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Sato Y, Minamikawa MF, Pratama BB, Koyama S, Kojima M, Takebayashi Y, Sakakibara H, Igawa T. Autonomous differentiation of transgenic cells requiring no external hormone application: the endogenous gene expression and phytohormone behaviors. Front Plant Sci 2024; 15:1308417. [PMID: 38633452 PMCID: PMC11021773 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1308417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The ectopic overexpression of developmental regulator (DR) genes has been reported to improve the transformation in recalcitrant plant species because of the promotion of cellular differentiation during cell culture processes. In other words, the external plant growth regulator (PGR) application during the tissue and cell culture process is still required in cases utilizing DR genes for plant regeneration. Here, the effect of Arabidopsis BABY BOOM (BBM) and WUSCHEL (WUS) on the differentiation of tobacco transgenic cells was examined. We found that the SRDX fusion to WUS, when co-expressed with the BBM-VP16 fusion gene, significantly influenced the induction of autonomous differentiation under PGR-free culture conditions, with similar effects in some other plant species. Furthermore, to understand the endogenous background underlying cell differentiation toward regeneration, phytohormone and RNA-seq analyses were performed using tobacco leaf explants in which transgenic cells were autonomously differentiating. The levels of active auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and inactive gibberellins increased as cell differentiation proceeded toward organogenesis. Gene Ontology terms related to phytohormones and organogenesis were identified as differentially expressed genes, in addition to those related to polysaccharide and nitrate metabolism. The qRT-PCR four selected genes as DEGs supported the RNA-seq data. This differentiation induction system and the reported phytohormone and transcript profiles provide a foundation for the development of PGR-free tissue cultures of various plant species, facilitating future biotechnological breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Sato
- Plant Cell Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Mai F. Minamikawa
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research (IAAR), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Berbudi Bintang Pratama
- Plant Cell Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Shohei Koyama
- Plant Cell Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoko Igawa
- Plant Cell Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Research Center for Space Agriculture and Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
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2
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Arnoux-Courseaux M, Coudert Y. Re-examining meristems through the lens of evo-devo. Trends Plant Sci 2024; 29:413-427. [PMID: 38040554 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The concept of the meristem was introduced in 1858 to characterize multicellular, formative, and proliferative tissues that give rise to the entire plant body, based on observations of vascular plants. Although its original definition did not encompass bryophytes, this concept has been used and continuously refined over the past 165 years to describe the diverse apices of all land plants. Here, we re-examine this matter in light of recent evo-devo research and show that, despite displaying high anatomical diversity, land plant meristems are unified by shared genetic control. We also propose a modular view of meristem function and highlight multiple evolutionary mechanisms that are likely to have contributed to the assembly and diversification of the varied meristems during the course of plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moïra Arnoux-Courseaux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, INRIA, Lyon 69007, France; Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 17 avenue des Martyrs, F-38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Yoan Coudert
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, INRIA, Lyon 69007, France.
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3
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Hernandes-Lopes J, Pinto MS, Vieira LR, Monteiro PB, Gerasimova SV, Nonato JVA, Bruno MHF, Vikhorev A, Rausch-Fernandes F, Gerhardt IR, Pauwels L, Arruda P, Dante RA, Yassitepe JEDCT. Enabling genome editing in tropical maize lines through an improved, morphogenic regulator-assisted transformation protocol. Front Genome Ed 2023; 5:1241035. [PMID: 38144709 PMCID: PMC10748596 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1241035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The recalcitrance exhibited by many maize (Zea mays) genotypes to traditional genetic transformation protocols poses a significant challenge to the large-scale application of genome editing (GE) in this major crop species. Although a few maize genotypes are widely used for genetic transformation, they prove unsuitable for agronomic tests in field trials or commercial applications. This challenge is exacerbated by the predominance of transformable maize lines adapted to temperate geographies, despite a considerable proportion of maize production occurring in the tropics. Ectopic expression of morphogenic regulators (MRs) stands out as a promising approach to overcome low efficiency and genotype dependency, aiming to achieve 'universal' transformation and GE capabilities in maize. Here, we report the successful GE of agronomically relevant tropical maize lines using a MR-based, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol previously optimized for the B104 temperate inbred line. To this end, we used a CRISPR/Cas9-based construct aiming at the knockout of the VIRESCENT YELLOW-LIKE (VYL) gene, which results in an easily recognizable phenotype. Mutations at VYL were verified in protoplasts prepared from B104 and three tropical lines, regardless of the presence of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the seed region of the VYL target site in two of the tropical lines. Three out of five tropical lines were amenable to transformation, with efficiencies reaching up to 6.63%. Remarkably, 97% of the recovered events presented indels at the target site, which were inherited by the next generation. We observed off-target activity of the CRISPR/Cas9-based construct towards the VYL paralog VYL-MODIFIER, which could be partly due to the expression of the WUSCHEL (WUS) MR. Our results demonstrate efficient GE of relevant tropical maize lines, expanding the current availability of GE-amenable genotypes of this major crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Hernandes-Lopes
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center (GCCRC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maísa Siqueira Pinto
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center (GCCRC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Letícia Rios Vieira
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center (GCCRC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Brant Monteiro
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center (GCCRC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sophia V. Gerasimova
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center (GCCRC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Juliana Vieira Almeida Nonato
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center (GCCRC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Faustinoni Bruno
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center (GCCRC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alexander Vikhorev
- Frontier Engineering School, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Fernanda Rausch-Fernandes
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center (GCCRC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Embrapa Agricultura Digital, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Isabel R. Gerhardt
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center (GCCRC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Embrapa Agricultura Digital, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paulo Arruda
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center (GCCRC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A. Dante
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center (GCCRC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Embrapa Agricultura Digital, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Juliana Erika de Carvalho Teixeira Yassitepe
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center (GCCRC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Embrapa Agricultura Digital, Campinas, Brazil
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Kazama Y, Kobayashi T, Filatov DA. Evolution of sex-determination in dioecious plants: From active Y to X/A balance? Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300111. [PMID: 37694687 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Sex chromosomes in plants have been known for a century, but only recently have we begun to understand the mechanisms behind sex determination in dioecious plants. Here, we discuss evolution of sex determination, focusing on Silene latifolia, where evolution of separate sexes is consistent with the classic "two mutations" model-a loss of function male sterility mutation and a gain of function gynoecium suppression mutation, which turned an ancestral hermaphroditic population into separate males and females. Interestingly, the gynoecium suppression function in S. latifolia evolved via loss of function in at least two sex-linked genes and works via gene dosage balance between sex-linked, and autosomal genes. This system resembles X/A-ratio-based sex determination systems in Drosophila and Rumex, and could represent a steppingstone in the evolution of X/A-ratio-based sex determination from an active Y system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kazama
- Graduate school of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, Japan
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Taiki Kobayashi
- Graduate school of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, Japan
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Wenzl C, Lohmann JU. 3D imaging reveals apical stem cell responses to ambient temperature. Cells Dev 2023; 175:203850. [PMID: 37182581 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth is driven by apical meristems at the shoot and root growth points, which comprise continuously active stem cell populations. While many of the key factors involved in homeostasis of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) have been extensively studied under artificial constant growth conditions, only little is known how variations in the environment affect the underlying regulatory network. To shed light on the responses of the SAM to ambient temperature, we combined 3D live imaging of fluorescent reporter lines that allowed us to monitor the activity of two key regulators of stem cell homeostasis in the SAM namely CLAVATA3 (CLV3) and WUSCHEL (WUS), with computational image analysis to derive morphological and cellular parameters of the SAM. Whereas CLV3 expression marks the stem cell population, WUS promoter activity is confined to the organizing center (OC), the niche cells adjacent to the stem cells, hence allowing us to record on the two central cell populations of the SAM. Applying an integrated computational analysis of our data we found that variations in ambient temperature not only led to specific changes in spatial expression patterns of key regulators of SAM homeostasis, but also correlated with modifications in overall cellular organization and shoot meristem morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wenzl
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan U Lohmann
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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6
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Zhang X, Liang S, Luo B, Zhou Z, Bao J, Fang R, Wang F, Song X, Liao Z, Chen G, Wang Y, Xu F, Teng Y, Li W, Xu S, Lin FC. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Investigation on Leaf Necrosis Induced by ZmWus2 Transient Overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11190. [PMID: 37446367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
WUSCHEL (WUS) is a crucial transcription factor in regulating plant stem cell development, and its expression can also improve genetic transformation. However, the ectopic expression of WUS always causes pleiotropic effects during genetic transformation, making it important to understand the regulatory mechanisms underlying these phenomena. In our study, we found that the transient expression of the maize WUS ortholog ZmWus2 caused severe leaf necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana. We performed transcriptomic and non-target metabolomic analyses on tobacco leaves during healthy to wilted states after ZmWus2 transient overexpression. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that ZmWus2 transformation caused active metabolism of inositol trisphosphate and glycerol-3-phosphate, while also upregulating plant hormone signaling and downregulating photosystem and protein folding pathways. Metabolomic analysis mainly identified changes in the synthesis of phenylpropanoid compounds and various lipid classes, including steroid synthesis. In addition, transcription factors such as ethylene-responsive factors (ERFs), the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factors, and MYBs were found to be regulated by ZmWus2. By integrating these findings, we developed a WUS regulatory model that includes plant hormone accumulation, stress responses, lipid remodeling, and leaf necrosis. Our study sheds light on the mechanisms underlying WUS ectopic expression causing leaf necrosis and may inform the development of future genetic transformation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Zhang
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Biao Luo
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Good Agricultural Practice and Comprehensive Utilization of Famous-Region Medicinal Plants, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhongjing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jiandong Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ruiqiu Fang
- Institute of Maize and Featured Upland Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dongyang 322100, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xijiao Song
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zhenfeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yi Teng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Wanchang Li
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Shengchun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Michael C, Banwarth-Kuhn M, Rodriguez K, Ta CK, Roy-Chowdhury A, Chen W, Venugopala Reddy G, Alber M. Role of turgor-pressure induced boundary tension in the maintenance of the shoot apical meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20230173. [PMID: 37282588 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, the robust maintenance of tissue structure is crucial to supporting its functionality. The multi-layered shoot apical meristem (SAM) of Arabidopsis, containing stem cells, is an approximately radially symmetric tissue whose shape and structure is maintained throughout the life of the plant. In this paper, a new biologically calibrated pseudo-three-dimensional (P3D) computational model of a longitudinal section of the SAM is developed. It includes anisotropic expansion and division of cells out of the cross-section plane, as well as representation of tension experienced by the SAM epidermis. Results from the experimentally calibrated P3D model provide new insights into maintenance of the structure of the SAM epidermal cell monolayer under tension and quantify dependence of epidermal and subepidermal cell anisotropy on the amount of tension. Moreover, the model simulations revealed that out-of-plane cell growth is important in offsetting cell crowding and regulating mechanical stresses experienced by tunica cells. Predictive model simulations show that tension-determined cell division plane orientation in the apical corpus may be regulating cell and tissue shape distributions needed for maintaining structure of the wild-type SAM. This suggests that cells' responses to local mechanical cues may serve as a mechanism to regulate cell- and tissue-scale patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Michael
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mikahl Banwarth-Kuhn
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Cal State East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA
| | - Kevin Rodriguez
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Calvin-Khang Ta
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Amit Roy-Chowdhury
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Weitao Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - G Venugopala Reddy
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Mark Alber
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Jácome-Blásquez F, Kim M. Meristem genes are essential for the vegetative reproduction of Kalanchoë pinnata. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1157619. [PMID: 37223821 PMCID: PMC10200927 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1157619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Several Kalanchoë species reproduce asexually by forming plantlets in the leaf crenulations. Some species produce plantlets incessantly via somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis, whereas others exclusively develop plantlets after leaf detachment, presumably through organogenesis. SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM), which mediates SAM functions, appears to be involved in Kalanchoë plantlet formation, suggesting that meristem genes may be essential for plantlet formation. However, the genetic regulatory network for establishing and maintaining plantlet primordia in Kalanchoë remains elusive. Here, we showed that meristem genes were differentially expressed in the leaf crenulations of K. pinnata during plantlet development after leaf detachment. The regulatory interactions among these meristem genes are largely conserved in K. pinnata crenulations. Moreover, transgenic antisense (AS) plants with lower expression of these key meristem genes formed significantly fewer plantlets with some morphological defects, suggesting that the meristem genes play an important role in plantlet formation and development. Our research revealed that key meristem genetic pathways were co-opted to the leaf margin to facilitate the unique asexual reproduction mechanism in K. pinnata. This also highlights how evolutionary tinkering invents new structures such as epiphyllous buds and plantlets by rewiring pre-existing genetic pathways.
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Lu L, Holt A, Chen X, Liu Y, Knauer S, Tucker EJ, Sarkar AK, Hao Z, Roodbarkelari F, Shi J, Chen J, Laux T. miR394 enhances WUSCHEL-induced somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol 2023; 238:1059-1072. [PMID: 36751948 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many plant species can give rise to embryos from somatic cells after a simple hormone treatment, illustrating the remarkable developmental plasticity of differentiated plant cells. However, many species are recalcitrant to somatic embryo formation for unknown reasons, which poses a significant challenge to agriculture, where somatic embryogenesis is an important tool to propagate desired genotypes. The micro-RNA394 (miR394) promotes shoot meristem maintenance in Arabidopsis thaliana, but the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive. We analyzed whether miR394 affects indirect somatic embryogenesis and determined the transcriptome of embryogenic callus upon miR394-enhanced somatic embryogenesis. We show that ectopic miR394 expression enhances somatic embryogenesis in the recalcitrant Ler accession when co-expressed with the transcription factor WUSCHEL (WUS) and that miR394 acts in this process through silencing the target LEAF CURLING RESPONSIVENESS (LCR). Furthermore, we show that higher endogenous miR394 levels are required for the elevated embryogenic potential of the Columbia accession compared with Ler, providing a mechanistic explanation for this natural variation. Our transcriptional analysis provides a framework for miR394 function in regulating pluripotency by expanding WUS-mediated direct transcriptional repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Holt
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Xinying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Steffen Knauer
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elise J Tucker
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ananda Kumar Sarkar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Zhaodong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Farshad Roodbarkelari
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jisen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Thomas Laux
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Sino-German Joint Research Center on Agricultural Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
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10
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Johnson K, Cao Chu U, Anthony G, Wu E, Che P, Jones TJ. Rapid and highly efficient morphogenic gene-mediated hexaploid wheat transformation. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1151762. [PMID: 37063202 PMCID: PMC10090459 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1151762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The successful employment of morphogenic regulator genes, Zm-Baby Boom (ZmBbm) and Zm-Wuschel2 (ZmWus2), for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) has been reported to improve transformation by inducing rapid somatic embryo formation. Here, we report two morphogenic gene-mediated wheat transformation methods, either with or without morphogenic and marker gene excision. These methods yield independent-transformation efficiency up to 58% and 75%, respectively. In both cases, the tissue culture duration for generating transgenic plants was significantly reduced from 80 to nearly 50 days. In addition, the transformation process was significantly simplified to make the procedure less labor-intensive, higher-throughput, and more cost-effective by eliminating the requirement for embryonic axis excision, bypassing the necessity for prolonged dual-selection steps for callus formation, and obviating the prerequisite of cytokinin for shoot regeneration. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the flexibility of the methods and generated high-quality transgenic events across multiple genotypes using herbicide (phosphinothricin, ethametsulfuron)- and antibiotic (G418)-based selections.
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11
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Venugopala Reddy G. Protoplasting and Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting of the Shoot Apical Meristem Cell Types. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2686:293-300. [PMID: 37540364 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3299-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristems (SAMs) are located at the tip of the shoot apex. The SAM harbors stem cells that divide continually to provide cells for developing above-ground organs. Several important developmental events occur in SAMs, such as stem cell maintenance, organ differentiation, and flowering commitment which are under genetic control. The SAM is a collection of specialized cells organized in specific spatial domains. Deciphering the gene regulatory networks, guided by the developmental and environmental signals, in these discrete cell types is essential to decoding the SAM function. Here, I provide updates to the previously published protocols for the protoplasting and subsequent purification through fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of SAM cell types (Reddy, Fluorescence activated cell sorting of shoot apical meristem cell types. In: Riechmann JL, Wellmer F (eds) Flower development. Methods in molecular biology, vol 1110. Humana, New York, pp 315-321, 2014), which has provided genome-wide gene expression patterns at a single cell-type resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Venugopala Reddy
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology (CEPCEB), Institute of Integrative Genome Biology (IIGB), University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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12
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Bull T, Michelmore R. Molecular Determinants of in vitro Plant Regeneration: Prospects for Enhanced Manipulation of Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.). Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:888425. [PMID: 35615120 PMCID: PMC9125155 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.888425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In vitro plant regeneration involves dedifferentiation and molecular reprogramming of cells in order to regenerate whole organs. Plant regeneration can occur via two pathways, de novo organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Both pathways involve intricate molecular mechanisms and crosstalk between auxin and cytokinin signaling. Molecular determinants of both pathways have been studied in detail in model species, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms controlling de novo shoot organogenesis in lettuce. This review provides a synopsis of our current knowledge on molecular determinants of de novo organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis with an emphasis on the former as well as provides insights into applying this information for enhanced in vitro regeneration in non-model species such as lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawni Bull
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Graduate Group in Horticulture and Agronomy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Richard Michelmore
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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13
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Abstract
Plant aerial development relies on meristem activity which ensures main body plant axis development during plant life. While the shoot apical meristem (SAM) formed in the embryo only contributes to the main stem, the branched structure observed in many plants relies on axillary meristems (AMs) formed post-embryonically. These AMs initiate from a few cells of the leaf axil that retain meristematic characteristics, increase in number, and finally organize into a structure similar to the SAM. In this review, we will discuss recent findings on de novo establishment of a stem cell population and its regulatory niche, a key step essential for the indeterminate fate of AMs. We stress that de novo stem cell formation is a progressive process, which starts with a transient regulatory network promoting stem cell formation and that is different from the one acting in functional meristems. This transient stage can be called premeristems and we discuss whether this concept can be extended to the formation of meristems other than AMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Nicolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Patrick Laufs
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
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14
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Shimotohno A. Illuminating the molecular mechanisms underlying shoot apical meristem homeostasis in plants. Plant Biotechnol (Tokyo) 2022; 39:19-28. [PMID: 35800970 PMCID: PMC9200092 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0213a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Unlike animals, terrestrial plants are sessile and able to give rise to new organs throughout their lifetime. In the most extreme cases, they can survive for over a thousand years. With such protracted life cycles, plants have evolved sophisticated strategies to adapt to variable environments by coordinating their morphology as well as their growth, and have consequently acquired a high degree of developmental plasticity, which is supported by small groups of long-lived stem cells found in proliferative centers called meristems. Shoot apical meristems (SAMs) contain multipotent stem cells and provide a microenvironment that ensures both a self-renewable reservoir, to produce primordia and sustain growth, and a differentiating population that develops into all of the above-ground organs of land plants. The homeodomain transcription factor WUSCHEL (WUS) is expressed in the organizing center and acts as a master regulator to govern shoot stem cell homeostasis. In this review, I highlight recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and signaling networks that underlie SAM maintenance, and discuss how plants utilize WUS to integrate intrinsic and extrinsic cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akie Shimotohno
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- E-mail: Tel: +81-52-789-2841 Fax: +81-52-789-3240
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15
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Hassani SB, Trontin JF, Raschke J, Zoglauer K, Rupps A. Constitutive Overexpression of a Conifer WOX2 Homolog Affects Somatic Embryo Development in Pinus pinaster and Promotes Somatic Embryogenesis and Organogenesis in Arabidopsis Seedlings. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:838421. [PMID: 35360299 PMCID: PMC8960953 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.838421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although full sequence data of several embryogenesis-related genes are available in conifers, their functions are still poorly understood. In this study, we focused on the transcription factor WUSCHEL-related HOMEOBOX 2 (WOX2), which is involved in determination of the apical domain during early embryogenesis, and is required for initiation of the stem cell program in the embryogenic shoot meristem of Arabidopsis. We studied the effects of constitutive overexpression of Pinus pinaster WOX2 (PpWOX2) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of P. pinaster somatic embryos and Arabidopsis seedlings. Overexpression of PpWOX2 during proliferation and maturation of somatic embryos of P. pinaster led to alterations in the quantity and quality of cotyledonary embryos. In addition, transgenic somatic seedlings of P. pinaster showed non-embryogenic callus formation in the region of roots and subsequently inhibited root growth. Overexpression of PpWOX2 in Arabidopsis promoted somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis in a part of the transgenic seedlings of the first and second generations. A concomitant increased expression of endogenous embryogenesis-related genes such as AtLEC1 was detected in transgenic plants of the first generation. Various plant phenotypes observed from single overexpressing transgenic lines of the second generation suggest some significant interactions between PpWOX2 and AtWOX2. As an explanation, functional redundancy in the WOX family is suggested for seed plants. Our results demonstrate that the constitutive high expression of PpWOX2 in Arabidopsis and P. pinaster affected embryogenesis-related traits. These findings further support some evolutionary conserved roles of this gene in embryo development of seed plants and have practical implications toward somatic embryogenesis induction in conifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Batool Hassani
- Department of Plant Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Juliane Raschke
- Department of Plant Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kurt Zoglauer
- Department of Plant Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Rupps
- Department of Plant Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Merelo P, González-Cuadra I, Ferrándiz C. A cellular analysis of meristem activity at the end of flowering points to cytokinin as a major regulator of proliferative arrest in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2021; 32:749-762.e3. [PMID: 34963064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In monocarpic plants, all reproductive meristem activity arrests and flower production ceases after the production of a certain number of fruits. This proliferative arrest (PA) is an evolutionary adaptation that ensures nutrient availability for seed production. Moreover, PA is a process of agronomic interest because it affects the duration of the flowering period and therefore fruit production. While our knowledge of the inputs and genetic factors controlling the initiation of the flowering period is extensive, little is known about the regulatory pathways and cellular events that participate in the end of flowering and trigger PA. Here, we characterize with high spatiotemporal resolution the cellular and molecular changes related to cell proliferation and meristem activity in the shoot apical meristem throughout the flowering period and PA. Our results suggest that cytokinin (CK) signaling repression precedes PA and that this hormone is sufficient to prevent and revert the process. We have also observed that repression of known CK downstream factors, such as type B cyclins and WUSCHEL (WUS), correlates with PA. These molecular changes are accompanied by changes in cell size and number likely caused by the cessation of cell division and WUS activity during PA. Parallel assays in fruitfull (ful) mutants, which do not undergo PA, have revealed that FUL may promote PA via repression of these CK-dependent pathways. Moreover, our data allow to define two phases, based on the relative contribution of FUL, that lead to PA: an early reduction of CK-related events and a late blocking of these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz Merelo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UPV, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Irene González-Cuadra
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UPV, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Ferrándiz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UPV, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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17
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Ikeda Y, Králová M, Zalabák D, Kubalová I, Aida M. Post-Embryonic Lateral Organ Development and Adaxial-Abaxial Polarity Are Regulated by the Combined Effect of ENHANCER OF SHOOT REGENERATION 1 and WUSCHEL in Arabidopsis Shoots. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10621. [PMID: 34638958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of above-ground lateral organs is initiated at the peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem (SAM). The coordination of cell fate determination and the maintenance of stem cells are achieved through a complex regulatory network comprised of transcription factors. Two AP2/ERF transcription factor family genes, ESR1/DRN and ESR2/DRNL/SOB/BOL, regulate cotyledon and flower formation and de novo organogenesis in tissue culture. However, their roles in post-embryonic lateral organ development remain elusive. In this study, we analyzed the genetic interactions among SAM-related genes, WUS and STM, two ESR genes, and one of the HD-ZIP III members, REV, whose protein product interacts with ESR1 in planta. We found that esr1 mutations substantially enhanced the wus and stm phenotypes, which bear a striking resemblance to those of the wus rev and stm rev double mutants, respectively. Aberrant adaxial–abaxial polarity is observed in wus esr1 at relatively low penetrance. On the contrary, the esr2 mutation partially suppressed stm phenotypes in the later vegetative phase. Such complex genetic interactions appear to be attributed to the distinct expression pattern of two ESR genes because the ESR1 promoter-driving ESR2 is capable of rescuing phenotypes caused by the esr1 mutation. Our results pose the unique genetic relevance of ESR1 and the SAM-related gene interactions in the development of rosette leaves.
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18
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Pathak PK, Zhang F, Peng S, Niu L, Chaturvedi J, Elliott J, Xiang Y, Tadege M, Deng J. Structure of the unique tetrameric STENOFOLIA homeodomain bound with target promoter DNA. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:1050-1063. [PMID: 34342278 PMCID: PMC8329861 DOI: 10.1107/s205979832100632x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeobox transcription factors are key regulators of morphogenesis and development in both animals and plants. In plants, the WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) family of transcription factors function as central organizers of several developmental programs ranging from embryo patterning to meristematic stem-cell maintenance through transcriptional activation and repression mechanisms. The Medicago truncatula STENOFOLIA (STF) gene is a master regulator of leaf-blade lateral development. Here, the crystal structure of the homeodomain (HD) of STF (STF-HD) in complex with its promoter DNA is reported at 2.1 Å resolution. STF-HD binds DNA as a tetramer, enclosing nearly the entire bound DNA surface. The STF-HD tetramer is partially stabilized by docking of the C-terminal tail of one protomer onto a conserved hydrophobic surface on the head of another protomer in a head-to-tail manner. STF-HD specifically binds TGA motifs, although the promoter sequence also contains TAAT motifs. Helix α3 not only serves a canonical role as a base reader in the major groove, but also provides DNA binding in the minor groove through basic residues located at its C-terminus. The structural and functional data in planta reported here provide new insights into the DNA-binding mechanisms of plant-specific HDs from the WOX family of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Kumar Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Shuxia Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Lifang Niu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Juhi Chaturvedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Justin Elliott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yan Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Junpeng Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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19
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Ranade SS, Egertsdotter U. In silico characterization of putative gene homologues involved in somatic embryogenesis suggests that some conifer species may lack LEC2, one of the key regulators of initiation of the process. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:392. [PMID: 34039265 PMCID: PMC8157724 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is the process in which somatic embryos develop from somatic tissue in vitro on medium in most cases supplemented with growth regulators. Knowledge of genes involved in regulation of initiation and of development of somatic embryos is crucial for application of SE as an efficient tool to enable genetic improvement across genotypes by clonal propagation. RESULTS Current work presents in silico identification of putative homologues of central regulators of SE initiation and development in conifers focusing mainly on key transcription factors (TFs) e.g. BBM, LEC1, LEC1-LIKE, LEC2 and FUSCA3, based on sequence similarity using BLASTP. Protein sequences of well-characterised candidates genes from Arabidopsis thaliana were used to query the databases (Gymno PLAZA, Congenie, GenBank) including whole-genome sequence data from two representative species from the genus Picea (Picea abies) and Pinus (Pinus taeda), for finding putative conifer homologues, using BLASTP. Identification of corresponding conifer proteins was further confirmed by domain search (Conserved Domain Database), alignment (MUSCLE) with respective sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana proteins and phylogenetic analysis (Phylogeny.fr). CONCLUSIONS This in silico analysis suggests absence of LEC2 in Picea abies and Pinus taeda, the conifer species whose genomes have been sequenced. Based on available sequence data to date, LEC2 was also not detected in the other conifer species included in the study. LEC2 is one of the key TFs associated with initiation and regulation of the process of SE in angiosperms. Potential alternative mechanisms that might be functional in conifers to compensate the lack of LEC2 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Sachin Ranade
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Science (SLU), 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Ulrika Egertsdotter
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Science (SLU), 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
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20
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Delseny M. Innate antiviral immunity in plant apical meristem explained. C R Biol 2021; 343:5-6. [PMID: 33988320 DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Delseny
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5096 CNRS-UPVD, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France
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21
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Kadri A, Grenier De March G, Guerineau F, Cosson V, Ratet P. WUSCHEL Overexpression Promotes Callogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis in Medicago truncatula Gaertn. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:715. [PMID: 33917135 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The induction of plant somatic embryogenesis is often a limiting step for plant multiplication and genetic manipulation in numerous crops. It depends on multiple signaling developmental processes involving phytohormones and the induction of specific genes. The WUSCHEL gene (WUS) is required for the production of plant embryogenic stem cells. To explore a different approach to induce somatic embryogenesis, we have investigated the effect of the heterologous ArabidopsisWUS gene overexpression under the control of the jasmonate responsive vsp1 promoter on the morphogenic responses of Medicago truncatula explants. WUS expression in leaf explants increased callogenesis and embryogenesis in the absence of growth regulators. Similarly, WUS expression enhanced the embryogenic potential of hairy root fragments. The WUS gene represents thus a promising tool to develop plant growth regulator-free regeneration systems or to improve regeneration and transformation efficiency in recalcitrant crops.
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22
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Ikeda Y, Zalabák D, Kubalová I, Králová M, Brenner WG, Aida M. Interpreting Cytokinin Action as Anterograde Signaling and Beyond. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:641257. [PMID: 33854521 PMCID: PMC8039514 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.641257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Among the major phytohormones, the cytokinin exhibits unique features for its ability to positively affect the developmental status of plastids. Even early on in its research, cytokinins were known to promote plastid differentiation and to reduce the loss of chlorophyll in detached leaves. Since the discovery of the components of cytokinin perception and primary signaling, the genes involved in photosynthesis and plastid differentiation have been identified as those directly targeted by type-B response regulators. Furthermore, cytokinins are known to modulate versatile cellular processes such as promoting the division and differentiation of cells and, in concert with auxin, initiating the de novo formation of shoot apical meristem (SAM) in tissue cultures. Yet how cytokinins precisely participate in such diverse cellular phenomena, and how the associated cellular processes are coordinated as a whole, remains unclear. A plausible presumption that would account for the coordinated gene expression is the tight and reciprocal communication between the nucleus and plastid. The fact that cytokinins affect plastid developmental status via gene expression in both the nucleus and plastid is interpreted here to suggest that cytokinin functions as an initiator of anterograde (nucleus-to-plastid) signaling. Based on this viewpoint, we first summarize the physiological relevance of cytokinins to the coordination of plastid differentiation with de novo shoot organogenesis in tissue culture systems. Next, the role of endogenous cytokinins in influencing plastid differentiation within the SAM of intact plants is discussed. Finally, a presumed plastid-derived signal in response to cytokinins for coupled nuclear gene expression is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Ikeda
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - David Zalabák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacky University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ivona Kubalová
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Michaela Králová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Wolfram G. Brenner
- General and Applied Botany, Institute of Biology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mitsuhiro Aida
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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23
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Lopes FL, Galvan-Ampudia C, Landrein B. WUSCHEL in the shoot apical meristem: old player, new tricks. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:1527-1535. [PMID: 33332559 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of the stem cell niche in the shoot apical meristem, the structure that generates all of the aerial organs of the plant, relies on a canonical feedback loop between WUSCHEL (WUS) and CLAVATA3 (CLV3). WUS is a homeodomain transcription factor expressed in the organizing centre that moves to the central zone to promote stem cell fate. CLV3 is a peptide whose expression is induced by WUS in the central zone and that can move back to the organizing centre to inhibit WUS expression. Within the past 20 years since the initial formulation of the CLV-WUS feedback loop, the mechanisms of stem cell maintenance have been intensively studied and the function of WUS has been redefined. In this review, we highlight the most recent advances in our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms of WUS function, of its interaction with other transcription factors and hormonal signals, and of its connection to environmental signals. Through this, we will show how WUS can integrate both internal and external cues to adapt meristem function to the plant environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Lara Lopes
- Plant Stress Signaling, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Carlos Galvan-Ampudia
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Benoit Landrein
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon Cedex, France
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24
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Bae SY, Kim MH, Cho JS, Park EJ, Lee H, Kim JH, Ko JH. Overexpression of Populus transcription factor PtrTALE12 increases axillary shoot development by regulating WUSCHEL expression. Tree Physiol 2020; 40:1232-1246. [PMID: 32420604 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The TALE (Three Amino acid Loop Extension) transcription factor family has been shown to control meristem formation and organogenesis in plants. To understand the functional roles of the TALE family in woody perennials, each of the TALE members of Populus trichocarpa was overexpressed in Arabidopsis as a proxy. Among them, the overexpression of PtrTALE12 (i.e., 35S::PtrTALE12) resulted in a dramatic increase of axillary shoot development with early flowering. Interestingly, expression of WUSCHEL (WUS), a central regulator of both apical and axillary meristem formation, was significantly increased in the 35S::PtrTALE12 Arabidopsis plants. Conversely, WUS expression was downregulated in 35S::PtrTALE12-SRDX (short transcriptional repressor domain) plants. Further analysis found that PtrTALE12, expressed preferentially in meristem tissues, directly regulates WUS expression in transient activation assays using Arabidopsis leaf protoplast. Yeast two-hybrid assays showed that PtrTALE12 interacts with SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM); however, the interaction does not affect the WUS expression. In addition, expression of both CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 (CCA1) and LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) genes was suppressed accordingly for early flowering 35S::PtrTALE12 Arabidopsis. Indeed, transgenic poplars overexpressing PtrTALE12 as well as Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AtBLH11, a close homolog of PtrTALE12, phenocopied the 35S::PtrTALE12 Arabidopsis (i.e., increased axillary shoot development). Taken together, our results suggest that PtrTALE12 functions as a positive regulator of axillary shoot formation in both Arabidopsis and poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Bae
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ha Kim
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seong Cho
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Jun Park
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, National Institute of Forest Science, 39 Onjeong-ro, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoshin Lee
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, National Institute of Forest Science, 39 Onjeong-ro, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoe Kim
- Department of Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Jae-Heung Ko
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
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25
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Fuchs M, Lohmann JU. Aiming for the top: non-cell autonomous control of shoot stem cells in Arabidopsis. J Plant Res 2020; 133:297-309. [PMID: 32146616 PMCID: PMC7214502 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, not all cells are created equal. Instead, organismal complexity is achieved by specialisation and division of labour between distinct cell types. Therefore, the organism depends on the presence, correct proportion and function of all cell types. It follows that early development is geared towards setting up the basic body plan and to specify cell lineages. Since plants employ a post-embryonic mode of development, the continuous growth and addition of new organs require a source of new cells, as well as a strict regulation of cellular composition throughout the entire life-cycle. To meet these demands, evolution has brought about complex regulatory systems to maintain and control continuously active stem cell systems. Here, we review recent work on the mechanisms of non cell-autonomous control of shoot stem cells in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana with a strong focus on the cell-to-cell mobility and function of the WUSCHEL homeodomain transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fuchs
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan U Lohmann
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
This review summarizes recent knowledge on functions of WUS and WUS-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factors in diverse signaling pathways governing shoot meristem biology and several other aspects of plant dynamics. Transcription factors (TFs) are master regulators involved in controlling different cellular and biological functions as well as diverse signaling pathways in plant growth and development. WUSCHEL (WUS) is a homeodomain transcription factor necessary for the maintenance of the stem cell niche in the shoot apical meristem, the differentiation of lateral primordia, plant cell totipotency and other diverse cellular processes. Recent research about WUS has uncovered several unique features including the complex signaling pathways that further improve the understanding of vital network for meristem biology and crop productivity. In addition, several reports bridge the gap between WUS expression and plant signaling pathway by identifying different WUS and WUS-related homeobox (WOX) genes during the formation of shoot (apical and axillary) meristems, vegetative-to-embryo transition, genetic transformation, and other aspects of plant growth and development. In this respect, the WOX family of TFs comprises multiple members involved in diverse signaling pathways, but how these pathways are regulated remains to be elucidated. Here, we review the current status and recent discoveries on the functions of WUS and newly identified WOX family members in the regulatory network of various aspects of plant dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Jha
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Major Arterial Road, Action Area II, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sergio J Ochatt
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Plant Biotechnology Lab, Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
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27
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Fal K, Cortes M, Liu M, Collaudin S, Das P, Hamant O, Trehin C. Paf1c defects challenge the robustness of flower meristem termination in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 2019; 146:dev.173377. [PMID: 31540913 PMCID: PMC6826038 DOI: 10.1242/dev.173377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although accumulating evidence suggests that gene regulation is highly stochastic, genetic screens have successfully uncovered master developmental regulators, questioning the relationship between transcriptional noise and intrinsic robustness of development. To identify developmental modules that are more or less resilient to large-scale genetic perturbations, we used the Arabidopsis polymerase II-associated factor 1 complex (Paf1c) mutant vip3, which is impaired in several RNA polymerase II-dependent transcriptional processes. We found that the control of flower termination was not as robust as classically pictured. In angiosperms, the floral female organs, called carpels, display determinate growth: their development requires the arrest of stem cell maintenance. In vip3 mutant flowers, carpels displayed a highly variable morphology, with different degrees of indeterminacy defects up to wild-type size inflorescence emerging from carpels. This phenotype was associated with variable expression of two key regulators of flower termination and stem cell maintenance in flowers, WUSCHEL and AGAMOUS. The phenotype was also dependent on growth conditions. Together, these results highlight the surprisingly plastic nature of stem cell maintenance in plants and its dependence on Paf1c. Summary: Using a mutant with increased transcriptional noise, we reveal that stem cell maintenance is not as robust as anticipated in plants, even leading to major defects in essential developmental processes such as flower indeterminacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Fal
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Matthieu Cortes
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Mengying Liu
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Sam Collaudin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Pradeep Das
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Christophe Trehin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Lee ZH, Hirakawa T, Yamaguchi N, Ito T. The Roles of Plant Hormones and Their Interactions with Regulatory Genes in Determining Meristem Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164065. [PMID: 31434317 PMCID: PMC6720427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants, unlike animals, have developed a unique system in which they continue to form organs throughout their entire life cycle, even after embryonic development. This is possible because plants possess a small group of pluripotent stem cells in their meristems. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) plays a key role in forming all of the aerial structures of plants, including floral meristems (FMs). The FMs subsequently give rise to the floral organs containing reproductive structures. Studies in the past few decades have revealed the importance of transcription factors and secreted peptides in meristem activity using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Recent advances in genomic, transcriptomic, imaging, and modeling technologies have allowed us to explore the interplay between transcription factors, secreted peptides, and plant hormones. Two different classes of plant hormones, cytokinins and auxins, and their interaction are particularly important for controlling SAM and FM development. This review focuses on the current issues surrounding the crosstalk between the hormonal and genetic regulatory network during meristem self-renewal and organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Hong Lee
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hirakawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Toshiro Ito
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
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29
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Wang H, Xu Y, Hong L, Zhang X, Wang X, Zhang J, Ding Z, Meng Z, Wang ZY, Long R, Yang Q, Kong F, Han L, Zhou C. HEADLESS Regulates Auxin Response and Compound Leaf Morphogenesis in Medicago truncatula. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1024. [PMID: 31475021 PMCID: PMC6707262 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
WUSCHEL (WUS) is thought to be required for the establishment of the shoot stem cell niche in Arabidopsis thaliana. HEADLESS (HDL), a gene that encodes a WUS-related homeobox family transcription factor, is thought to be the Medicago truncatula ortholog of the WUS gene. HDL plays conserved roles in shoot apical meristem (SAM) and axillary meristem (AM) maintenance. HDL is also involved in compound leaf morphogenesis in M. truncatula; however, its regulatory mechanism has not yet been explored. Here, the significance of HDL in leaf development was investigated. Unlike WUS in A. thaliana, HDL was transcribed not only in the SAM and AM but also in the leaf. Both the patterning of the compound leaves and the shape of the leaf margin in hdl mutant were abnormal. The transcriptional profile of the gene SLM1, which encodes an auxin efflux carrier, was impaired and the plants' auxin response was compromised. Further investigations revealed that HDL positively regulated auxin response likely through the recruitment of MtTPL/MtTPRs into the HDL repressor complex. Its participation in auxin-dependent compound leaf morphogenesis is of interest in the context of the functional conservation and neo-functionalization of the products of WUS orthologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiteng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Limei Hong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhe Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, China
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruicai Long
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingchuan Yang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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30
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Fouracre JP, Poethig RS. Role for the shoot apical meristem in the specification of juvenile leaf identity in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10168-77. [PMID: 31023887 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817853116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent to which the shoot apical meristem (SAM) controls developmental decisions, rather than interpreting them, is a longstanding issue in plant development. Previous work suggests that vegetative phase change is regulated by signals intrinsic and extrinsic to the SAM, but the relative importance of these signals for this process is unknown. We investigated this question by examining the effect of meristem-deficient mutations on vegetative phase change and on the expression of key regulators of this process, miR156 and its targets, SPL transcription factors. We found that the precocious phenotypes of meristem-deficient mutants are a consequence of reduced miR156 accumulation. Tissue-specific manipulation of miR156 levels revealed that the SAM functions as an essential pool of miR156 early in shoot development, but that its effect on leaf identity declines with age. We also found that SPL genes control meristem size by repressing WUSCHEL expression via a novel genetic pathway.
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31
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Xu Y, Yamaguchi N, Gan ES, Ito T. When to stop: an update on molecular mechanisms of floral meristem termination. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:1711-1718. [PMID: 30916342 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Flowers have fascinated humans for millennia, not only because of their beauty, but also because they give rise to fruits, from which most agricultural products are derived. In most angiosperms, the number and position of floral organs are morphologically and genetically defined, and their development is tightly controlled by complex regulatory networks to ensure reproductive success. How flower development is temporally initiated and spatially maintained has been widely researched. As the flower develops, the balance between proliferation and differentiation dynamically shifts towards organogenesis and termination of floral stem cell maintenance. In this review, we focus on recent findings that further reveal the intricate molecular mechanisms for precise timing of floral meristem termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Plant Stem Cell Regulation and Floral Patterning Laboratory, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Yamaguchi
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Plant Stem Cell Regulation and Floral Patterning Laboratory, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Toshiro Ito
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Plant Stem Cell Regulation and Floral Patterning Laboratory, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
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32
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Nagle M, Déjardin A, Pilate G, Strauss SH. Corrigendum: Opportunities for Innovation in Genetic Transformation of Forest Trees. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1729. [PMID: 30546375 PMCID: PMC6281038 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01443.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nagle
- Forest Ecosystems and Society, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | | | | | - Steven H. Strauss
- Forest Ecosystems and Society, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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33
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Nagle M, Déjardin A, Pilate G, Strauss SH. Opportunities for Innovation in Genetic Transformation of Forest Trees. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1443. [PMID: 30333845 PMCID: PMC6176273 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of DNA into plant genomes followed by regeneration of non-chimeric stable plants (transformation) remains a major challenge for most plant species. Forest trees are particularly difficult as a result of their biochemistry, aging, desire for clonal fidelity, delayed reproduction, and high diversity. We review two complementary approaches to transformation that appear to hold promise for forest trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nagle
- Forest Ecosystems and Society, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | | | | | - Steven H. Strauss
- Forest Ecosystems and Society, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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34
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Poulios S, Vlachonasios KE. Synergistic action of GCN5 and CLAVATA1 in the regulation of gynoecium development in Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol 2018; 220:593-608. [PMID: 30027613 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana the CLAVATA1 (CLV1) receptor and GENERAL CONTROL NON DEREPRESSIBLE 5 (GCN5) histone acetyltransferase both regulate inflorescence meristem size and affect the expression of the meristem-promoting transcription factor WUSCHEL (WUS). Single and multiple mutants of GCN5 and CLAVATA members, were analysed for their gynoecium development, using morphological, physiological, genetic and molecular approaches. The clv1-1gcn5-1 double mutants exhibited novel phenotypes including elongated gynoecia with reduced valves and enlarged stigma and style, indicating a synergistic action of CLAVATA signaling and GCN5 action in the development of the gynoecium. Reporter line and gene expression analysis showed that clv1-1gcn5-1 plants have altered auxin and cytokinin response, distribution and ectopic overexpression of WUS. WUS expression was found in the style of wild-type gynoecia stage 10-13, suggesting a possible novel role for WUS in the development of the style. CLV1 and GCN5 are regulators of apical-basal and mediolateral polarity of the Arabidopsis gynoecium. They affect gynoecium morphogenesis through the negative regulation of auxin biosynthesis and promotion of polar auxin transport. They also promote cytokinin signaling in the carpel margin meristem and negatively regulate it at the stigma. Finally, they synergistically suppress WUS at the centre of the gynoecium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Poulios
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Konstantinos E Vlachonasios
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
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35
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Guo L, Cao X, Liu Y, Li J, Li Y, Li D, Zhang K, Gao C, Dong A, Liu X. A chromatin loop represses WUSCHEL expression in Arabidopsis. Plant J 2018; 94:1083-1097. [PMID: 29660180 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
WUSCHEL (WUS) is critical for plant meristem maintenance and determinacy in Arabidopsis, and the regulation of its spatiotemporal expression patterns is complex. We previously found that AGAMOUS (AG), a key MADS-domain transcription factor in floral organ identity and floral meristem determinacy, can directly suppress WUS expression through the recruitment of the Polycomb group (PcG) protein TERMINAL FLOWER 2 (TFL2, also known as LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1, LHP1) at the WUS locus; however, the mechanism by which WUS is repressed remains unclear. Here, using chromosome conformation capture (3C) and chromatin immunoprecipitation 3C, we found that two specific regions flanking the WUS gene body bound by AG and TFL2 form a chromatin loop that is directly promoted by AG during flower development in a manner independent of the physical distance and sequence content of the intervening region. Moreover, AG physically interacts with TFL2, and TFL2 binding to the chromatin loop is dependent on AG. Transgenic and CRISPR/Cas9-edited lines showed that the WUS chromatin loop represses gene expression by blocking the recruitment of RNA polymerase II at the locus. The findings uncover the WUS chromatin loop as another regulatory mechanism controlling WUS expression, and also shed light on the factors required for chromatin conformation change and their recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, 050021, China
| | - Xiuwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, 050021, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, International Associated Laboratory of CNRS-Fudan-HUNAU on Plant Epigenome Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yongpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, 050021, China
| | - Dongming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, 050021, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, 050021, China
| | - Caixia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Aiwu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, International Associated Laboratory of CNRS-Fudan-HUNAU on Plant Epigenome Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xigang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, 050021, China
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36
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Kimura Y, Tasaka M, Torii KU, Uchida N. ERECTA-family genes coordinate stem cell functions between the epidermal and internal layers of the shoot apical meristem. Development 2018; 145:dev.156380. [PMID: 29217754 DOI: 10.1242/dev.156380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal cell layer and the tissues that lie underneath have different intrinsic functions during plant development. The stem cells within the shoot apical meristem (SAM) that give rise to aerial structures are located in the epidermal and internal tissue layers. However, our understanding of how the functions of these stem cells are coordinated across tissue layers so stem cells can behave as a single population remains limited. WUSCHEL (WUS) functions as a master regulator of stem cell activity. Here, we show that loss of function in the ERECTA (ER)-family receptor kinase genes can rescue the mutant phenotype of wus plants (loss of stem cells), as demonstrated by the reinstated expression of a stem cell marker gene in the SAM epidermis. Localized ER expression in the epidermis can suppress the SAM phenotype caused by loss of ER-family activity. Furthermore, the CLAVATA3- and cytokinin-induced outputs, which contribute to stem cell homeostasis, are dysfunctional in a tissue layer-specific manner in ER-family mutants. Collectively, our findings suggest that the ER family plays a role in the coordination of stem cell behavior between different SAM tissue layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kimura
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Masao Tasaka
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan .,Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Naoyuki Uchida
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan .,Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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Zeng J, Dong Z, Wu H, Tian Z, Zhao Z. Redox regulation of plant stem cell fate. EMBO J 2017; 36:2844-2855. [PMID: 28838936 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of stem cells in plant and animal development, the common mechanisms of stem cell maintenance in both systems have remained elusive. Recently, the importance of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) signaling in priming stem cell differentiation has been extensively studied in animals. Here, we show that different forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have antagonistic roles in plant stem cell regulation, which were established by distinct spatiotemporal patterns of ROS-metabolizing enzymes. The superoxide anion (O2·-) is markedly enriched in stem cells to activate WUSCHEL and maintain stemness, whereas H2O2 is more abundant in the differentiating peripheral zone to promote stem cell differentiation. Moreover, H2O2 negatively regulates O2·- biosynthesis in stem cells, and increasing H2O2 levels or scavenging O2·- leads to the termination of stem cells. Our results provide a mechanistic framework for ROS-mediated control of plant stem cell fate and demonstrate that the balance between O2·- and H2O2 is key to stem cell maintenance and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhicheng Dong
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haijun Wu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaoxia Tian
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Zubo YO, Blakley IC, Yamburenko MV, Worthen JM, Street IH, Franco-Zorrilla JM, Zhang W, Hill K, Raines T, Solano R, Kieber JJ, Loraine AE, Schaller GE. Cytokinin induces genome-wide binding of the type-B response regulator ARR10 to regulate growth and development in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5995-6004. [PMID: 28673986 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620749114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone cytokinin affects a diverse array of growth and development processes and responses to the environment. How a signaling molecule mediates such a diverse array of outputs and how these response pathways are integrated with other inputs remain fundamental questions in plant biology. To this end, we characterized the transcriptional network initiated by the type-B ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATORs (ARRs) that mediate the cytokinin primary response, making use of chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), protein-binding microarrays, and transcriptomic approaches. By ectopic overexpression of ARR10, Arabidopsis lines hypersensitive to cytokinin were generated and used to clarify the role of cytokinin in regulation of various physiological responses. ChIP-seq was used to identify the cytokinin-dependent targets for ARR10, thereby defining a crucial link between the cytokinin primary-response pathway and the transcriptional changes that mediate physiological responses to this phytohormone. Binding of ARR10 was induced by cytokinin with binding sites enriched toward the transcriptional start sites for both induced and repressed genes. Three type-B ARR DNA-binding motifs, determined by use of protein-binding microarrays, were enriched at ARR10 binding sites, confirming their physiological relevance. WUSCHEL was identified as a direct target of ARR10, with its cytokinin-enhanced expression resulting in enhanced shooting in tissue culture. Results from our analyses shed light on the physiological role of the type-B ARRs in regulating the cytokinin response, mechanism of type-B ARR activation, and basis by which cytokinin regulates diverse aspects of growth and development as well as responses to biotic and abiotic factors.
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Xin W, Wang Z, Liang Y, Wang Y, Hu Y. Dynamic expression reveals a two-step patterning of WUS and CLV3 during axillary shoot meristem formation in Arabidopsis. J Plant Physiol 2017; 214:1-6. [PMID: 28399422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Seed plants have a remarkable capability to produce axillary meristems (AM) in the leaf axils, however, the dynamic establishment of a stem cell niche in AM is largely uncharacterized. We comprehensively examined the dynamic patterning of WUSCHEL (WUS) and CLAVATA3 (CLV3), the two key marker genes defining the shoot stem cell niches, during AM formation in Arabidopsis, and we found that a two-step patterning of WUS and CLV3 occurred during AM stem cell niche establishment. Our further work on the wus and clv3 mutants implicates that such two-step patterning is likely critical for the maintenance of AM progenitor cells and the specification of AM stem cell niche. These data provide a cytological frame for how a stem cell niche is established during AM formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhicai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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Smitha Ninan A, Shah A, Song J, Jameson PE. Differential Gene Expression in the Meristem and during Early Fruit Growth of Pisum sativum L. Identifies Potential Targets for Breeding. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E428. [PMID: 28212324 PMCID: PMC5343962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
For successful molecular breeding it is important to identify targets to the gene family level, and in the specific species of interest, in this case Pisum sativum L. The cytokinins have been identified as a key breeding target due to their influence on plant architecture, and on seed size and sink activity. We focused on the cytokinin biosynthetic gene family (the IPTs) and the gene family key to the destruction of cytokinins (the CKXs), as well as other gene families potentially affected by changing cytokinin levels. These included key meristem genes (WUS and BAM1) and the transporter gene families, sucrose transporters (SUTs) and amino acid permeases (AAPs). We used reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to monitor gene expression in the vegetative meristem and in pre- and post-fertilisation young pea fruits. PsWUS expression was specific to the shoot apical meristem while PsBAM1 was highly expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) but was also expressed at a low level in the young fruit. Differential expression was shown between genes and within gene families for IPT, CKX, SUT, and AAP. PsCKX7 showed strong gene family member-specific expression in the SAM, and was also expressed in young pea fruits. We suggest that PsCKX7 is a potential target for downregulation via molecular breeding or gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Smitha Ninan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Anish Shah
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Jiancheng Song
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Paula E Jameson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
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Perales M, Rodriguez K, Snipes S, Yadav RK, Diaz-Mendoza M, Reddy GV. Threshold-dependent transcriptional discrimination underlies stem cell homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6298-306. [PMID: 27671653 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607669113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional mechanisms that underlie the dose-dependent regulation of gene expression in animal development have been studied extensively. However, the mechanisms of dose-dependent transcriptional regulation in plant development have not been understood. In Arabidopsis shoot apical meristems, WUSCHEL (WUS), a stem cell-promoting transcription factor, accumulates at a higher level in the rib meristem and at a lower level in the central zone where it activates its own negative regulator, CLAVATA3 (CLV3). How WUS regulates CLV3 levels has not been understood. Here we show that WUS binds a group of cis-elements, cis- regulatory module, in the CLV3-regulatory region, with different affinities and conformations, consisting of monomers at lower concentration and as dimers at a higher level. By deleting cis elements, manipulating the WUS-binding affinity and the homodimerization threshold of cis elements, and manipulating WUS levels, we show that the same cis elements mediate both the activation and repression of CLV3 at lower and higher WUS levels, respectively. The concentration-dependent transcriptional discrimination provides a mechanistic framework to explain the regulation of CLV3 levels that is critical for stem cell homeostasis.
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Dory M, Doleschall Z, Nagy SK, Ambrus H, Mészáros T, Barnabás B, Dóczi R. Kinase-Associated Phosphoisoform Assay: a novel candidate-based method to detect specific kinase-substrate phosphorylation interactions in vivo. BMC Plant Biol 2016; 16:204. [PMID: 27655033 PMCID: PMC5031308 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein kinases are important components of signalling pathways, and kinomes have remarkably expanded in plants. Yet, our knowledge of kinase substrates in plants is scarce, partly because tools to analyse protein phosphorylation dynamically are limited. Here we describe Kinase-Associated Phosphoisoform Assay, a flexible experimental method for directed experiments to study specific kinase-substrate interactions in vivo. The concept is based on the differential phosphoisoform distribution of candidate substrates transiently expressed with or without co-expression of activated kinases. Phosphorylation status of epitope-tagged proteins is subsequently detected by high-resolution capillary isoelectric focusing coupled with nanofluidic immunoassay, which is capable of detecting subtle changes in isoform distribution. RESULTS The concept is validated by showing phosphorylation of the known mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) substrate, ACS6, by MPK6. Next, we demonstrate that two transcription factors, WUS and AP2, both of which are shown to be master regulators of plant development by extensive genetic studies, exist in multiple isoforms in plant cells and are phosphorylated by activated MAPKs. CONCLUSION As plant development flexibly responds to environmental conditions, phosphorylation of developmental regulators by environmentally-activated kinases may participate in linking external cues to developmental regulation. As a counterpart of advances in unbiased screening methods to identify potential protein kinase substrates, such as phosphoproteomics and computational predictions, our results expand the candidate-based experimental toolkit for kinase research and provide an alternative in vivo approach to existing in vitro methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Dory
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Centre for Agricultural Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Doleschall
- Department of Pathogenetics, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122, Ráth György u. 7-9, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia K. Nagy
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1094, Tűzoltó u. 37-47, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Helga Ambrus
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Centre for Agricultural Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Tamás Mészáros
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1094, Tűzoltó u. 37-47, Budapest, Hungary
- Research Group for Technical Analytical Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111, Szt. Gellért tér 4, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Barnabás
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Centre for Agricultural Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Róbert Dóczi
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Centre for Agricultural Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2462, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, Hungary
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Pfeiffer A, Janocha D, Dong Y, Medzihradszky A, Schöne S, Daum G, Suzaki T, Forner J, Langenecker T, Rempel E, Schmid M, Wirtz M, Hell R, Lohmann JU. Integration of light and metabolic signals for stem cell activation at the shoot apical meristem. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27400267 PMCID: PMC4969040 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A major feature of embryogenesis is the specification of stem cell systems, but in contrast to the situation in most animals, plant stem cells remain quiescent until the postembryonic phase of development. Here, we dissect how light and metabolic signals are integrated to overcome stem cell dormancy at the shoot apical meristem. We show on the one hand that light is able to activate expression of the stem cell inducer WUSCHEL independently of photosynthesis and that this likely involves inter-regional cytokinin signaling. Metabolic signals, on the other hand, are transduced to the meristem through activation of the TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) kinase. Surprisingly, TOR is also required for light signal dependent stem cell activation. Thus, the TOR kinase acts as a central integrator of light and metabolic signals and a key regulator of stem cell activation at the shoot apex. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17023.001 Plants are able to grow and develop throughout their lives thanks to groups of stem cells at the tips of their shoots and roots, which can constantly divide to produce new cells. Energy captured from sunlight during a process called photosynthesis is the main source of energy for most plants. Therefore, the amount and quality of light in the environment has a big influence on how plants grow and develop. An enzyme called TOR kinase can sense energy levels in animal cells and regulate many processes including growth and cell division. Plants also have a TOR kinase, but it is less clear if it plays the same role in plants, and whether it can respond to light. Plant stem cells only start to divide after the seed germinates. In shoots, a protein called WUSCHEL is required to maintain stem cells in an active state. Here, Pfeiffer et al. studied how shoot stem cells are activated in response to environmental signals in a plant known as Arabidopsis. The experiments show that light is able to activate the production of WUSCHEL independently of photosynthesis via a signal pathway that depends on TOR kinase. The stem cells do not directly sense light; instead other cells detect the light and relay the information to the stem cells with the help of a hormone called cytokinin. Further experiments show that information about energy levels in cells is relayed via another signal pathway that also involves the TOR kinase. Therefore, Pfeiffer et al.’s findings suggest that the activation of TOR by light allows plant cells to anticipate how much energy will be available and efficiently tune their growth and development to cope with the environmental conditions. Future challenges are to understand how TOR kinase is regulated by light signals and how this enzyme is able to act on WUSCHEL to trigger stem cell division. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17023.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Pfeiffer
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Denis Janocha
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yihan Dong
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Medzihradszky
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schöne
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabor Daum
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Forner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Langenecker
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eugen Rempel
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Schmid
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan U Lohmann
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Dolzblasz A, Nardmann J, Clerici E, Causier B, van der Graaff E, Chen J, Davies B, Werr W, Laux T. Stem Cell Regulation by Arabidopsis WOX Genes. Mol Plant 2016; 9:1028-39. [PMID: 27109605 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gene amplification followed by functional diversification is a major force in evolution. A typical example of this is seen in the WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) gene family, named after the Arabidopsis stem cell regulator WUSCHEL. Here we analyze functional divergence in the WOX gene family. Members of the WUS clade, except the cambium stem cell regulator WOX4, can substitute for WUS function in shoot and floral stem cell maintenance to different degrees. Stem cell function of WUS requires a canonical WUS-box, essential for interaction with TPL/TPR co-repressors, whereas the repressive EAR domain is dispensable and the acidic domain seems only to be required for female fertility. In contrast to the WUS clade, members of the ancient WOX13 and the WOX9 clades cannot support stem cell maintenance. Although the homeodomains are interchangeable between WUS and WOX9 clade members, a WUS-compatible homeodomain together with canonical WUS-box is not sufficient for stem cell maintenance. Our results suggest that WOX function in shoot and floral meristems of Arabidopsis is restricted to the modern WUS clade, suggesting that stem cell control is a derived function. Yet undiscovered functional domains in addition to the homeodomain and the WUS-box are necessary for this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Dolzblasz
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Judith Nardmann
- Institute of Developmental Biology, Biocenter Cologne, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Street 47b, 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Elena Clerici
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Barry Causier
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Eric van der Graaff
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jinhui Chen
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brendan Davies
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Wolfgang Werr
- Institute of Developmental Biology, Biocenter Cologne, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Street 47b, 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Thomas Laux
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Abstract
The remarkable plasticity of post-embryonic plant development is due to groups of stem-cell-containing structures called meristems. In the shoot, meristems continuously produce organs such as leaves, flowers, and stems. Nearly two decades ago the WUSCHEL/CLAVATA (WUS/CLV) negative feedback loop was established as being essential for regulating the size of shoot meristems by maintaining a delicate balance between stem cell proliferation and cell recruitment for the differentiation of lateral primordia. Recent research in various model species (Arabidopsis, tomato, maize, and rice) has led to discoveries of additional components that further refine and improve the current model of meristem regulation, adding new complexity to a vital network for plant growth and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Galli
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8020, USA
| | - Andrea Gallavotti
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8020, USA; Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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Mandel T, Candela H, Landau U, Asis L, Zelinger E, Carles CC, Williams LE. Differential regulation of meristem size, morphology and organization by the ERECTA, CLAVATA and class III HD-ZIP pathways. Development 2016; 143:1612-22. [PMID: 26989178 PMCID: PMC4986164 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) of angiosperm plants is a small, highly organized structure that gives rise to all above-ground organs. The SAM is divided into three functional domains: the central zone (CZ) at the SAM tip harbors the self-renewing pluripotent stem cells and the organizing center, providing daughter cells that are continuously displaced into the interior rib zone (RZ) or the surrounding peripheral zone (PZ), from which organ primordia are initiated. Despite the constant flow of cells from the CZ into the RZ or PZ, and cell recruitment for primordium formation, a stable balance is maintained between the distinct cell populations in the SAM. Here we combined an in-depth phenotypic analysis with a comparative RNA-Seq approach to characterize meristems from selected combinations of clavata3 (clv3), jabba-1D (jba-1D) and erecta (er) mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. We demonstrate that CLV3 restricts meristem expansion along the apical-basal axis, whereas class III HD-ZIP and ER pathways restrict meristem expansion laterally, but in distinct and possibly perpendicular orientations. Our k-means analysis reveals that clv3, jba-1D/+ and er lead to meristem enlargement by affecting different aspects of meristem function; for example, clv3 displays an increase in the stem cell population, whereas jba-1D/+ er exhibits an increase in mitotic activity and in the meristematic cell population. Our analyses demonstrate that a combined genetic and mRNA-Seq comparative approach provides a precise and sensitive method to identify cell type-specific transcriptomes in a small structure, such as the SAM. Summary: Three pathways converge to regulate the balance between meristem size, morphology and organization in the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Mandel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Héctor Candela
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, Elche 03202, Spain
| | - Udi Landau
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lior Asis
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Einat Zelinger
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Cristel C Carles
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale (LPCV), Grenoble F-38054, France CNRS, LPCV, UMR 5168, Grenoble F-38054, France CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, BIG, LPCV, Grenoble F-38054, France INRA, LPCV, Grenoble F-38054, France
| | - Leor Eshed Williams
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Moreau F, Thévenon E, Blanvillain R, Lopez-Vidriero I, Franco-Zorrilla JM, Dumas R, Parcy F, Morel P, Trehin C, Carles CC. The Myb-domain protein ULTRAPETALA1 INTERACTING FACTOR 1 controls floral meristem activities in Arabidopsis. Development 2016; 143:1108-19. [PMID: 26903506 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Higher plants continuously and iteratively produce new above-ground organs in the form of leaves, stems and flowers. These organs arise from shoot apical meristems whose homeostasis depends on coordination between self-renewal of stem cells and their differentiation into organ founder cells. This coordination is stringently controlled by the central transcription factor WUSCHEL (WUS), which is both necessary and sufficient for stem cell specification in Arabidopsis thaliana ULTRAPETALA1 (ULT1) was previously identified as a plant-specific, negative regulator of WUS expression. However, molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation remain unknown. ULT1 protein contains a SAND putative DNA-binding domain and a B-box, previously proposed as a protein interaction domain in eukaryotes. Here, we characterise a novel partner of ULT1, named ULT1 INTERACTING FACTOR 1 (UIF1), which contains a Myb domain and an EAR motif. UIF1 and ULT1 function in the same pathway for regulation of organ number in the flower. Moreover, UIF1 displays DNA-binding activity and specifically binds to WUS regulatory elements. We thus provide genetic and molecular evidence that UIF1 and ULT1 work together in floral meristem homeostasis, probably by direct repression of WUS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Moreau
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale (LPCV), Grenoble 38054, France CNRS, LPCV, UMR 5168, Grenoble 38054, France CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, BIG, LPCV, Grenoble 38054, France INRA, LPCV, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Emmanuel Thévenon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale (LPCV), Grenoble 38054, France CNRS, LPCV, UMR 5168, Grenoble 38054, France CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, BIG, LPCV, Grenoble 38054, France INRA, LPCV, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Robert Blanvillain
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale (LPCV), Grenoble 38054, France CNRS, LPCV, UMR 5168, Grenoble 38054, France CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, BIG, LPCV, Grenoble 38054, France INRA, LPCV, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Irene Lopez-Vidriero
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia CNB- CSIC, Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | | | - Renaud Dumas
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale (LPCV), Grenoble 38054, France CNRS, LPCV, UMR 5168, Grenoble 38054, France CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, BIG, LPCV, Grenoble 38054, France INRA, LPCV, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - François Parcy
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale (LPCV), Grenoble 38054, France CNRS, LPCV, UMR 5168, Grenoble 38054, France CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, BIG, LPCV, Grenoble 38054, France INRA, LPCV, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Patrice Morel
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon1, CNRS, INRA, ENS, Lyon cedex 07 69347, France
| | - Christophe Trehin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon1, CNRS, INRA, ENS, Lyon cedex 07 69347, France
| | - Cristel C Carles
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale (LPCV), Grenoble 38054, France CNRS, LPCV, UMR 5168, Grenoble 38054, France CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, BIG, LPCV, Grenoble 38054, France INRA, LPCV, Grenoble 38054, France
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Gruel J, Landrein B, Tarr P, Schuster C, Refahi Y, Sampathkumar A, Hamant O, Meyerowitz EM, Jönsson H. An epidermis-driven mechanism positions and scales stem cell niches in plants. Sci Adv 2016; 2:e1500989. [PMID: 27152324 PMCID: PMC4846443 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
How molecular patterning scales to organ size is highly debated in developmental biology. We explore this question for the characteristic gene expression domains of the plant stem cell niche residing in the shoot apical meristem. We show that a combination of signals originating from the epidermal cell layer can correctly pattern the key gene expression domains and notably leads to adaptive scaling of these domains to the size of the tissue. Using live imaging, we experimentally confirm this prediction. The identified mechanism is also sufficient to explain de novo stem cell niches in emerging flowers. Our findings suggest that the deformation of the tissue transposes meristem geometry into an instructive scaling and positional input for the apical plant stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Gruel
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Benoit Landrein
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
- INRA-CNRS-ENS Lyon-UCB Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Paul Tarr
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Christoph Schuster
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Yassin Refahi
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
- INRA-CNRS-ENS Lyon-UCB Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Olivier Hamant
- INRA-CNRS-ENS Lyon-UCB Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Elliot M. Meyerowitz
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Henrik Jönsson
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics Group, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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49
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Shemer O, Landau U, Candela H, Zemach A, Eshed Williams L. Competency for shoot regeneration from Arabidopsis root explants is regulated by DNA methylation. Plant Sci 2015; 238:251-61. [PMID: 26259192 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants exhibit high capacity to regenerate in three alternative pathways: tissue repair, somatic embryogenesis and de novo organogenesis. For most plants, de novo organ initiation can be easily achieved in tissue culture by exposing explants to auxin and/or cytokinin, yet the competence to regenerate varies among species and within tissues from the same plant. In Arabidopsis, root explants incubated directly on cytokinin-rich shoot inducing medium (SIM-direct), are incapable of regenerating shoots, and a pre-incubation step on auxin-rich callus inducing medium (CIM) is required to acquire competency to regenerate on the SIM. However the mechanism underlying competency acquisition still remains elusive. Here we show that the chromomethylase 3 (cmt3) mutant which exhibits significant reduction in CHG methylation, shows high capacity to regenerate on SIM-direct and that regeneration occurs via direct organogenesis. In WT, WUSCHEL (WUS) promoter, an essential gene for shoot formation, is highly methylated, and its expression on SIM requires pre-incubation on CIM. However, in cmt3, WUS expression induced by SIM-direct. We propose that pre-incubation on CIM is required for the re-activation of cell division. Following the transfer of roots to SIM, the intensive cell division activity continues, and in the presence of cytokinin leads to a dilution in DNA methylation that allows certain genes required for shoot regeneration to respond to SIM, thereby advancing shoot formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Shemer
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences & Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Udi Landau
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences & Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Héctor Candela
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Assaf Zemach
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Leor Eshed Williams
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences & Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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Fernández-Lozano A, Yuste-Lisbona FJ, Pérez-Martín F, Pineda B, Moreno V, Lozano R, Angosto T. Mutation at the tomato excessive number of floral organs (ENO) locus impairs floral meristem development, thus promoting an increased number of floral organs and fruit size. Plant Sci 2015; 232:41-48. [PMID: 25617322 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) mutant affected in reproductive development, excessive number of floral organs (eno), is described in this study. The eno plants yielded flowers with a higher number of floral organs in the three innermost floral whorls and larger fruits than those found in wild-type plants. Scanning-electron microscopy study indicated that the rise in floral organ number and fruit size correlates with an increased size of floral meristem at early developmental stages. It has been reported that mutation at the FASCIATED (FAS) gene causes the development of flowers with supernumerary organs; however, complementation test and genetic mapping analyses proved that ENO is not an allele of the FAS locus. Furthermore, expression of WUSCHEL (SlWUS) and INHIBITOR OF MERISTEM ACTIVITY (IMA), the two main regulators of floral meristem activity in tomato, is altered in eno but not in fas flowers indicating that ENO could exert its function in the floral meristem independently of FAS. Interestingly, the eno mutation delayed the expression of IMA leading to a prolonged expression of SlWUS, which would explain the greater size of floral meristem. Taken together, results showed that ENO plays a significant role in the genetic pathway regulating tomato floral meristem development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Fernández-Lozano
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - Fernando J Yuste-Lisbona
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - Fernando Pérez-Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - Benito Pineda
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Vicente Moreno
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Rafael Lozano
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - Trinidad Angosto
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
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