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Asim M, Qianqian G, Waris A, Wang H, Lai Y, Chen X. Unraveling the role of cholecystokinin in epilepsy: Mechanistic insight into neuroplasticity. Neurochem Int 2024; 180:105870. [PMID: 39343303 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2024] [Revised: 09/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by an imbalance between excitability and inhibition, leading to uncontrolled hyperexcitability of neurons in the central nervous system. Despite the prevalence of epileptic seizures, the underlying mechanisms driving this hyperexcitability remain poorly understood. This review article aims to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of epilepsy, with a specific focus on the role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in this debilitating disease. We will begin with an introduction to the topic, followed by an examination of the role of GABAergic neurons and the synaptic plasticity mechanisms associated with seizures. As we delve deeper, we will elucidate how CCK and its receptors contribute to seizure behavior. Finally, we will discuss the CCK-dependent synaptic plasticity mechanisms and highlight their potential implications in seizure activity. Through a comprehensive examination of these aspects, this review provides valuable insights into the involvement of CCK and its receptors in epilepsy. By improving our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this condition, particularly the role of CCK, we aim to contribute to the development of more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asim
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science and Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong.
| | - Gao Qianqian
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Abdul Waris
- Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Huajie Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Yuanying Lai
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science and Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong
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Tanase S, Mamiya T, Nagata S, Ikawa Y, Tang YP, Hiramatsu M, Nabeshima T. Effects of galantamine on social interaction impairments in cholecystokinin receptor-2 overexpression mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2022; 148:364-368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Feng H, Su J, Fang W, Chen X, He J. The entorhinal cortex modulates trace fear memory formation and neuroplasticity in the mouse lateral amygdala via cholecystokinin. eLife 2021; 10:69333. [PMID: 34779397 PMCID: PMC8629425 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although fear memory formation is essential for survival and fear-related mental disorders, the neural circuitry and mechanism are incompletely understood. Here, we utilized trace fear conditioning to study the formation of trace fear memory in mice. We identified the entorhinal cortex (EC) as a critical component of sensory signaling to the amygdala. We adopted both loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments to demonstrate that release of the cholecystokinin (CCK) from the EC is required for trace fear memory formation. We discovered that CCK-positive neurons project from the EC to the lateral nuclei of the amygdala (LA), and inhibition of CCK-dependent signaling in the EC prevented long-term potentiation of the auditory response in the LA and formation of trace fear memory. In summary, high-frequency activation of EC neurons triggers the release of CCK in their projection terminals in the LA, potentiating auditory response in LA neurons. The neural plasticity in the LA leads to trace fear memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemin Feng
- Departments of Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Junfeng Su
- Departments of Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Departments of Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Departments of Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jufang He
- Departments of Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, China
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Yabuki Y, Fukunaga K. Clinical Therapeutic Strategy and Neuronal Mechanism Underlying Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153614. [PMID: 31344835 PMCID: PMC6695947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by an exaggerated response to contextual memory and impaired fear extinction, with or without mild cognitive impairment, learning deficits, and nightmares. PTSD is often developed by traumatic events, such as war, terrorist attack, natural calamities, etc. Clinical and animal studies suggest that aberrant susceptibility of emotion- and fear-related neurocircuits, including the amygdala, prefrontal cortex (PFC), and hippocampus may contribute to the development and retention of PTSD symptoms. Psychological and pharmacological therapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and treatment with anti-depressive agents and/or antipsychotics significantly attenuate PTSD symptoms. However, more effective therapeutics are required for improvement of quality of life in PTSD patients. Previous studies have reported that ω3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) supplements can suppress the development of PTSD symptoms. Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are essential for LCPUFA intracellular trafficking. In this review, we have introduced Fabp3 null mice as an animal model of PTSD with impaired fear extinction. Moreover, we have addressed the neuronal circuits and novel therapeutic strategies for PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Yabuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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McDonnell-Dowling K, Miczek KA. Alcohol, psychomotor-stimulants and behaviour: methodological considerations in preclinical models of early-life stress. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:909-933. [PMID: 29511806 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to assess the risk associated with early-life stress, there has been an increase in the amount of preclinical studies investigating early-life stress. There are many challenges associated with investigating early-life stress in animal models and ensuring that such models are appropriate and clinically relevant. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this review is to highlight the methodological considerations in the design of preclinical studies investigating the effects of early-life stress on alcohol and psychomotor-stimulant intake and behaviour. METHODS The protocols employed for exploring early-life stress were investigated and summarised. Experimental variables include animals, stress models, and endpoints employed. RESULTS The findings in this paper suggest that there is little consistency among these studies and so the interpretation of these results may not be as clinically relevant as previously thought. CONCLUSION The standardisation of these simple stress procedures means that results will be more comparable between studies and that results generated will give us a more robust understanding of what can and may be happening in the human and veterinary clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaus A Miczek
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 530 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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Effects of paroxetine on PTSD-like symptoms in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2303-12. [PMID: 25585683 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3861-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE After exposure to a severe traumatic event, avoidance, fear sensitization, and increased anxiety are among features that can persist over time in people developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Basic research on treatment interfering with these symptoms can provide insights to improve PTSD treatment. OBJECTIVES The purposes of the present study were to induce these behavioral changes in mice and examine whether paroxetine would interfere with their expression. METHODS Mice were submitted to avoidance training with a low (0.4 mA) or high (1.5 mA) foot-shock intensity, as mild and severe stressors, respectively, and posttraining avoidance was evaluated 1 and 12 days later. Fear sensitization, measured as increased freezing to a neutral tone, and enhanced contextual fear, measured as increased freezing to a conditioned context (wherein all mice received a 0.4-mA foot-shock), were assessed during this time window. An elevated plus maze test was also used to assess mouse anxiety-like behavior. RESULTS Persistent avoidance, persistent fear sensitization, and long-term enhancement of contextual fear and increased anxiety-like behavior were established only in mice that received the 1.5-mA foot-shock during avoidance training. Paroxetine (at 8 mg/kg/day), injected from day 5 to day 11 after avoidance training, suppressed all of these behavioral changes. CONCLUSIONS These data provide additional evidence for the role of paroxetine against expression of PTSD-like behaviors in mice.
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Bowers ME, Ressler KJ. Interaction between the cholecystokinin and endogenous cannabinoid systems in cued fear expression and extinction retention. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:688-700. [PMID: 25176168 PMCID: PMC4289957 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is thought to develop, in part, from improper inhibition of fear. Accordingly, one of the most effective treatment strategies for PTSD is exposure-based psychotherapy. Ideally, neuroscience would inform adjunct therapies that target the neurotransmitter systems involved in extinction processes. Separate studies have implicated the cholecystokinin (CCK) and endocannabinoid systems in fear; however, there is a high degree of anatomical colocalization between the cannabinoid 1 receptor (Cnr1) and CCK in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), a brain region critical for emotion regulation. Although most research has focused on GABA and GABAergic plasticity as the mechanism by which Cnr1 mediates fear inhibition, we hypothesize that a functional interaction between Cnr1 and CCKB receptor (CCKBR) is critical for fear extinction processes. In this study, systemic pharmacological manipulation of the cannabinoid system modulated cued fear expression in C57BL/6J mice after consolidation of auditory fear conditioning. Knockout of the CCKBR, however, had no effect on fear- or anxiety-like behaviors. Nonetheless, administration of a Cnr1 antagonist increased freezing behavior during a cued fear expression test in wild-type subjects, but had no effect on freezing behavior in CCKBR knockout littermates. In addition, we found that Cnr1-positive fibers form perisomatic clusters around CCKBR-positive cell bodies in the BLA. These CCKBR-positive cells comprise a molecularly heterogenous population of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. These findings provide novel evidence that Cnr1 contributes to cued fear expression via an interaction with the CCK system. Dysfunctional Cnr1-CCKBR interactions might contribute to the etiology of, or result from, fear-related psychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory E Bowers
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Emory University, Yerkes Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Emory University, Yerkes Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA,Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Emory University, Yerkes Research Center, 954 Gatewood Dr, NE Atlanta, GA 30329, USA, Tel: +1 404 727 7739, Fax: +1 404 727 8070, E-mail:
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Kondo M, Nakamura Y, Ishida Y, Yamada T, Shimada S. The 5-HT3A receptor is essential for fear extinction. Learn Mem 2013; 21:1-4. [PMID: 24344177 PMCID: PMC3867712 DOI: 10.1101/lm.032193.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The 5-HT3 receptor, the only ionotropic 5-HT receptor, is expressed in limbic regions, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortex. However, it is not known whether it has a role in fear memory processes. Analysis of 5-HT3A receptor knockout mice in fear conditioning paradigms revealed that the 5-HT3A receptor is not required for the acquisition or retention of fear memory but is essential for the extinction of contextual and tone-cued fear. Our data suggest that the 5-HT3A receptor could be a key molecule regulating fear memory processes and a potential therapeutic target for fear disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kondo
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Ceremuga TE, Shellabarger P, Persson T, Fanning M, Galey P, Robinson D, Bertsch S, Ceremuga GA, Bentley M. Effects of tetrahydropalmatine on post-traumatic stress disorder-induced changes in rat brain gene expression. J Integr Neurosci 2013; 12:513-28. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219635213500313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Daskalakis NP, Yehuda R, Diamond DM. Animal models in translational studies of PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1895-911. [PMID: 23845512 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is of vital importance for developing biomarkers and more effective pharmacotherapy for this disorder. The design of bidirectional translational studies addressing all facets of PTSD is needed. Animal models of PTSD are needed not only to capture the complexity of PTSD behavioral characteristics, but also to address experimentally the influence of variety of factors which might determine an individual's vulnerability or resilience to trauma, e.g., genetic predisposition, early-life experience and social support. The current review covers recent translational approaches to bridge the gap between human and animal PTSD research and to create a framework for discovery of biomarkers and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos P Daskalakis
- Traumatic Stress Studies Division & Laboratory of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Mental Health Care Center, PTSD Clinical Research Program & Laboratory of Clinical Neuroendocrinology and Neurochemistry, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, USA
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Schmidt U, Herrmann L, Hagl K, Novak B, Huber C, Holsboer F, Wotjak CT, Buell DR. Therapeutic Action of Fluoxetine is Associated with a Reduction in Prefrontal Cortical miR-1971 Expression Levels in a Mouse Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:66. [PMID: 23847554 PMCID: PMC3706988 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that have recently emerged as epigenetic modulators of gene expression in psychiatric diseases like schizophrenia and major depression. So far, miRNAs have neither been studied in patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) nor in PTSD animal models. Here, we present the first study exploring the connection between miRNAs and PTSD. Employing our previously established PTSD mouse model, we assessed miRNA profiles in prefrontal cortices (PFCs) dissected from either fluoxetine or control-treated wildtype C57BL/6N mice 74 days after their subjection to either a single traumatic electric footshock or mock-treatment. Fluoxetine is an antidepressant known to be effective both in PTSD patients and in mice suffering from a PTSD-like syndrome. Screening for differences in the relative expression levels of all potential miRNA target sequences of miRBase 18.0 by pairwise comparison of the PFC miRNA profiles of the four mouse groups mentioned resulted in identification of five miRNA candidate molecules. Validation of these miRNA candidates by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) revealed that the therapeutic action of fluoxetine in shocked mice is associated with a significant reduction in mmu-miR-1971 expression. Furthermore, our findings suggest that traumatic stress and fluoxetine interact to cause distinct alterations in the mouse PFC miRNA signature in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Schmidt
- RG Molecular Psychotraumatology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , Munich , Germany
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