1
|
Kim S, Cho S, Kim JH. CD1-mediated immune responses in mucosal tissues: molecular mechanisms underlying lipid antigen presentation system. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1858-1871. [PMID: 37696897 PMCID: PMC10545705 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) molecule differs from major histocompatibility complex class I and II because it presents glycolipid/lipid antigens. Moreover, the CD1-restricted T cells that recognize these self and foreign antigens participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses. CD1s are constitutively expressed by professional and nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells in mucosal tissues, namely, the skin, lung, and intestine. This suggests that CD1-reactive T cells are involved in the immune responses of these tissues. Indeed, evidence suggests that these cells play important roles in diverse diseases, such as inflammation, autoimmune disease, and infection. Recent studies elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which CD1 presents lipid antigens suggest that defects in these mechanisms could contribute to the activities of CD1-reactive T cells. Thus, improving our understanding of these mechanisms could lead to new and effective therapeutic approaches to CD1-associated diseases. In this review, we discuss the CD1-mediated antigen presentation system and its roles in mucosal tissue immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seohyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
The phospholipase A 2 superfamily as a central hub of bioactive lipids and beyond. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 244:108382. [PMID: 36918102 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
In essence, "phospholipase A2" (PLA2) means a group of enzymes that release fatty acids and lysophospholipids by hydrolyzing the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids. To date, more than 50 enzymes possessing PLA2 or related lipid-metabolizing activities have been identified in mammals, and these are subdivided into several families in terms of their structures, catalytic mechanisms, tissue/cellular localizations, and evolutionary relationships. From a general viewpoint, the PLA2 superfamily has mainly been implicated in signal transduction, driving the production of a wide variety of bioactive lipid mediators. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that PLA2s also contribute to phospholipid remodeling or recycling for membrane homeostasis, fatty acid β-oxidation for energy production, and barrier lipid formation on the body surface. Accordingly, PLA2 enzymes are considered one of the key regulators of a broad range of lipid metabolism, and perturbation of specific PLA2-driven lipid pathways often disrupts tissue and cellular homeostasis and may be associated with a variety of diseases. This review covers current understanding of the physiological functions of the PLA2 superfamily, focusing particularly on the two major intracellular PLA2 families (Ca2+-dependent cytosolic PLA2s and Ca2+-independent patatin-like PLA2s) as well as other PLA2 families, based on studies using gene-manipulated mice and human diseases in combination with comprehensive lipidomics.
Collapse
|
3
|
Okamura Y, Miyanishi H, Kono T, Sakai M, Hikima JI. Identification and expression of phospholipase A2 genes related to transcriptional control in the interleukin-17A/F1 pathway in the intestines of Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 2:100028. [PMID: 36420487 PMCID: PMC9680080 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), a phospholipid hydrolase, has recently attracted attention owing to its broad functionality. Immunological evidence has revealed increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and immunodeficiency in knockout (KO) mice of several pla2 genes. However, no progress has been made in terms of immunological research on any pla2 gene in fish. In this study, we focused on the intestinal immune responses of fish PLA2s. The full-length open reading frames of pla2g1b, pla2g3, pla2g10, pla2g12b1, pla2g12b2, and pla2g15 cDNAs were cloned in Japanese medaka (Orizias latipes), and their gene expressions were quantified by real-time PCR (qPCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH). Characterization of pla2 genes revealed a functional domain and three-dimensional structure similar to the mammalian counterparts. In addition, expression of pla2g1b, pla2g12b1, and pla2g12b2 was extremely high in Japanese medaka intestines. ISH detected strong expression of pla2g1b mRNAs in the basal muscle layer, and pla2g12b1 and pla2g12b2 mRNAs were detected in the epithelial cells. In the medaka exposed to Edwardsiella piscicida, pla2g12b1, pla2g12b2 and pla2g15 were significantly induced in the anterior and posterior intestines, and pla2g1b was upregulated in the anterior intestine. Furthermore, pla2g1b, pla2g3, pla2g10, and pla2g12b2 were significantly downregulated in the IL-17A/F1 KO medaka compared to those in wild-type medaka. These results suggest that these PLA2s are involved in intestinal immunity in teleosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yo Okamura
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyanishi
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kono
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Hikima
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hinkovska-Galcheva V, Treadwell T, Shillingford JM, Lee A, Abe A, Tesmer JJG, Shayman JA. Inhibition of lysosomal phospholipase A2 predicts drug-induced phospholipidosis. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100089. [PMID: 34087196 PMCID: PMC8243516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipidosis, the excessive accumulation of phospholipids within lysosomes, is a pathological response observed following exposure to many drugs across multiple therapeutic groups. A clear mechanistic understanding of the causes and implications of this form of drug toxicity has remained elusive. We previously reported the discovery and characterization of a lysosome-specific phospholipase A2 (PLA2G15) and later reported that amiodarone, a known cause of drug-induced phospholipidosis, inhibits this enzyme. Here, we assayed a library of 163 drugs for inhibition of PLA2G15 to determine whether this phospholipase was the cellular target for therapeutics other than amiodarone that cause phospholipidosis. We observed that 144 compounds inhibited PLA2G15 activity. Thirty-six compounds not previously reported to cause phospholipidosis inhibited PLA2G15 with IC50 values less than 1 mM and were confirmed to cause phospholipidosis in an in vitro assay. Within this group, fosinopril was the most potent inhibitor (IC50 0.18 μM). Additional characterization of the inhibition of PLA2G15 by fosinopril was consistent with interference of PLA2G15 binding to liposomes. PLA2G15 inhibition was more accurate in predicting phospholipidosis compared with in silico models based on pKa and ClogP, measures of protonation, and transport-independent distribution in the lysosome, respectively. In summary, PLA2G15 is a primary target for cationic amphiphilic drugs that cause phospholipidosis, and PLA2G15 inhibition by cationic amphiphilic compounds provides a potentially robust screening platform for potential toxicity during drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vania Hinkovska-Galcheva
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Taylour Treadwell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan M Shillingford
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Angela Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Akira Abe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - James A Shayman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Navarrete M, Wilkins JA, Chan FV, Ye B, Nickerson P, Ho J. Phospholipase A2 group XV activity during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Clin Biochem 2020; 88:49-55. [PMID: 33307060 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES All patients who undergo cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) experience some degree of ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). Severe IRI-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in approximately 1-2% of patients undergoing CPB. Previous studies using activity-based protein profiling of urine identified group XV phospholipase A2, PLA2G15/LPLA2, as potentially associated with patients who develop AKI post CPB. The present study examined urinary PLA2G15/LPLA2 activity during CPB and in the near postoperative period for associations with subsequent AKI development. DESIGN & METHODS Samples were collected in a nested case controlled cohort of 21 patients per group who either did (AKI) or did not (non-AKI) develop AKI post-operatively. Serum and urine samples from each patient before, during and after CPB were assayed for PLA2G15/LPLA2 activity. RESULTS Urine activity significantly increased during the intra operative period. In contrast the activities in paired sera were markedly decreased during CPB. There was no correlation between the serum and urine activity levels of patients. There were no significant differences in activity levels of PLA2G15/LPLA2 in the urine or sera from patients that did and did not develop AKI. CONCLUSIONS The lack of correlation between serum and urine activity levels suggests that the rapid intraoperative increases in PLA2G15/LPLA2 activity may originate from the kidney and as such offer an intraoperative indicator of early renal response to CPB associated stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Navarrete
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics & Systems Biology, University of Manitoba & Health Sciences Centre, Manitoba, Canada
| | - John A Wilkins
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics & Systems Biology, University of Manitoba & Health Sciences Centre, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Biomedical Proteomics, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada.
| | | | - Bo Ye
- Echelon Biosciences, UT, USA
| | - Peter Nickerson
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics & Systems Biology, University of Manitoba & Health Sciences Centre, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Biomedical Proteomics, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Julie Ho
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics & Systems Biology, University of Manitoba & Health Sciences Centre, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Biomedical Proteomics, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Murakami M, Sato H, Taketomi Y. Updating Phospholipase A 2 Biology. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1457. [PMID: 33086624 PMCID: PMC7603386 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily contains more than 50 enzymes in mammals that are subdivided into several distinct families on a structural and biochemical basis. In principle, PLA2 has the capacity to hydrolyze the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to release fatty acids and lysophospholipids, yet several enzymes in this superfamily catalyze other reactions rather than or in addition to the PLA2 reaction. PLA2 enzymes play crucial roles in not only the production of lipid mediators, but also membrane remodeling, bioenergetics, and body surface barrier, thereby participating in a number of biological events. Accordingly, disturbance of PLA2-regulated lipid metabolism is often associated with various diseases. This review updates the current state of understanding of the classification, enzymatic properties, and biological functions of various enzymes belonging to the PLA2 superfamily, focusing particularly on the novel roles of PLA2s in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.S.); (Y.T.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abe A, Hiraoka M, Matsuzawa F, Aikawa SI, Niimura Y. Esterification of side-chain oxysterols by lysosomal phospholipase A2. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158787. [PMID: 32777483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Side-chain oxysterols produced from cholesterol either enzymatically or non-enzymatically show various bioactivities. Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) esterifies the C3-hydroxyl group of these sterols as well as cholesterol. Lysosomal phospholipase A2 (LPLA2) is related to LCAT but does not catalyze esterification of cholesterol. First, esterification of side-chain oxysterols by LPLA2 was investigated using recombinant mouse LPLA2 and dioleoyl-PC/sulfatide/oxysterol liposomes under acidic conditions. TLC and LC-MS/MS showed that the C3 and C27-hydroxyl groups of 27-hydroxycholesterol could be individually esterified by LPLA2 to form a monoester with the C27-hydroxyl preference. Cholesterol did not inhibit this reaction. Also, LPLA2 esterified other side-chain oxysterols. Their esterifications by mouse serum containing LCAT supported the idea that their esterifications by LPLA2 occur at the C3-hydroxyl group. N-acetylsphingosine (NAS) acting as an acyl acceptor in LPLA2 transacylation inhibited the side-chain oxysterol esterification by LPLA2. This suggests a competition between hydroxycholesterol and NAS on the acyl-LPLA2 intermediate formed during the reaction. Raising cationic amphiphilic drug concentration or ionic strength in the reaction mixture evoked a reduction of the side-chain oxysterol esterification by LPLA2. This indicates that the esterification could progress via an interfacial interaction of LPLA2 with the lipid membrane surface through an electrostatic interaction. The docking model of acyl-LPLA2 intermediate and side-chain oxysterol provided new insight to elucidate the transacylation mechanism of sterols by LPLA2. Finally, exogenous 25-hydroxycholesterol esterification within alveolar macrophages prepared from wild-type mice was significantly higher than that from LPLA2 deficient mice. This suggests that there is an esterification pathway of side-chain oxysterols via LPLA2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Abe
- Department of Molecular Science of Bacteria, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Miki Hiraoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Health Science University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | - Youichi Niimura
- Department of Molecular Science of Bacteria, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nagala M, Crocker PR. Towards understanding the cell surface phenotype, metabolic properties and immune functions of resident macrophages of the peritoneal cavity and splenic red pulp using high resolution quantitative proteomics. Wellcome Open Res 2020. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16061.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Resident macrophages (Mϕs) are distributed throughout the body and are important for maintaining tissue homeostasis and for defence against infections. Tissue Mϕs are highly adapted to their microenvironment and thought to mediate tissue-specific functions involving metabolism and immune defence that are not fully elucidated. Methods:We have used high resolution quantitative proteomics to gain insights into the functions of two types of resident tissue Mϕs: peritoneal cavity Mϕs and splenic red pulp Mϕs. The cellular expression levels of many proteins were validated by flow cytometry and were consistently in agreement with the proteomics data.Results:Peritoneal and splenic red pulp macrophages displayed major differences in cell surface phenotype reflecting their adaptation to different tissue microenvironments and tissue-specific functions. Peritoneal Mϕs were shown to be enriched in a number of key enzymes and metabolic pathways normally associated with the liver, such as metabolism of fructose, detoxification, nitrogen homeostasis and the urea cycle. Supporting these observations, we show that peritoneal Mϕs are able to utilise glutamine and glutamate which are rich in peritoneum for urea generation. In comparison, splenic red pulp Mϕs were enriched in proteins important for adaptive immunity such as antigen presenting MHC molecules, in addition to proteins required for erythrocyte homeostasis and iron turnover. We also show that these tissue Mϕs may utilise carbon and nitrogen substrates for different metabolic fates to support distinct tissue-specific roles.Conclusions:This study provides new insights into the functions of tissue Mϕs in immunity and homeostasis. The comprehensive proteomics data sets are a valuable resource for biologists and immunologists.
Collapse
|
9
|
TLR9-mediated dendritic cell activation uncovers mammalian ganglioside species with specific ceramide backbones that activate invariant natural killer T cells. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000169. [PMID: 30822302 PMCID: PMC6420026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells represent a heterogeneous population of lipid-reactive T cells that are involved in many immune responses, mediated through T-cell receptor (TCR)–dependent and/or independent activation. Although numerous microbial lipid antigens (Ags) have been identified, several lines of evidence have suggested the existence of relevant Ags of endogenous origin. However, the identification of their precise nature as well as the molecular mechanisms involved in their generation are still highly controversial and ill defined. Here, we identified two mammalian gangliosides—namely monosialoganglioside GM3 and disialoganglioside GD3—as endogenous activators for mouse iNKT cells. These glycosphingolipids are found in Toll-like receptor-stimulated dendritic cells (DC) as several species varying in their N-acyl fatty chain composition. Interestingly, their ability to activate iNKT cells is highly dependent on the ceramide backbone structure. Thus, both synthetic GM3 and GD3 comprising a d18:1-C24:1 ceramide backbone were able to activate iNKT cells in a CD1d-dependent manner. GM3 and GD3 are not directly recognized by the iNKT TCR and required the Ag presenting cell intracellular machinery to reveal their antigenicity. We propose a new concept in which iNKT cells can rapidly respond to pre-existing self-molecules after stress-induced structural changes in CD1d-expressing cells. Moreover, these gangliosides conferred partial protection in the context of bacterial infection. Thus, this report identified new biologically relevant lipid self-Ags for iNKT cells. Although the existence of self-antigens for invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells is widely accepted, their precise nature remains a matter of debate. This study shows that two mammalian ganglioside species activate iNKT cells in a CD1d-dependent manner. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a population of unconventional T lymphocytes that activate rapidly during inflammation due to their innate-like features. They are unconventional since they do not react to peptidic antigens (Ags) presented by classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules; instead, they recognize lipid-based Ags in the context of the MHC class I-like molecule CD1d. While numerous Ags of microbial origins have been described, their endogenous Ags are far less understood and remain a matter of strong debate. Here, we report that engagement of an innate receptor on the Ag-presenting cells leads to modulation of their lipid metabolism. This results in an enrichment of particular glycosphingolipid species that differ in both the nonpolar tail and polar head structures. Among those, two species have the potential to activate iNKT cells in a CD1d-dependent manner after further intracellular modifications. Based on these data, we propose a concept that iNKT cells can rapidly respond to pre-existing self-molecules after stress-induced changes in CD1d-expressing cells. Given the presence of closely related molecules in some pathological conditions such as cancer, it will be interesting to evaluate the biological relevance of these Ags in disease states.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang H, Hogquist KA. How Lipid-Specific T Cells Become Effectors: The Differentiation of iNKT Subsets. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1450. [PMID: 29997620 PMCID: PMC6028555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to peptide-recognizing T cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells express a semi-invariant T cell receptor that specifically recognizes self- or foreign-lipids presented by CD1d molecules. There are three major functionally distinct effector states for iNKT cells. Owning to these innate-like effector states, iNKT cells have been implicated in early protective immunity against pathogens. Yet, growing evidence suggests that iNKT cells play a role in tissue homeostasis as well. In this review, we discuss current knowledge about the underlying mechanisms that regulate the effector states of iNKT subsets, with a highlight on the roles of a variety of transcription factors and describe how each subset influences different facets of thymus homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiguang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hinkovska-Galcheva V, Kelly R, Manthei KA, Bouley R, Yuan W, Schwendeman A, Tesmer JJG, Shayman JA. Determinants of pH profile and acyl chain selectivity in lysosomal phospholipase A 2. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1205-1218. [PMID: 29724779 PMCID: PMC6027918 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m084012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal phospholipase A2 (LPLA2) is characterized by broad substrate recognition, peak activity at acidic pH, and the transacylation of lipophilic alcohols, especially N-acetyl-sphingosine. Prior structural analysis of LPLA2 revealed the presence of an atypical acidic residue, Asp13, in the otherwise hydrophobic active site cleft. We hypothesized that Asp13 contributed to the pH profile and/or substrate preference of LPLA2 for unsaturated acyl chains. To test this hypothesis, we substituted Asp13 for alanine, cysteine, or phenylalanine; then, we monitored the formation of 1-O-acyl-N-acetylsphingosine to measure the hydrolysis of sn-1 versus sn-2 acyl groups on a variety of glycerophospholipids. Substitutions with Asp13 yielded significant enzyme activity at neutral pH (7.4) and perturbed the selectivity for mono- and double-unsaturated acyl chains. However, this position played no apparent role in selecting for either the acyl acceptor or the head group of the glycerophospholipid. Our modeling indicates that Asp13 and its substitutions contribute to the pH activity profile of LPLA2 and to acyl chain selectivity by forming part of a hydrophobic track occupied by the scissile acyl chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vania Hinkovska-Galcheva
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Robert Kelly
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kelly A Manthei
- Life Sciences Institute and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Renee Bouley
- Life Sciences Institute and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Wenmin Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Life Sciences Institute and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - James A Shayman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vartabedian VF, Savage PB, Teyton L. The processing and presentation of lipids and glycolipids to the immune system. Immunol Rev 2017; 272:109-19. [PMID: 27319346 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of CD1-lipid complexes by T cells was discovered 20 years ago and has since been an emerging and expanding field of investigation. Unlike protein antigens, which are presented on MHC class I and II molecules, lipids can only be presented by CD1 molecules, a unique family of MHC-like proteins whose singularity is a hydrophobic antigen-binding groove. The processing and loading of lipid antigens inside this groove of CD1 molecules require localization to endosomal and lysosomal subcellular compartments and their acidic pHs. This particular environment provides the necessary glycolytic enzymes and lipases that process lipid and glycolipid antigens, as well as a set of lipid transfer proteins that load the final version of the antigen inside the groove of CD1. The overall sequence of events needed for efficient presentation of lipid antigens is now understood and presented in this review. However, a large number of important details have been elusive. This elusiveness is linked to the inherent technical difficulties of studying lipids and the lipid-protein interface in vitro and in vivo. Here, we will expose some of those limitations and describe new approaches to address them during the characterization of lipids and glycolipids antigen presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent F Vartabedian
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pereira CS, Ribeiro H, Macedo MF. From Lysosomal Storage Diseases to NKT Cell Activation and Back. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030502. [PMID: 28245613 PMCID: PMC5372518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are inherited metabolic disorders characterized by the accumulation of different types of substrates in the lysosome. With a multisystemic involvement, LSDs often present a very broad clinical spectrum. In many LSDs, alterations of the immune system were described. Special emphasis was given to Natural Killer T (NKT) cells, a population of lipid-specific T cells that is activated by lipid antigens bound to CD1d (cluster of differentiation 1 d) molecules at the surface of antigen-presenting cells. These cells have important functions in cancer, infection, and autoimmunity and were altered in a variety of LSDs’ mouse models. In some cases, the observed decrease was attributed to defects in either lipid antigen availability, trafficking, processing, or loading in CD1d. Here, we review the current knowledge about NKT cells in the context of LSDs, including the alterations detected, the proposed mechanisms to explain these defects, and the relevance of these findings for disease pathology. Furthermore, the effect of enzyme replacement therapy on NKT cells is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia S Pereira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Helena Ribeiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M Fatima Macedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago Agra do crasto-edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
MURAKAMI M. Lipoquality control by phospholipase A 2 enzymes. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:677-702. [PMID: 29129849 PMCID: PMC5743847 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family comprises a group of lipolytic enzymes that typically hydrolyze the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to give rise to fatty acids and lysophospholipids. The mammalian genome encodes more than 50 PLA2s or related enzymes, which are classified into several subfamilies on the basis of their structures and functions. From a general viewpoint, the PLA2 family has mainly been implicated in signal transduction, producing bioactive lipid mediators derived from fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Recent evidence indicates that PLA2s also contribute to phospholipid remodeling for membrane homeostasis or energy production for fatty acid β-oxidation. Accordingly, PLA2 enzymes can be regarded as one of the key regulators of the quality of lipids, which I herein refer to as lipoquality. Disturbance of PLA2-regulated lipoquality hampers tissue and cellular homeostasis and can be linked to various diseases. Here I overview the current state of understanding of the classification, enzymatic properties, and physiological functions of the PLA2 family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto MURAKAMI
- Laboratory of Environmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: M. Murakami, Laboratory of Environmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Van Kaer L, Wu L, Joyce S. Mechanisms and Consequences of Antigen Presentation by CD1. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:738-754. [PMID: 27623113 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The CD1 proteins are a family of non-polymorphic and MHC class I-related molecules that present lipid antigens to subsets of T lymphocytes with innate- or adaptive-like immune functions. Recent studies have provided new insight into the identity of immunogenic CD1 antigens and the mechanisms that control the generation and loading of these antigens onto CD1 molecules. Furthermore, substantial progress has been made in identifying CD1-restricted T cells and decoding the diverse immunological functions of distinct CD1-restricted T cell subsets. These findings shed new light on the contributions of the CD1 antigen-presentation pathway to normal health and to a diverse array of pathologies, and provide a new impetus for exploiting this fascinating recognition system for the development of vaccines and immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lysosomal Lipases PLRP2 and LPLA2 Process Mycobacterial Multi-acylated Lipids and Generate T Cell Stimulatory Antigens. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1147-1156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
17
|
Felley L, Gumperz JE. Are human iNKT cells keeping tabs on lipidome perturbations triggered by oxidative stress in the blood? Immunogenetics 2016; 68:611-22. [PMID: 27393663 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The central paradigm of conventional MHC-restricted T cells is that they respond specifically to foreign peptides, while displaying tolerance to self-antigens. In contrast, it is now becoming clear that a number of innate-like T cell subsets-CD1-restricted T cells, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, and MAIT cells-may operate by different rules: rather than focusing on the recognition of specific foreign antigens, these T cells all appear to respond to alterations to lipid-related pathways. By monitoring perturbations to the "lipidome," these T cells may be able to spring into action to deal with physiological situations that are of self as well as microbial origin. iNKT cells are a prime example of this type of lipidome-reactive T cell. As a result of their activation by self lyso-phospholipid species that are generated downstream of blood lipid oxidation, human iNKT cells in the vasculature may respond sensitively to a variety of oxidative stresses. Some of the cytokines produced by activated iNKT cells have angiogenic effects (e.g., GM-CSF, IL-8), whereas others (e.g., IFN-γ) are pro-inflammatory factors that can propagate vascular pathology by influencing the functions of macrophages and dendritic cells. Consistent with this, evidence is accumulating that iNKT cells contribute to atherosclerosis, which is one of the most common inflammatory pathologies, and one that is integrally related to characteristics of the lipidome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Felley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jenny E Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jarrett R, Salio M, Lloyd-Lavery A, Subramaniam S, Bourgeois E, Archer C, Cheung KL, Hardman C, Chandler D, Salimi M, Gutowska-Owsiak D, de la Serna JB, Fallon PG, Jolin H, Mckenzie A, Dziembowski A, Podobas EI, Bal W, Johnson D, Moody DB, Cerundolo V, Ogg G. Filaggrin inhibits generation of CD1a neolipid antigens by house dust mite-derived phospholipase. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:325ra18. [PMID: 26865566 PMCID: PMC4872823 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad6833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a common pruritic skin disease in which barrier dysfunction and cutaneous inflammation contribute to pathogenesis. Mechanisms underlying the associated inflammation are not fully understood, and although Langerhans cells expressing the nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) family member CD1a are known to be enriched within lesions, their role in clinical disease pathogenesis has not been studied. We observed that house dust mite (HDM) allergen generates neolipid antigens presented by CD1a to T cells in the blood and skin lesions of affected individuals. HDM-responsive CD1a-reactive T cells increased in frequency after birth in individuals with atopic dermatitis and showed rapid effector function, consistent with antigen-driven maturation. In HDM-challenged human skin, we observed phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity in vivo. CD1a-reactive T cell activation was dependent on HDM-derived PLA2, and such cells infiltrated the skin after allergen challenge. Moreover, we observed that the skin barrier protein filaggrin, insufficiency of which is associated with atopic skin disease, inhibited PLA2 activity and decreased CD1a-reactive PLA2-generated neolipid-specific T cell activity from skin and blood. The most widely used classification schemes of hypersensitivity suggest that nonpeptide stimulants of T cells act as haptens that modify peptides or proteins; however, our results show that HDM proteins may also generate neolipid antigens that directly activate T cells. These data define PLA2 inhibition as a function of filaggrin, supporting PLA2 inhibition as a therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Jarrett
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Antonia Lloyd-Lavery
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Sumithra Subramaniam
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Elvire Bourgeois
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Charles Archer
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Ka Lun Cheung
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Clare Hardman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - David Chandler
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Maryam Salimi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Danuta Gutowska-Owsiak
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Padraic G. Fallon
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Childrens Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen Jolin
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Andrzej Dziembowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Izabela Podobas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bal
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Over two decades ago, it was discovered that the human T-cell repertoire contains T cells that do not recognize peptide antigens in the context of MHC molecules but instead respond to lipid antigens presented by CD1 antigen-presenting molecules. The ability of T cells to 'see' lipid antigens bound to CD1 enables these lymphocytes to sense changes in the lipid composition of cells and tissues as a result of infections, inflammation, or malignancies. Although foreign lipid antigens have been shown to function as antigens for CD1-restricted T cells, many CD1-restricted T cells do not require foreign antigens for activation but instead can be activated by self-lipids presented by CD1. This review highlights recent developments in the field, including the identification of common mammalian lipids that function as autoantigens for αβ and γδ T cells, a novel mode of T-cell activation whereby CD1a itself rather than lipids serves as the autoantigen, and various mechanisms by which the activation of CD1-autoreactive T cells is regulated. As CD1 can induce T-cell effector functions in the absence of foreign antigens, multiple mechanisms are in place to regulate this self-reactivity, and stimulatory CD1-lipid complexes appear to be tightly controlled in space and time.
Collapse
|
20
|
McEwen-Smith RM, Salio M, Cerundolo V. CD1d-dependent endogenous and exogenous lipid antigen presentation. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 34:116-25. [PMID: 25805574 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells recognize endogenous and exogenous lipids in the context of CD1d molecules, and through the activation and maturation of dendritic cells and B cells, can significantly enhance priming of antigen-specific T and B cell responses. Recent findings have provided important insights into the recognition of several novel endogenous lipids by iNKT cells, and into the mechanisms controlling their generation and loading onto CD1d molecules. In this review we discuss these latest findings and describe the role of autophagy in iNKT cell development and activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna M McEwen-Smith
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Mariolina Salio
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Structure and function of lysosomal phospholipase A2 and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6250. [PMID: 25727495 PMCID: PMC4397983 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal phospholipase A2 (LPLA2) and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) belong to a structurally uncharacterized family of key lipid metabolizing enzymes responsible for lung surfactant catabolism and for reverse cholesterol transport, respectively. Whereas LPLA2 is predicted to underlie the development of drug-induced phospholipidosis, somatic mutations in LCAT cause fish eye disease and familial LCAT deficiency. Here we describe several high resolution crystal structures of human LPLA2 and a low resolution structure of LCAT that confirms its close structural relationship to LPLA2. Insertions in the α/β hydrolase core of LPLA2 form domains that are responsible for membrane interaction and binding the acyl chains and head groups of phospholipid substrates. The LCAT structure suggests the molecular basis underlying human disease for most of the known LCAT missense mutations, and paves the way for rational development of new therapeutics to treat LCAT deficiency, atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndrome.
Collapse
|
22
|
Mauhin W, Lidove O, Masat E, Mingozzi F, Mariampillai K, Ziza JM, Benveniste O. Innate and Adaptive Immune Response in Fabry Disease. JIMD Rep 2015; 22:1-10. [PMID: 25690728 PMCID: PMC4486269 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2014_371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disease in which mutations of the gene (GLA) cause a deficiency of the lysosomal hydrolase α-galactosidase A (α-Gal). This defect results in an accumulation of glycosphingolipids, primarily globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) which causes a multisystemic vasculopathy. Available since 2001 in Europe, enzyme replacement therapy consists in the administration of agalsidase, a recombinant form of α-galactosidase A. Enzyme replacement therapy was shown to improve the global prognosis but allowed partial success in preventing critical events such as strokes and cardiac arrests. As in most lysosomal storage diseases, frequent immune reactions have been described in naive Fabry disease patients. Humoral immune responses following enzyme replacement therapy have also been described, with unclear consequences on the progression of the disease. While cost-effectiveness of enzyme replacement therapy in Fabry disease begins to be questioned and new therapeutic strategies arise such as chaperone or gene therapy, it appears necessary to better understand the immune responses observed in the treatment of naive patients and during enzyme replacement therapy with agalsidase. We propose a comprehensive review of the available literature concerning both innate and adaptive responses observed in Fabry disease. We particularly highlight the probable role of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD1d pathways triggered by Gb3 accumulation in the development of local and systemic inflammation that could lead to irreversible organ damages. We propose an immunological point of view of Fabry disease pathogenesis involving immune cells notably the invariant natural killer T cells. We finally review anti-agalsidase antibodies, their development and impact on outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wladimir Mauhin
- />Internal Medicine Department, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83 boulevard de l’hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- />Inserm UMRS 974, University Pierre and Marie Curie, 47-83 boulevard de l’hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lidove
- />Internal Medicine and Rheumatology Department, La Croix Saint Simon Hospital, 125 rue d’Avron, 75020 Paris, France
- />Inserm UMRS 974, University Pierre and Marie Curie, 47-83 boulevard de l’hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Elisa Masat
- />Inserm UMRS 974, University Pierre and Marie Curie, 47-83 boulevard de l’hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Federico Mingozzi
- />Inserm UMRS 974, University Pierre and Marie Curie, 47-83 boulevard de l’hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Kuberaka Mariampillai
- />Inserm UMRS 974, University Pierre and Marie Curie, 47-83 boulevard de l’hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Ziza
- />Internal Medicine and Rheumatology Department, La Croix Saint Simon Hospital, 125 rue d’Avron, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Benveniste
- />Internal Medicine Department, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83 boulevard de l’hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
- />Inserm UMRS 974, University Pierre and Marie Curie, 47-83 boulevard de l’hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bourgeois EA, Subramaniam S, Cheng TY, De Jong A, Layre E, Ly D, Salimi M, Legaspi A, Modlin RL, Salio M, Cerundolo V, Moody DB, Ogg G. Bee venom processes human skin lipids for presentation by CD1a. J Exp Med 2015; 212:149-63. [PMID: 25584012 PMCID: PMC4322046 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Venoms frequently co-opt host immune responses, so study of their mode of action can provide insight into novel inflammatory pathways. Using bee and wasp venom responses as a model system, we investigated whether venoms contain CD1-presented antigens. Here, we show that venoms activate human T cells via CD1a proteins. Whereas CD1 proteins typically present lipids, chromatographic separation of venoms unexpectedly showed that stimulatory factors partition into protein-containing fractions. This finding was explained by demonstrating that bee venom-derived phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activates T cells through generation of small neoantigens, such as free fatty acids and lysophospholipids, from common phosphodiacylglycerides. Patient studies showed that injected PLA2 generates lysophospholipids within human skin in vivo, and polyclonal T cell responses are dependent on CD1a protein and PLA2. These findings support a previously unknown skin immune response based on T cell recognition of CD1a proteins and lipid neoantigen generated in vivo by phospholipases. The findings have implications for skin barrier sensing by T cells and mechanisms underlying phospholipase-dependent inflammatory skin disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvire A Bourgeois
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Sumithra Subramaniam
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and University of Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, England, UK MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and University of Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, England, UK
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Annemieke De Jong
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Emilie Layre
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Dalam Ly
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Maryam Salimi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and University of Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, England, UK MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and University of Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, England, UK
| | - Annaliza Legaspi
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and University of Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, England, UK MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and University of Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, England, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and University of Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, England, UK MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and University of Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, England, UK
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and University of Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, England, UK MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and University of Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, England, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pniewska E, Sokolowska M, Kupryś-Lipińska I, Kacprzak D, Kuna P, Pawliczak R. Exacerbating factors induce different gene expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from asthmatics, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and healthy subjects. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2015; 165:229-43. [PMID: 25634111 DOI: 10.1159/000370067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite several common phenotypic features, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and severe asthma differ with regard to their causative factors and pathophysiology. Both diseases may be exacerbated by environmental factors, however, the molecular profiles of disease episodes have not been comprehensively studied. We identified differences in gene and protein expression profiles expressed by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of COPD patients, patients with atopic asthma and healthy subjects when challenged with exacerbating factors in vitro: lipopolysaccharide (LPS), house dust mite (HDM) and cat allergen. METHODS PBMC isolated from patients with severe atopic asthma and COPD, as well as healthy subjects were stimulated with rDer p 1 DG, rFel d 1 DG and LPS. The changes in the expression of 47 genes belonging to five groups (phospholipase A2, eicosanoids, transcription factors, cytokines and airway remodeling) were studied using TaqMan low density array cards. Immunoblotting was used to study relative protein expression. RESULTS rDer p 1 significantly up-regulated the expression of PLA2G4A, PLA2G6, PLA2G15, CYSLTR1, LB4R2, PTGS1, PTGS2, FOXP1, GATA3, HDAC2, IREB2, PPARG, STAT4, TSLP and CHI3L1 genes in asthmatics in comparison to healthy subjects. LPS induced significant expression of ANXA1 and LTA4H in asthmatics when compared to COPD patients and healthy subjects. SOX6,STAT4 and IL1RL1 were induced in COPD after LPS stimulation. Analysis of protein expression revealed a pattern similar to mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS LPS-induced exacerbation of asthma and COPD is characterized by differential expression of selected genes in PBMC. HDM allergen changed the expression profile of inflammatory genes between patients with asthma of atopic origin and healthy controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pniewska
- Division of Allergology, Immunology and Dermatology, Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Maricic I, Girardi E, Zajonc DM, Kumar V. Recognition of lysophosphatidylcholine by type II NKT cells and protection from an inflammatory liver disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4580-9. [PMID: 25261475 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipids presented by the MHC class I-like molecule, CD1d, are recognized by NK T (NKT) cells, which can be broadly categorized into two subsets. The well-characterized type I NKT cells express a semi-invariant TCR and can recognize both α- and β-linked glycolipids, whereas type II NKT cells are less well studied, express a relatively diverse TCR repertoire, and recognize β-linked lipids. Recent structural studies have shown a distinct mode of recognition of a self-glycolipid sulfatide bound to CD1d by a type II NKT TCR. To further characterize Ag recognition by these cells, we have used the structural data and screened other small molecules able to bind to CD1d and activate type II NKT cells. Using plate-bound CD1d and APC-based Ag presentation assay, we found that phospholipids such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) can stimulate the sulfatide-reactive type II NKT hybridoma Hy19.3 in a CD1d-dependent manner. Using plasmon resonance studies, we found that this type II NKT TCR binds with CD1d-bound LPC with micromolar affinities similar to that for sulfatide. Furthermore, LPC-mediated activation of type II NKT cells leads to anergy induction in type I NKT cells and affords protection from Con A-induced hepatitis. These data indicate that, in addition to self-glycolipids, self-lysophospholipids are also recognized by type II NKT cells. Because lysophospholipids are involved during inflammation, our findings have implications for not only understanding activation of type II NKT cells in physiological settings, but also for the development of immune intervention in inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Maricic
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121; and
| | - Enrico Girardi
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121; and
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Schneider BE, Behrends J, Hagens K, Harmel N, Shayman JA, Schaible UE. Lysosomal phospholipase A2: A novel player in host immunity toMycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2394-404. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca E. Schneider
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Cellular Microbiology; Research Center Borstel; Borstel Germany
- Department of Immunology and Infection; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; London UK
| | - Jochen Behrends
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Cellular Microbiology; Research Center Borstel; Borstel Germany
| | - Kristine Hagens
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Cellular Microbiology; Research Center Borstel; Borstel Germany
| | - Nadine Harmel
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Cellular Microbiology; Research Center Borstel; Borstel Germany
| | - James A. Shayman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Division; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Ulrich E. Schaible
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Cellular Microbiology; Research Center Borstel; Borstel Germany
- Department of Immunology and Infection; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; London UK
- German Centre for Infection Research; TTU-TB; Borstel Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, investigators have shown that T lymphocytes can recognize not only peptides in the context of MHC class I and class II molecules but also foreign and self-lipids in association with the nonclassical MHC class I-like molecules, CD1 proteins. In this review, we describe the most recent events in the field, with particular emphasis on (a) structural and functional aspects of lipid presentation by CD1 molecules, (b) the development of CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and transcription factors required for their differentiation, (c) the ability of iNKT cells to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses through their cross talk with lymphoid and myeloid cells, and (d) MR1-restricted and group I (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c)-restricted T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom;
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dowds CM, Kornell SC, Blumberg RS, Zeissig S. Lipid antigens in immunity. Biol Chem 2014; 395:61-81. [PMID: 23999493 PMCID: PMC4128234 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are not only a central part of human metabolism but also play diverse and critical roles in the immune system. As such, they can act as ligands of lipid-activated nuclear receptors, control inflammatory signaling through bioactive lipids such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins, and modulate immunity as intracellular phospholipid- or sphingolipid-derived signaling mediators. In addition, lipids can serve as antigens and regulate immunity through the activation of lipid-reactive T cells, which is the topic of this review. We will provide an overview of the mechanisms of lipid antigen presentation, the biology of lipid-reactive T cells, and their contribution to immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Marie Dowds
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center
Schleswig-Holstein, Schittenhelmstraße 12, D-24105 Kiel,
Germany
| | - Sabin-Christin Kornell
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center
Schleswig-Holstein, Schittenhelmstraße 12, D-24105 Kiel,
Germany
| | - Richard S. Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street,
Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sebastian Zeissig
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center
Schleswig-Holstein, Schittenhelmstraße 12, D-24105 Kiel,
Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Saposins modulate human invariant Natural Killer T cells self-reactivity and facilitate lipid exchange with CD1d molecules during antigen presentation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E4753-61. [PMID: 24248359 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1310050110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid transfer proteins, such as molecules of the saposin family, facilitate extraction of lipids from biological membranes for their loading onto CD1d molecules. Although it has been shown that prosaposin-deficient mice fail to positively select invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, it remains unclear whether saposins can facilitate loading of endogenous iNKT cell agonists in the periphery during inflammatory responses. In addition, it is unclear whether saposins, in addition to loading, also promote dissociation of lipids bound to CD1d molecules. To address these questions, we used a combination of cellular assays and demonstrated that saposins influence CD1d-restricted presentation to human iNKT cells not only of exogenous lipids but also of endogenous ligands, such as the self-glycosphingolipid β-glucopyranosylceramide, up-regulated by antigen-presenting cells following bacterial infection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that in human myeloid cells CD1d-loading of endogenous lipids after bacterial infection, but not at steady state, requires trafficking of CD1d molecules through an endo-lysosomal compartment. Finally, using BIAcore assays we demonstrated that lipid-loaded saposin B increases the off-rate of lipids bound to CD1d molecules, providing important insights into the mechanisms by which it acts as a "lipid editor," capable of fine-tuning loading and unloading of CD1d molecules. These results have important implications in understanding how to optimize lipid-loading onto antigen-presenting cells, to better harness iNKT cells central role at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity.
Collapse
|