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Pino-Belmar C, Aguilar R, Valenzuela-Nieto GE, Cavieres VA, Cerda-Troncoso C, Navarrete VC, Salazar P, Burgos PV, Otth C, Bustamante HA. An Intrinsic Host Defense against HSV-1 Relies on the Activation of Xenophagy with the Active Clearance of Autophagic Receptors. Cells 2024; 13:1256. [PMID: 39120287 PMCID: PMC11311385 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy engulfs cellular components in double-membrane-bound autophagosomes for clearance and recycling after fusion with lysosomes. Thus, autophagy is a key process for maintaining proteostasis and a powerful cell-intrinsic host defense mechanism, protecting cells against pathogens by targeting them through a specific form of selective autophagy known as xenophagy. In this context, ubiquitination acts as a signal of recognition of the cargoes for autophagic receptors, which direct them towards autophagosomes for subsequent breakdown. Nevertheless, autophagy can carry out a dual role since numerous viruses including members of the Orthoherpesviridae family can either inhibit or exploit autophagy for its own benefit and to replicate within host cells. There is growing evidence that Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a highly prevalent human pathogen that infects epidermal keratinocytes and sensitive neurons, is capable of negatively modulating autophagy. Since the effects of HSV-1 infection on autophagic receptors have been poorly explored, this study aims to understand the consequences of HSV-1 productive infection on the levels of the major autophagic receptors involved in xenophagy, key proteins in the recruitment of intracellular pathogens into autophagosomes. We found that productive HSV-1 infection in human neuroglioma cells and keratinocytes causes a reduction in the total levels of Ub conjugates and decreases protein levels of autophagic receptors, including SQSTM1/p62, OPTN1, NBR1, and NDP52, a phenotype that is also accompanied by reduced levels of LC3-I and LC3-II, which interact directly with autophagic receptors. Mechanistically, we show these phenotypes are the result of xenophagy activation in the early stages of productive HSV-1 infection to limit virus replication, thereby reducing progeny HSV-1 yield. Additionally, we found that the removal of the tegument HSV-1 protein US11, a recognized viral factor that counteracts autophagy in host cells, enhances the clearance of autophagic receptors, with a significant reduction in the progeny HSV-1 yield. Moreover, the removal of US11 increases the ubiquitination of SQSTM1/p62, indicating that US11 slows down the autophagy turnover of autophagy receptors. Overall, our findings suggest that xenophagy is a potent host defense against HSV-1 replication and reveals the role of the autophagic receptors in the delivery of HSV-1 to clearance via xenophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Pino-Belmar
- Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (C.P.-B.); (R.A.); (V.C.N.); (P.S.)
| | - Rayén Aguilar
- Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (C.P.-B.); (R.A.); (V.C.N.); (P.S.)
| | - Guillermo E. Valenzuela-Nieto
- Instituto de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile;
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Viviana A. Cavieres
- Organelle Phagy Lab, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Lota 2465, Santiago 7510157, Chile; (V.A.C.); (C.C.-T.); (P.V.B.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Lota 2465, Santiago 7510157, Chile
| | - Cristóbal Cerda-Troncoso
- Organelle Phagy Lab, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Lota 2465, Santiago 7510157, Chile; (V.A.C.); (C.C.-T.); (P.V.B.)
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Valentina C. Navarrete
- Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (C.P.-B.); (R.A.); (V.C.N.); (P.S.)
| | - Paula Salazar
- Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (C.P.-B.); (R.A.); (V.C.N.); (P.S.)
| | - Patricia V. Burgos
- Organelle Phagy Lab, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Lota 2465, Santiago 7510157, Chile; (V.A.C.); (C.C.-T.); (P.V.B.)
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Carola Otth
- Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (C.P.-B.); (R.A.); (V.C.N.); (P.S.)
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Hianara A. Bustamante
- Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (C.P.-B.); (R.A.); (V.C.N.); (P.S.)
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Dai W, Tian R, Yu L, Bian S, Chen Y, Yin B, Luan Y, Chen S, Fan Z, Yan R, Pan X, Hou Y, Li R, Chen J, Shu M. Overcoming therapeutic resistance in oncolytic herpes virotherapy by targeting IGF2BP3-induced NETosis in malignant glioma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:131. [PMID: 38167409 PMCID: PMC10762148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy holds promise for cancer treatment, but the factors determining its oncolytic activity remain unclear. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are associated with cancer progression, yet their formation mechanism and role in oncolytic virotherapy remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that, in glioma, upregulation of IGF2BP3 enhances the expression of E3 ubiquitin protein ligase MIB1, promoting FTO degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. This results in increased m6A-mediated CSF3 release and NET formation. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) stimulates IGF2BP3-induced NET formation in malignant glioma. In glioma models in female mice, a BET inhibitor enhances the oncolytic activity of oHSV by impeding IGF2BP3-induced NETosis, reinforcing virus replication through BRD4 recruitment with the CDK9/RPB-1 complex to HSV gene promoters. Our findings unveil the regulation of m6A-mediated NET formation, highlight oncolytic virus-induced NETosis as a critical checkpoint hindering oncolytic potential, and propose targeting NETosis as a strategy to overcome resistance in oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruotong Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liubing Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shasha Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuling Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bowen Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxuan Luan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoyang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rucheng Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Pan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Yingyong Hou
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juxiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Minfeng Shu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Ma Y, Deng X, Zhou L, Dong H, Xu P. HSV-1 selectively packs the transcription factor Oct-1 into EVs to facilitate its infection. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1205906. [PMID: 37396389 PMCID: PMC10309031 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1205906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HSV-1 hijacks the cellular vesicular secretion system and promotes the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from infected cells. This is believed to facilitate the maturation, secretion, intracellular transportation and immune evasion of the virus. Intriguingly, previous studies have shown that noninfectious EVs from HSV-1-infected cells exert antiviral effects on HSV-1 and have identified host restrictive factors, such as STING, CD63, and Sp100 packed in these lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles. Octamer-binding transcription factor-1 (Oct-1) is shown here to be a pro-viral cargo in non-virion-containing EVs during HSV-1 infection and serves to facilitate virus dissemination. Specifically, during HSV-1 infection, the nuclear localized transcription factor Oct-1 displayed punctate cytosolic staining that frequently colocalized with VP16 and was increasingly secreted into the extracellular space. HSV-1 grown in cells bereft of Oct-1 (Oct-1 KO) was significantly less efficient at transcribing viral genes during the next round of infection. In fact, HSV-1 promoted increased exportation of Oct-1 in non-virion-containing EVs, but not the other VP16-induced complex (VIC) component HCF-1, and EV-associated Oct-1 was promptly imported into the nucleus of recipient cells to facilitate the next round of HSV-1 infection. Interestingly, we also found that EVs from HSV-1-infected cells primed cells for infection by another RNA virus, vesicular stomatitis virus. In summary, this investigation reports one of the first pro-viral host proteins packed into EVs during HSV-1 infection and underlines the heterogenetic nature and complexity of these noninfectious double-lipid particles.
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Deng L, Wan J, Cheng A, Wang M, Tian B, Wu Y, Yang Q, Ou X, Mao S, Sun D, Zhang S, Zhu D, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao X, Huang J, Gao Q, Yu Y, Zhang L, Pan L. Duck plague virus US3 protein kinase phosphorylates UL47 and regulates the subcellular localization of UL47. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:876820. [PMID: 36386680 PMCID: PMC9641017 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.876820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck plague virus (DPV) belongs to the alphaherpesvirinae and causes high morbidity and mortality in waterfowl. UL47 is a large abundant structural protein in DPV, which means that UL47 protein plays an important role in virus replication. US3 protein, as a viral protein kinase in alphaherpesviruses, has been reported to be critical for DPV virion assembly. In this study, we over-expressed UL47 and US3 proteins and found that DPV UL47 protein was a phosphorylated substrate of US3 protein, which interacted and co-localized with US3 protein in the cytoplasm. US3-regulated phosphorylation of UL47 was important for the cytoplasmic localization of UL47 because non-phosphorylated UL47 was localized in the nucleus. The six sites of UL47 at Thr29, Ser30, Ser42, Thr47, Ser161, and Thr775 were identified as the phosphorylation targets of US3 protein. In vivo, UL47 phosphorylation was also detected but not in ΔUS3-infected cells. US3 protein promoted the cytoplasmic localization of UL47 at the late stage of infection, and the lack of US3 protein caused a delay in UL47 translocation to the cytoplasm. These results enhance our understanding of the functions of US3 during DPV infection and provide some references for DPV assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyao Deng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jieyu Wan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Mingshu Wang,
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Dai H, Wu J, Yang H, Guo Y, Di H, Gao M, Wang J. Construction of BHV-1 UL41 Defective Virus Using the CRISPR/Cas9 System and Analysis of Viral Replication Properties. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:942987. [PMID: 35873151 PMCID: PMC9304932 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.942987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) is a neurotropic herpesvirus that causes infectious rhinotracheitis and vulvovaginitis in cattle. The virion host shutoff protein encoded by the BHV-1 UL41 gene is highly conserved in the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily. This protein can degrade viral and host messenger RNA (mRNA) to interrupt host defense and facilitate the rapid proliferation of BHV-1. However, studies on the BHV-1 UL41 gene are limited, and BHV-1 defective virus construction using the CRISPR/Cas9 system is somewhat challenging. In this study, we rapidly constructed a BHV-1 UL41-deficient strain using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in BL primary bovine-derived cells. BHV-1 UL41-defective mutants were screened by Western blot analysis using specific polyclonal antibodies as the primary antibodies. During the isolation and purification of the defective strain, a mixed virus pool edited by an efficient single-guide RNA (sgRNA) showed a plaque number reduction. Viral growth property assessment showed that BHV-1 UL41 was dispensable for replication, but the UL41-defective strain exhibited early and slowed viral replication. Furthermore, the BHV-1 UL41-deficient strain exhibited enhanced sensitivity to temperature and acidic environments. The BHV-1 UL41-deficient strain regulated viral and host mRNA levels to affect viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Junwei Wang
- *Correspondence: Mingchun Gao, ; Junwei Wang,
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Ball CB, Parida M, Li M, Spector BM, Suarez GA, Meier JL, Price DH. Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Elicits Global Changes in Host Transcription by RNA Polymerases I, II, and III. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040779. [PMID: 35458509 PMCID: PMC9026722 DOI: 10.3390/v14040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
How human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection impacts the transcription of the host genome remains incompletely understood. Here, we examine the global consequences of infection of primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) on transcription by RNA polymerase I, II, and III over the course of a lytic infection using PRO-Seq. The expected rapid induction of innate immune response genes is observed with specific subsets of genes exhibiting dissimilar expression kinetics. We find minimal effects on Pol II initiation, but increased rates of the release of paused Pol II into productive elongation are detected by 24 h postinfection and pronounced at late times postinfection. Pol I transcription increases during infection and we provide evidence for a potential Pol I elongation control mechanism. Pol III transcription of tRNA genes is dramatically altered, with many induced and some repressed. All effects are partially dependent on viral genome replication, suggesting a link to viral mRNA levels and/or a viral early–late or late gene product. Changes in tRNA transcription are connected to distinct alterations in the chromatin state around tRNA genes, which were probed with high-resolution DFF-ChIP. Additionally, evidence is provided that the Pol III PIC stably contacts an upstream −1 nucleosome. Finally, we compared and contrasted our HCMV data with results from published experiments with HSV-1, EBV, KSHV, and MHV68. We report disparate effects on Pol II transcription and potentially similar effects on Pol III transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B. Ball
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (C.B.B.); (M.P.); (B.M.S.); (G.A.S.)
| | - Mrutyunjaya Parida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (C.B.B.); (M.P.); (B.M.S.); (G.A.S.)
| | - Ming Li
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Iowa and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (M.L.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Benjamin M. Spector
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (C.B.B.); (M.P.); (B.M.S.); (G.A.S.)
| | - Gustavo A. Suarez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (C.B.B.); (M.P.); (B.M.S.); (G.A.S.)
| | - Jeffery L. Meier
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Iowa and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (M.L.); (J.L.M.)
| | - David H. Price
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (C.B.B.); (M.P.); (B.M.S.); (G.A.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Ghonime MG, Saini U, Kelly MC, Roth JC, Wang PY, Chen CY, Miller K, Hernandez-Aguirre I, Kim Y, Mo X, Stanek JR, Cripe T, Mardis E, Cassady KA. Eliciting an immune-mediated antitumor response through oncolytic herpes simplex virus-based shared antigen expression in tumors resistant to viroimmunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002939. [PMID: 34599026 PMCID: PMC8488720 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oncolytic virotherapy (OV) is an immunotherapy that incorporates viral cancer cell lysis with engagement of the recruited immune response against cancer cells. Pediatric solid tumors are challenging targets because they contain both an inert immune environment and a quiet antigenic landscape, making them more resistant to conventional OV approaches. Further complicating this, herpes simplex virus suppresses host gene expression during virotherapy infection. Methods We therefore developed a multimodal oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) that expresses ephrin A2 (EphA2), a shared tumor-associated antigen (TAA) expressed by many tumors to improve immune-mediated antitumor activity. We verified the virus genotypically and phenotypically and then tested it in an oHSV-resistant orthotopic model (including immunophenotypic analysis), in flank and in T cell-deficient mouse models. We then assessed the antigen-expressing virus in an unrelated peripheral tumor model that also expresses the shared tumor antigen and evaluated functional T-cell response from the treated mice. Results Virus-based EphA2 expression induces a robust acquired antitumor immune responses in both an oHSV-resistant murine brain and peripheral tumor model. Our new multimodal oncolytic virus (1) improves survival in viroimmunotherapy resistant tumors, (2) alters both the infiltrating and peripheral T-cell populations capable of suppressing tumor growth on rechallenge, and (3) produces EphA2-specific CD8 effector-like populations. Conclusions Our results suggest that this flexible viral-based platform enables immune recognition of the shared TAA and improves the immune-therapeutic response, thus making it well suited for low-mutational load tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed G Ghonime
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Uksha Saini
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael C Kelly
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Justin C Roth
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Pin-Yi Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Katherine Miller
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Yeaseul Kim
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph R Stanek
- Biostatistics Resource, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tim Cripe
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Elaine Mardis
- Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kevin A Cassady
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA .,Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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8
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Lin YT, Chau LF, Coutts H, Mahmoudi M, Drampa V, Lee CH, Brown A, Hughes DJ, Grey F. Does the Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein (ZAP) Shape the Evolution of Herpesvirus Genomes? Viruses 2021; 13:1857. [PMID: 34578438 PMCID: PMC8473364 DOI: 10.3390/v13091857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An evolutionary arms race occurs between viruses and hosts. Hosts have developed an array of antiviral mechanisms aimed at inhibiting replication and spread of viruses, reducing their fitness, and ultimately minimising pathogenic effects. In turn, viruses have evolved sophisticated counter-measures that mediate evasion of host defence mechanisms. A key aspect of host defences is the ability to differentiate between self and non-self. Previous studies have demonstrated significant suppression of CpG and UpA dinucleotide frequencies in the coding regions of RNA and small DNA viruses. Artificially increasing these dinucleotide frequencies results in a substantial attenuation of virus replication, suggesting dinucleotide bias could facilitate recognition of non-self RNA. The interferon-inducible gene, zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) is the host factor responsible for sensing CpG dinucleotides in viral RNA and restricting RNA viruses through direct binding and degradation of the target RNA. Herpesviruses are large DNA viruses that comprise three subfamilies, alpha, beta and gamma, which display divergent CpG dinucleotide patterns within their genomes. ZAP has recently been shown to act as a host restriction factor against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a beta-herpesvirus, which in turn evades ZAP detection by suppressing CpG levels in the major immediate-early transcript IE1, one of the first genes expressed by the virus. While suppression of CpG dinucleotides allows evasion of ZAP targeting, synonymous changes in nucleotide composition that cause genome biases, such as low GC content, can cause inefficient gene expression, especially in unspliced transcripts. To maintain compact genomes, the majority of herpesvirus transcripts are unspliced. Here we discuss how the conflicting pressures of ZAP evasion, the need to maintain compact genomes through the use of unspliced transcripts and maintaining efficient gene expression may have shaped the evolution of herpesvirus genomes, leading to characteristic CpG dinucleotide patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Tang Lin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (Y.-T.L.); (L.-F.C.); (H.C.); (M.M.); (V.D.); (C.-H.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Long-Fung Chau
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (Y.-T.L.); (L.-F.C.); (H.C.); (M.M.); (V.D.); (C.-H.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Hannah Coutts
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (Y.-T.L.); (L.-F.C.); (H.C.); (M.M.); (V.D.); (C.-H.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Matin Mahmoudi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (Y.-T.L.); (L.-F.C.); (H.C.); (M.M.); (V.D.); (C.-H.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Vayalena Drampa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (Y.-T.L.); (L.-F.C.); (H.C.); (M.M.); (V.D.); (C.-H.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Chen-Hsuin Lee
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (Y.-T.L.); (L.-F.C.); (H.C.); (M.M.); (V.D.); (C.-H.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Alex Brown
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (Y.-T.L.); (L.-F.C.); (H.C.); (M.M.); (V.D.); (C.-H.L.); (A.B.)
| | - David J. Hughes
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK;
| | - Finn Grey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (Y.-T.L.); (L.-F.C.); (H.C.); (M.M.); (V.D.); (C.-H.L.); (A.B.)
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9
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He T, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Jia R, Wu Y, Huang J, Tian B, Liu M, Chen S, Zhao XX, Zhu D, Zhang S, Ou X, Mao S, Gao Q, Sun D. DPV UL41 gene encoding protein induces host shutoff activity and affects viral replication. Vet Microbiol 2021; 255:108979. [PMID: 33721633 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.108979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The virion host shutoff (VHS) protein, encoded by the UL41 gene of herpes simplex virus (HSV), specifically degrades mRNA and induces host shutoff. VHS and its homologs are highly conserved in the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily. However, the role of the duck plague virus (DPV) UL41 gene is unclear. In this study, we found that the DPV UL41 gene-encoded protein (pUL41) degrades RNA polymerase (pol) II-transcribed translatable RNA and induces protein synthesis shutoff. DPV pUL41 was dispensable for viral replication, but the UL41-deleted mutant virus exhibited a significant viral growth defect and plaque size reduction in Duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cells. Furthermore, DPV pUL41 regulated viral mRNA accumulation to affect viral DNA replication, release and cell-to-cell spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqiong He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Xuming Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
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10
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Friedel CC, Whisnant AW, Djakovic L, Rutkowski AJ, Friedl MS, Kluge M, Williamson JC, Sai S, Vidal RO, Sauer S, Hennig T, Grothey A, Milić A, Prusty BK, Lehner PJ, Matheson NJ, Erhard F, Dölken L. Dissecting Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Induced Host Shutoff at the RNA Level. J Virol 2021; 95:e01399-20. [PMID: 33148793 PMCID: PMC7925104 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01399-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) induces a profound host shutoff during lytic infection. The virion host shutoff (vhs) protein plays a key role in this process by efficiently cleaving host and viral mRNAs. Furthermore, the onset of viral DNA replication is accompanied by a rapid decline in host transcriptional activity. To dissect relative contributions of both mechanisms and elucidate gene-specific host transcriptional responses throughout the first 8 h of lytic HSV-1 infection, we used transcriptome sequencing of total, newly transcribed (4sU-labeled) and chromatin-associated RNA in wild-type (WT) and Δvhs mutant infection of primary human fibroblasts. Following virus entry, vhs activity rapidly plateaued at an elimination rate of around 30% of cellular mRNAs per hour until 8 h postinfection (p.i.). In parallel, host transcriptional activity dropped to 10 to 20%. While the combined effects of both phenomena dominated infection-induced changes in total RNA, extensive gene-specific transcriptional regulation was observable in chromatin-associated RNA and was surprisingly concordant between WT and Δvhs infections. Both induced strong transcriptional upregulation of a small subset of genes that were poorly expressed prior to infection but already primed by H3K4me3 histone marks at their promoters. Most interestingly, analysis of chromatin-associated RNA revealed vhs-nuclease-activity-dependent transcriptional downregulation of at least 150 cellular genes, in particular of many integrin adhesome and extracellular matrix components. This was accompanied by a vhs-dependent reduction in protein levels by 8 h p.i. for many of these genes. In summary, our study provides a comprehensive picture of the molecular mechanisms that govern cellular RNA metabolism during the first 8 h of lytic HSV-1 infection.IMPORTANCE The HSV-1 virion host shutoff (vhs) protein efficiently cleaves both host and viral mRNAs in a translation-dependent manner. In this study, we model and quantify changes in vhs activity, as well as virus-induced global loss of host transcriptional activity, during productive HSV-1 infection. In general, HSV-1-induced alterations in total RNA levels were dominated by these two global effects. In contrast, chromatin-associated RNA depicted gene-specific transcriptional changes. This revealed highly concordant transcriptional changes in WT and Δvhs infections, confirmed DUX4 as a key transcriptional regulator in HSV-1 infection, and identified vhs-dependent transcriptional downregulation of the integrin adhesome and extracellular matrix components. The latter explained seemingly gene-specific effects previously attributed to vhs-mediated mRNA degradation and resulted in a concordant loss in protein levels by 8 h p.i. for many of the respective genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Friedel
- Institute of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Adam W Whisnant
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lara Djakovic
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Marie-Sophie Friedl
- Institute of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Kluge
- Institute of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - James C Williamson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Somesh Sai
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine/Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ramon Oliveira Vidal
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine/Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine/Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Hennig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Arnhild Grothey
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Milić
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bhupesh K Prusty
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Matheson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Erhard
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lars Dölken
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
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11
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Dogrammatzis C, Waisner H, Kalamvoki M. "Non-Essential" Proteins of HSV-1 with Essential Roles In Vivo: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2020; 13:E17. [PMID: 33374862 PMCID: PMC7824580 DOI: 10.3390/v13010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses encode for structural proteins that participate in virion formation and include capsid and envelope proteins. In addition, viruses encode for an array of non-structural accessory proteins important for replication, spread, and immune evasion in the host and are often linked to virus pathogenesis. Most virus accessory proteins are non-essential for growth in cell culture because of the simplicity of the infection barriers or because they have roles only during a state of the infection that does not exist in cell cultures (i.e., tissue-specific functions), or finally because host factors in cell culture can complement their absence. For these reasons, the study of most nonessential viral factors is more complex and requires development of suitable cell culture systems and in vivo models. Approximately half of the proteins encoded by the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) genome have been classified as non-essential. These proteins have essential roles in vivo in counteracting antiviral responses, facilitating the spread of the virus from the sites of initial infection to the peripheral nervous system, where it establishes lifelong reservoirs, virus pathogenesis, and other regulatory roles during infection. Understanding the functions of the non-essential proteins of herpesviruses is important to understand mechanisms of viral pathogenesis but also to harness properties of these viruses for therapeutic purposes. Here, we have provided a comprehensive summary of the functions of HSV-1 non-essential proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Kalamvoki
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (C.D.); (H.W.)
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12
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He T, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Jia R, Wu Y, Huang J, Chen S, Zhao XX, Liu M, Zhu D, Zhang S, Ou X, Mao S, Gao Q, Sun D, Wen X, Tian B, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Pan L, Chen X. Duck enteritis virus pUL47, as a late structural protein localized in the nucleus, mainly depends on residues 40 to 50 and 768 to 777 and inhibits IFN-β signalling by interacting with STAT1. Vet Res 2020; 51:135. [PMID: 33176874 PMCID: PMC7656727 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00859-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily. The characteristics of some DEV genes have been reported. However, information regarding the DEV UL47 gene is limited. In this study, we identified the DEV UL47 gene encoding a late structural protein located in the nucleus of infected cells. We further found that two domains of DEV pUL47, amino acids (aa) 40 to 50 and 768 to 777, could function as nuclear localization sequence (NLS) to guide the nuclear localization of pUL47 and nuclear translocation of heterologous proteins, including enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and beta-galactosidase (β-Gal). Moreover, pUL47 significantly inhibited polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I:C)]-induced interferon beta (IFN-β) production and downregulated interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression, such as Mx and oligoadenylate synthetase-like (OASL), by interacting with signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqiong He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuming Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - XinJian Wen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
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13
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Birzer A, Krawczyk A, Draßner C, Kuhnt C, Mühl-Zürbes P, Heilingloh CS, Steinkasserer A, Popella L. HSV-1 Modulates IL-6 Receptor Expression on Human Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1970. [PMID: 32983130 PMCID: PMC7479228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the guardians of the immune system since they are located in the majority of peripheral tissues. In addition, they are crucial for the induction of an effective immune response based on their unique capacity to stimulate naive T cells. During co-evolution, the human pathogen herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has evolved several immune evasion mechanisms in order to subvert the host's immune system especially by targeting DC biology and function. Here we demonstrate that HSV-1 infection influences the IL-6 receptor (IL6R) expression both on protein and mRNA levels in/on human monocyte-derived mature DCs (mDCs). Surprisingly, reduced IL6R expression levels were also observed on uninfected bystander mDCs. Mechanistically, we clearly show that HSV-1-derived non-infectious light (L-) particles are sufficient to trigger IL6R regulation on uninfected bystander mDCs. These L-particles lack the viral DNA-loaded capsid and are predominantly produced during infection of mDCs. Our results show that the deletion of the HSV-1 tegument protein vhs partially rescued the reduced IL6R surface expression levels on/in bystander mDCs. Using a neutralizing antibody, which perturbs the transfer of L-particles to bystander mDCs, was sufficient to rescue the modulation of IL6R surface expression on uninfected bystander mDCs. This study provides evidence that L-particles transfer specific viral proteins to uninfected bystander mDCs, thereby negatively interfering with their IL6R expression levels, however, to a lesser extend compared to H-particles. Due to their immune-modulatory capacity, L-particles represent an elaborated approach of HSV-1-mediated immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Birzer
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christina Draßner
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Kuhnt
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Petra Mühl-Zürbes
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christiane Silke Heilingloh
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Linda Popella
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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14
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He T, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Wu Y, Jia R, Liu M, Zhu D, Chen S, Zhang S, Zhao XX, Huang J, Sun D, Mao S, Ou X, Wang Y, Xu Z, Chen Z, Zhu L, Luo Q, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Tian B, Pan L, Rehman MU, Chen X. Host shutoff activity of VHS and SOX-like proteins: role in viral survival and immune evasion. Virol J 2020; 17:68. [PMID: 32430029 PMCID: PMC7235440 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host shutoff refers to the widespread downregulation of host gene expression and has emerged as a key process that facilitates the reallocation of cellular resources for viral replication and evasion of host antiviral immune responses. MAIN BODY The Herpesviridae family uses a number of proteins that are responsible for host shutoff by directly targeting messenger RNA (mRNA), including virion host shutoff (VHS) protein and the immediate-early regulatory protein ICP27 of herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and the SOX (shutoff and exonuclease) protein and its homologs in Gammaherpesvirinae subfamilies, although these proteins are not homologous. In this review, we highlight evidence that host shutoff is promoted by the VHS, ICP27 and SOX-like proteins and that they also contribute to immune evasion. CONCLUSIONS Further studies regarding the host shutoff proteins will not only contribute to provide new insights into the viral replication, expression and host immune evasion process, but also provide new molecular targets for the development of antiviral drugs and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqiong He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China. .,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuming Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihui Luo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
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15
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16
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Ma W, Wang H, He H. Bovine herpesvirus 1 tegument protein UL41 suppresses antiviral innate immune response via directly targeting STAT1. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Dauber B, Saffran HA, Smiley JR. The herpes simplex virus host shutoff (vhs) RNase limits accumulation of double stranded RNA in infected cells: Evidence for accelerated decay of duplex RNA. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008111. [PMID: 31626661 PMCID: PMC6821131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus virion host shutoff (vhs) RNase destabilizes cellular and viral mRNAs and blunts host innate antiviral responses. Previous work demonstrated that cells infected with vhs mutants display enhanced activation of the host double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase R (PKR), implying that vhs limits dsRNA accumulation in infected cells. Confirming this hypothesis, we show that partially complementary transcripts of the UL23/UL24 and UL30/31 regions of the viral genome increase in abundance when vhs is inactivated, giving rise to greatly increased levels of intracellular dsRNA formed by annealing of the overlapping portions of these RNAs. Thus, vhs limits accumulation of dsRNA at least in part by reducing the levels of complementary viral transcripts. We then asked if vhs also destabilizes dsRNA after its initial formation. Here, we used a reporter system employing two mCherry expression plasmids bearing complementary 3’ UTRs to produce defined dsRNA species in uninfected cells. The dsRNAs are unstable, but are markedly stabilized by co-expressing the HSV dsRNA-binding protein US11. Strikingly, vhs delivered by super-infecting HSV virions accelerates the decay of these pre-formed dsRNAs in both the presence and absence of US11, a novel and unanticipated activity of vhs. Vhs binds the host RNA helicase eIF4A, and we find that vhs-induced dsRNA decay is attenuated by the eIF4A inhibitor hippuristanol, providing evidence that eIF4A participates in the process. Our results show that a herpesvirus host shutoff RNase destabilizes dsRNA in addition to targeting partially complementary viral mRNAs, raising the possibility that the mRNA destabilizing proteins of other viral pathogens dampen the host response to dsRNA through similar mechanisms. Essentially all viruses produce double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) during infection. Host organisms therefore deploy a variety of dsRNA receptors to trigger innate antiviral defenses. Not surprisingly, viruses in turn produce an array of antagonists to block this host response. The best characterized of the viral antagonists function by binding to and masking dsRNA and/or blocking downstream signaling events. Other less studied viral antagonists appear to function by reducing the levels of dsRNA in infected cells, but exactly how they do so remains unknown. Here we show that one such viral antagonist, the herpes simplex virus vhs ribonuclease, reduces dsRNA levels in two distinct ways. First, as previously suggested, it dampens the accumulation of partially complementary viral mRNAs, reducing the potential for generating dsRNA. Second, it helps remove dsRNA after its formation, a novel and surprising activity of a protein best known for its activity on single-stranded mRNA. Many other viral pathogens produce proteins that target mRNAs for rapid destruction, and it will be important to determine if these also limit host dsRNA responses in similar ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Dauber
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Holly A. Saffran
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James R. Smiley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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18
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Jahanban‐Esfahlan R, Seidi K, Majidinia M, Karimian A, Yousefi B, Nabavi SM, Astani A, Berindan‐Neagoe I, Gulei D, Fallarino F, Gargaro M, Manni G, Pirro M, Xu S, Sadeghi M, Nabavi SF, Shirooie S. Toll‐like receptors as novel therapeutic targets for herpes simplex virus infection. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2048. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rana Jahanban‐Esfahlan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Drug Applied Research CenterTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Khaled Seidi
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research CenterUrmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia Iran
| | - Ansar Karimian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research CenterTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical Science Tabriz Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research CenterBaqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Akram Astani
- Department of MicrobiologyShahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd Iran
| | - Ioana Berindan‐Neagoe
- MEDFUTURE ‐Research Center for Advanced Medicine“Iuliu‐Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj‐Napoca Romania
- Research Centerfor Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine“Iuliu‐Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj‐Napoca Romania
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental PathologyThe Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuţă” Cluj‐Napoca Romania
| | - Diana Gulei
- MEDFUTURE ‐Research Center for Advanced Medicine“Iuliu‐Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj‐Napoca Romania
| | | | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of Perugia Italy
| | - Giorgia Manni
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of Perugia Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Perugia Italy
| | - Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of Rochester Rochester NY USA
| | - Mahmoud Sadeghi
- Department of Transplantation ImmunologyUniversity of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research CenterBaqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Samira Shirooie
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of PharmacyKermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
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19
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Abstract
Acyclovir (ACV) is an effective antiviral agent for treating lytic Herpes Simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) infections, and it has dramatically reduced the mortality rate of herpes simplex encephalitis. However, HSV-1 resistance to ACV and its derivatives is being increasingly documented, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. The burgeoning drug resistance compels the search for a new generation of more efficacious anti-herpetic drugs. We have previously shown that trans-dihydrolycoricidine (R430), a lycorane-type alkaloid derivative, effectively inhibits HSV-1 infections in cultured cells. We now report that R430 also inhibits ACV-resistant HSV-1 strains, accompanied by global inhibition of viral gene transcription and enrichment of H3K27me3 methylation on viral gene promoters. Furthermore, we demonstrate that R430 prevents HSV-1 reactivation from latency in an ex vivo rodent model. Finally, among a panel of DNA viruses and RNA viruses, R430 inhibited Zika virus with high therapeutic index. Its therapeutic index is comparable to standard antiviral drugs, though it has greater toxicity in non-neuronal cells than in neuronal cells. Synthesis of additional derivatives could enable more efficacious antivirals and the identification of active pharmacophores.
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20
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Hübner A, Keil GM, Kabuuka T, Mettenleiter TC, Fuchs W. Efficient transgene insertion in a pseudorabies virus vector by CRISPR/Cas9 and marker rescue-enforced recombination. J Virol Methods 2018; 262:38-47. [PMID: 30248362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For development of vectored vaccines against porcine pathogens the genome of the pseudorabies virus vaccine strain Bartha (PrV-Ba) was previously cloned as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), containing the bacterial replicon and a reporter gene cassette encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) at the nonessential glycoprotein G locus. To facilitate substitution of this insertion, this BAC was now modified by deletion of the adjacent promoter and initiation codon of the essential glycoprotein D (gD) gene of PrV-Ba. Furthermore, rabbit kidney (RK13) cells stably expressing Cas9 nuclease and an EGFP gene-specific guide RNA were prepared to induce site specific cleavage of the BAC DNA. After co-transfection of these cells with the modified BAC and recombination plasmids containing expression cassettes for new transgenes flanked by PrV DNA sequences including the intact 5'-end of the gD gene, >95% of the recombinants exhibited the desired gene substitutions, while no EGFP-expressing progeny virus was detectable. This approach was used for insertion and expression of the open reading frames E199L, CP204L (p30) and KP177R (p22) of African swine fever virus. The studies revealed that codon adaptation significantly enhanced expression of E199L, and that the chimeric CAG promoter increased transgene expression compared to cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hübner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Günther M Keil
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Tonny Kabuuka
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Walter Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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21
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He T, Wang M, Cao X, Cheng A, Wu Y, Yang Q, Liu M, Zhu D, Jia R, Chen S, Sun K, Zhao X, Chen X. Molecular characterization of duck enteritis virus UL41 protein. Virol J 2018; 15:12. [PMID: 29334975 PMCID: PMC5769551 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0928-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duck enteritis virus (DEV) belongs to the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, and information on the DEV UL41 gene is limited. METHODS The DEV UL41 gene was cloned into the pET32a(+) vector and expressed in a prokaryotic expression system. Antiserum was raised against a bacterially expressed UL41-His fusion protein for further experiments. Transcription was quantified and UL41 protein expression levels were determined in DEV-infected cells at different time points by RT-qPCR and western blotting, respectively. DEV virions were purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation and analyzed by mass spectrometry to identify protein content. We confirmed the DEV UL41 gene kinetic class using a pharmacological test. IFA was used to analyze the intracellular localization of pUL41. RESULTS The recombinant expression plasmid, pET-32a(+)-UL41, which highly expresses a 76.0 kDa fusion protein, was constructed and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) after induction with 0.2 mM IPTG at 30 °C for 10 h, generating a specific mouse anti-UL41 protein polyclonal antibody. RT-qPCR and western blot analyses revealed that the UL41 transcript number peaked at 36 hpi, and peak protein expression occurred at 48 hpi. The pharmacological test showed that UL41 was a γ2 gene. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that pUL41 was a virion component. IFA results revealed that pUL41 was localized throughout DEV-infected cells but only localized to the cytoplasm of transfected cells. DEV pUL47 translocated pUL41 to the nuclei of DEF cells; this translocation was dependent on predicted pUL47 NLS signals (40-50 aa and 768-777 aa). CONCLUSIONS DEV UL41 is a γ2 gene that encodes a virion structural protein, pUL41 localizes throughout DEV-infected cells but only localizes to the cytoplasm of transfected cells. pUL41 cannot autonomously localize to the nucleus, as this nuclear localization is dependent on predicted DEV pUL47 NLS signals (40-50 aa and 768-777 aa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqiong He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelian Cao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China. .,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunfeng Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
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22
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Abstract
Many viral infections cause host shutoff, a state in which host protein synthesis is globally inhibited. Emerging evidence from vaccinia and influenza A virus infections indicates that subsets of cellular proteins are resistant to host shutoff and continue to be synthesized. Remarkably, the proteins of oxidative phosphorylation, the cellular-energy-generating machinery, are selectively synthesized in both cases. Identifying mechanisms that drive selective protein synthesis should facilitate understanding both viral replication and fundamental cell biology.
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23
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CTCF interacts with the lytic HSV-1 genome to promote viral transcription. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39861. [PMID: 28045091 PMCID: PMC5206630 DOI: 10.1038/srep39861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CTCF is an essential chromatin regulator implicated in important nuclear processes including in nuclear organization and transcription. Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous human pathogen, which enters productive infection in human epithelial and many other cell types. CTCF is known to bind several sites in the HSV-1 genome during latency and reactivation, but its function has not been defined. Here, we report that CTCF interacts extensively with the HSV-1 DNA during lytic infection by ChIP-seq, and its knockdown results in the reduction of viral transcription, viral genome copy number and virus yield. CTCF knockdown led to increased H3K9me3 and H3K27me3, and a reduction of RNA pol II occupancy on viral genes. Importantly, ChIP-seq analysis revealed that there is a higher level of CTD Ser2P modified RNA Pol II near CTCF peaks relative to the Ser5P form in the viral genome. Consistent with this, CTCF knockdown reduced the Ser2P but increased Ser5P modified forms of RNA Pol II on viral genes. These results suggest that CTCF promotes HSV-1 lytic transcription by facilitating the elongation of RNA Pol II and preventing silenced chromatin on the viral genome.
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24
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Herpes simplex virus ICP27 regulates alternative pre-mRNA polyadenylation and splicing in a sequence-dependent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:12256-12261. [PMID: 27791013 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609695113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus (HSV) infected cell culture polypeptide 27 (ICP27) protein is essential for virus infection of cells. Recent studies suggested that ICP27 inhibits splicing in a gene-specific manner via an unknown mechanism. Here, RNA-sequencing revealed that ICP27 not only inhibits splicing of certain introns in <1% of cellular genes, but also can promote use of alternative 5' splice sites. In addition, ICP27 induced expression of pre-mRNAs prematurely cleaved and polyadenylated from cryptic polyadenylation signals (PAS) located in intron 1 or 2 of ∼1% of cellular genes. These previously undescribed prematurely cleaved and polyadenylated pre-mRNAs, some of which contain novel ORFs, were typically intronless, <2 Kb in length, expressed early during viral infection, and efficiently exported to cytoplasm. Sequence analysis revealed that ICP27-targeted genes are GC-rich (as are HSV genes), contain cytosine-rich sequences near the 5' splice site, and have suboptimal splice sites in the impacted intron, suggesting that a common mechanism is shared between ICP27-mediated alternative polyadenylation and splicing. Optimization of splice site sequences or mutation of nearby cytosines eliminated ICP27-mediated splicing inhibition, and introduction of C-rich sequences to an ICP27-insensitive splicing reporter conferred this phenotype, supporting the inference that specific gene sequences confer susceptibility to ICP27. Although HSV is the first virus and ICP27 is the first viral protein shown to activate cryptic PASs in introns, we suspect that other viruses and cellular genes also encode this function.
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25
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Xu X, Che Y, Li Q. HSV-1 tegument protein and the development of its genome editing technology. Virol J 2016; 13:108. [PMID: 27343062 PMCID: PMC4919851 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is composed of complex structures primarily characterized by four elements: the nucleus, capsid, tegument and envelope. The tegument is an important viral component mainly distributed in the spaces between the capsid and the envelope. The development of viral genome editing technologies, such as the identification of temperature-sensitive mutations, homologous recombination, bacterial artificial chromosome, and the CRISPR/Cas9 system, has been shown to largely contribute to the rapid promotion of studies on the HSV-1 tegument protein. Many researches have demonstrated that tegument proteins play crucial roles in viral gene regulatory transcription, viral replication and virulence, viral assembly and even the interaction of the virus with the host immune system. This article briefly reviews the recent research on the functions of tegument proteins and specifically elucidates the function of tegument proteins in viral infection, and then emphasizes the significance of using genome editing technology in studies of providing new techniques and insights into further studies of HSV-1 infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingli Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanchun Che
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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26
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Herbert KM, Nag A. A Tale of Two RNAs during Viral Infection: How Viruses Antagonize mRNAs and Small Non-Coding RNAs in The Host Cell. Viruses 2016; 8:E154. [PMID: 27271653 PMCID: PMC4926174 DOI: 10.3390/v8060154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infection initiates an array of changes in host gene expression. Many viruses dampen host protein expression and attempt to evade the host anti-viral defense machinery. Host gene expression is suppressed at several stages of host messenger RNA (mRNA) formation including selective degradation of translationally competent messenger RNAs. Besides mRNAs, host cells also express a variety of noncoding RNAs, including small RNAs, that may also be subject to inhibition upon viral infection. In this review we focused on different ways viruses antagonize coding and noncoding RNAs in the host cell to its advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Herbert
- Department of Experimental Microbiology, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico.
| | - Anita Nag
- Department of Chemistry, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
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27
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VP8, the Major Tegument Protein of Bovine Herpesvirus 1, Interacts with Cellular STAT1 and Inhibits Interferon Beta Signaling. J Virol 2016; 90:4889-4904. [PMID: 26889034 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00017-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The UL47 gene product, VP8, is the most abundant tegument protein of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). Previously, we demonstrated that a UL47-deleted BoHV-1 mutant (BoHV1-ΔUL47) exhibits 100-fold-reduced virulence in vitro and is avirulent in vivo In this study, we demonstrated that VP8 expression or BoHV-1 infection inhibits interferon beta (IFN-β) signaling by using an IFN-α/β-responsive plasmid in a luciferase assay. As transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) is an essential component in the IFN-signaling pathways, the effect of VP8 on STAT was investigated. An interaction between VP8 and STAT1 was established by coimmunoprecipitation assays in both VP8-transfected and BoHV-1-infected cells. Two domains of VP8, amino acids 259 to 482 and 632 to 686, were found to be responsible for its interaction with STAT1. The expression of VP8 did not induce STAT1 ubiquitination or degradation. Moreover, VP8 did not reduce STAT1 tyrosine phosphorylation to downregulate IFN-β signaling. However, the expression of VP8 or a version of VP8 (amino acids 219 to 741) that contains the STAT1-interacting domains but not the nuclear localization signal prevented nuclear accumulation of STAT1. Inhibition of nuclear accumulation of STAT1 also occurred during BoHV-1 infection, while nuclear translocation of STAT1 was observed in BoHV1-ΔUL47-infected cells. During BoHV-1 infection, VP8 was detected in the cytoplasm at 2 h postinfection without any de novo protein synthesis, at which time STAT1 was already retained in the cytoplasm. These results suggest that viral VP8 downregulates IFN-β signaling early during infection, thus playing a role in overcoming the antiviral response of BoHV-1-infected cells. IMPORTANCE Since VP8 is the most abundant protein in BoHV-1 virions and thus may be released in large amounts into the host cell immediately upon infection, we proposed that it might have a function in the establishment of conditions suitable for viral replication. Indeed, while nonessential in vitro, it is critical for BoHV-1 replication in vivo In this study, we determined that VP8 plays a role in downregulation of the antiviral host response by inhibiting IFN-β signaling. VP8 interacted with and prevented nuclear accumulation of STAT1 at 2 h postinfection in the absence of de novo viral protein synthesis. Two domains of VP8, amino acids 259 to 482 and 632 to 686, were found to be responsible for this interaction. These results provide a new functional role for VP8 in BoHV-1 infection and a potential explanation for the lack of viral replication of the UL47 deletion mutant in cattle.
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28
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Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and Common Themes. Viruses 2016; 8:102. [PMID: 27092522 PMCID: PMC4848596 DOI: 10.3390/v8040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to shut off host gene expression is a shared feature of many viral infections, and it is thought to promote viral replication by freeing host cell machinery and blocking immune responses. Despite the molecular differences between viruses, an emerging theme in the study of host shutoff is that divergent viruses use similar mechanisms to enact host shutoff. Moreover, even viruses that encode few proteins often have multiple mechanisms to affect host gene expression, and we are only starting to understand how these mechanisms are integrated. In this review we discuss the multiplicity of host shutoff mechanisms used by the orthomyxovirus influenza A virus and members of the alpha- and gamma-herpesvirus subfamilies. We highlight the surprising similarities in their mechanisms of host shutoff and discuss how the different mechanisms they use may play a coordinated role in gene regulation.
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29
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Kolb AW, Lee K, Larsen I, Craven M, Brandt CR. Quantitative Trait Locus Based Virulence Determinant Mapping of the HSV-1 Genome in Murine Ocular Infection: Genes Involved in Viral Regulatory and Innate Immune Networks Contribute to Virulence. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005499. [PMID: 26962864 PMCID: PMC4786273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 causes mucocutaneous lesions, and is the leading cause of infectious blindness in the United States. Animal studies have shown that the severity of HSV-1 ocular disease is influenced by three main factors; innate immunity, host immune response and viral strain. We previously showed that mixed infection with two avirulent HSV-1 strains (OD4 and CJ994) resulted in recombinants that exhibit a range of disease phenotypes from severe to avirulent, suggesting epistatic interactions were involved. The goal of this study was to develop a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of HSV-1 ocular virulence determinants and to identify virulence associated SNPs. Blepharitis and stromal keratitis quantitative scores were characterized for 40 OD4:CJ994 recombinants. Viral titers in the eye were also measured. Virulence quantitative trait locus mapping (vQTLmap) was performed using the Lasso, Random Forest, and Ridge regression methods to identify significant phenotypically meaningful regions for each ocular disease parameter. The most predictive Ridge regression model identified several phenotypically meaningful SNPs for blepharitis and stromal keratitis. Notably, phenotypically meaningful nonsynonymous variations were detected in the UL24, UL29 (ICP8), UL41 (VHS), UL53 (gK), UL54 (ICP27), UL56, ICP4, US1 (ICP22), US3 and gG genes. Network analysis revealed that many of these variations were in HSV-1 regulatory networks and viral genes that affect innate immunity. Several genes previously implicated in virulence were identified, validating this approach, while other genes were novel. Several novel polymorphisms were also identified in these genes. This approach provides a framework that will be useful for identifying virulence genes in other pathogenic viruses, as well as epistatic effects that affect HSV-1 ocular virulence. In addition to causing recurrent labial lesions, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is also the primary source of infectious blindness in the United States. Animal studies have shown that the severity of infection is influenced by several factors, including viral strain. Conventional studies investigating the genetics of viral virulence have focused on characterizing a naturally occurring strain, and engineering mutations into viruses. The purpose of this study was to develop a quantitative trait locus (QTL) computational analysis of HSV-1 genome to identify ocular virulence determinants and associated viral SNPs. Notably, phenotypically meaningful variations were detected in the UL24, UL29 (ICP8), UL41 (VHS), UL53 (gK), UL54 (ICP27), UL56, ICP4, US1 (ICP22), US3 and gG genes. Several genes previously implicated in virulence were identified, validating this approach, while other genes were novel. This is the first time a QTL based approach has been applied to a herpesvirus and it will also be valuable in future virulence, epistasis, and protein-protein interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W. Kolb
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kyubin Lee
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Inna Larsen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mark Craven
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Curtis R. Brandt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Liu YF, Tsai PY, Chulakasian S, Lin FY, Hsu WL. The pseudorabies virus vhs protein cleaves RNA containing an IRES sequence. FEBS J 2016; 283:899-911. [PMID: 26744129 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The virion host shutoff protein (vhs), encoded by the gene UL41, has RNase activity and is the key regulator of the early host shutoff response induced by type 1 herpes simplex virus. Despite low amino acid similarity, the vhs protein of the swine herpesvirus, pseudorabies virus (PrV), also exhibits RNase activity. However, the mechanism underlying the action of vhs remains undefined. Here, we report that the RNA degradation profile of PrV vhs is similar, but not identical, to that of type 1 herpes simplex virus vhs. Notably, the presence of a cap structure enhances both the degradation rate and the preferential targeting of the vhs protein towards the 3'-end of the encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Furthermore, type 1 herpes simplex virus vhs produces a simple degradation pattern, but PrV vhs gives rise to multiple intermediates. The results of northern blotting using probes recognizing various regions of the RNA substrate found that PrV vhs also cleaves downstream of the IRES region and this vhs protein overall shows 5' to 3' RNase activity. Moreover, addition of the translation initiation factors eIF4H and eIF4B significantly increased the RNase activity of recombinant PrV vhs against capped RNA. Nonetheless, these proteins did not fully reconstitute the IRES-directed targeting pattern observed for vhs translated in a rabbit reticular lysate system. The interaction between PrV vhs and eIF4H/eIF4B implies that the translation initiation machinery within the cell is able to stimulate the nuclease activity of PrV vhs. However, this process remains inefficient in terms of the IRES-targeting pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yun Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Songkhla Chulakasian
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fong-Yuan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Beauty Science, MeiHo University, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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31
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Human Herpesvirus 6A U14 Is Important for Virus Maturation. J Virol 2015; 90:1677-81. [PMID: 26559847 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02492-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) U14 is a virion protein with little known function in virus propagation. Here, we elucidated its function by constructing and analyzing U14-mutated viruses. We found that U14 is essential for HHV-6A propagation. We then constructed a mutant virus harboring dysfunctional U14. This virus showed severely reduced growth and retarded maturation. Taken together, these data indicate that U14 plays an important role during HHV-6A maturation.
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32
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Liu Z, Kato A, Oyama M, Kozuka-Hata H, Arii J, Kawaguchi Y. Role of Host Cell p32 in Herpes Simplex Virus 1 De-Envelopment during Viral Nuclear Egress. J Virol 2015; 89:8982-98. [PMID: 26085152 PMCID: PMC4524097 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01220-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To clarify the function(s) of the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) major virion structural protein UL47 (also designated VP13/14), we screened cells overexpressing UL47 for UL47-binding cellular proteins. Tandem affinity purification of transiently expressed UL47 coupled with mass spectrometry-based proteomics technology and subsequent analyses showed that UL47 interacted with cell protein p32 in HSV-1-infected cells. Unlike in mock-infected cells, p32 accumulated at the nuclear rim in HSV-1-infected cells, and this p32 recruitment to the nuclear rim required UL47. p32 formed a complex(es) with HSV-1 proteins UL31, UL34, Us3, UL47, and/or ICP22 in HSV-1-infected cells. All these HSV-1 proteins were previously reported to be important for HSV-1 nuclear egress, in which nucleocapsids bud through the inner nuclear membrane (primary envelopment) and the enveloped nucleocapsids then fuse with the outer nuclear membrane (de-envelopment). Like viral proteins UL31, UL34, Us3, and UL47, p32 was detected in primary enveloped virions. p32 knockdown reduced viral replication and induced membranous invaginations adjacent to the nuclear rim containing primary enveloped virions and aberrant localization of UL31 and UL34 in punctate structures at the nuclear rim. These effects of p32 knockdown were reduced in the absence of UL47. Therefore, the effects of p32 knockdown in HSV-1 nuclear egress were similar to those of the previously reported mutation(s) in HSV-1 regulatory proteins for HSV-1 de-envelopment during viral nuclear egress. Collectively, these results suggested that p32 regulated HSV-1 de-envelopment and replication in a UL47-dependent manner. IMPORTANCE In this study, we have obtained data suggesting that (i) the HSV-1 major virion structural protein UL47 interacted with host cell protein p32 and mediated the recruitment of p32 to the nuclear rim in HSV-1-infected cells; (ii) p32 was a component of the HSV-1 nuclear egress complex (NEC), whose core components were UL31 and UL34; and (iii) p32 regulated HSV-1 de-envelopment during viral nuclear egress. It has been reported that p32 was a component of human cytomegalovirus NEC and was required for efficient disintegration of nuclear lamina, which has been thought to facilitate HSV-1 primary envelopment during viral nuclear egress. Thus, p32 appeared to be a core component of herpesvirus NECs, like UL31 and UL34 homologs in other herpesviruses, and to play multiple roles in herpesvirus nuclear egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoming Liu
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihisa Kato
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Oyama
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kozuka-Hata
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Arii
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Role of activating transcription factor 3 in the synthesis of latency-associated transcript and maintenance of herpes simplex virus 1 in latent state in ganglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5420-6. [PMID: 26305977 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1515369112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A key property of herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) is their ability to establish latent infection in sensory or autonomic ganglia and to reactivate on physical, hormonal, or emotional stress. In latently infected ganglia, HSVs express a long noncoding RNA, a latency-associated transcript (LAT), which plays a key role in maintaining latently infected neurons, but not viral proteins. To investigate the events leading to reactivation, we examined the use of ganglionic organ cultures that enable rapid reactivation in medium containing antibody to nerve growth factor (NGF) or delayed reactivation in medium containing NGF and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Here we report the discovery that activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a stress response protein, profoundly affects the interaction of HSV with its host. Specifically, (i) ATF3 is induced by stress, such as inhibition of protein synthesis or infection; (ii) in infected cells, ATF3 enhances the accumulation of LAT by acting on the response elements in the promoter of the LAT precursor RNA; (iii) ATF3 is induced nearly 100-fold in ganglionic organ cultures; and (iv) ATF3 plays a key role in the maintenance of the latent state, inasmuch as expression of ATF3 bereft of the C-terminal activation domain acts as a dominant negative factor, inducing HSV gene expression in ganglionic organ cultures harboring latent virus and incubated in medium containing NGF and EGF. Thus, ATF3 is a component of a cluster of cellular proteins that together with LAT maintain the integrity of the neurons harboring latent virus.
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34
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Jarosinski KW, Vautherot JF. Differential expression of Marek's disease virus (MDV) late proteins during in vitro and in situ replication: role for pUL47 in regulation of the MDV UL46-UL49 gene locus. Virology 2015; 484:213-226. [PMID: 26117307 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a lymphotropic alphaherpesvirus that replicates in a highly cell-associated manner in vitro. Production of infectious cell-free virus only occurs in feather follicle epithelial (FFE) cells of infected chicken skins. Previously, we described differential expression for a core alphaherpesvirus protein, pUL47 that was found to be abundantly expressed in FFE cells of infected chickens, while barely detectable during in vitro propagation. Here, we further examined the dynamics of expression of four tegument proteins within the UL46-49 locus during in vitro and in situ replication. All four proteins examined were expressed abundantly in situ, whereas both pUL47 and pUL48 expression were barely detectable in vitro. Replacement of the putative UL47 and UL48 promoters with the minimal cytomegalovirus promoter enhanced mRNA and protein expression in vitro. Interestingly, enhanced expression of pUL47 resulted in increased UL46, UL48, and UL49 transcripts that resulted in increased pUL46 and pUL48 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Jarosinski
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA.
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Evasion of early antiviral responses by herpes simplex viruses. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:593757. [PMID: 25918478 PMCID: PMC4396904 DOI: 10.1155/2015/593757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides overcoming physical constraints, such as extreme temperatures, reduced humidity, elevated pressure, and natural predators, human pathogens further need to overcome an arsenal of antimicrobial components evolved by the host to limit infection, replication and optimally, reinfection. Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infect humans at a high frequency and persist within the host for life by establishing latency in neurons. To gain access to these cells, herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) must replicate and block immediate host antiviral responses elicited by epithelial cells and innate immune components early after infection. During these processes, infected and noninfected neighboring cells, as well as tissue-resident and patrolling immune cells, will sense viral components and cell-associated danger signals and secrete soluble mediators. While type-I interferons aim at limiting virus spread, cytokines and chemokines will modulate resident and incoming immune cells. In this paper, we discuss recent findings relative to the early steps taking place during HSV infection and replication. Further, we discuss how HSVs evade detection by host cells and the molecular mechanisms evolved by these viruses to circumvent early antiviral mechanisms, ultimately leading to neuron infection and the establishment of latency.
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Tristetraprolin Recruits the Herpes Simplex Virion Host Shutoff RNase to AU-Rich Elements in Stress Response mRNAs To Enable Their Cleavage. J Virol 2015; 89:5643-50. [PMID: 25762736 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00091-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) package and bring into cells an RNase designated virion host shutoff (VHS) RNase. In infected cells, the VHS RNase targets primarily stress response mRNAs characterized by the presence of AU-rich elements in their 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). In uninfected cells, these RNAs are sequestered in exosomes or P bodies by host proteins that bind to the AU-rich elements. In infected cells, the AU-rich RNAs are deadenylated and cleaved close to the AU-rich elements, leading to long-term persistence of nontranslatable RNAs consisting of the 5' portions of the cleavage products. The host proteins that bind to the AU-rich elements are either resident in cells (e.g., TIA-1) or induced (e.g., tristetraprolin). Earlier, this laboratory reported that tristetraprolin binds VHS RNase. To test the hypothesis that tristetraprolin directs VHS RNase to the AU-rich elements, we mapped the domains of VHS and tristetraprolin required for their interactions. We report that VHS binds to the domain of tristetraprolin that enables its interaction with RNA. A single amino acid substitution in that domain abolished the interaction with RNA but did not block the binding to VHS RNase. In transfected cells, the mutant but not the wild-type tristetraprolin precluded the degradation of the AU-rich RNAs by VHS RNase. We conclude that TTP mediates the cleavage of the 3' UTRs of stress response mRNAs by recruiting the VHS RNase to the AU-rich elements. IMPORTANCE The primary host response to HSV infection is the synthesis of stress response mRNAs characterized by the presence of AU-rich elements in their 3' UTRs. These mRNAs are the targets of the virion host shutoff (VHS) RNase. The VHS RNase binds both to mRNA cap structure and to tristetraprolin, an inducible host protein that sequesters AU-rich mRNAs in exosomes or P bodies. Here we show that tristetraprolin recruits VHS RNase to the AU-rich elements and enables the degradation of the stress response mRNAs.
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Protection of pigs against pandemic swine origin H1N1 influenza A virus infection by hemagglutinin- or neuraminidase-expressing attenuated pseudorabies virus recombinants. Virus Res 2015; 199:20-30. [PMID: 25599604 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is an important respiratory disease of pigs, and may lead to novel human pathogens like the 2009 pandemic H1N1 swine-origin influenza virus (SoIV). Therefore, improved influenza vaccines for pigs are required. Recently, we demonstrated that single intranasal immunization with a hemagglutinin (HA)-expressing pseudorabies virus recombinant of vaccine strain Bartha (PrV-Ba) protected pigs from H1N1 SoIV challenge (Klingbeil et al., 2014). Now we investigated enhancement of efficacy by prime-boost vaccination and/or intramuscular administration. Furthermore, a novel PrV-Ba recombinant expressing codon-optimized N1 neuraminidase (NA) was included. In vitro replication of this virus was only slightly affected compared to parental virus. Unlike HA, the abundantly expressed NA was efficiently incorporated into PrV particles. Immunization of pigs with the two PrV recombinants, either singly or in combination, induced B cell proliferation and the expected SoIV-specific antibodies, whose titers increased substantially after boost vaccination. After immunization of animals with either PrV recombinant H1N1 SoIV challenge virus replication was significantly reduced compared to PrV-Ba vaccinated or naïve controls. Protective efficacy of HA-expressing PrV was higher than of NA-expressing PrV, and not significantly enhanced by combination. Despite higher serum antibody titers obtained after intramuscular immunization, transmission of challenge virus to naïve contact animals was only prevented after intranasal prime-boost vaccination with HA-expressing PrV-Ba.
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Gable J, Acker TM, Craik CS. Current and potential treatments for ubiquitous but neglected herpesvirus infections. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11382-412. [PMID: 25275644 PMCID: PMC4254030 DOI: 10.1021/cr500255e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan
E. Gable
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2280, United States
- Graduate
Group in Biophysics, University of California,
San Francisco, 600 16th
Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2280, United States
| | - Timothy M. Acker
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2280, United States
| | - Charles S. Craik
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158-2280, United States
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Black D, Ritchey J, Payton M, Eberle R. Role of the virion host shutoff protein in neurovirulence of monkey B virus (Macacine herpesvirus 1). Virol Sin 2014; 29:274-83. [PMID: 25341947 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-014-3495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkey B virus (Macacine herpesvirus 1; BV) is noted for its extreme neurovirulence in humans. Since the vhs protein encoded by the UL41 gene has been shown to be a neurovirulence factor in the related human herpes simplex viruses, the role of the UL41 gene in BV neurovirulence was investigated. BV mutants were constructed that lacked the entire UL41 ORF (Δ41) or had the RNase active site mutated (Δ41A). Neither mutant shut off host protein synthesis, degraded β-actin mRNA, or prevented an IFN-β response, indicating that the vhs protein and its RNase activity are both necessary for these activities. Replication of both mutants in primary mouse cells was impaired and they exhibited a prolonged disease course in mice. Whereas Δ41 infected mice were euthanized for symptoms related to central nervous system (CNS) infection, Δ41A infected mice were euthanized primarily for symptoms of autonomic nervous system dysfunction. While neuroinvasiveness was not affected, lesions in the CNS were more limited in size, anatomical distribution, and severity than for wild-type virus. These results indicate that the vhs protein affects the general replicative efficiency of BV in vivo rather than being a specific neurovirulence factor critical for invasion of or preferential replication in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darla Black
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma, 74078, USA
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40
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The herpes simplex virus 1 virion host shutoff protein enhances translation of viral late mRNAs by preventing mRNA overload. J Virol 2014; 88:9624-32. [PMID: 24920814 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01350-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We recently demonstrated that the virion host shutoff (vhs) protein, an mRNA-specific endonuclease, is required for efficient herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication and translation of viral true-late mRNAs, but not other viral and cellular mRNAs, in many cell types (B. Dauber, J. Pelletier, and J. R. Smiley, J. Virol. 85:5363-5373, 2011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00115-11). Here, we evaluated whether the structure of true-late mRNAs or the timing of their transcription is responsible for the poor translation efficiency in the absence of vhs. To test whether the highly structured 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of the true-late gC mRNA is the primary obstacle for translation initiation, we replaced it with the less structured 5'UTR of the γ-actin mRNA. However, this mutation did not restore translation in the context of a vhs-deficient virus. We then examined whether the timing of transcription affects translation efficiency at late times. To this end, we engineered a vhs-deficient virus mutant that transcribes the true-late gene US11 with immediate-early kinetics (IEUS11-ΔSma). Interestingly, IEUS11-ΔSma showed increased translational activity on the US11 transcript at late times postinfection, and US11 protein levels were restored to wild-type levels. These results suggest that mRNAs can maintain translational activity throughout the late stage of infection if they are present before translation factors and/or ribosomes become limiting. Taken together, these results provide evidence that in the absence of the mRNA-destabilizing function of vhs, accumulation of viral mRNAs overwhelms the capacity of the host translational machinery, leading to functional exclusion of the last mRNAs that are made during infection. IMPORTANCE The process of mRNA translation accounts for a significant portion of a cell's energy consumption. To ensure efficient use of cellular resources, transcription, translation, and mRNA decay are tightly linked and highly regulated. However, during virus infection, the overall amount of mRNA may increase drastically, possibly overloading the capacity of the translation apparatus. Our results suggest that the HSV-1 vhs protein, an mRNA-specific endoribonuclease, prevents mRNA overload during infection, thereby allowing translation of late viral mRNAs. The requirement for vhs varies between cell types. Further studies of the basis for this difference likely will offer insights into how cells regulate overall mRNA levels and access to the translational apparatus.
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41
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Maturation and vesicle-mediated egress of primate gammaherpesvirus rhesus monkey rhadinovirus require inner tegument protein ORF52. J Virol 2014; 88:9111-28. [PMID: 24899183 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01502-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The tegument layer of herpesviruses comprises a collection of proteins that is unique to each viral species. In rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV), a close relative of the human oncogenic pathogen Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, ORF52 is a highly abundant tegument protein tightly associated with the capsid. We now report that ORF52 knockdown during RRV infection of rhesus fibroblasts led to a greater than 300-fold reduction in the viral titer by 48 h but had little effect on the number of released particles and caused only modest reductions in the levels of intracellular viral genomic DNA and no appreciable change in viral DNA packaging into capsids. These data suggested that the lack of ORF52 resulted in the production and release of defective particles. In support of this interpretation, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that without ORF52, capsid-like particles accumulated in the cytoplasm and were unable to enter egress vesicles, where final tegumentation and envelopment normally occur. TEM also demonstrated defective particles in the medium that closely resembled the accumulating intracellular particles, having neither a full tegument nor an envelope. The disruption in tegument formation from ORF52 suppression, therefore, prevented the incorporation of ORF45, restricting its subcellular localization to the nucleus and appearing, by confocal microscopy, to inhibit particle transport toward the periphery. Ectopic expression of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-resistant ORF52 was able to partially rescue all of these phenotypic changes. In sum, our results indicate that efficient egress of maturing virions and, in agreement with studies on murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68), complete tegumentation and secondary envelopment are dependent on intact ORF52. IMPORTANCE The tegument, or middle layer, of herpesviruses comprises both viral and cellular proteins that play key roles in the viral life cycle. A subset of these proteins is present only within members of one of the three subfamilies (alphaherpesviruses, betaherpesviruses, or gammaherpesviruses) of Herpesviridae. In this report, we show that the gammaherpesvirus-specific tegument protein ORF52 is critical for maturation of RRV, the closest relative of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) (a human cancer-causing pathogen) that has undergone this type of analysis. Without ORF52, the nascent subviral particles are essentially stuck in maturation limbo, unable to acquire the tegument or outer (envelope) layers. This greatly attenuates infectivity. Our data, together with earlier work on a murine homolog, as well as a more distantly related human homolog, provide a more complete understanding of how early protein interactions involving virus-encoded tegument proteins are critical for virus assembly and are also, therefore, potentially attractive therapeutic targets.
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Herpes simplex virus 1 UL47 interacts with viral nuclear egress factors UL31, UL34, and Us3 and regulates viral nuclear egress. J Virol 2014; 88:4657-67. [PMID: 24522907 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00137-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Herpesviruses have evolved a unique mechanism for nuclear egress of nascent progeny nucleocapsids: the nucleocapsids bud through the inner nuclear membrane into the perinuclear space between the inner and outer nuclear membranes (primary envelopment), and enveloped nucleocapsids then fuse with the outer nuclear membrane to release nucleocapsids into the cytoplasm (de-envelopment). We have shown that the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) major virion structural protein UL47 (or VP13/VP14) is a novel regulator for HSV-1 nuclear egress. In particular, we demonstrated the following: (i) UL47 formed a complex(es) with HSV-1 proteins UL34, UL31, and/or Us3, which have all been reported to be critical for viral nuclear egress, and these viral proteins colocalized at the nuclear membrane in HSV-1-infected cells; (ii) the UL47-null mutation considerably reduced primary enveloped virions in the perinuclear space although capsids accumulated in the nucleus; and (iii) UL47 was detected in primary enveloped virions in the perinuclear space by immunoelectron microscopy. These results suggested that UL47 promoted HSV-1 primary envelopment, probably by interacting with the critical HSV-1 regulators for viral nuclear egress and by modulating their functions. IMPORTANCE Like other herpesviruses, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) has evolved a vesicle-mediated nucleocytoplasmic transport mechanism for nuclear egress of nascent progeny nucleocapsids. Although previous reports identified and characterized several HSV-1 and cellular proteins involved in viral nuclear egress, complete details of HSV-1 nuclear egress remain to be elucidated. In this study, we have presented data suggesting (i) that the major HSV-1 virion structural protein UL47 (or VP13/VP14) formed a complex with known viral regulatory proteins critical for viral nuclear egress and (ii) that UL47 played a regulatory role in HSV-1 primary envelopment. Thus, we identified UL47 as a novel regulator for HSV-1 nuclear egress.
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Abernathy E, Clyde K, Yeasmin R, Krug LT, Burlingame A, Coscoy L, Glaunsinger B. Gammaherpesviral gene expression and virion composition are broadly controlled by accelerated mRNA degradation. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003882. [PMID: 24453974 PMCID: PMC3894220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic gammaherpesvirus infection restricts host gene expression by promoting widespread degradation of cytoplasmic mRNA through the activity of the viral endonuclease SOX. Though generally assumed to be selective for cellular transcripts, the extent to which SOX impacts viral mRNA stability has remained unknown. We addressed this issue using the model murine gammaherpesvirus MHV68 and, unexpectedly, found that all stages of viral gene expression are controlled through mRNA degradation. Using both comprehensive RNA expression profiling and half-life studies we reveal that the levels of the majority of viral mRNAs but not noncoding RNAs are tempered by MHV68 SOX (muSOX) activity. The targeting of viral mRNA by muSOX is functionally significant, as it impacts intracellular viral protein abundance and progeny virion composition. In the absence of muSOX-imposed gene expression control the viral particles display increased cell surface binding and entry as well as enhanced immediate early gene expression. These phenotypes culminate in a viral replication defect in multiple cell types as well as in vivo, highlighting the importance of maintaining the appropriate balance of viral RNA during gammaherpesviral infection. This is the first example of a virus that fails to broadly discriminate between cellular and viral transcripts during host shutoff and instead uses the targeting of viral messages to fine-tune overall gene expression. Many viruses restrict host gene expression during infection, presumably to provide a competitive expression advantage to viral transcripts. Not surprisingly, viruses that induce this ‘host shutoff’ phenotype therefore generally possess mechanisms to selectively spare viral genes. Gammaherpesviruses promote host shutoff by inducing widespread mRNA degradation, a process initiated by the viral SOX nuclease. However, the effect of SOX on viral mRNA during infection was unknown. Here, we reveal that during infection with the murine gammaherpesvirus MHV68, the majority of viral transcripts of all kinetic classes are broadly down regulated through the activity of the MHV68 SOX protein (muSOX). We further demonstrate that in the absence of muSOX-induced control of viral mRNA abundance, viral protein levels increase, thereby affecting the composition of progeny viral particles. Altered virion composition directly impacts early events such as entry and induction of lytic gene expression in subsequent rounds of replication. Furthermore, decreasing both virus and host gene expression via global mRNA degradation is critical for viral replication in a cell type specific manner both in vitro and in vivo. This is the first example of a eukaryotic virus whose host shutoff mechanism similarly tempers viral gene expression, and highlights the degree to which gammaherpesviral gene expression must be fine tuned to ensure replicative success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Abernathy
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Clyde
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Rukhsana Yeasmin
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Laurie T. Krug
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Al Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Laurent Coscoy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Britt Glaunsinger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Klingbeil K, Lange E, Teifke JP, Mettenleiter TC, Fuchs W. Immunization of pigs with an attenuated pseudorabies virus recombinant expressing the haemagglutinin of pandemic swine origin H1N1 influenza A virus. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:948-959. [PMID: 24431235 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.059253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs can be severely harmed by influenza, and represent important reservoir hosts, in which new human pathogens such as the recent pandemic swine-origin H1N1 influenza A virus can arise by mutation and reassortment of genome segments. To obtain novel, safe influenza vaccines for pigs, and to investigate the antigen-specific immune response, we modified an established live-virus vaccine against Aujeszky's disease of swine, pseudorabies virus (PrV) strain Bartha (PrV-Ba), to serve as vector for the expression of haemagglutinin (HA) of swine-origin H1N1 virus. To facilitate transgene insertion, the genome of PrV-Ba was cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome. HA expression occurred under control of the human or murine cytomegalovirus immediate early promoters (P-HCMV, P-MCMV), but could be substantially enhanced by synthetic introns and adaptation of the codon usage to that of PrV. However, despite abundant expression, the heterologous glycoprotein was not detectably incorporated into mature PrV particles. Replication of HA-expressing PrV in cell culture was only slightly affected compared to that of the parental virus strain. A single immunization of pigs with the PrV vector expressing the codon-optimized HA gene under control of P-MCMV induced high levels of HA-specific antibodies. The vaccinated animals were protected from clinical signs after challenge with a related swine-origin H1N1 influenza A virus, and challenge virus shedding was significantly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Klingbeil
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elke Lange
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jens P Teifke
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Walter Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Murine cytomegalovirus protein pM92 is a conserved regulator of viral late gene expression. J Virol 2013; 88:131-42. [PMID: 24131717 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02684-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report that murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) protein pM92 regulates viral late gene expression during virus infection. Previously, we have shown that MCMV protein pM79 and its human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) homologue pUL79 are required for late viral gene transcription. Identification of additional factors involved is critical to dissecting the mechanism of this regulation. We show here that pM92 accumulated abundantly at late times of infection in a DNA synthesis-dependent manner and localized to nuclear viral replication compartments. To investigate the role of pM92, we constructed a recombinant virus SMin92, in which pM92 expression was disrupted by an insertional/frameshift mutation. During infection, SMin92 accumulated representative viral immediate-early gene products, early gene products, and viral DNA sufficiently but had severe reduction in the accumulation of late gene products and was thus unable to produce infectious progeny. Coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis revealed an interaction between pM92 and pM79, as well as between their HCMV homologues pUL92 and pUL79. Importantly, we showed that the growth defect of pUL92-deficient HCMV could be rescued in trans by pM92. This study indicates that pM92 is an additional viral regulator of late gene expression, that these regulators (represented by pM92 and pM79) may need to complex with each other for their activity, and that pM92 and pUL92 share a conserved function in CMV infection. pM92 represents a potential new target for therapeutic intervention in CMV disease, and a gateway into studying a largely uncharted viral process that is critical to the viral life cycle.
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The nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of virion host shutoff RNase is enabled by pUL47 and an embedded nuclear export signal and defines the sites of degradation of AU-rich and stable cellular mRNAs. J Virol 2013; 87:13569-78. [PMID: 24109211 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02603-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus host shutoff RNase (VHS-RNase) is the major early block of host responses to infection. VHS-RNase is introduced into cells during infection and selectively degrades stable mRNAs made before infection and the normally short-lived AU-rich stress response mRNAs induced by sensors of innate immunity. Through its interactions with pUL47, another tegument protein, it spares from degradation viral mRNAs. Analyses of embedded motifs revealed that VHS-RNase contains a nuclear export signal (NES) but not a nuclear localization signal. To reconcile the potential nuclear localization with earlier studies showing that VHS-RNase degrades mRNAs in polyribosomes, we constructed a mutant in which NES was ablated. Comparison of the mutant and wild-type VHS-RNases revealed the following. (i) On infection, VHS-RNase is transported to the nucleus, but only the wild-type protein shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm. (ii) Both VHS-RNases localized in the cytoplasm following transfection. On cotransfection with pUL47, a fraction of VHS-RNase was translocated to the nucleus, suggesting that pUL47 may enable nuclear localization of VHS-RNase. (iii) In infected cells, VHS-RNase lacking NES degraded the short-lived AU-rich mRNAs but not the stable mRNAs. In transfected cells, both wild-type and NES mutant VHS-RNases effectively degraded cellular mRNAs. Our results suggest that the stable mRNAs are degraded in the cytoplasm, whereas the AU-rich mRNAs may be degraded in both cellular compartments. The selective sparing of viral mRNAs may take place during the nuclear phase in the course of interaction of pUL47, VHS-RNase, and nascent viral mRNAs.
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Lin AE, Greco TM, Döhner K, Sodeik B, Cristea IM. A proteomic perspective of inbuilt viral protein regulation: pUL46 tegument protein is targeted for degradation by ICP0 during herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3237-52. [PMID: 23938468 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.030866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Much like the host cells they infect, viruses must also regulate their life cycles. Herpes simples virus type 1 (HSV-1), a prominent human pathogen, uses a promoter-rich genome in conjunction with multiple viral trans-activating factors. Following entry into host cells, the virion-associated outer tegument proteins pUL46 and pUL47 act to increase expression of viral immediate-early (α) genes, thereby helping initiate the infection life cycle. Because pUL46 has gone largely unstudied, we employed a hybrid mass spectrometry-based approach to determine how pUL46 exerts its functions during early stages of infection. For a spatio-temporal characterization of pUL46, time-lapse microscopy was performed in live cells to define its dynamic localization from 2 to 24 h postinfection. Next, pUL46-containing protein complexes were immunoaffinity purified during infection of human fibroblasts and analyzed by mass spectrometry to investigate virus-virus and virus-host interactions, as well as post-translational modifications. We demonstrated that pUL46 is heavily phosphorylated in at least 23 sites. One phosphorylation site matched the consensus 14-3-3 phospho-binding motif, consistent with our identification of 14-3-3 proteins and host and viral kinases as specific pUL46 interactions. Moreover, we determined that pUL46 specifically interacts with the viral E3 ubiquitin ligase ICP0. We demonstrated that pUL46 is partially degraded in a proteasome-mediated manner during infection, and that the catalytic activity of ICP0 is responsible for this degradation. This is the first evidence of a viral protein being targeted for degradation by another viral protein during HSV-1 infection. Together, these data indicate that pUL46 levels are tightly controlled and important for the temporal regulation of viral gene expression throughout the virus life cycle. The concept of a structural virion protein, pUL46, performing nonstructural roles is likely to reflect a theme common to many viruses, and a better understanding of these functions will be important for developing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron E Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
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Read GS. Virus-encoded endonucleases: expected and novel functions. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2013; 4:693-708. [PMID: 23900973 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endonucleases catalyze critical steps in the processing, function, and turnover of many cellular RNAs. It is, therefore, not surprising that a number of viruses encode endonucleases that play important roles in viral gene expression. The virion host shutoff (Vhs) endonuclease of herpes simplex virus, the SOX protein of Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV), and the influenza virus PB1 endonuclease have well-characterized functions that stem from their abilities to cleave RNA. Vhs accelerates turnover of many cellular and viral mRNAs, redirecting the cell from host to viral gene expression, counteracting key elements of the innate immune response, and facilitating sequential expression of different classes of viral genes. SOX reduces synthesis of many host proteins during the lytic phase of KSHV infections. PB1 is a component of the influenza RNA polymerase that snatches capped oligonucleotides from cellular pre-mRNAs to serve as primers during viral mRNA synthesis. However, all three proteins have important second functions. Vhs stimulates translation of the 3' cistron of bicistronic mRNAs that have selected cellular internal ribosome entry sites, and stimulates polysome loading and translation of selected viral mRNAs at late times during productive infections. SOX has an alkaline exonuclease activity that is important for processing and maturation of newly synthesized copies of the KSHV genome. The influenza RNA polymerase binds the cap and 5' region of viral mRNAs and recruits eIF4G and other factors to viral mRNAs, allowing them to be translated under conditions of reduced eIF4E functionality. This review will discuss the novel and expected functions of these viral endonucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sullivan Read
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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