Wang J, Wang G, He D, Shang W, Song Y, Wang Z, He S. Genome-Wide Analysis of the WOX Family and Its Expression Pattern in Root Development of Paeonia ostii. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7668. [PMID: 39062910 PMCID: PMC11277081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) is a woody plant with high ornamental, medicinal, and oil values. However, its low rooting rate and poor rooting quality are bottleneck issues in the micropropagation of P. ostii. The WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) family plays a crucial role in root development. In this study, based on the screening of the genome and root transcriptome database, we identified ten WOX members in P. ostii. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the ten PoWOX proteins clustered into three major clades, the WUS, intermediate, and ancient clade, respectively. The conserved motifs and tertiary structures of PoWOX proteins located in the same clade exhibited higher similarity. The analysis of cis-regulatory elements in the promoter indicated that PoWOX genes are involved in plant growth and development, phytohormones, and stress responses. The expression analysis revealed that PoWOX genes are expressed in distinct tissues. PoWOX4, PoWOX5, PoWOX11, and PoWOX13b are preferentially expressed in roots at the early stage of root primordium formation, suggesting their role in the initiation and development of roots. These results will provide a comprehensive reference for the evolution and potential function of the WOX family and offer guidance for further study on the root development of tree peony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Lou
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
| | - Jiange Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.W.); (G.W.); (D.H.); (W.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Guiqing Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.W.); (G.W.); (D.H.); (W.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Dan He
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.W.); (G.W.); (D.H.); (W.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Wenqian Shang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.W.); (G.W.); (D.H.); (W.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yinglong Song
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.W.); (G.W.); (D.H.); (W.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Zheng Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.W.); (G.W.); (D.H.); (W.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Songlin He
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.W.); (G.W.); (D.H.); (W.S.); (Y.S.)
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Luo X, Zheng Q, He X, Zhao X, Zhang M, Huang Y, Cai B, Liu Z. The Evolution of the WUSCHEL-Related Homeobox Gene Family in Dendrobium Species and Its Role in Sex Organ Development in D. chrysotoxum. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5352. [PMID: 38791390 PMCID: PMC11121392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factor plays a vital role in stem cell maintenance and organ morphogenesis, which are essential processes for plant growth and development. Dendrobium chrysotoxum, D. huoshanense, and D. nobile are valued for their ornamental and medicinal properties. However, the specific functions of the WOX gene family in Dendrobium species are not well understood. In our study, a total of 30 WOX genes were present in the genomes of the three Dendrobium species (nine DchWOXs, 11 DhuWOXs, and ten DnoWOXs). These 30 WOXs were clustered into ancient clades, intermediate clades, and WUS/modern clades. All 30 WOXs contained a conserved homeodomain, and the conserved motifs and gene structures were similar among WOXs belonging to the same branch. D. chrysotoxum and D. huoshanense had one pair of fragment duplication genes and one pair of tandem duplication genes, respectively; D. nobile had two pairs of fragment duplication genes. The cis-acting regulatory elements (CREs) in the WOX promoter region were mainly enriched in the light response, stress response, and plant growth and development regulation. The expression pattern and RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the WOXs were involved in regulating the floral organ development of D. chrysotoxum. Among them, the high expression of DchWOX3 suggests that it might be involved in controlling lip development, whereas DchWOX5 might be involved in controlling ovary development. In conclusion, this work lays the groundwork for an in-depth investigation into the functions of WOX genes and their regulatory role in Dendrobium species' floral organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bangping Cai
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.H.)
| | - Zhongjian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.H.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.H.)
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Wang Y, Yang L, Geng W, Cheng R, Zhang H, Zhou H. Genome-wide prediction and functional analysis of WOX genes in blueberry. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:434. [PMID: 38693497 PMCID: PMC11064388 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND WOX genes are a class of plant-specific transcription factors. The WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) family is a member of the homeobox transcription factor superfamily. Previous studies have shown that WOX members play important roles in plant growth and development. However, studies of the WOX gene family in blueberry plants have not been reported. RESULTS In order to understand the biological function of the WOX gene family in blueberries, bioinformatics were used methods to identify WOX gene family members in the blueberry genome, and analyzed the basic physical and chemical properties, gene structure, gene motifs, promoter cis-acting elements, chromosome location, evolutionary relationships, expression pattern of these family members and predicted their functions. Finally, 12 genes containing the WOX domain were identified and found to be distributed on eight chromosomes. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the blueberry WOX gene family had three major branches: ancient branch, middle branch, and WUS branch. Blueberry WOX gene family protein sequences differ in amino acid number, molecular weight, isoelectric point and hydrophobicity. Predictive analysis of promoter cis-acting elements showed that the promoters of the VdWOX genes contained abundant light response, hormone, and stress response elements. The VdWOX genes were induced to express in both stems and leaves in response to salt and drought stress. CONCLUSIONS Our results provided comprehensive characteristics of the WOX gene family and important clues for further exploration of its role in the growth, development and resistance to various stress in blueberry plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Wang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Yang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China.
- Bestplant (Shandong) Stem Cell Engineering Co., Ltd, 300 Changjiang Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong, China.
| | - Wenzhu Geng
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China.
- Bestplant (Shandong) Stem Cell Engineering Co., Ltd, 300 Changjiang Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong, China.
| | - Houjun Zhou
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong, China.
- Bestplant (Shandong) Stem Cell Engineering Co., Ltd, 300 Changjiang Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong, China.
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Li X, Wang T, Zhang Y, Tadege M, Wang H. The STF/WOX1 MD is required for physical interaction with MtWOX9 and leaf blade outgrowth in Medicago truncatula. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14212. [PMID: 38353133 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Plant-specific WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) family transcription factors play critical roles in maintaining meristems and lateral organ development. The WUS clade member STF/LAM1 physically interacts with the intermediate clade member WOX9. This interaction contributes to their antagonistical functions on leaf blade outgrowth by competing for the same cis-elements in the promoter of their common target in M. truncatula and N. sylvestris. Here, we identified the main interaction domains of STF and MtWOX9 in Medicago, shedding light on the mechanism of WOX gene function. The middle domain of STF and MtWOX9 are both critical for the interaction, while the conserved motif of STF in the C-terminal domain is also required. Deletion of the middle domain of STF partially rescued the leaf blade phenotypes of the stf null mutant, indicating that the middle domain plays an essential role during leaf blade expansion. This finding provides a new insight that the versatility of WOX function is not only caused by the conserved DNA binding and repression domains but also by the middle domain that recruits different partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunwei Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Chen X, Hou Y, Cao Y, Wei B, Gu L. A Comprehensive Identification and Expression Analysis of the WUSCHEL Homeobox-Containing Protein Family Reveals Their Special Role in Development and Abiotic Stress Response in Zea mays L. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:441. [PMID: 38203611 PMCID: PMC10779079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Maize is an important food and cash crop worldwide. The WUSCHEL (WUS)-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factor (TF) family plays a significant role in the development process and the response to abiotic stress of plants. However, few studies have been reported on the function of WOX genes in maize. This work, utilizing the latest maize B73 reference genome, results in the identification of 22 putative ZmWOX gene family members. Except for chromosome 5, the 22 ZmWOX genes were homogeneously distributed on the other nine chromosomes and showed three tandem duplication and 10 segmental duplication events. Based on phylogenetic characteristics, ZmWOXs are divided into three clades (e.g., WUS, intermediate, and ancient groups), and the majority of ZmWOXs in same group display similar gene and protein structures. Cross-species collinearity results indicated that some WOX genes might be evolutionarily conservative. The promoter region of ZmWOX family members is enriched in light, plant growth/hormone, and abiotic stress-responsive elements. Tissue-specific expression evaluation showed that ZmWOX genes might play a significant role in the occurrence of maize reproductive organs. Transcriptome data and RT-qPCR analysis further showed that six ZmWOX genes (e.g., ZmWOX1, 4, 6, 13, 16, and 18) were positively or negatively modulated by temperature, salt, and waterlogging stresses. Moreover, two ZmWOXs, ZmWOX1 and ZmWOX18, both were upregulated by abiotic stress. ZmWOX18 was localized in the nucleus and had transactivation activities, while ZmWOX1 was localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, without transactivation activity. Overall, this work offers new perspectives on the evolutionary relationships of ZmWOX genes and might provide a resource for further detecting the biological functions of ZmWOXs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lei Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (X.C.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (B.W.)
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Sun Y, Yue Y, Li X, Li S, Shi Q, Yu Y. Transcription factor VviWOX13C regulates fruit set by directly activating VviEXPA37/38/39 in grape (Vitis vinifera L). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 43:19. [PMID: 38150069 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE VviWOX13C plays a key regulatory role in the expansin during fruit set. Expansins as a type of non-enzymatic cell wall proteins, are responsible for the loosening and extension in cell walls leading to the enlargement of the plant cells. However, the current studies are still lacking in expansin genes associated with promoting fruit set. Here, 29 members of the expansin gene family were identified in the whole genome of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), and the functional prediction of expansins was based on the gene annotated information. Results showed that the 29 members of grape expansin gene family could be mainly divided into four subfamilies (EXPA, EXPB, LIKE A, and LIKE B), distributed on 16 chromosomes. Replication analysis showed that there were four segmental duplications and two tandem duplications. Each expansins sequence contained two conserved domain features of grape EXPs (DPBB_1 and Expansin_C) through protein sequence analysis. The transcriptome sequencing results revealed that VviEXPA37, VviEXPA38, and VviEXPA39 were induced and upregulated by CPPU. Furthermore, transcriptional regulatory prediction network indicated that VviWOX13C targeted regulates VviEXPA37, VviEXPA38, and VviEXPA39 simultaneously. EMSA and dual luciferase assays demonstrated that VviWOX13C directly activated the expression of VviEXPA37, VviEXPA38, and VviEXPA39 by directly binding to its promoter. These results provide a basis for further studies on the function and regulatory mechanisms of expansin genes in fruit set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadan Sun
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Yihan Yue
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Xufei Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Songqi Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Qiaofang Shi
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Yihe Yu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China.
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Zheng R, Peng Y, Chen J, Zhu X, Xie K, Ahmad S, Zhao K, Peng D, Liu ZJ, Zhou Y. The Genome-Level Survey of the WOX Gene Family in Melastoma dodecandrum Lour. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17349. [PMID: 38139178 PMCID: PMC10743900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Though conserved in higher plants, the WOX transcription factors play crucial roles in plant growth and development of Melastoma dodecandrum Lour., which shows pioneer position in land ecosystem formation and produces nutritional fruits. Identifying the WOX family genes in M. dodecandrum is imperative for elucidating its growth and development mechanisms. However, the WOX genes in M. dodecandrum have not yet been characterized. In this study, by identification 22 WOX genes in M. dodecandrum based on current genome data, we classified family genes into three clades and nine types with homeodomains. We highlighted gene duplications of MedWOX4, which offered evidences of whole-genome duplication events. Promoter analysis illustrated that cis-regulatory elements related to light and stress responses and plant growth were enriched. Expression pattern and RT-qPCR results demonstrated that the majority of WOX genes exhibited expression in the stem. MedWOX13s displayed highest expression across various tissues. MedWOX4s displayed a specific expression in the stem. Collectively, our study provided foundations for elucidating WOX gene functions and further molecular design breeding in M. dodecandrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyue Zheng
- Ornamental Plant Germplasm Resources Innovation & Engineering Application Research Center, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (K.X.); (S.A.); (D.P.)
| | - Yukun Peng
- Ornamental Plant Germplasm Resources Innovation & Engineering Application Research Center, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (K.X.); (S.A.); (D.P.)
| | - Jiemin Chen
- Ornamental Plant Germplasm Resources Innovation & Engineering Application Research Center, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (K.X.); (S.A.); (D.P.)
| | - Xuanyi Zhu
- Ornamental Plant Germplasm Resources Innovation & Engineering Application Research Center, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (K.X.); (S.A.); (D.P.)
| | - Kai Xie
- Ornamental Plant Germplasm Resources Innovation & Engineering Application Research Center, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (K.X.); (S.A.); (D.P.)
| | - Sagheer Ahmad
- Ornamental Plant Germplasm Resources Innovation & Engineering Application Research Center, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (K.X.); (S.A.); (D.P.)
| | - Kai Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China;
| | - Donghui Peng
- Ornamental Plant Germplasm Resources Innovation & Engineering Application Research Center, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (K.X.); (S.A.); (D.P.)
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Ornamental Plant Germplasm Resources Innovation & Engineering Application Research Center, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (K.X.); (S.A.); (D.P.)
| | - Yuzhen Zhou
- Ornamental Plant Germplasm Resources Innovation & Engineering Application Research Center, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (X.Z.); (K.X.); (S.A.); (D.P.)
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Lv Z, Zhao W, Kong S, Li L, Lin S. Overview of molecular mechanisms of plant leaf development: a systematic review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1293424. [PMID: 38146273 PMCID: PMC10749370 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1293424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Leaf growth initiates in the peripheral region of the meristem at the apex of the stem, eventually forming flat structures. Leaves are pivotal organs in plants, serving as the primary sites for photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration. Their development is intricately governed by complex regulatory networks. Leaf development encompasses five processes: the leaf primordium initiation, the leaf polarity establishment, leaf size expansion, shaping of leaf, and leaf senescence. The leaf primordia starts from the side of the growth cone at the apex of the stem. Under the precise regulation of a series of genes, the leaf primordia establishes adaxial-abaxial axes, proximal-distal axes and medio-lateral axes polarity, guides the primordia cells to divide and differentiate in a specific direction, and finally develops into leaves of a certain shape and size. Leaf senescence is a kind of programmed cell death that occurs in plants, and as it is the last stage of leaf development. Each of these processes is meticulously coordinated through the intricate interplay among transcriptional regulatory factors, microRNAs, and plant hormones. This review is dedicated to examining the regulatory influences of major regulatory factors and plant hormones on these five developmental aspects of leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Lv
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanqi Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuxin Kong
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuyan Lin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Zhang ZA, Liu MY, Ren SN, Liu X, Gao YH, Zhu CY, Niu HQ, Chen BW, Liu C, Yin W, Wang HL, Xia X. Identification of WUSCHEL-related homeobox gene and truncated small peptides in transformation efficiency improvement in Eucalyptus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:604. [PMID: 38030990 PMCID: PMC10688041 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04617-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The WUSCHEL-related Homeobox (WOX) genes, which encode plant-specific homeobox (HB) transcription factors, play crucial roles in regulating plant growth and development. However, the functions of WOX genes are little known in Eucalyptus, one of the fastest-growing tree resources with considerable widespread cultivation worldwide. RESULTS A total of nine WOX genes named EgWOX1-EgWOX9 were retrieved and designated from Eucalyptus grandis. From the three divided clades marked as Modern/WUS, Intermediate and Ancient, the largest group Modern/WUS (6 EgWOXs) contains a specific domain with 8 amino acids: TLQLFPLR. The collinearity, cis-regulatory elements, protein-protein interaction network and gene expression analysis reveal that the WUS proteins in E. grandis involve in regulating meristems development and regeneration. Furthermore, by externally adding of truncated peptides isolated from WUS specific domain, the transformation efficiency in E. urophylla × E. grandis DH32-29 was significant enhanced. The transcriptomics data further reveals that the use of small peptides activates metabolism pathways such as starch and sucrose metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS Peptides isolated from WUS protein can be utilized to enhance the transformation efficiency in Eucalyptus, thereby contributing to the high-efficiency breeding of Eucalyptus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Ao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mei-Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shu-Ning Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yue-Hao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chen-Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hao-Qiang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bo-Wen Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superior Timber Trees Resource Cultivation, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, 23 Yongwu Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530002, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Weilun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hou-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Xinli Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Xu A, Yang J, Wang S, Zheng L, Wang J, Zhang Y, Bi X, Wang H. Characterization and expression profiles of WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) gene family in cultivated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:471. [PMID: 37803258 PMCID: PMC10557229 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) family members are plant-specific transcriptional factors, which function in meristem maintenance, embryogenesis, lateral organ development, as well as abiotic stress tolerance. In this study, 14 MsWOX transcription factors were identified and comprehensively analyzed in the cultivated alfalfa cv. Zhongmu No.1. Overall, 14 putative MsWOX members containing conserved structural regions were clustered into three clades according to phylogenetic analysis. Specific expression patterns of MsWOXs in different tissues at different levels indicated that the MsWOX genes play various roles in alfalfa. MsWUS, MsWOX3, MsWOX9, and MsWOX13-1 from the three subclades were localized in the nucleus, among which, MsWUS and MsWOX13-1 exhibited strong self-activations in yeast. In addition, various cis-acting elements related to hormone responses, plant growth, and stress responses were identified in the 3.0 kb promoter regions of MsWOXs. Expression detection of separated shoots and roots under hormones including auxin, cytokinin, GA, and ABA, as well as drought and cold stresses, showed that MsWOX genes respond to different hormones and abiotic stress treatments. Furthermore, transcript abundance of MsWOX3, and MsWOX13-2 were significantly increased after rhizobia inoculation. This study presented comprehensive data on MsWOX transcription factors and provided valuable insights into further studies of their roles in developmental processes and abiotic stress responses in alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijiao Xu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqi Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zheng
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunwei Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Bi
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Lu R, Pi M, Liu Z, Kang C. Auxin biosynthesis gene FveYUC4 is critical for leaf and flower morphogenesis in woodland strawberry. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1428-1442. [PMID: 37248638 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Auxin plays an essential role in plant growth and development, particularly in fruit development. The YUCCA (YUC) genes encode flavin monooxygenases that catalyze a rate-limiting step in auxin biosynthesis. Mutations that disrupt YUC gene function provide useful tools for dissecting general and specific functions of auxin during plant development. In woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca), two ethyl methanesulfonate mutants, Y422 and Y1011, have been identified that exhibit severe defects in leaves and flowers. In particular, the width of the leaf blade is greatly reduced, and each leaflet in the mutants has fewer and deeper serrations. In addition, the number and shape of the floral organs are altered, resulting in smaller fruits. Mapping by sequencing revealed that both mutations reside in the FveYUC4 gene, and were therefore renamed as yuc4-1 and yuc4-2. Consistent with a role for FveYUC4 in auxin synthesis, free auxin and its metabolites are significantly reduced in the yuc4 leaves and flowers. This role of FveYUC4 in leaf and flower development is supported by its high and specific expression in young leaves and flower buds using GUS reporters. Furthermore, germline transformation of pYUC4::YUC4, which resulted in elevated expression of FveYUC4 in yuc4 mutants, not only rescued the leaf and flower defects but also produced parthenocarpic fruits. Taken together, our data demonstrate that FveYUC4 is essential for leaf and flower morphogenesis in woodland strawberry by providing auxin hormone at the proper time and in the right tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mengting Pi
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhongchi Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Chunying Kang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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13
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Sun R, Zhang X, Ma D, Liu C. Identification and Evolutionary Analysis of Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum) WOX Family Genes and Their Potential Function in Somatic Embryogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11077. [PMID: 37446257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) proteins participate profoundly in plant development and stress responses. As the difficulty of somatic embryogenesis severely constrains cotton genetic modification, in this study, we identified and comprehensively analyzed WOX genes in cotton. As a result, 40 WOX genes were identified in the upland cotton genome. All these cotton WOX genes were classified into three clades, ancient, intermediate, and modern clades, based on the phylogenetic analysis of previous studies. The majority (24) of the cotton WOX genes belonged to the modern clade, in which all gene members contain the vital functional domain WUS-box, which is necessary for plant stem cell regulation and maintenance. Collinearity analysis indicated that the WOX gene family in cotton expanded to some degree compared to Arabidopsis, especially in the modern clade. Genome duplication and segmental duplication may greatly contribute to expansion. Hormone-response- and abiotic-stress-response-related cis-acting regulatory elements were widely distributed in the promoter regions of cotton WOX genes, suggesting that the corresponding functions of stress responses and the participation of development processes were involved in hormone responses. By RNA sequencing, we profiled the expression patterns of cotton WOX genes in somatic embryogenesis. Only about half of cotton WOX genes were actively expressed during somatic embryogenesis; different cotton WOX genes may function in different development stages. The most representative, GhWOX4 and GhWOX13, may function in almost all stages of somatic embryogenesis; GhWOX2 and GhWOX9 function in the late stages of embryo patterning and embryo development during cotton somatic embryogenesis. Co-expression analysis showed that the cotton WOXs co-expressed with genes involved in extensive genetic information processing, including DNA replication, DNA repair, homologous recombination, RNA transport, protein processing, and several signaling and metabolism pathways, in which plant hormones signal transduction, MAPK signaling pathways, phosphatidylinositol signaling systems, and ABC transporters, as well as the metabolism of fatty acid; valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis; and cutin, suberine, and wax biosynthesis, were most significantly enriched. Taken together, the present study provides useful information and new insights into the functions of cotton WOX genes during somatic embryogenesis. The specific regulatory roles of some WOX genes in somatic embryogenesis are worthy of further functional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibin Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Dan Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Chuanliang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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14
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Yu Y, Yang M, Liu X, Xia Y, Hu R, Xia Q, Jing D, Guo Q. Genome-wide analysis of the WOX gene family and the role of EjWUSa in regulating flowering in loquat ( Eriobotrya japonica). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1024515. [PMID: 36407616 PMCID: PMC9669421 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1024515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The WUSCHEL (WUS)-related homeobox (WOX) gene family plays a crucial role in stem cell maintenance, apical meristem formation, embryonic development, and various other developmental processes. However, the identification and function of WOX genes have not been reported in perennial loquat. In this study, 18 EjWOX genes were identified in the loquat genome. Chromosomal localization analysis showed that 18 EjWOX genes were located on 12 of 17 chromosomes. Gene structure analysis showed that all EjWOX genes contain introns, of which 11 EjWOX genes contain untranslated regions. There are 8 pairs of segmental duplication genes and 0 pairs of tandem duplication genes in the loquat WOX family, suggesting that segmental duplications might be the main reason for the expansion of the loquat WOX family. A WOX transcription factor gene named EjWUSa was isolated from loquat. The EjWUSa protein was localized in the nucleus. Protein interactions between EjWUSa with EjWUSa and EjSTM were verified. Compared with wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana, the 35S::EjWUSa transgenic Arabidopsis showed early flowering. Our study provides an important basis for further research on the function of EjWOX genes and facilitates the molecular breeding of loquat early-flowering varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Miaomiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruoqian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingqing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Danlong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qigao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Chaudhary R, Singh S, Kaur K, Tiwari S. Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of WUSCHEL-related homeobox ( WOX) genes confer their roles in somatic embryogenesis, growth and abiotic stresses in banana. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:321. [PMID: 36276441 PMCID: PMC9556689 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03387-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-specific WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factors are known to be involved in plant developmental processes, especially in embryogenesis. In this study, a total of thirteen WOX members were identified in the banana (Musa acuminata) genome (MaWOX) and characterized for in-silico analysis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes were divided into three clades (ancient, intermediate and modern) which reflected the evolutionary history of WOX families. Furthermore, modern clade members have shown higher variations in gene structural features and carried unique conserved motifs (motif 3 and motif 4) when compared to the members of other clades. The differential expression of all 13 MaWOX was observed in early (embryogenic cell suspension (ECS), multiplying ECS, germinating embryos, young leaflet and node of germinated plantlets) and late (unripe fruit peel and pulp, ripe fruit peel and pulp) developmental stages of banana cultivar Grand Naine. The maximum expression of MaWOX6 (18 fold) and MaWOX13 (120 fold) was found during somatic embryogenesis and in unripe fruit pulp, respectively. Moreover, numerous cis-elements responsive to drought, cold, ethylene, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) were observed in all MaWOX promoter regions. The subsequent expression analysis under various abiotic stresses (cold, drought and salt) revealed maximum expression of the MaWOX3 (830 fold), MaWOX8a (30 fold) and MaWOX11b (105 fold) in salt stress. It gives evidence about their possible role in salt stress tolerance in banana. Hence, the present study provides precise information on the MaWOX gene family and their expression in various tissues and stressful environmental conditions that may help to develop climate-resilient banana plants. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03387-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Chaudhary
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Lab, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), Sector 81, Knowledge City, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306 India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, Haryana 121001 India
| | - Surender Singh
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Lab, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), Sector 81, Knowledge City, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306 India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, Haryana 121001 India
| | - Karambir Kaur
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Lab, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), Sector 81, Knowledge City, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306 India
| | - Siddharth Tiwari
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Lab, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), Sector 81, Knowledge City, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306 India
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16
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Wang H, Li X, Wolabu T, Wang Z, Liu Y, Tadesse D, Chen N, Xu A, Bi X, Zhang Y, Chen J, Tadege M. WOX family transcriptional regulators modulate cytokinin homeostasis during leaf blade development in Medicago truncatula and Nicotiana sylvestris. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3737-3753. [PMID: 35766878 PMCID: PMC9516142 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific family of WUSCHEL (WUS)-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factors is key regulators of embryogenesis, meristem maintenance, and lateral organ development in flowering plants. The modern/WUS clade transcriptional repressor STENOFOLIA/LAMINA1(LAM1), and the intermediate/WOX9 clade transcriptional activator MtWOX9/NsWOX9 antagonistically regulate leaf blade expansion, but the molecular mechanism is unknown. Using transcriptome profiling and biochemical methods, we determined that NsCKX3 is the common target of LAM1 and NsWOX9 in Nicotiana sylvestris. LAM1 and NsWOX9 directly recognize and bind to the same cis-elements in the NsCKX3 promoter to repress and activate its expression, respectively, thus controlling the levels of active cytokinins in vivo. Disruption of NsCKX3 in the lam1 background yielded a phenotype similar to the knockdown of NsWOX9 in lam1, while overexpressing NsCKX3 resulted in narrower and shorter lam1 leaf blades reminiscent of NsWOX9 overexpression in the lam1 mutant. Moreover, we established that LAM1 physically interacts with NsWOX9, and this interaction is required to regulate NsCKX3 transcription. Taken together, our results indicate that repressor and activator WOX members oppositely regulate a common downstream target to function in leaf blade outgrowth, offering a novel insight into the role of local cytokinins in balancing cell proliferation and differentiation during lateral organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Xue Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tezera Wolabu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Ziyao Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dimiru Tadesse
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Naichong Chen
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Aijiao Xu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaojing Bi
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunwei Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
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17
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He G, Cao Y, Wang J, Song M, Bi M, Tang Y, Xu L, Ming J, Yang P. WUSCHEL-related homeobox genes cooperate with cytokinin to promote bulbil formation in Lilium lancifolium. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:387-402. [PMID: 35670734 PMCID: PMC9773970 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The bulbil is an important vegetative reproductive organ in triploid tiger lily (Lilium lancifolium). Based on our previously obtained transcriptome data, we screened two WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) genes closely related to bulbil formation, LlWOX9 and LlWOX11. However, the biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of LlWOX9 and LlWOX11 are unclear. In this study, we cloned the full-length coding sequences of LlWOX9 and LlWOX11. Transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) showed increased branch numbers, and the overexpression of LlWOX9 and LlWOX11 in stem segments promoted bulbil formation, while the silencing of LlWOX9 and LlWOX11 inhibited bulbil formation, indicating that LlWOX9 and LlWOX11 are positive regulators of bulbil formation. Cytokinin type-B response regulators could bind to the promoters of LlWOX9 and LlWOX11 and promote their transcription. LlWOX11 could enhance cytokinin pathway signaling by inhibiting the transcription of type-A LlRR9. Our study enriches the understanding of the regulation of plant development by the WOX gene family and lays a foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism of bulbil formation in lily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoren He
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwei Cao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Song
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Bi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchao Tang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Leifeng Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ming
- Authors for correspondence: (P.P.Y.); (J.M.)
| | - Panpan Yang
- Authors for correspondence: (P.P.Y.); (J.M.)
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Wang Z, Cai Q, Xia H, Han B, Li M, Wang Y, Zhu M, Jiao C, Wang D, Zhu J, Yuan W, Zhu D, Xu C, Wang H, Zhou M, Zhang X, Shi J, Chen J. Genome-Wide Identification and Comparative Analysis of WOX Genes in Four Euphorbiaceae Species and Their Expression Patterns in Jatropha curcas. Front Genet 2022; 13:878554. [PMID: 35846114 PMCID: PMC9280045 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.878554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) proteins are widely distributed in plants and play important regulatory roles in growth and development processes such as embryonic development and organ development. Here, series of bioinformatics methods were utilized to unravel the structural basis and genetic hierarchy of WOX genes, followed by regulation of the WOX genes in four Euphorbiaceae species. A genome-wide survey identified 59 WOX genes in Hevea brasiliensis (H. brasiliensis: 20 genes), Jatropha curcas (J. curcas: 10 genes), Manihot esculenta (M. esculenta: 18 genes), and Ricinus communis (R. communis: 11 genes). The phylogenetic analysis revealed that these WOX members could be clustered into three close proximal clades, such as namely ancient, intermediate and modern/WUS clades. In addition, gene structures and conserved motif analyses further validated that the WOX genes were conserved within each phylogenetic clade. These results suggested the relationships among WOX members in the four Euphorbiaceae species. We found that WOX genes in H. brasiliensis and M. esculenta exhibit close genetic relationship with J. curcas and R. communis. Additionally, the presence of various cis-acting regulatory elements in the promoter of J. curcas WOX genes (JcWOXs) reflected distinct functions. These speculations were further validated with the differential expression profiles of various JcWOXs in seeds, reflecting the importance of two JcWOX genes (JcWOX6 and JcWOX13) during plant growth and development. Our quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis demonstrated that the JcWOX11 gene plays an indispensable role in regulating plant callus. Taken together, the present study reports the comprehensive characteristics and relationships of WOX genes in four Euphorbiaceae species, providing new insights into their characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China
| | - Qianwen Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
| | - Haimeng Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
| | - Bingqing Han
- College of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
| | - Minhui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
| | - Minhui Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
| | - Chunyan Jiao
- College of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenya Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
| | - Di Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
| | - Congcong Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
| | - Minghui Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
| | - Xie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China
| | - Jisen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhui Chen,
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19
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Ren H, Chen S, Hou J, Li H. Genome-wide identification, expression analyses of Wuschel-related homeobox (WOX) genes in Brachypodium distachyon and functional characterization of BdWOX12. Gene X 2022; 836:146691. [PMID: 35738446 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As one kind of plant-specific transcription factors (TFs), WOX (Wuschel-related homeobox) plays an essential role in plant growth and development. In this study, 21 WOX TFs were identified in Brachypodium distachyon. They were divided into ancient, intermediate, and WUS clades based on phylogenetic analysis. These 21 BdWOX genes are mapped on 5 chromosomes unevenly. In the promoters, the most abundant cis-elements are ABRE, TGACG-motif, and G-box. qRT-PCR results showed that most BdWOX genes are expressed in vegetative and reproductive organs. Meanwhile, the expression of 14, 12, and 15 BdWOX genes are up-regulated by exogenous 6-BA, NAA, and GA, respectively. These results indicated that BdWOX genes participate in hormone signaling and regulate plant growth and development. Overexpression of BdWOX12 in Arabidopsis improved the root system, further indicating the functions of BdWOX genes in growth and development. This study provided a basis for the functional elucidation of BdWOX genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712000, China
| | - Shoukun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712000, China
| | - Jiayuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712000, China
| | - Haifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712000, China.
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20
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Akbulut SE, Okay A, Aksoy T, Aras ES, Büyük İ. The genome-wide characterization of WOX gene family in Phaseolus vulgaris L. during salt stress. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1297-1309. [PMID: 35910444 PMCID: PMC9334486 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The WUSCHEL-Related Homeobox (WOX) family is a type of homeobox transcription factor superfamily and its members perform many functions ranging from plant embryonic growth to organ formation in plants. Although the WOX proteins have been identified and characterized in many plant species, genome-wide identification and characterization of WOX proteins in the Phaseolus vulgaris genome has been performed for the first time in this study. Accordingly, 18 WOX proteins were identified using bioinformatics tools and biochemical/physicochemical properties of these proteins were investigated. Phvul-WOX genes were found to be categorized into three major phylogenetic groups according to the phylogenetic analysis and a total of five segmental duplication events were detected after duplication analysis. Moreover, the Phvul-WOX genes were found to be expressed in different plant tissues at different levels and some stress-related miRNAs have been found to target the Phvul-WOX genes based on miRNA analysis. Additionaly, MDA content, total protein level and catalase enzyme activity analyses were conducted in two P. vulgaris cultivars namely Yakutiye cv. and Zulbiye cv. subjected to 150 mM salt stress. Next, these cultivars were used for screening the expression levels of Phvul-WOX-1, Phvul-WOX-9, Phvul-WOX-11, Phvul-WOX-15 and Phvul-WOX-16 genes in response to salt stress. The insights gained from this study may be of assistance to the researchers who work in this area. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01208-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simay Ezgi Akbulut
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aybüke Okay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Vaccine Technology, Vaccine Institute, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Taner Aksoy
- Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Plant Production, Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Bursa, Turkey
| | - E. Sümer Aras
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İlker Büyük
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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21
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Han J, Ma Z, Chen L, Wang Z, Wang C, Wang L, Chen C, Ren Z, Cao C. Morphological Characterization and Integrated Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis of Organ Development Defective 1 ( odd1) Mutant in Cucumis sativus L. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105843. [PMID: 35628653 PMCID: PMC9145247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an economically important vegetable crop with the unique growth habit and typical trailing shoot architecture of Cucurbitaceae. Elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of growth and development is significant for improving quality and productivity in cucumber. Here we isolated a spontaneous cucumber mutant organ development defective 1 (odd1) with multiple morphological changes including root, plant stature, stem, leaf, male and female flowers, as well as fruit. Anatomical and cytological analyses demonstrated that both cell size and number decreased, and the shoot apical meristem (SAM) was smaller in odd1 compared with WT. Pollen vigor and germination assays and cross tests revealed that odd1 is female sterile, which may be caused by the absence of ovules. Genetic analysis showed that odd1 is a recessive single gene mutant. Using the MutMap strategy, the odd1 gene was found to be located on chromosome 5. Integrated profiling of transcriptome and proteome indicated that the different expression genes related to hormones and SAM maintenance might be the reason for the phenotypic changes of odd1. These results expanded the insight into the molecular regulation of organ growth and development and provided a comprehensive reference map for further studies in cucumber.
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22
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Cammarata J, Morales Farfan C, Scanlon MJ, Roeder AHK. Cytokinin-CLAVATA cross-talk is an ancient mechanism regulating shoot meristem homeostasis in land plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116860119. [PMID: 35344421 PMCID: PMC9168927 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116860119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificancePlants grow from their tips. The gametophore (shoot-like organ) tip of the moss Physcomitrium patens is a single cell that performs the same functions as those of multicellular flowering plants, producing the cells that make leaves and regenerating new stem cells to maintain the shoot tip. Several pathways, including CLAVATA and cytokinin hormonal signaling, regulate stem cell abundance in flowering plants and in mosses, although the mechanisms whereby these pathways regulate stem cell abundance and their conservation between these plant lineages is poorly understood. Using moss, we investigated how PpCLAVATA and cytokinin signaling interact. Overall, we found evidence that PpCLAVATA and cytokinin signaling interact similarly in moss and flowering plants, despite their distinct anatomies, life cycles, and evolutionary distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cammarata
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Christopher Morales Farfan
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Michael J. Scanlon
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Adrienne H. K. Roeder
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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23
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A Preliminary Investigation on the Functional Validation and Interactions of PoWOX Genes in Peony (Paeonia ostii). HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
As a woody plant, peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) has a long growth cycle and inefficient traditional breeding techniques. There is an urgent need in peony molecular breeding to establish an efficient and stable in vitro regeneration and genetic transformation system, in order to overcome the recalcitrant characteristics of peony regeneration and shorten the breeding cycle. The development of plant somatic embryos is an important way to establish an efficient and stable in vitro regeneration and genetic transformation system. Plant-specific WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) family transcription factors play important roles in plant development, from embryogenesis to lateral organ development. Therefore, in this research, four PoWOX genes of “Fengdan” (Paeonia ostii) were cloned from the peony genome and transcriptome data of preliminary peony somatic embryos. The sequence characteristics and evolutionary relationships of the PoWOX genes were analyzed. It was demonstrated that the four PoWOX genes, named PoWOX1, PoWOX4, PoWOX11, and PoWOX13, belonged to three branches of the WOX gene family. Their expression patterns were analyzed at different stages of development and in different tissues of peony seedlings. The expression localization of the PoWOX genes was determined to be the nucleus via subcellular localization assay. Finally, the interaction protein of the PoWOX genes was identified via yeast two-hybrid assay combined with bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. It was shown that PoWOX1 and PoWOX13 proteins could form homodimers by themselves, and PoWOX11 interacted with PoWOX1 and PoWOX13 to form heterodimers. Peony stem cell activity may be regulated from PoWOX1 and PoWOX13 by forming dimers and moving to peony stem cells through plasmodesmata. Additionally, PoWOX11–PoWOX1 and PoWOX11–PoWOX13 may play important regulatory functions in promoting the proliferation of stem cells and maintaining the homeostasis of stem cells in the SAM of peony stems. Exploring the critical genes and regulatory factors in the development of the peony somatic embryo is beneficial not only to understand the molecular and regulatory mechanisms of peony somatic embryo development but also to achieve directed breeding and improvements in efficiency through genetic engineering breeding technology to accelerate the fundamental process of molecular breeding in peony.
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24
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Global Analysis of the WOX Transcription Factor Gene Family in Populus × xiaohei T. S. Hwang et Liang Reveals Their Stress−Responsive Patterns. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The WUSCHEL−related homeobox (WOX) family is a group of plant−specific transcription factors that play important regulatory roles in embryo formation, stem cell stability, and organogenesis. To date, there are few studies on the molecular mechanisms involved in this family of genes in response to stress. Thus, in this study, eight WOX genes were obtained from an endemic Chinese resilient tree species, Populus × xiaohei T. S. Hwang et Liang. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the WOX genes all contained a conserved structural domain consisting of 60 amino acids, with some differences in physicochemical properties. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that WOX members were divided into three evolutionary clades, with four, one, and three members in the ancient, intermediate, and modern evolutionary clades, respectively. The conserved structural domain species as well as the organization and gene structure of WOX genes within the same subfamily were highly uniform. Chromosomal distribution and genome synteny analyses revealed seven segmental−duplicated gene pairs among the PsnWOX gene family that were mainly under purifying selection conditions. Semi−quantitative interpretation (SQ−PCR) analysis showed that the WOX gene was differentially expressed in different tissues, and it was hypothesized that the functions performed by different members were diverse. The family members were strongly and differentially expressed under CdCl2, NaCl, NaHCO3, and PEG treatments, suggesting that WOX genes function in various aspects of abiotic stress defense responses. These results provide a theoretical basis for investigating the morphogenetic effects and abiotic stress responses of this gene family in woody plants.
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25
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Richardson AE, Cheng J, Johnston R, Kennaway R, Conlon BR, Rebocho AB, Kong H, Scanlon MJ, Hake S, Coen E. Evolution of the grass leaf by primordium extension and petiole-lamina remodeling. Science 2021; 374:1377-1381. [PMID: 34882477 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf9407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Richardson
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.,Agricultural Research Service/US Department of Agriculture Plant Gene Expression Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA.,Institute of Molecular Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - J Cheng
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.,State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - R Johnston
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.,The Elshire Group Limited, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand
| | - R Kennaway
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - B R Conlon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - A B Rebocho
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - H Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - M J Scanlon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - S Hake
- Agricultural Research Service/US Department of Agriculture Plant Gene Expression Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - E Coen
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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26
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Feng C, Zou S, Gao P, Wang Z. In silico identification, characterization expression profile of WUSCHEL-Related Homeobox (WOX) gene family in two species of kiwifruit. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12348. [PMID: 34760371 PMCID: PMC8557698 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The WUSCHEL (WUS)-related homeobox (WOX) gene family is a class of plant-specific transcriptional factors and plays a crucial role in forming the shoot apical meristem and embryonic development, stem cell maintenance, and various other developmental processes. However, systematic identification and characterization of the kiwifruit WOX gene family have not been studied. This study identified 17 and 10 WOX genes in A. chinensis (Ac) and A. eriantha (Ae) genomes, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis classified kiwifruit WOX genes from two species into three clades. Analysis of phylogenetics, synteny patterns, and selection pressure inferred that WOX gene families in Ac and Ae had undergone different evolutionary patterns after whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, causing differences in WOX gene number and distribution. Ten conserved motifs were identified in the kiwifruit WOX genes, and motif architectures of WOXs belonging to different clades highly diverged. The cis-element analysis and expression profiles investigation indicated the functional differentiation of WOX genes and identified the potential WOXs in response to stresses. Our results provided insight into general characters, evolutionary patterns, and functional diversity of kiwifruit WOXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Feng
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, China
| | - Shuaiyu Zou
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, China
| | - Puxin Gao
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, China
| | - Zupeng Wang
- Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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27
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Guo B, Zeng S, Yin Y, Li L, Ma G, Wu K, Fang L. Characterization of phytohormone and transcriptome profiles during protocorm-like bodies development of Paphiopedilum. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:806. [PMID: 34749655 PMCID: PMC8576892 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paphiopedilum, commonly known as slipper orchid, is an important genus of orchid family with prominent horticultural value. Compared with conventional methods such as tillers and in vitro shoots multiplication, induction and regeneration of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) is an effective micropropagation method in Paphiopedilum. The PLB initiation efficiency varies among species, hybrids and varieties, which leads to only a few Paphiopedilum species can be large-scale propagated through PLBs. So far, little is known about the mechanisms behind the initiation and maintenance of PLB in Paphiopedilum. RESULTS A protocol to induce PLB development from seed-derived protocorms of Paphiopedilum SCBG Huihuang90 (P. SCBG Prince × P. SCBG Miracle) was established. The morphological characterization of four key PLB developmental stages showed that significant polarity and cell size gradients were observed within each PLB. The endogenous hormone level was evaluated. The increase in the levels of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and jasmonic acid (JA) accompanying the PLBs differentiation, suggesting auxin and JA levels were correlated with PLB development. Gibberellic acid (GA) decreased to a very low level, indicated that GA inactivation may be necessary for shoot apical meristem (SAM) development. Comparative transcriptomic profiles of four different developmental stages of P. SCBG Huihuang90 PLBs explore key genes involved in PLB development. The numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in three pairwise comparisons (A vs B, B vs C, C vs D) were 1455, 349, and 3529, respectively. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs were implicated in secondary metabolite metabolism and photosynthesis. DEGs related to hormone metabolism and signaling, somatic embryogenesis, shoot development and photosynthesis were discussed in detail. CONCLUSION This study is the first report on PLB development in Paphiopedilum using transcriptome sequencing, which provides useful information to understand the mechanisms of PLB development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiyi Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
| | - Yuying Yin
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
| | - Guohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
| | - Kunlin Wu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
| | - Lin Fang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
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28
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Pathak PK, Zhang F, Peng S, Niu L, Chaturvedi J, Elliott J, Xiang Y, Tadege M, Deng J. Structure of the unique tetrameric STENOFOLIA homeodomain bound with target promoter DNA. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:1050-1063. [PMID: 34342278 PMCID: PMC8329861 DOI: 10.1107/s205979832100632x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeobox transcription factors are key regulators of morphogenesis and development in both animals and plants. In plants, the WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) family of transcription factors function as central organizers of several developmental programs ranging from embryo patterning to meristematic stem-cell maintenance through transcriptional activation and repression mechanisms. The Medicago truncatula STENOFOLIA (STF) gene is a master regulator of leaf-blade lateral development. Here, the crystal structure of the homeodomain (HD) of STF (STF-HD) in complex with its promoter DNA is reported at 2.1 Å resolution. STF-HD binds DNA as a tetramer, enclosing nearly the entire bound DNA surface. The STF-HD tetramer is partially stabilized by docking of the C-terminal tail of one protomer onto a conserved hydrophobic surface on the head of another protomer in a head-to-tail manner. STF-HD specifically binds TGA motifs, although the promoter sequence also contains TAAT motifs. Helix α3 not only serves a canonical role as a base reader in the major groove, but also provides DNA binding in the minor groove through basic residues located at its C-terminus. The structural and functional data in planta reported here provide new insights into the DNA-binding mechanisms of plant-specific HDs from the WOX family of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Kumar Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Shuxia Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Lifang Niu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Juhi Chaturvedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Justin Elliott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yan Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Junpeng Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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29
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Wang H, Kong F, Zhou C. From genes to networks: The genetic control of leaf development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1181-1196. [PMID: 33615731 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Substantial diversity exists for both the size and shape of the leaf, the main photosynthetic organ of flowering plants. The two major forms of leaf are simple leaves, in which the leaf blade is undivided, and compound leaves, which comprise several leaflets. Leaves form at the shoot apical meristem from a group of undifferentiated cells, which first establish polarity, then grow and differentiate. Each of these processes is controlled by a combination of transcriptional regulators, microRNAs and phytohormones. The present review documents recent advances in our understanding of how these various factors modulate the development of both simple leaves (focusing mainly on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana) and compound leaves (focusing mainly on the model legume species Medicago truncatula).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266101, China
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30
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Fang J, Guo T, Xie Z, Chun Y, Zhao J, Peng L, Zafar SA, Yuan S, Xiao L, Li X. The URL1-ROC5-TPL2 transcriptional repressor complex represses the ACL1 gene to modulate leaf rolling in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1722-1744. [PMID: 33793928 PMCID: PMC8133684 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Moderate leaf rolling is beneficial for leaf erectness and compact plant architecture. However, our understanding regarding the molecular mechanisms of leaf rolling is still limited. Here, we characterized a semi-dominant rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant upward rolled leaf 1 (Url1) showing adaxially rolled leaves due to a decrease in the number and size of bulliform cells. Map-based cloning revealed that URL1 encodes the homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) IV family member RICE OUTERMOST CELL-SPECIFIC 8 (ROC8). A single-base substitution in one of the two conserved complementary motifs unique to the 3'-untranslated region of this family enhanced URL1 mRNA stability and abundance in the Url1 mutant. URL1 (UPWARD ROLLED LEAF1) contains an ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression motif and functions as a transcriptional repressor via interaction with the TOPLESS co-repressor OsTPL2. Rather than homodimerizing, URL1 heterodimerizes with another HD-ZIP IV member ROC5. URL1 could bind directly to the promoter and suppress the expression of abaxially curled leaf 1 (ACL1), a positive regulator of bulliform cell development. Knockout of OsTPL2 or ROC5 or overexpression of ACL1 in the Url1 mutant partially suppressed the leaf-rolling phenotype. Our results reveal a regulatory network whereby a transcriptional repression complex composed of URL1, ROC5, and the transcriptional corepressor TPL2 suppresses the expression of the ACL1 gene, thus modulating bulliform cell development and leaf rolling in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Fang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China
| | - Zhiwei Xie
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Chun
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lixiang Peng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Syed Adeel Zafar
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shoujiang Yuan
- Shandong Rice Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xueyong Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Tvorogova VE, Krasnoperova EY, Potsenkovskaia EA, Kudriashov AA, Dodueva IE, Lutova LA. What Does the WOX Say? Review of Regulators, Targets, Partners. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689332102031x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hendelman A, Zebell S, Rodriguez-Leal D, Dukler N, Robitaille G, Wu X, Kostyun J, Tal L, Wang P, Bartlett ME, Eshed Y, Efroni I, Lippman ZB. Conserved pleiotropy of an ancient plant homeobox gene uncovered by cis-regulatory dissection. Cell 2021; 184:1724-1739.e16. [PMID: 33667348 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Divergence of gene function is a hallmark of evolution, but assessing functional divergence over deep time is not trivial. The few alleles available for cross-species studies often fail to expose the entire functional spectrum of genes, potentially obscuring deeply conserved pleiotropic roles. Here, we explore the functional divergence of WUSCHEL HOMEOBOX9 (WOX9), suggested to have species-specific roles in embryo and inflorescence development. Using a cis-regulatory editing drive system, we generate a comprehensive allelic series in tomato, which revealed hidden pleiotropic roles for WOX9. Analysis of accessible chromatin and conserved cis-regulatory sequences identifies the regions responsible for this pleiotropic activity, the functions of which are conserved in groundcherry, a tomato relative. Mimicking these alleles in Arabidopsis, distantly related to tomato and groundcherry, reveals new inflorescence phenotypes, exposing a deeply conserved pleiotropy. We suggest that targeted cis-regulatory mutations can uncover conserved gene functions and reduce undesirable effects in crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Hendelman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Sophia Zebell
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | - Noah Dukler
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Gina Robitaille
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Xuelin Wu
- The Salk Institute for Biological Research, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jamie Kostyun
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Lior Tal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Peipei Wang
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Yuval Eshed
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Idan Efroni
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Zachary B Lippman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
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Wang C, Ji W, Liu Y, Zhou P, Meng Y, Zhang P, Wen J, Mysore KS, Zhai J, Young ND, Tian Z, Niu L, Lin H. The antagonistic MYB paralogs RH1 and RH2 govern anthocyanin leaf markings in Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3330-3344. [PMID: 33222243 PMCID: PMC7986808 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Patterned leaf coloration in plants generates remarkable diversity in nature, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. Here, using Medicago truncatula leaf marking as a model, we show that the classic M. truncatula leaf anthocyanin spot trait depends on two R2R3 MYB paralogous regulators, RED HEART1 (RH1) and RH2. RH1 mainly functions as an anthocyanin biosynthesis activator that specifically determines leaf marking formation depending on its C-terminal activation motif. RH1 physically interacts with the M. truncatula bHLH protein MtTT8 and the WDR family member MtWD40-1, and this interaction facilitates RH1 function in leaf anthocyanin marking formation. RH2 has lost transcriptional activation activity, due to a divergent C-terminal domain, but retains the ability to interact with the same partners, MtTT8 and MtWD40-1, as RH1, thereby acting as a competitor in the regulatory complex and exerting opposite effects. Moreover, our results demonstrate that RH1 can activate its own expression and that RH2-mediated competition can repress RH1 expression. Our findings reveal the molecular mechanism of the antagonistic gene paralogs RH1 and RH2 in determining anthocyanin leaf markings in M. truncatula, providing a multidimensional paralogous-antagonistic regulatory paradigm for fine-tuning patterned pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongnan Wang
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
| | - Wenkai Ji
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- StateKey Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt PaulMN55108USA
| | - Yingying Meng
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
| | | | | | - Jixian Zhai
- Institute of Plant and Food ScienceDepartment of BiologySouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Nevin D. Young
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt PaulMN55108USA
| | - Zhixi Tian
- StateKey Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Lifang Niu
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
| | - Hao Lin
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
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Israeli A, Ben-Herzel O, Burko Y, Shwartz I, Ben-Gera H, Harpaz-Saad S, Bar M, Efroni I, Ori N. Coordination of differentiation rate and local patterning in compound-leaf development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3558-3572. [PMID: 33259078 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The variability in leaf form in nature is immense. Leaf patterning occurs by differential growth, taking place during a limited window of morphogenetic activity at the leaf marginal meristem. While many regulators have been implicated in the designation of the morphogenetic window and in leaf patterning, how these effectors interact to generate a particular form is still not well understood. We investigated the interaction among different effectors of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) compound-leaf development, using genetic and molecular analyses. Mutations in the tomato auxin response factor SlARF5/SlMP, which normally promotes leaflet formation, suppressed the increased leaf complexity of mutants with extended morphogenetic window. Impaired activity of the NAC/CUC transcription factor GOBLET (GOB), which specifies leaflet boundaries, also reduced leaf complexity in these backgrounds. Analysis of genetic interactions showed that the patterning factors SlMP, GOB and the MYB transcription factor LYRATE (LYR) coordinately regulate leaf patterning by modulating in parallel different aspects of leaflet formation and shaping. This work places an array of developmental regulators in a morphogenetic context. It reveals how organ-level differentiation rate and local growth are coordinated to sculpture an organ. These concepts are applicable to the coordination of pattering and differentiation in other species and developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Israeli
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ori Ben-Herzel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yogev Burko
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ido Shwartz
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Hadas Ben-Gera
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Unit of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, PO Box 102, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Smadar Harpaz-Saad
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Idan Efroni
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Naomi Ori
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Vandenbussche M. The role of WOX1 genes in blade development and beyond. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1514-1516. [PMID: 33649768 PMCID: PMC7921295 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Wang C, Zhao B, He L, Zhou S, Liu Ye, Zhao W, Guo S, Wang R, Bai Q, Li Y, Wang D, Wu Q, Yang Y, Yan J, Liu Yu, Tadege M, Chen J. 2021. The WOX family transcriptional regulator SlLAM1 controls compound leaf and floral organ development in Solanum lycopersicum. Journal of Experimental Botany 72, 1822–1835.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Vandenbussche
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France
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Wang C, Zhao B, He L, Zhou S, Liu Y, Zhao W, Guo S, Wang R, Bai Q, Li Y, Wang D, Wu Q, Yang Y, Liu Y, Tadege M, Chen J. The WOX family transcriptional regulator SlLAM1 controls compound leaf and floral organ development in Solanum lycopersicum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1822-1835. [PMID: 33277994 PMCID: PMC7921304 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant-specific WOX family transcription factors play important roles ranging from embryogenesis to lateral organ development. The WOX1 transcription factors, which belong to the modern clade of the WOX family, are known to regulate outgrowth of the leaf blade specifically in the mediolateral axis; however, the role of WOX1 in compound leaf development remains unknown. Phylogenetic analysis of the whole WOX family in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) indicates that there are 10 members that represent the modern, intermediate, and ancient clades. Using phylogenetic analysis and a reverse genetic approach, in this study we identified SlLAM1 in the modern clade and examined its function and tissue-specific expression pattern. We found that knocking out SlLAM1 via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing led to narrow leaves and a reduced number of secondary leaflets. Overexpression of tomato SlLAM1 could rescue the defects of the tobacco lam1 mutant. Anatomical and transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that floral organ development, fruit size, secondary leaflet initiation, and leaf complexity were altered due to loss-of-function of SlLAM1. These findings demonstrate that tomato SlLAM1 plays an important role in the regulation of secondary leaflet initiation, in addition to its conserved function in blade expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baolin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Liangliang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoli Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weiyue Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqi Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoruo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quanzi Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youhan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dongfa Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanfan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Jianghua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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37
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Wolabu TW, Wang H, Tadesse D, Zhang F, Behzadirad M, Tvorogova VE, Abdelmageed H, Liu Y, Chen N, Chen J, Allen RD, Tadege M. WOX9 functions antagonistic to STF and LAM1 to regulate leaf blade expansion in Medicago truncatula and Nicotiana sylvestris. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1582-1597. [PMID: 32964420 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
WOX family transcription factors regulate multiple developmental programs. The intermediate clade transcriptional activator WOX9 functions together with the modern clade transcriptional repressor WOX genes in embryogenesis and meristems maintenance, but the mechanism of this interaction is unclear. STF and LAM1 are WOX1 orthologs required for leaf blade outgrowth in Medicago truncatula and Nicotiana sylvestris, respectively. Using biochemical methods and genome editing technology, here we show that WOX9 is an abaxial factor and functions antagonistically to STF and LAM1 to regulate leaf blade development. While NsWOX9 ectopic expression enhances the lam1 mutant phenotype, and antisense expression partially rescues the lam1 mutant, both overexpression and knockout of NsWOX9 in N. sylvestris resulted in a range of severe leaf blade distortions, indicating important role in blade development. Our results indicate that direct repression of WOX9 by WUS clade repressor STF/LAM1 is required for correct blade architecture and patterning in M. truncatula and N. sylvestris. These findings suggest that controlling transcriptional activation and repression mechanisms by direct interaction of activator and repressor WOX genes may be required for cell proliferation and differentiation homeostasis, and could be an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for the development of complex and diverse morphology in flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tezera W Wolabu
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dimiru Tadesse
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Fei Zhang
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8104, USA
| | - Marjan Behzadirad
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Varvara E Tvorogova
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Haggag Abdelmageed
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza,, 12613, Egypt
| | - Ye Liu
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Naichong Chen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Jianghua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Randy D Allen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Million Tadege
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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38
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A WOX/Auxin Biosynthesis Module Controls Growth to Shape Leaf Form. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4857-4868.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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39
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Du F, Mo Y, Israeli A, Wang Q, Yifhar T, Ori N, Jiao Y. Leaflet initiation and blade expansion are separable in compound leaf development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1073-1087. [PMID: 32889762 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Compound leaves are composed of multiple separate blade units termed leaflets. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) compound leaves, auxin promotes both leaflet initiation and blade expansion. However, it is unclear how these two developmental processes interact. With highly variable complexity, tomato compound leaves provide an ideal system to address this question. In this study, we obtained and analyzed mutants of the WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) family gene SlLAM1 from tomato, whose orthologs in tobacco (Nicotiana sylvestris) and other species are indispensable for blade expansion. We show that SlLAM1 is expressed in the middle and marginal domains of leaves, and is required for blade expansion in leaflets. We demonstrate that sllam1 mutants cause a delay of leaflet initiation and slightly alter the arrangement of first-order leaflets, whereas the overall leaflet number is comparable to that of wild-type leaves. Analysis of the genetic interactions between SlLAM1 and key auxin signaling components revealed an epistatic effect of SlLAM1 in determining the final leaf form. Finally, we show that SlLAM1 is also required for floral organ growth and affects the fertility of gametophytes. Our data suggest that SlLAM1 promotes blade expansion in multiple leaf types, and leaflet initiation can be largely uncoupled from blade expansion during compound leaf morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yajin Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Alon Israeli
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Qingqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tamar Yifhar
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Naomi Ori
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Conklin PA, Johnston R, Conlon BR, Shimizu R, Scanlon MJ. Plant homeodomain proteins provide a mechanism for how leaves grow wide. Development 2020; 147:dev.193623. [PMID: 32994171 PMCID: PMC7595687 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms whereby leaf anlagen undergo proliferative growth and expansion to form wide, flat leaves are unclear. The maize gene NARROWSHEATH1 (NS1) is a WUSCHEL-related homeobox3 (WOX3) homolog expressed at the margins of leaf primordia, and is required for mediolateral outgrowth. To investigate the mechanisms of NS1 function, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation and laser-microdissection RNA-seq of leaf primordial margins to identify gene targets bound and modulated by NS1. Microscopic analyses of cell division and gene expression in expanding leaves, and reverse genetic analyses of homologous NS1 target genes in Arabidopsis, reveal that NS1 controls mediolateral outgrowth by repression of a growth inhibitor and promotion of cell division at primordial leaf margins. Intriguingly, homologous WOX gene products are expressed in stem cell-organizing centers and traffic to adjoining cells to activate stem-cell identity non-autonomously. In contrast, WOX3/NS1 does not traffic, and stimulates cell divisions in the same cells in which it is transcribed. Highlighted Article: The NS1 homeodomain transcription factor regulates lateral organ outgrowth from shoot meristems and leaf primordial margins by repressing the expression of negative growth regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip A Conklin
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Robyn Johnston
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.,The Elshire Group Limited, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand
| | - Brianne R Conlon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Rena Shimizu
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael J Scanlon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Chen R, Xu N, Yu B, Wu Q, Li X, Wang G, Huang J. The WUSCHEL-related homeobox transcription factor OsWOX4 controls the primary root elongation by activating OsAUX1 in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 298:110575. [PMID: 32771139 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Primary root is the basic component of root system and plays a key role in early seedling growth and survival in rice. However, the molecular mechanism of primary root elongation still needs to be well understood. Here, we showed that OsWOX4, a WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factor, was involved in the primary root elongation in rice. Silencing of OsWOX4 by RNA interference (RNAi) greatly increased the primary root length, whereas its overexpression reduced primary root elongation significantly. Moreover, the size of meristem zone and epidermal cell length of mature zone in RNAi root tips were drastically enhanced, while they were reduced markedly in overexpression lines, in comparison with that of wild type. Further analysis showed that the accumulation of free IAA was slightly increased in RNAi roots, but drastically reduced in plants overexpressing OsWOX4. The expression of genes responsible for auxin biosynthesis and transport was also changed in OsWOX4 transgenic lines. Transient transcriptional activation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that OsWOX4 directly regulated the transcription of OsAUX1 through binding to its promoter region. Collectively, our results indicated that OsWOX4 played a crucial role in the primary root elongation by regulating auxin transport, suggesting its importance in rice root system architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Ning Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Bo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Qi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, PR China
| | - Junli Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, PR China.
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Zhang C, Wang J, Wang X, Li C, Ye Z, Zhang J. UF, a WOX gene, regulates a novel phenotype of un-fused flower in tomato. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 297:110523. [PMID: 32563463 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flower formation is a basic condition for fruit set in all flowering plants. The normal stamen of tomato flower fused together to form a yellow cylinder surrounding the carpels. In this study, we identified an un-fused flower (uf) tomato mutant that is defective in petal, carpal and stamen fusion and lateral outgrowth. After RNA-seq-based BSA (BSR), the candidate region location was identified in the long arm of chromosome 3. Using map-based cloning with InDel and CAPS markers, the UF candidate gene was mapped in a 104 kb region. In this region, a WOX (WUSCHEL-related homeobox) transcription factor SlWOX1 was considered as a candidate of UF as there is a 72bp deletion in its second exon in uf mutant. The mutations of SlWOX1 generated by CRISPR/CAS9 approach under wild-type background reproduced the phenotypes of uf mutant, indicating that the SlWOX1 gene is indeed UF. Interestingly, expression analysis of organ lateral polarity determinant genes showed that abaxial genes (SlYABBY5 and SlARF4) and adaxial genes (AS and HD-ZIPIII) were significantly down-regulated in the uf mutant, which is different to that in Arabidopsis and petunia. In conclusion, this work revealed a novel function of SlWOX1 in the regulation of flower development in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, PR China.
| | - Jiafa Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, PR China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, PR China.
| | - Changxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, PR China.
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, PR China.
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan430070, PR China.
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Zhao B, He L, Jiang C, Liu Y, He H, Bai Q, Zhou S, Zheng X, Wen J, Mysore KS, Tadege M, Liu Y, Liu R, Chen J. Lateral Leaflet Suppression 1 (LLS1), encoding the MtYUCCA1 protein, regulates lateral leaflet development in Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:613-628. [PMID: 32170762 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In species with compound leaves, the positions of leaflet primordium initiation are associated with local peaks of auxin accumulation. However, the role of auxin during the late developmental stages and outgrowth of compound leaves remains largely unknown. Using genome resequencing approaches, we identified insertion sites at four alleles of the LATERAL LEAFLET SUPPRESSION1 (LLS1) gene, encoding the auxin biosynthetic enzyme YUCCA1 in Medicago truncatula. Linkage analysis and complementation tests showed that the lls1 mutant phenotypes were caused by the Tnt1 insertions that disrupted the LLS1 gene. The transcripts of LLS1 can be detected in primordia at early stages of leaf initiation and later in the basal regions of leaflets, and finally in vein tissues at late leaf developmental stages. Vein numbers and auxin content are reduced in the lls1-1 mutant. Analysis of the lls1 sgl1 and lls1 palm1 double mutants revealed that SGL1 is epistatic to LLS1, and LLS1 works with PALM1 in an independent pathway to regulate the growth of lateral leaflets. Our work demonstrates that the YUCCA1/YUCCA4 subgroup plays very important roles in the outgrowth of lateral leaflets during compound leaf development of M. truncatula, in addition to leaf venation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Liangliang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, 20 East 2nd Ring South, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Ye Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- School of life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Hua He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Quanzi Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shaoli Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoling Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | | | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Renyi Liu
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Topical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
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Li X, Li J, Cai M, Zheng H, Cheng Z, Gao J. Identification and Evolution of the WUSCHEL-Related Homeobox Protein Family in Bambusoideae. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050739. [PMID: 32397500 PMCID: PMC7278010 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bamboos (Bambusoideae) are fast-growing species due to their rapid growth rate and ability to reproduce annually via cloned buds produced on the rhizome. WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) genes have been reported to regulate shoot apical meristem organization, lateral organ formation, cambium and vascular proliferation, and so on, but have rarely been studied in bamboos. In this study, the WOXs of both herbaceous bamboo species (12 OlaWOXs and nine RguWOXs) and woody bamboo species (18 GanWOXs, 27 PheWOXs, and 26 BamWOXs) were identified and categorized into three clades based on their phylogenetic relationship-ancient, intermediate, or WUS clade. Polyploidy is the major driver of the expansion of the bamboo WOX family. Eight conserved domains, besides the homeodomain, were identified by comparatively analyzing the WOXs of dicot and monocot species. Intensive purifying selection pressure in the coding region of specific domains explained the functional similarity of WOXs between different species. For Bambusoideae WOXs, polyploidy is the major driver of the expansion of the WOX family. Stronger purifying selection was found in orthologous WOXs of Bambusoideae, especially for WOX4s and WOX5s, which are conserved not only at the translational levels, but also at the genome level. Several conserved cis-acting elements were discovered at similar position in the promoters of the orthologous WOXs. For example, AP2/ERF protein-binding elements and B3 protein-binding elements were found in the promoters of the bamboo WOX4, while MYB protein-binding elements and Dof protein-binding elements were found in the promoters of bamboo WOX5, and MADS protein-binding sites was found in the promoters of bamboo WUS, WOX3, and WOX9. These conserved positions may play an important role in regulating the expression of bamboo WOXs. Our work provides insight into the origin and evolution of bamboo WOXs, and will facilitate functional investigations of the clonal propagation of bamboos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jian Gao
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-010-8478-9801
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45
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Li Z, Liu D, Xia Y, Li Z, Jing D, Du J, Niu N, Ma S, Wang J, Song Y, Yang Z, Zhang G. Identification of the WUSCHEL-Related Homeobox (WOX) Gene Family, and Interaction and Functional Analysis of TaWOX9 and TaWUS in Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051581. [PMID: 32111029 PMCID: PMC7084607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) is a family of plant-specific transcription factors, with important functions, such as regulating the dynamic balance of division and differentiation of plant stem cells and plant organ development. We identified 14 distinct TaWOX genes in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genome, based on a genome-wide scan approach. All of the genes under evaluation had positional homoeologs on subgenomes A, B and D except TaWUS and TaWOX14. Both TaWOX14a and TaWOX14d had a paralogous copy on the same genome due to tandem duplication events. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that TaWOX genes could be divided into three groups. We performed functional characterization of TaWOX genes based on the evolutionary relationships among the WOX gene families of wheat, rice (Oryza sativa L.), and Arabidopsis. An overexpression analysis of TaWUS in Arabidopsis revealed that it affected the development of outer floral whorl organs. The overexpression analysis of TaWOX9 in Arabidopsis revealed that it promoted the root development. In addition, we identified some interaction between the TaWUS and TaWOX9 proteins by screening wheat cDNA expression libraries, which informed directions for further research to determine the functions of TaWUS and TaWOX9. This study represents the first comprehensive data on members of the WOX gene family in wheat.
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46
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Fang F, Ye S, Tang J, Bennett MJ, Liang W. DWT1/DWL2 act together with OsPIP5K1 to regulate plant uniform growth in rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1234-1246. [PMID: 31550392 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Uniform growth of the main shoot and tillers significantly influences rice plant architecture and grain yield. The WUSCHEL-related homeobox transcription factor DWT1 is a key regulator of this important agronomic trait, disruption of which causes enhanced main shoot dominance and tiller dwarfism by an unknown mechanism. Here, we have used yeast-two-hybrid screening to identify OsPIP5K1, a member of the rice phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase family, as a protein that interacts with DWT1. Cytological analyses confirmed that DWT1 induces accumulation of OsPIP5K1 and its product PI(4,5)P2 , a phosphoinositide secondary messenger, in nuclear bodies. Mutation of OsPIP5K1 compounds the dwarf dwt1 phenotype but abolishes the main shoot dominance. Conversely, overexpression of OsPIP5K1 partially rescues dwt1 developmental defects. Furthermore, we showed that DWL2, the homologue of DWT1, is also able to interact with OsPIP5K1 and shares partial functional redundancy with DWT1 in controlling rice uniformity. Overall, our data suggest that nuclear localised OsPIP5K1 acts with DWT1 and/or DWL2 to coordinate the uniform growth of rice shoots, likely to be through nuclear phosphoinositide signals, and provides insights into the regulation of rice uniformity via a largely unexplored plant nuclear signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, China
| | - Shiwei Ye
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, China
| | - Jingyao Tang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, China
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Wanqi Liang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, China
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Bartlett M. Looking back to look forward: protein-protein interactions and the evolution of development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1127-1133. [PMID: 31494948 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary modification of development was fundamental in generating extant plant diversity. Similarly, the modification of development is a path forward to engineering the plants of the future, provided we know enough about what to modify. Understanding how extant diversity was generated will reveal productive pathways forward for modifying development. Here, I discuss four examples of developmental pathways that have been remodeled by changes to protein-protein interactions. These are cases where changes to developmental pathways have been paralleled by recent changes, selected for or engineered by humans. Extant plant diversity represents a vast treasure trove of molecular solutions to ecological problems. Mining this treasure trove will allow for the intentional modification of plant development for solving future problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine Bartlett
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 North Pleasant Street, 221 Morrill 2, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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48
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Genome-Wide Identification of WOX Gene Family and Expression Analysis during Rejuvenational Rhizogenesis in Walnut (Juglans regia L.). FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Rejuvenation is an efficient approach used in the cuttings of trees and horticultural crops, to improve their rooting ability, especially in difficult-to-root trees. WOX gene family members are involved in cell-fate transformation through balancing the maintenance and proliferation of the stem cells. However, there are no reports about the WOX gene family in Walnut (Juglans regia L.) and its relationship between rejuvenation and adventitious roots formation (ARF). Here, a genome-wide identification of JrWOX genes and their physical and chemical properties, phylogeny, and expression profiles in different organs and during rejuvenation-induced ARF is reported. The phenotype and histology characteristics of mature and rejuvenated cuttings (Mc and Rc) are also observed. In this study, 12 genes were identified and clustered into three groups based on phylogenetics, special domains, and conserved motifs. The gene structures and conserved motifs were relatively conserved, while the 12 sequences of the JrWOXs domain were diversified. Gene expression in root, stem, leaf, female flower, immature fruit, and zygotic embryo revealed that the expression levels of JrWOX4a, JrWOX4b, JrWOX5, JrWOX11, and JrWOX13 in the root were significantly higher than those of other JrWOXs, while only the expression of JrWOX11 was exclusive to the root organ. Additionally, rejuvenation treatment significantly induced almost all JrWOX genes, except JrWOX4a, JrWOX4b, and JrWOX13 (Rc 0 vs. Mc 0). During the ARF process, the transcripts of JrWOX11 and JrWOX5 were consecutively increased on a significance level; in contrast, the transcription levels of the other JrWOXs decreased or changed insignificantly. The phenotype and histology observation indicate that rejuvenation treatment made the base of the stem expand and reduced the thickness and density of sclerenchyma between the cortex and phloem. This might provide the conditions for the formation of new meristem niches. The results provided insight into the JrWOX genes’ general characteristics and their roles in rejuvenation-induced ARF.
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Whitewoods CD, Gonçalves B, Cheng J, Cui M, Kennaway R, Lee K, Bushell C, Yu M, Piao C, Coen E. Evolution of carnivorous traps from planar leaves through simple shifts in gene expression. Science 2019; 367:91-96. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aay5433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leaves vary from planar sheets and needle-like structures to elaborate cup-shaped traps. Here, we show that in the carnivorous plant Utricularia gibba, the upper leaf (adaxial) domain is restricted to a small region of the primordium that gives rise to the trap’s inner layer. This restriction is necessary for trap formation, because ectopic adaxial activity at early stages gives radialized leaves and no traps. We present a model that accounts for the formation of both planar and nonplanar leaves through adaxial-abaxial domains of gene activity establishing a polarity field that orients growth. In combination with an orthogonal proximodistal polarity field, this system can generate diverse leaf forms and account for the multiple evolutionary origins of cup-shaped leaves through simple shifts in gene expression.
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50
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Satterlee JW, Scanlon MJ. Coordination of Leaf Development Across Developmental Axes. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8100433. [PMID: 31652517 PMCID: PMC6843618 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are initiated as lateral outgrowths from shoot apical meristems throughout the vegetative life of the plant. To achieve proper developmental patterning, cell-type specification and growth must occur in an organized fashion along the proximodistal (base-to-tip), mediolateral (central-to-edge), and adaxial–abaxial (top-bottom) axes of the developing leaf. Early studies of mutants with defects in patterning along multiple leaf axes suggested that patterning must be coordinated across developmental axes. Decades later, we now recognize that a highly complex and interconnected transcriptional network of patterning genes and hormones underlies leaf development. Here, we review the molecular genetic mechanisms by which leaf development is coordinated across leaf axes. Such coordination likely plays an important role in ensuring the reproducible phenotypic outcomes of leaf morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Satterlee
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Michael J Scanlon
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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