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Anand J, Chiou L, Sciandra C, Zhang X, Hong J, Wu D, Zhou P, Vaziri C. Roles of trans-lesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. NAR Cancer 2023; 5:zcad005. [PMID: 36755961 PMCID: PMC9900426 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage tolerance and mutagenesis are hallmarks and enabling characteristics of neoplastic cells that drive tumorigenesis and allow cancer cells to resist therapy. The 'Y-family' trans-lesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases enable cells to replicate damaged genomes, thereby conferring DNA damage tolerance. Moreover, Y-family DNA polymerases are inherently error-prone and cause mutations. Therefore, TLS DNA polymerases are potential mediators of important tumorigenic phenotypes. The skin cancer-propensity syndrome xeroderma pigmentosum-variant (XPV) results from defects in the Y-family DNA Polymerase Pol eta (Polη) and compensatory deployment of alternative inappropriate DNA polymerases. However, the extent to which dysregulated TLS contributes to the underlying etiology of other human cancers is unclear. Here we consider the broad impact of TLS polymerases on tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. We survey the ways in which TLS DNA polymerases are pathologically altered in cancer. We summarize evidence that TLS polymerases shape cancer genomes, and review studies implicating dysregulated TLS as a driver of carcinogenesis. Because many cancer treatment regimens comprise DNA-damaging agents, pharmacological inhibition of TLS is an attractive strategy for sensitizing tumors to genotoxic therapies. Therefore, we discuss the pharmacological tractability of the TLS pathway and summarize recent progress on development of TLS inhibitors for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Anand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lilly Chiou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Carly Sciandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xingyuan Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 3101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jiyong Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 3101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pei Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 614 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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2
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Koyanagi E, Kakimoto Y, Minamisawa T, Yoshifuji F, Natsume T, Higashitani A, Ogi T, Carr AM, Kanemaki MT, Daigaku Y. Global landscape of replicative DNA polymerase usage in the human genome. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7221. [PMID: 36434012 PMCID: PMC9700718 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The division of labour among DNA polymerase underlies the accuracy and efficiency of replication. However, the roles of replicative polymerases have not been directly established in human cells. We developed polymerase usage sequencing (Pu-seq) in HCT116 cells and mapped Polε and Polα usage genome wide. The polymerase usage profiles show Polε synthesises the leading strand and Polα contributes mainly to lagging strand synthesis. Combining the Polε and Polα profiles, we accurately predict the genome-wide pattern of fork directionality plus zones of replication initiation and termination. We confirm that transcriptional activity contributes to the pattern of initiation and termination and, by separately analysing the effect of transcription on co-directional and converging forks, demonstrate that coupled DNA synthesis of leading and lagging strands is compromised by transcription in both co-directional and convergent forks. Polymerase uncoupling is particularly evident in the vicinity of large genes, including the two most unstable common fragile sites, FRA3B and FRA3D, thus linking transcription-induced polymerase uncoupling to chromosomal instability. Together, our result demonstrated that Pu-seq in human cells provides a powerful and straightforward methodology to explore DNA polymerase usage and replication fork dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Koyanagi
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoko Kakimoto
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tamiko Minamisawa
- grid.410807.a0000 0001 0037 4131Cancer Genome Dynamics project, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiya Yoshifuji
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Natsume
- grid.418987.b0000 0004 1764 2181National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS), Mishima, Japan ,grid.275033.00000 0004 1763 208XDepartment of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Japan ,grid.272456.00000 0000 9343 3630Present Address: Research Center for Genome & Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Higashitani
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoo Ogi
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XResearch Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Antony M. Carr
- grid.12082.390000 0004 1936 7590Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RQ UK
| | - Masato T. Kanemaki
- grid.418987.b0000 0004 1764 2181National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS), Mishima, Japan ,grid.275033.00000 0004 1763 208XDepartment of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Daigaku
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan ,grid.410807.a0000 0001 0037 4131Cancer Genome Dynamics project, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Ben Yamin B, Ahmed-Seghir S, Tomida J, Despras E, Pouvelle C, Yurchenko A, Goulas J, Corre R, Delacour Q, Droin N, Dessen P, Goidin D, Lange SS, Bhetawal S, Mitjavila-Garcia MT, Baldacci G, Nikolaev S, Cadoret JC, Wood RD, Kannouche PL. DNA polymerase zeta contributes to heterochromatin replication to prevent genome instability. EMBO J 2021; 40:e104543. [PMID: 34533226 PMCID: PMC8561639 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA polymerase zeta (Polζ) plays a critical role in bypassing DNA damage. REV3L, the catalytic subunit of Polζ, is also essential in mouse embryonic development and cell proliferation for reasons that remain incompletely understood. In this study, we reveal that REV3L protein interacts with heterochromatin components including repressive histone marks and localizes in pericentromeric regions through direct interaction with HP1 dimer. We demonstrate that Polζ/REV3L ensures progression of replication forks through difficult‐to‐replicate pericentromeric heterochromatin, thereby preventing spontaneous chromosome break formation. We also find that Rev3l‐deficient cells are compromised in the repair of heterochromatin‐associated double‐stranded breaks, eliciting deletions in late‐replicating regions. Lack of REV3L leads to further consequences that may be ascribed to heterochromatin replication and repair‐associated functions of Polζ, with a disruption of the temporal replication program at specific loci. This is correlated with changes in epigenetic landscape and transcriptional control of developmentally regulated genes. These results reveal a new function of Polζ in preventing chromosome instability during replication of heterochromatic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ben Yamin
- CNRS-UMR9019, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay Université, Villejuif, France
| | - Sana Ahmed-Seghir
- CNRS-UMR9019, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay Université, Villejuif, France
| | - Junya Tomida
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Despras
- CNRS-UMR9019, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay Université, Villejuif, France
| | - Caroline Pouvelle
- CNRS-UMR9019, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay Université, Villejuif, France
| | - Andrey Yurchenko
- INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Jordane Goulas
- CNRS-UMR9019, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay Université, Villejuif, France
| | - Raphael Corre
- CNRS-UMR9019, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay Université, Villejuif, France
| | - Quentin Delacour
- CNRS-UMR9019, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay Université, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Philippe Dessen
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Didier Goidin
- Life Sciences and Diagnostics Group, Agilent Technologies France, Les Ulis, France
| | - Sabine S Lange
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarita Bhetawal
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Giuseppe Baldacci
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592, CNRS and University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sergey Nikolaev
- INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Richard D Wood
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patricia L Kannouche
- CNRS-UMR9019, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay Université, Villejuif, France
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4
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Ma J, Zhang L, Chen J, Song B, Zang C, Liu H. m 7GDisAI: N7-methylguanosine (m 7G) sites and diseases associations inference based on heterogeneous network. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:152. [PMID: 33761868 PMCID: PMC7992861 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have confirmed that N7-methylguanosine (m7G) modification plays an important role in regulating various biological processes and has associations with multiple diseases. Wet-lab experiments are cost and time ineffective for the identification of disease-associated m7G sites. To date, tens of thousands of m7G sites have been identified by high-throughput sequencing approaches and the information is publicly available in bioinformatics databases, which can be leveraged to predict potential disease-associated m7G sites using a computational perspective. Thus, computational methods for m7G-disease association prediction are urgently needed, but none are currently available at present. Results To fill this gap, we collected association information between m7G sites and diseases, genomic information of m7G sites, and phenotypic information of diseases from different databases to build an m7G-disease association dataset. To infer potential disease-associated m7G sites, we then proposed a heterogeneous network-based model, m7G Sites and Diseases Associations Inference (m7GDisAI) model. m7GDisAI predicts the potential disease-associated m7G sites by applying a matrix decomposition method on heterogeneous networks which integrate comprehensive similarity information of m7G sites and diseases. To evaluate the prediction performance, 10 runs of tenfold cross validation were first conducted, and m7GDisAI got the highest AUC of 0.740(± 0.0024). Then global and local leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV) experiments were implemented to evaluate the model’s accuracy in global and local situations respectively. AUC of 0.769 was achieved in global LOOCV, while 0.635 in local LOOCV. A case study was finally conducted to identify the most promising ovarian cancer-related m7G sites for further functional analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was performed to explore the complex associations between host gene of m7G sites and GO terms. The results showed that m7GDisAI identified disease-associated m7G sites and their host genes are consistently related to the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer, which may provide some clues for pathogenesis of diseases. Conclusion The m7GDisAI web server can be accessed at http://180.208.58.66/m7GDisAI/, which provides a user-friendly interface to query disease associated m7G. The list of top 20 m7G sites predicted to be associted with 177 diseases can be achieved. Furthermore, detailed information about specific m7G sites and diseases are also shown. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12859-021-04007-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control for Underground Space, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China.,School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control for Underground Space, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China. .,School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
| | - Jin Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control for Underground Space, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China.,School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Bowen Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, AI University Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chenxuan Zang
- Department of Biological Sciences, AI University Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control for Underground Space, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China.,School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
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5
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Martin SK, Tomida J, Wood RD. Disruption of DNA polymerase ζ engages an innate immune response. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108775. [PMID: 33626348 PMCID: PMC7990024 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, specialized DNA polymerase ζ (pol ζ) contributes to genomic stability during normal DNA replication. Disruption of the catalytic subunit Rev3l is toxic and results in constitutive chromosome damage, including micronuclei. As manifestations of this genomic stress are unknown, we examined the transcriptome of pol ζ-defective cells by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Expression of 1,117 transcripts is altered by ≥4-fold in Rev3l-disrupted cells, with a pattern consistent with an induction of an innate immune response. Increased expression of interferon-stimulated genes at the mRNA and protein levels in pol ζ-defective cells is driven by the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS)-signaling partner stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. Expression of key interferon-stimulated chemokines is elevated in basal epithelial mouse skin cells with a disruption of Rev3l. These results indicate that the disruption of pol ζ may simultaneously increase sensitivity to genotoxins and potentially engage parts of the innate immune response, which could add an additional benefit to targeting pol ζ in cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Martin
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78507, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junya Tomida
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78507, USA
| | - Richard D Wood
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78507, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
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6
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Shilkin ES, Boldinova EO, Stolyarenko AD, Goncharova RI, Chuprov-Netochin RN, Khairullin RF, Smal MP, Makarova AV. Translesion DNA Synthesis and Carcinogenesis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:425-435. [PMID: 32569550 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tens of thousands of DNA lesions are formed in mammalian cells each day. DNA translesion synthesis is the main mechanism of cell defense against unrepaired DNA lesions. DNA polymerases iota (Pol ι), eta (Pol η), kappa (Pol κ), and zeta (Pol ζ) have active sites that are less stringent toward the DNA template structure and efficiently incorporate nucleotides opposite DNA lesions. However, these polymerases display low accuracy of DNA synthesis and can introduce mutations in genomic DNA. Impaired functioning of these enzymes can lead to an increased risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Shilkin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - E O Boldinova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - A D Stolyarenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - R I Goncharova
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 220072, Republic of Belarus
| | - R N Chuprov-Netochin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - R F Khairullin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, 420012, Russia
| | - M P Smal
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 220072, Republic of Belarus.
| | - A V Makarova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
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7
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Nayak S, Calvo JA, Cantor SB. Targeting translesion synthesis (TLS) to expose replication gaps, a unique cancer vulnerability. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:27-36. [PMID: 33416413 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1864321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Translesion synthesis (TLS) is a DNA damage tolerance (DDT) mechanism that employs error-prone polymerases to bypass replication blocking DNA lesions, contributing to a gain in mutagenesis and chemo-resistance. However, recent findings illustrate an emerging role for TLS in replication gap suppression (RGS), distinct from its role in post-replication gap filling. Here, TLS protects cells from replication stress (RS)-induced toxic single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) gaps that accumulate in the wake of active replication. Intriguingly, TLS-mediated RGS is specifically observed in several cancer cell lines and contributes to their survival. Thus, targeting TLS has the potential to uniquely eradicate tumors without harming non-cancer tissues. Areas Covered: This review provides an innovative perspective on the role of TLS beyond its canonical function of lesion bypass or post-replicative gap filling. We provide a comprehensive analysis that underscores the emerging role of TLS as a cancer adaptation necessary to overcome the replication stress response (RSR), an anti-cancer barrier. Expert Opinion: TLS RGS is critical for tumorigenesis and is a new hallmark of cancer. Although the exact mechanism and extent of TLS dependency in cancer is still emerging, TLS inhibitors have shown promise as an anti-cancer therapy in selectively targeting this unique cancer vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Nayak
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA USA
| | - Jennifer A Calvo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA USA
| | - Sharon B Cantor
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA USA
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8
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Wang F, Li P, Shao Y, Li Y, Zhang K, Li M, Wang R, Zheng S, Wang Y, Song S, Feng S, Liu F, Xiao W, Li X. Site-specific proteolytic cleavage prevents ubiquitination and degradation of human REV3L, the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase ζ. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:3619-3637. [PMID: 32064513 PMCID: PMC7144948 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
REV3L, the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase ζ (Pol ζ), is indispensable for translesion DNA synthesis, which protects cells from deleterious DNA lesions resulting from various intrinsic and environmental sources. However, REV3L lacks a proofreading exonuclease activity and consequently bypasses DNA lesions at the expense of increased mutations, which poses a severe threat to genome stability. Here we report a site-specific proteolytic event of human REV3L. We show that REV3L is cleaved by a threonine aspartase, Taspase1 (TASP1), to generate an N-terminal 70-kDa fragment (N70) and a polypeptide carrying the C-terminal polymerase catalytic domain in human cells. Strikingly, such a post-translational cleavage event plays a vital role in controlling REV3L stability by preventing ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of REV3L. Indicative of the biological importance of the above REV3L post-translational processing, cellular responses to UV and cisplatin-induced DNA lesions are markedly impaired in human HCT116 cell derivatives bearing defined point mutations in the endogenous REV3L gene that compromise REV3L cleavage. These findings establish a new paradigm in modulating the abundance of REV3L through site-specific proteolysis in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengting Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiguo Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xialu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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9
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Zhou YK, Li XP, Yin JY, Zou T, Wang Z, Wang Y, Cao L, Chen J, Liu ZQ. Association of variations in platinum resistance-related genes and prognosis in lung cancer patients. J Cancer 2020; 11:4343-4351. [PMID: 32489453 PMCID: PMC7255368 DOI: 10.7150/jca.44410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We aimed to investigate the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HMGB1, REV3L, and NFE2L2 with prognosis in lung cancer patients with platinum-based chemotherapy. Methods: We have recruited 348 lung cancer patients treated with platinum. Log-rank test and Cox regression analysis were used to assess overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) among SNP genotypes. Results: The results revealed that patients carrying TC or CC genotype in REV3L rs462779 (HR=0.67, 95% CI=0.51-0.90, P=0.007) and AG or GG genotype in HMGB1 rs1045411 (HR=0.61, 95% CI=0.38-0.99, P=0.046) had a better overall survival. Additionally, carrying TC or TT genotype in rs462779 had a lower risk (OR=0.38, 95% CI=0.17-0.89, P=0.025) of lymph node metastasis, carrying AG or AA genotype in rs1045411 was significantly related to early T stage (OR=0.47, 95% CI=0.29-0.76, P=0.002). In stratified analysis, patients with TC or CC genotype in rs462779 were significantly associated with overall survival in male patients, never-smokers, patients with younger age (≤56), no family history of cancer, adenocarcinoma, advanced stage (stage III or IV), or ECOG PS 0-1. While patients with AG or GG genotype in rs1045411 were significantly associated with overall survival in patients with advanced stage (stage III or IV) or ECOG PS 0-1. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the TC or CC genotype in rs462779 and AG or GG genotype in rs1045411 are contributed to better overall survival. The REV3L rs462779 and HMGB1 rs1045411 may serve as prognosis markers in lung cancer patients with platinum-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Kang Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorder, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Ping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Ji-Ye Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorder, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zou
- Department of National Institution of Drug Clinical Trial, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Lung Cancer and Gastroenterology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of the Central Laboratory, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Zhao-Qian Liu, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008; China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078; China. Tel: +86 731 89753845, Fax: +86 731 82354476, E-mail: or Juan Chen, Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008; China. E-mail:
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorder, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, P. R. China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Zhao-Qian Liu, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008; China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078; China. Tel: +86 731 89753845, Fax: +86 731 82354476, E-mail: or Juan Chen, Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008; China. E-mail:
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10
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Martin SK, Wood RD. DNA polymerase ζ in DNA replication and repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:8348-8361. [PMID: 31410467 PMCID: PMC6895278 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we survey the diverse functions of DNA polymerase ζ (pol ζ) in eukaryotes. In mammalian cells, REV3L (3130 residues) is the largest catalytic subunit of the DNA polymerases. The orthologous subunit in yeast is Rev3p. Pol ζ also includes REV7 subunits (encoded by Rev7 in yeast and MAD2L2 in mammalian cells) and two subunits shared with the replicative DNA polymerase, pol δ. Pol ζ is used in response to circumstances that stall DNA replication forks in both yeast and mammalian cells. The best-examined situation is translesion synthesis at sites of covalent DNA lesions such as UV radiation-induced photoproducts. We also highlight recent evidence that uncovers various roles of pol ζ that extend beyond translesion synthesis. For instance, pol ζ is also employed when the replisome operates sub-optimally or at difficult-to-replicate DNA sequences. Pol ζ also participates in repair by microhomology mediated break-induced replication. A rev3 deletion is tolerated in yeast but Rev3l disruption results in embryonic lethality in mice. Inactivation of mammalian Rev3l results in genomic instability and invokes cell death and senescence programs. Targeting of pol ζ function may be a useful strategy in cancer therapy, although chromosomal instability associated with pol ζ deficiency must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Martin
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Richard D Wood
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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11
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McCullough AK, Lloyd RS. Mechanisms underlying aflatoxin-associated mutagenesis - Implications in carcinogenesis. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 77:76-86. [PMID: 30897375 PMCID: PMC6959417 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), concomitant with hepatitis B infection is associated with a significant increased risk for hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in people living in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Human exposures to AFB1 occur through the consumption of foods that are contaminated with pervasive molds, including Aspergillus flavus. Even though dietary exposures to aflatoxins constitute the second largest global environmental risk factor for cancer development, there are still significant questions concerning the molecular mechanisms driving carcinogenesis and what factors may modulate an individual's risk for HCC. The objective of this review is to summarize key discoveries that established the association of chronic inflammation (most commonly associated with hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection) and environmental exposures to aflatoxin with increased HCC risk. Special emphasis will be given to recent investigations that have: 1) refined the aflatoxin-associated mutagenic signature, 2) expanded the DNA repair mechanisms that limit mutagenesis via adduct removal prior to replication-induced mutagenesis, 3) implicated a specific DNA polymerase in the error-prone bypass and resulting mutagenesis, and 4) identified human polymorphic variants that may modulate individual susceptibility to aflatoxin-induced cancers. Collectively, these investigations revealed that specific sequence contexts are differentially resistant against, or prone to, aflatoxin-induced mutagenesis and that these associations are remarkably similar between in vitro and in vivo analyses. These recent investigations also established DNA polymerase ζ as the major polymerase that confers the G to T transversion signature. Additionally, although the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway has been previously shown to repair aflatoxin-induced DNA adducts, recent murine data demonstrated that NEIL1-initiated base excision repair was significantly more important than NER relative to the removal of the highly mutagenic AFB1-Fapy-dG adducts. These data suggest that inactivating polymorphic variants of NEIL1 could be a potential driver of HCCs in aflatoxin-exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K McCullough
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - R Stephen Lloyd
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
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12
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Lange SS, Bhetawal S, Reh S, Powell KL, Kusewitt DF, Wood RD. DNA polymerase ζ deficiency causes impaired wound healing and stress-induced skin pigmentation. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1. [PMID: 30046772 PMCID: PMC6055517 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice harboring DNA polymerase ζ–defective keratinocytes are shown to have a defect in wound healing and a striking p53-dependent migration of melanocytes to the skin following UV radiation or wounding. DNA polymerase ζ (pol ζ) is well established as a specialized enzyme important for DNA damage tolerance, facilitating DNA synthesis past lesions caused by radiation or chemical damage. We report that disruption of Rev3l (encoding the catalytic subunit of pol ζ) in mouse epidermis leads to a defect in proliferation that impairs cutaneous wound healing. A striking increase in epidermal skin pigmentation accompanied both wound healing and UV irradiation in these mice. This was a consequence of stress-induced migration of Rev3l-proficient melanocytes to the Rev3l-defective epidermis. We found that this pigmentation corresponded with p53 activation in keratinocytes and was absent in p53-negative areas of the epidermis. Expression of the kit ligand (Kitl) gene, a p53-controlled mediator of keratinocyte to melanocyte signaling, was enhanced during wound healing or following UV irradiation. This study extends the function of pol ζ to the process of proliferation during wound healing. Rev3l-deficient epidermis may be a useful mouse model system for examining communication between damaged keratinocytes and melanocytes, including signaling relevant to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine S Lange
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Smithville, Texas, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Sarita Bhetawal
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Smithville, Texas, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Shelley Reh
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Smithville, Texas, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Katherine Leslie Powell
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Smithville, Texas, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Donna F Kusewitt
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Smithville, Texas, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | - Richard D Wood
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Smithville, Texas, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
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13
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Szwajczak E, Fijalkowska IJ, Suski C. The importance of an interaction network for proper DNA polymerase ζ heterotetramer activity. Curr Genet 2018; 64:575-580. [PMID: 29189894 PMCID: PMC5948306 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0789-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Precisely controlled mechanisms have been evolved to rescue impeded DNA replication resulting from encountered obstacles and involve a set of low-fidelity translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases. Studies in recent years have brought new insights into those TLS polymerases, especially concerning the structure and subunit composition of DNA polymerase zeta (Pol ζ). Pol ζ is predominantly involved in induced mutagenesis as well as the bypass of noncanonical DNA structures, and it is proficient in extending from terminal mismatched nucleotides incorporated by major replicative DNA polymerases. Two active forms of Pol ζ, heterodimeric (Pol ζ2) and heterotetrameric (Pol ζ4) ones, have been identified and studied. Here, in the light of recent publications regarding induced and spontaneous mutagenesis and diverse interactions within Pol ζ holoenzyme, combined with Pol ζ binding to the TLS polymerase Rev1p, we discuss the subunit composition of Pol ζ in various cellular physiological conditions. Available data show that it is the heterotetrameric form of Pol ζ that is involved both during spontaneous and induced mutagenesis, and underline the importance of interactions within Pol ζ when an increased Pol ζ recruitment occurs. Understanding Pol ζ function in the bypass of DNA obstacles would give a significant insight into cellular tolerance of DNA damage, genetic instability and the onset of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szwajczak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Iwona J Fijalkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Catherine Suski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warszawa, Poland.
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14
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Arivazhagan R, Lee J, Bayarsaikhan D, Kwak P, Son M, Byun K, Salekdeh GH, Lee B. MicroRNA-340 inhibits the proliferation and promotes the apoptosis of colon cancer cells by modulating REV3L. Oncotarget 2017; 9:5155-5168. [PMID: 29435169 PMCID: PMC5797040 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA Directed Polymerase Zeta Catalytic Subunit (REV3L) has recently emerged as an important oncogene. Although the expressions of REV3L are similar in normal and cancer cells, several mutations in REV3L have been shown to play important roles in cancer. These mutations cause proteins misfolding and mislocalization, which in turn alters their interactions and biological functions. miRNAs play important regulatory roles during the progression and metastasis of several human cancers. This study was undertaken to determine how changes in the location and interactions of REV3L regulate colon cancer progression. REV3L protein mislocalization confirmed from the immunostaining results and the known interactions of REV3L was found to be broken as seen from the PLA assay results. The mislocalized REV3L might interact with new proteins partners in the cytoplasm which in turn may play role in regulating colon cancer progression. hsa-miR-340 (miR-340), a microRNA down-regulated in colon cancer, was used to bind to and downregulate REV3L, and found to control the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of colon cancer cells (HCT-116 and DLD-1) via the MAPK pathway. Furthermore, this down-regulation of REV3L also diminished colon cancer cell migration, and down-regulated MMP-2 and MMP-9. Combined treatment of colon cancer cells with miR-340 and 5-FU enhanced the inhibitory effects of 5-FU. In addition, in vivo experiments conducted on nude mice revealed tumor sizes were smaller in a HCT-116-miR-340 injected group than in a HCT-116-pCMV injected group. Our findings suggest mutations in REV3L causes protein mislocalization to the cytoplasm, breaking its interaction and is believed to form new protein interactions in cytoplasm contributing to colon cancer progression. Accordingly, microRNA-340 appears to be a good candidate for colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshini Arivazhagan
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesuk Lee
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Delger Bayarsaikhan
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Kwak
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongjoo Son
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Byun
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bonghee Lee
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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15
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Szwajczak E, Fijalkowska IJ, Suski C. The CysB motif of Rev3p involved in the formation of the four-subunit DNA polymerase ζ is required for defective-replisome-induced mutagenesis. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:659-672. [PMID: 28941243 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic DNA replication is performed by high-fidelity multi-subunit replicative B-family DNA polymerases (Pols) α, δ and ɛ. Those complexes are composed of catalytic and accessory subunits and organized in multicomplex machinery: the replisome. The fourth B-family member, DNA polymerase zeta (Pol ζ), is responsible for a large portion of mutagenesis in eukaryotic cells. Two forms of Pol ζ have been identified, a hetero-dimeric (Pol ζ2 ) and a hetero-tetrameric (Pol ζ4 ) ones and recent data have demonstrated that Pol ζ4 is responsible for damage-induced mutagenesis. Here, using yeast Pol ζ mutant defective in the assembly of the Pol ζ four-subunit form, we show in vivo that [4Fe-4S] cluster in Pol ζ catalytic subunit (Rev3p) is also required for spontaneous (wild-type cells) and defective-replisome-induced mutagenesis - DRIM (pol3-Y708A, pol2-1 or psf1-100 cells), when cells are not treated with any external damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szwajczak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Iwona J Fijalkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Catherine Suski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
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16
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Chen Y, Sugiyama T. NGS-based analysis of base-substitution signatures created by yeast DNA polymerase eta and zeta on undamaged and abasic DNA templates in vitro. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 59:34-43. [PMID: 28946034 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Translesion synthesis (TLS) is the mechanism in which DNA polymerases (TLS polymerases) bypass unrepaired template damage with high error rates. DNA polymerase η and ζ (Polη and Polζ) are major TLS polymerases that are conserved from yeast to humans. In this study, we quantified frequencies of base-substitutions by yeast Polη and Polζ on undamaged and abasic templates in vitro. For accurate quantification, we used a next generation sequencing (NGS)-based method where DNA products were directly analyzed by parallel sequencing. On undamaged templates, Polη and Polζ showed distinct base-substitution profiles, and the substitution frequencies were differently influenced by the template sequence. The base-substitution frequencies were influenced mainly by the adjacent bases both upstream and downstream of the substitution sites. Thus we present the base-substitution signatures of these polymerases in a three-base format. On templates containing abasic sites, Polη created deletions at the lesion in more than 50% of the TLS products, but the formation of the deletions was suppressed by the presence of Polζ. Polζ and Polη cooperatively facilitated the TLS reaction over an abasic site in vitro, suggesting that these two polymerases can cooperate in efficient and high fidelity TLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhang Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Tomohiko Sugiyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
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17
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18
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Abstract
Life as we know it, simply would not exist without DNA replication. All living organisms utilize a complex machinery to duplicate their genomes and the central role in this machinery belongs to replicative DNA polymerases, enzymes that are specifically designed to copy DNA. "Hassle-free" DNA duplication exists only in an ideal world, while in real life, it is constantly threatened by a myriad of diverse challenges. Among the most pressing obstacles that replicative polymerases often cannot overcome by themselves are lesions that distort the structure of DNA. Despite elaborate systems that cells utilize to cleanse their genomes of damaged DNA, repair is often incomplete. The persistence of DNA lesions obstructing the cellular replicases can have deleterious consequences. One of the mechanisms allowing cells to complete replication is "Translesion DNA Synthesis (TLS)". TLS is intrinsically error-prone, but apparently, the potential downside of increased mutagenesis is a healthier outcome for the cell than incomplete replication. Although most of the currently identified eukaryotic DNA polymerases have been implicated in TLS, the best characterized are those belonging to the "Y-family" of DNA polymerases (pols η, ι, κ and Rev1), which are thought to play major roles in the TLS of persisting DNA lesions in coordination with the B-family polymerase, pol ζ. In this review, we summarize the unique features of these DNA polymerases by mainly focusing on their biochemical and structural characteristics, as well as potential protein-protein interactions with other critical factors affecting TLS regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Vaisman
- a Laboratory of Genomic Integrity , National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Roger Woodgate
- a Laboratory of Genomic Integrity , National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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19
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Krasich R, Copeland WC. DNA polymerases in the mitochondria: A critical review of the evidence. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2017; 22:692-709. [PMID: 27814640 PMCID: PMC5485829 DOI: 10.2741/4510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since 1970, the DNA polymerase gamma (PolG) has been known to be the DNA polymerase responsible for replication and repair of mitochondrial DNA, and until recently it was generally accepted that this was the only polymerase present in mitochondria. However, recent data has challenged that opinion, as several polymerases are now proposed to have activity in mitochondria. To date, their exact role of these other DNA polymerases is unclear and the amount of evidence supporting their role in mitochondria varies greatly. Further complicating matters, no universally accepted standards have been set for definitive proof of the mitochondrial localization of a protein. To gain an appreciation of these newly proposed DNA polymerases in the mitochondria, we review the evidence and standards needed to establish the role of a polymerase in the mitochondria. Employing PolG as an example, we established a list of criteria necessary to verify the existence and function of new mitochondrial proteins. We then apply this criteria towards several other putative mitochondrial polymerases. While there is still a lot left to be done in this exciting new direction, it is clear that PolG is not acting alone in mitochondria, opening new doors for potential replication and repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Krasich
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - William C Copeland
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Bldg. 101, Rm. E316, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709,
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20
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DNA polymerase ζ limits chromosomal damage and promotes cell survival following aflatoxin exposure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13774-13779. [PMID: 27849610 PMCID: PMC5137696 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609024113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine dietary consumption of foods that contain aflatoxins is the second leading cause of environmental carcinogenesis worldwide. Aflatoxin-driven mutagenesis is initiated through metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to its epoxide form that reacts with N7 guanine in DNA. The resulting AFB1-N7-dG adduct undergoes either spontaneous depurination or imidazole-ring opening yielding formamidopyrimidine AFB1 (AFB1-Fapy-dG). Because this latter adduct is known to persist in human tissues and contributes to the high frequency G-to-T mutation signature associated with many hepatocellular carcinomas, we sought to establish the identity of the polymerase(s) involved in processing this lesion. Although our previous biochemical analyses demonstrated the ability of polymerase ζ (pol ζ) to incorporate an A opposite AFB1-Fapy-dG and extend from this mismatch, biological evidence supporting a unique role for this polymerase in cellular tolerance following aflatoxin exposure has not been established. Following challenge with AFB1, survival of mouse cells deficient in pol ζ (Rev3L-/-) was significantly reduced relative to Rev3L+/- cells or Rev3L-/- cells complemented through expression of the wild-type human REV3L. Furthermore, cell-cycle progression of Rev3L-/- mouse embryo fibroblasts was arrested in late S/G2 following AFB1 exposure. These Rev3L-/- cells showed an increase in replication-dependent formation of γ-H2AX foci, micronuclei, and chromosomal aberrations (chromatid breaks and radials) relative to Rev3L+/- cells. These data suggest that pol ζ is essential for processing AFB1-induced DNA adducts and that, in its absence, cells do not have an efficient backup polymerase or a repair/tolerance mechanism facilitating survival.
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21
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Sensitivity of human cells expressing low-fidelity or weak-catalytic-activity variants of DNA polymerase ζ to genotoxic stresses. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 45:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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22
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Cipolla L, Maffia A, Bertoletti F, Sabbioneda S. The Regulation of DNA Damage Tolerance by Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-Like Modifiers. Front Genet 2016; 7:105. [PMID: 27379156 PMCID: PMC4904029 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is an extremely complex process that needs to be executed in a highly accurate manner in order to propagate the genome. This task requires the coordination of a number of enzymatic activities and it is fragile and prone to arrest after DNA damage. DNA damage tolerance provides a last line of defense that allows completion of DNA replication in the presence of an unrepaired template. One of such mechanisms is called post-replication repair (PRR) and it is used by the cells to bypass highly distorted templates caused by damaged bases. PRR is extremely important for the cellular life and performs the bypass of the damage both in an error-free and in an error-prone manner. In light of these two possible outcomes, PRR needs to be tightly controlled in order to prevent the accumulation of mutations leading ultimately to genome instability. Post-translational modifications of PRR proteins provide the framework for this regulation with ubiquitylation and SUMOylation playing a pivotal role in choosing which pathway to activate, thus controlling the different outcomes of damage bypass. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), the DNA clamp for replicative polymerases, plays a central role in the regulation of damage tolerance and its modification by ubiquitin, and SUMO controls both the error-free and error-prone branches of PRR. Furthermore, a significant number of polymerases are involved in the bypass of DNA damage possess domains that can bind post-translational modifications and they are themselves target for ubiquitylation. In this review, we will focus on how ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifications can regulate the DNA damage tolerance systems and how they control the recruitment of different proteins to the replication fork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Cipolla
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia Italia
| | - Antonio Maffia
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia Italia
| | - Federica Bertoletti
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia Italia
| | - Simone Sabbioneda
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia Italia
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23
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The Polymerase Activity of Mammalian DNA Pol ζ Is Specifically Required for Cell and Embryonic Viability. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005759. [PMID: 26727495 PMCID: PMC4699697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase ζ (pol ζ) is exceptionally important for maintaining genome stability. Inactivation of the Rev3l gene encoding the polymerase catalytic subunit causes a high frequency of chromosomal breaks, followed by lethality in mouse embryos and in primary cells. Yet it is not known whether the DNA polymerase activity of pol ζ is specifically essential, as the large REV3L protein also serves as a multiprotein scaffold for translesion DNA synthesis via multiple conserved structural domains. We report that Rev3l cDNA rescues the genomic instability and DNA damage sensitivity of Rev3l-null immortalized mouse fibroblast cell lines. A cDNA harboring mutations of conserved catalytic aspartate residues in the polymerase domain of REV3L could not rescue these phenotypes. To investigate the role of REV3L DNA polymerase activity in vivo, a Rev3l knock-in mouse was constructed with this polymerase-inactivating alteration. No homozygous mutant mice were produced, with lethality occurring during embryogenesis. Primary fibroblasts from mutant embryos showed growth defects, elevated DNA double-strand breaks and cisplatin sensitivity similar to Rev3l-null fibroblasts. We tested whether the severe Rev3l-/- phenotypes could be rescued by deletion of DNA polymerase η, as has been reported with chicken DT40 cells. However, Rev3l-/-Polh-/- mice were inviable, and derived primary fibroblasts were as sensitive to DNA damage as Rev3l-/-Polh+/+ fibroblasts. Therefore, the functions of REV3L in maintaining cell viability, embryonic viability and genomic stability are directly dependent on its polymerase activity, and cannot be ameliorated by an additional deletion of pol η. These results validate and encourage the approach of targeting the DNA polymerase activity of pol ζ to sensitize tumors to DNA damaging agents. Translesion synthesis allows DNA replication to occur in the presence of damaged DNA. This process is mediated by low-fidelity DNA polymerases (such as pol ζ or pol η) that maintain genomic stability. The action of these polymerases is crucial to limit cancer. In mice, complete deletion of DNA pol ζ leads to embryonic lethality, and conditional deletion enhances tumorigenesis. Pol ζ is a large protein with many domains that interact with other essential proteins and maintain the structural integrity of pol ζ. It is not known if the polymerase activity of pol ζ mediates its essential activities. Using a cell culture complementation system and in vivo knock-in mice, our work shows that pol ζ–mediated maintenance of genomic stability in the presence of DNA damage is absolutely dependent on its DNA polymerase activity. Others have demonstrated in chicken cells that co-deletion of pol ζ and pol η rescues the pol ζ-dependent phenotypes, but our work in mice and in mouse cell culture does not support that conclusion. These results demonstrate the physiological importance of pol ζ polymerase activity, and show that employing small-molecule inhibitors of the polymerase reaction is a valid strategy for sensitizing tumor cells to chemotherapeutic agents.
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Singh B, Li X, Owens KM, Vanniarajan A, Liang P, Singh KK. Human REV3 DNA Polymerase Zeta Localizes to Mitochondria and Protects the Mitochondrial Genome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140409. [PMID: 26462070 PMCID: PMC4604079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ (POLG) is the only polymerase known to be present in mammalian mitochondria. A dogma in the mitochondria field is that there is no other polymerase present in the mitochondria of mammalian cells. Here we demonstrate localization of REV3 DNA polymerase in the mammalian mitochondria. We demonstrate localization of REV3 in the mitochondria of mammalian tissue as well as cell lines. REV3 associates with POLG and mitochondrial DNA and protects the mitochondrial genome from DNA damage. Inactivation of Rev3 leads to reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced OXPHOS activity, and increased glucose consumption. Conversely, inhibition of the OXPHOS increases expression of Rev3. Rev3 expression is increased in human primary breast tumors and breast cancer cell lines. Inactivation of Rev3 decreases cell migration and invasion, and localization of Rev3 in mitochondria increases survival and the invasive potential of cancer cells. Taken together, we demonstrate that REV3 functions in mammalian mitochondria and that mitochondrial REV3 is associated with the tumorigenic potential of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Singh
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Xiurong Li
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Kjerstin M. Owens
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Ayyasamy Vanniarajan
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharine’s, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keshav K. Singh
- Departments of Genetics, Pathology, Environmental Health, Center for Free Radical Biology, Center for Aging and UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhang C, Wu H, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Fang X, Chen C, Chen H. Expression Patterns of Circular RNAs from Primary Kinase Transcripts in the Mammary Glands of Lactating Rats. J Breast Cancer 2015; 18:235-41. [PMID: 26472973 PMCID: PMC4600687 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2015.18.3.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel class of RNAs, perform important functions in biological processes. However, the role of circRNAs in the mammary gland remains unknown. The present study is aimed at identifying and characterizing the circRNAs expressed in the mammary gland of lactating rats. Methods Deep sequencing of RNase R-enriched rat lactating mammary gland samples was performed and circRNAs were predicted using a previously reported computational pipeline. Gene ontology terms of circRNA-producing genes were also analyzed. Results A total of 6,824 and 4,523 circRNAs were identified from rat mammary glands at two different lactation stages. Numerous circRNAs were specifically expressed at different lactation stages, and only 1,314 circRNAs were detected at both lactation stages. The majority of the candidate circRNAs map to noncoding intronic and intergenic regions. The results demonstrate a circular preference or specificity of some genes. DAVID analysis revealed an enrichment of protein kinases and related proteins among the set of genes encoding circRNAs. Interestingly, four protein-coding genes (Rev3l, IGSF11, MAML2, and LPP) that also transcribe high levels of circRNAs have been reported to be involved in cancer. Conclusion Our findings provide the basis for comparison between breast cancer profiles and for selecting representative circRNA candidates for future functional characterization in breast development and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChunLei Zhang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hui Wu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - YanHong Wang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - YuLong Zhao
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - XingTang Fang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - CaiFa Chen
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
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Abbasi A, Khalaj M, Akiyama K, Mukai Y, Matsumoto H, Acosta TJ, Said N, Yoshida M, Kunieda T. Lack of Rev7 function results in development of tubulostromal adenomas in mouse ovary. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 412:19-25. [PMID: 26004212 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rev7 is a subunit of Polζ, one of the translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) polymerases involved in DNA damage repair. We recently found that Rev7 is also essential for germ cell development in mouse. In the present study, we found the development of ovarian tumors in Rev7 mutant mouse, suggesting the involvement of TLS deficiency in the etiology of ovarian tumor. The Rev7 mutant mice showed complete lack of oocytes and follicles in the ovary. The lack of follicles causes a significant increase of gonadotropin level and an increase in the proliferation of ovarian cells. As a result, the weight of the ovaries of Rev7 mutant mice increased with age and they developed tubulostromal adenomas. However, the remarkable overgrowth of ovaries occurred after gonadotropin level decreases at older ages, suggesting gonadotropin-independent progression of the ovarian tumors. In addition, the Rev7 mutant fibroblasts and ovarian cells showed significant accumulation of DNA damage. These findings suggest that not only increased gonadotropin levels but also lack of DNA damage repair function could be responsible for the development of ovarian tumors in the Rev7 mutant mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolrahim Abbasi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maryam Khalaj
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kouyou Akiyama
- Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mukai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tomas J Acosta
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Neveen Said
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0422, USA
| | - Midori Yoshida
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kunieda
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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REV3L, a promising target in regulating the chemosensitivity of cervical cancer cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120334. [PMID: 25781640 PMCID: PMC4364373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
REV3L, the catalytic subunit of DNA Polymerase ζ (Polζ), plays a significant role in the DNA damage tolerance mechanism of translesion synthesis (TLS). The role of REV3L in chemosensitivity of cervical cancer needs exploration. In the present study, we evaluated the expression of the Polζ protein in paraffin-embedded tissues using immunohistochemistry and found that the expression of Polζ in cervical cancer tissues was higher than that in normal tissues. We then established some cervical cancer cell lines with REV3L suppression or overexpression. Depletion of REV3L suppresses cell proliferation and colony formation of cervical cancer cells through G1 arrest, and REV3L promotes cell proliferation and colony formation of cervical cancer cells by promoting G1 phase to S phase transition. The suppression of REV3L expression enhanced the sensitivity of cervical cancer cells to cisplatin, and the overexpression of REV3L conferred resistance to cisplatin as evidenced by the alteration of apoptosis rates, and significantly expression level changes of anti-apoptotic proteins B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl-1) and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xl) and proapoptotic Bcl-2-associated x protein (Bax). Our data suggest that REV3L plays an important role in regulating cervical cancer cellular response to cisplatin, and thus targeting REV3L may be a promising way to alter chemosensitivity in cervical cancer patients.
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How a homolog of high-fidelity replicases conducts mutagenic DNA synthesis. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2015; 22:298-303. [PMID: 25775266 PMCID: PMC4469489 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
All DNA replicases achieve high fidelity by a conserved mechanism, but each translesion polymerase carries out mutagenic DNA synthesis in its own way. Here we report crystal structures of human DNA polymerase ν (Pol ν), which is homologous to high-fidelity replicases and yet error-prone. Instead of a simple open-to-closed movement of the O helix upon binding of a correct incoming nucleotide, Pol ν has a different open state and requires the finger domain to swing sideways and undergo both opening and closing motions to accommodate the nascent base pair. A single amino acid substitution in the O-helix of the finger domain improves the fidelity of Pol ν nearly ten-fold. A unique cavity and the flexibility of the thumb domain allow Pol ν to generate and accommodate a looped-out primer strand. Primer loopout may be a mechanism for DNA trinucloetide-repeat expansion.
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Makarova AV, Burgers PM. Eukaryotic DNA polymerase ζ. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 29:47-55. [PMID: 25737057 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on eukaryotic DNA polymerase ζ (Pol ζ), the enzyme responsible for the bulk of mutagenesis in eukaryotic cells in response to DNA damage. Pol ζ is also responsible for a large portion of mutagenesis during normal cell growth, in response to spontaneous damage or to certain DNA structures and other blocks that stall DNA replication forks. Novel insights in mutagenesis have been derived from recent advances in the elucidation of the subunit structure of Pol ζ. The lagging strand DNA polymerase δ shares the small Pol31 and Pol32 subunits with the Rev3-Rev7 core assembly giving a four subunit Pol ζ complex that is the active form in mutagenesis. Furthermore, Pol ζ forms essential interactions with the mutasome assembly factor Rev1 and with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). These interactions are modulated by posttranslational modifications such as ubiquitination and phosphorylation that enhance translesion synthesis (TLS) and mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena V Makarova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMG RAS), Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Peter M Burgers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Kanao R, Yokoi M, Ohkumo T, Sakurai Y, Dotsu K, Kura S, Nakatsu Y, Tsuzuki T, Masutani C, Hanaoka F. UV-induced mutations in epidermal cells of mice defective in DNA polymerase η and/or ι. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 29:139-46. [PMID: 25733082 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XP-V) is a human rare inherited recessive disease, predisposed to sunlight-induced skin cancer, which is caused by deficiency in DNA polymerase η (Polη). Polη catalyzes accurate translesion synthesis (TLS) past pyrimidine dimers, the most prominent UV-induced lesions. DNA polymerase ι (Polι) is a paralog of Polη that has been suggested to participate in TLS past UV-induced lesions, but its function in vivo remains uncertain. We have previously reported that Polη-deficient and Polη/Polι double-deficient mice showed increased susceptibility to UV-induced carcinogenesis. Here, we investigated UV-induced mutation frequencies and spectra in the epidermal cells of Polη- and/or Polι-deficient mice. While Polη-deficient mice showed significantly higher UV-induced mutation frequencies than wild-type mice, Polι deficiency did not influence the frequencies in the presence of Polη. Interestingly, the frequencies in Polη/Polι double-deficient mice were statistically lower than those in Polη-deficient mice, although they were still higher than those of wild-type mice. Sequence analysis revealed that most of the UV-induced mutations in Polη-deficient and Polη/Polι double-deficient mice were base substitutions at dipyrimidine sites. An increase in UV-induced mutations at both G:C and A:T pairs associated with Polη deficiency suggests that Polη contributes to accurate TLS past both thymine- and cytosine-containing dimers in vivo. A significant decrease in G:C to A:T transition in Polη/Polι double-deficient mice when compared with Polη-deficient mice suggests that Polι is involved in error-prone TLS past cytosine-containing dimers when Polη is inactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Kanao
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan; Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yokoi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan; Solution Oriented Research for Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohkumo
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Sakurai
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Kantaro Dotsu
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kura
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Higashi-ku, Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Nakatsu
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Higashi-ku, Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Tsuzuki
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Higashi-ku, Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chikahide Masutani
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Solution Oriented Research for Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumio Hanaoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan; Solution Oriented Research for Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan.
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Jansen JG, Tsaalbi-Shtylik A, de Wind N. Roles of mutagenic translesion synthesis in mammalian genome stability, health and disease. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 29:56-64. [PMID: 25655219 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Most spontaneous and DNA damage-induced nucleotide substitutions in eukaryotes depend on translesion synthesis polymerases Rev1 and Pol ζ, the latter consisting of the catalytic subunit Rev3 and the accessory protein Rev7. Here we review the regulation, and the biochemical and cellular functions, of Rev1/Pol ζ-dependent translesion synthesis. These are correlated with phenotypes of mouse models with defects in Rev1, Rev3 or Rev7. The data indicate that Rev1/Pol ζ-mediated translesion synthesis is important for adaptive immunity while playing paradoxical roles in oncogenesis. On the other hand, by enabling the replication of endogenously damaged templates, Rev1/Pol ζ -dependent translesion synthesis protects stem cells, thereby preventing features of ageing. In conclusion, Rev1/Pol ζ-dependent translesion synthesis at DNA helix-distorting nucleotide lesions orchestrates pleiotropic responses that determine organismal fitness and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob G Jansen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anastasia Tsaalbi-Shtylik
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Niels de Wind
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Tomida J, Takata KI, Lange SS, Schibler AC, Yousefzadeh MJ, Bhetawal S, Dent SYR, Wood RD. REV7 is essential for DNA damage tolerance via two REV3L binding sites in mammalian DNA polymerase ζ. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:1000-11. [PMID: 25567983 PMCID: PMC4333420 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase zeta (pol ζ) is exceptionally important for controlling mutagenesis and genetic instability. REV3L comprises the catalytic subunit, while REV7 (MAD2L2) is considered an accessory subunit. However, it has not been established that the role of REV7 in DNA damage tolerance is necessarily connected with mammalian pol ζ, and there is accumulating evidence that REV7 and REV3L have independent functions. Analysis of pol ζ has been hampered by difficulties in expression of REV3L in mammalian cells, and lack of a functional complementation system. Here, we report that REV7 interacts with full-length REV3L in vivo and we identify a new conserved REV7 interaction site in human REV3L (residues 1993–2003), distinct from the known binding site (residues 1877–1887). Mutation of both REV7-binding sites eliminates the REV3L–REV7 interaction. Invivo complementation shows that both REV7-binding sites in REV3L are necessary for preventing spontaneous chromosome breaks and conferring resistance to UV radiation and cisplatin. This demonstrates a damage-specific function of REV7 in pol ζ, in contrast to the distinct roles of REV3L and REV7 in primary cell viability and embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Tomida
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Kei-ichi Takata
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Sabine S Lange
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Andria C Schibler
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew J Yousefzadeh
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sarita Bhetawal
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Sharon Y R Dent
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard D Wood
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Kotov IN, Siebring-van Olst E, Knobel PA, van der Meulen-Muileman IH, Felley-Bosco E, van Beusechem VW, Smit EF, Stahel RA, Marti TM. Whole genome RNAi screens reveal a critical role of REV3 in coping with replication stress. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:1747-59. [PMID: 25113059 PMCID: PMC5528584 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
REV3, the catalytic subunit of translesion polymerase zeta (polζ), is commonly associated with DNA damage bypass and repair. Despite sharing accessory subunits with replicative polymerase δ, very little is known about the role of polζ in DNA replication. We previously demonstrated that inhibition of REV3 expression induces persistent DNA damage and growth arrest in cancer cells. To reveal determinants of this sensitivity and obtain insights into the cellular function of REV3, we performed whole human genome RNAi library screens aimed at identification of synthetic lethal interactions with REV3 in A549 lung cancer cells. The top confirmed hit was RRM1, the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), a critical enzyme of de novo nucleotide synthesis. Treatment with the RNR-inhibitor hydroxyurea (HU) synergistically increased the fraction of REV3-deficient cells containing single stranded DNA (ssDNA) as indicated by an increase in replication protein A (RPA). However, this increase was not accompanied by accumulation of the DNA damage marker γH2AX suggesting a role of REV3 in counteracting HU-induced replication stress (RS). Consistent with a role of REV3 in DNA replication, increased RPA staining was confined to HU-treated S-phase cells. Additionally, we found genes related to RS to be significantly enriched among the top hits of the synthetic sickness/lethality (SSL) screen further corroborating the importance of REV3 for DNA replication under conditions of RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya N Kotov
- Clinic of Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, 8044 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ellen Siebring-van Olst
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip A Knobel
- Clinic of Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, 8044 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Victor W van Beusechem
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert F Smit
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf A Stahel
- Clinic of Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, 8044 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M Marti
- Clinic of Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, 8044 Zurich, Switzerland.
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35
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Human Pol ζ purified with accessory subunits is active in translesion DNA synthesis and complements Pol η in cisplatin bypass. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2954-9. [PMID: 24449906 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1324001111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase ζ (Pol ζ) is a eukaryotic B-family DNA polymerase that specializes in translesion synthesis and is essential for normal embryogenesis. At a minimum, Pol ζ consists of a catalytic subunit Rev3 and an accessory subunit Rev7. Mammalian Rev3 contains >3,000 residues and is twice as large as the yeast homolog. To date, no vertebrate Pol ζ has been purified for biochemical characterization. Here we report purification of a series of human Rev3 deletion constructs expressed in HEK293 cells and identification of a minimally catalytically active human Pol ζ variant. With a tagged form of an active Pol ζ variant, we isolated two additional accessory subunits of human Pol ζ, PolD2 and PolD3. The purified four-subunit Pol ζ4 (Rev3-Rev7-PolD2-PolD3) is much more efficient and more processive at bypassing a 1,2-intrastrand d(GpG)-cisplatin cross-link than the two-subunit Pol ζ2 (Rev3-Rev7). We show that complete bypass of cisplatin lesions requires Pol η to insert dCTP opposite the 3' guanine and Pol ζ4 to extend the primers.
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Khalaj M, Abbasi A, Yamanishi H, Akiyama K, Wakitani S, Kikuchi S, Hirose M, Yuzuriha M, Magari M, Degheidy HA, Abe K, Ogura A, Hashimoto H, Kunieda T. A missense mutation in Rev7 disrupts formation of Polζ, impairing mouse development and repair of genotoxic agent-induced DNA lesions. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:3811-24. [PMID: 24356953 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.514752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Repro22 is a mutant mouse produced via N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mutagenesis that shows sterility with germ cell depletion caused by defective proliferation of primordial germ cells, decreased body weight, and partial lethality during embryonic development. Using a positional cloning strategy, we identified a missense mutation in Rev7/Mad2l2 (Rev7(C70R)) and confirmed that the mutation is the cause of the defects in repro22 mice through transgenic rescue with normal Rev7. Rev7/Mad2l2 encodes a subunit of DNA polymerase ζ (Polζ), 1 of 10 translesion DNA synthesis polymerases known in mammals. The mutant REV7 did not interact with REV3, the catalytic subunit of Polζ. Rev7(C70R/C70R) cells showed decreased proliferation, increased apoptosis, and arrest in S phase with extensive γH2AX foci in nuclei that indicated accumulation of DNA damage after treatment with the genotoxic agent mitomycin C. The Rev7(C70R) mutation does not affect the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint. These results demonstrated that Rev7 is essential in resolving the replication stalls caused by DNA damage during S phase. We concluded that Rev7 is required for primordial germ cell proliferation and embryonic viability and development through the translesion DNA synthesis activity of Polζ preserving DNA integrity during cell proliferation, which is required in highly proliferating embryonic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khalaj
- From the Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology and
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Wood RD. DNA damage tolerance and a web of connections with DNA repair at Yale. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 86:507-16. [PMID: 24348215 PMCID: PMC3848105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This short article summarizes some of the research carried out recently by my laboratory colleagues on the function of DNA polymerase zeta (polζ) in mammalian cells. Some personal background is also described, relevant to research associations with Yale University and its continuing influence. Polζ is involved in the bypass of many DNA lesions by translesion DNA synthesis and is responsible for the majority of DNA damage-induced point mutagenesis in mammalian cells (including human cells), as well as in yeast. We also found that the absence of this enzyme leads to gross chromosomal instability in mammalian cells and increased spontaneous tumorigenesis in mice. Recently, we discovered a further unexpectedly critical role for polζ: it plays an essential role in allowing continued rapid proliferation of cells and tissues. These observations and others indicate that polζ engages frequently during DNA replication to bypass and tolerate DNA lesions or unusual DNA structures that are barriers for the normal DNA replication machinery.
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