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Reghelin CK, Bastos MS, de Souza Basso B, Costa BP, Lima KG, de Sousa AC, Haute GV, Diz FM, Dias HB, Luft C, Rodrigues KF, Garcia MCR, Matzenbacher LS, Adami BS, Xavier LL, Donadio MVF, de Oliveira JR, da Silva Melo DA. Bezafibrate reduces the damage, activation and mechanical properties of lung fibroblast cells induced by hydrogen peroxide. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:3857-3866. [PMID: 37358795 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
In pulmonary fibrosis, the proliferation of fibroblasts and their differentiation into myofibroblasts is often caused by tissue damage, such as oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species, which leads to progressive rupture and thus destruction of the alveolar architecture, resulting in cell proliferation and tissue remodeling. Bezafibrate (BZF) is an important member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARs) family agonists, used in clinical practice as antihyperlipidemic. However, the antifibrotic effects of BZF are still poorly studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of BZF on pulmonary oxidative damage in lung fibroblast cells. MRC-5 cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induce oxidative stress activation and BZF treatment was administered at the same moment as H2O2 induction. The outcomes evaluated were cell proliferation and cell viability; oxidative stress markers such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), catalase (CAT) levels and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); col-1 and α-SMA mRNA expression and cellular elasticity through Young's modulus analysis evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The H2O2-induced oxidative damage decreased the cell viability and increased ROS levels and decreased CAT activity in MRC-5 cells. The expression of α-SMA and the cell stiffness increased in response to H2O2 treatment. Treatment with BZF decreased the MRC-5 cell proliferation, ROS levels, reestablished CAT levels, decreased the mRNA expression of type I collagen protein (col-1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and cellular elasticity even with H2O2 induction. Our results suggest that BZF has a potential protective effect on H2O2-induced oxidative stress. These results are based on an in vitro experiment, derived from a fetal lung cell line and may emerge as a possible new therapy for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Kirinus Reghelin
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus Scherer Bastos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), 6681 Ipiranga Ave., Porto Alegre, RS, Zip Code: 90619-900, Brazil.
| | - Bruno de Souza Basso
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Pasqualotto Costa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Kelly Goulart Lima
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Arieli Cruz de Sousa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo I, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Viegas Haute
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mendonça Diz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Engenharia E Tecnologia de Materiais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bregolin Dias
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina Luft
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Kétlin Fernanda Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Cláudia Rosa Garcia
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Strassburger Matzenbacher
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno Silveira Adami
- Laboratório Central de Microscopia E Microanálise (LabCEMM), Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Léder Leal Xavier
- Laboratório Central de Microscopia E Microanálise (LabCEMM), Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcio Vinícius Fagundes Donadio
- Laboratório de Atividade Física Pediátrica, Centro Infantil, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jarbas Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Denizar Alberto da Silva Melo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Biofísica Celular E Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Stephan OOH. Effects of environmental stress factors on the actin cytoskeleton of fungi and plants: Ionizing radiation and ROS. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:330-355. [PMID: 37066976 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Actin is an abundant and multifaceted protein in eukaryotic cells that has been detected in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus. In cooperation with numerous interacting accessory-proteins, monomeric actin (G-actin) polymerizes into microfilaments (F-actin) which constitute ubiquitous subcellular higher order structures. Considering the extensive spatial dimensions and multifunctionality of actin superarrays, the present study analyses the issue if and to what extent environmental stress factors, specifically ionizing radiation (IR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), affect the cellular actin-entity. In that context, this review particularly surveys IR-response of fungi and plants. It examines in detail which actin-related cellular constituents and molecular pathways are influenced by IR and related ROS. This comprehensive survey concludes that the general integrity of the total cellular actin cytoskeleton is a requirement for IR-tolerance. Actin's functions in genome organization and nuclear events like chromatin remodeling, DNA-repair, and transcription play a key role. Beyond that, it is highly significant that the macromolecular cytoplasmic and cortical actin-frameworks are affected by IR as well. In response to IR, actin-filament bundling proteins (fimbrins) are required to stabilize cables or patches. In addition, the actin-associated factors mediating cellular polarity are essential for IR-survivability. Moreover, it is concluded that a cellular homeostasis system comprising ROS, ROS-scavengers, NADPH-oxidases, and the actin cytoskeleton plays an essential role here. Consequently, besides the actin-fraction which controls crucial genome-integrity, also the portion which facilitates orderly cellular transport and polarized growth has to be maintained in order to survive IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavian O H Stephan
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bavaria, 91058, Germany
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3
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Ishimoto T, Mori H. Control of actin polymerization via reactive oxygen species generation using light or radiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1014008. [PMID: 36211457 PMCID: PMC9538341 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1014008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin is one of the most prevalent proteins in cells, and its amino acid sequence is remarkably conserved from protozoa to humans. The polymerization-depolymerization cycle of actin immediately below the plasma membrane regulates cell function, motility, and morphology. It is known that actin and other actin-binding proteins are targets for reactive oxygen species (ROS), indicating that ROS affects cells through actin reorganization. Several researchers have attempted to control actin polymerization from outside the cell to mimic or inhibit actin reorganization. To modify the polymerization state of actin, ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared light, ionizing radiation, and chromophore-assisted light inactivation have all been reported to induce ROS. Additionally, a combination of the fluorescent protein KillerRed and the luminescent protein luciferase can generate ROS on actin fibers and promote actin polymerization. These techniques are very useful tools for analyzing the relationship between ROS and cell function, movement, and morphology, and are also expected to be used in therapeutics. In this mini review, we offer an overview of the advancements in this field, with a particular focus on how to control intracellular actin polymerization using such optical approaches, and discuss future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishimoto
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tetsuya Ishimoto,
| | - Hisashi Mori
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Pre-Disease Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Foe VE. Does the Pachytene Checkpoint, a Feature of Meiosis, Filter Out Mistakes in Double-Strand DNA Break Repair and as a side-Effect Strongly Promote Adaptive Speciation? Integr Org Biol 2022; 4:obac008. [PMID: 36827645 PMCID: PMC8998493 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This essay aims to explain two biological puzzles: why eukaryotic transcription units are composed of short segments of coding DNA interspersed with long stretches of non-coding (intron) DNA, and the near ubiquity of sexual reproduction. As is well known, alternative splicing of its coding sequences enables one transcription unit to produce multiple variants of each encoded protein. Additionally, padding transcription units with non-coding DNA (often many thousands of base pairs long) provides a readily evolvable way to set how soon in a cell cycle the various mRNAs will begin being expressed and the total amount of mRNA that each transcription unit can make during a cell cycle. This regulation complements control via the transcriptional promoter and facilitates the creation of complex eukaryotic cell types, tissues, and organisms. However, it also makes eukaryotes exceedingly vulnerable to double-strand DNA breaks, which end-joining break repair pathways can repair incorrectly. Transcription units cover such a large fraction of the genome that any mis-repair producing a reorganized chromosome has a high probability of destroying a gene. During meiosis, the synaptonemal complex aligns homologous chromosome pairs and the pachytene checkpoint detects, selectively arrests, and in many organisms actively destroys gamete-producing cells with chromosomes that cannot adequately synapse; this creates a filter favoring transmission to the next generation of chromosomes that retain the parental organization, while selectively culling those with interrupted transcription units. This same meiotic checkpoint, reacting to accidental chromosomal reorganizations inflicted by error-prone break repair, can, as a side effect, provide a mechanism for the formation of new species in sympatry. It has been a long-standing puzzle how something as seemingly maladaptive as hybrid sterility between such new species can arise. I suggest that this paradox is resolved by understanding the adaptive importance of the pachytene checkpoint, as outlined above.
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Lutze J, Warrington SE, Kron SJ. TdT-dUTP DSB End Labeling (TUDEL), for Specific, Direct In Situ Labeling of DNA Double Strand Breaks. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2394:299-317. [PMID: 35094335 PMCID: PMC8820263 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1811-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The genome of a living cell is continuously damaged by various exogenous and endogenous factors yielding multiple types of DNA damage including base damage and damage to the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA. Double Strand Breaks (DSBs) are the most severe form of DNA damage and if left unchecked, may precipitate genomic rearrangements, cell death or contribute to malignancy. In clinical contexts, radiation is often used to induce DSBs as a form of genotoxic therapy. Despite the importance of DSBs and their repair, as yet there is no facile assay to detect DSBs in situ or to quantify their location or proximity to other cellular constituents. Such an assay would help to disentangle DDR signaling pathways and identify new molecular players involved in DSB repair. These efforts, in turn, may facilitate drug screening and accelerate the discovery of novel, more effective genotoxic agents. We have developed such an assay, presented here, and term it TdT-dUTP DSB End Labeling (TUDEL).TUDEL makes use of Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT), a template-independent DNA polymerase. TdT is commonly used in TUNEL assays to yield a binary output of DNA damage. We have adapted this approach, using TdT and EdUTP to label individual DNA double strand breaks in irradiated cells and detecting the incorporated EdU with fluorescent probes via Click chemistry. This tool complements and is compatible with existing, indirect methods to track DSBs such as immunofluorescent detection of γH2AX. TUDEL is also sufficiently specific, sensitive, quantitative, and robust to replace the neutral Comet assay for routine measurement of DSB formation and repair. Here we present a protocol for TUDEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Lutze
- The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sara E Warrington
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen J Kron
- The Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Muhtadi R, Lorenz A, Mpaulo SJ, Siebenwirth C, Scherthan H. Catalase T-Deficient Fission Yeast Meiocytes Show Resistance to Ionizing Radiation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090881. [PMID: 32957622 PMCID: PMC7555645 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS), or ionizing radiation (IR) can induce adverse effects in organisms and their cells, including mutations and premature aging. DNA damage and its faulty repair can lead to cell death or promote cancer through the accumulation of mutations. Misrepair in germ cells is particularly dangerous as it may lead to alterations in developmental programs and genetic disease in the offspring. DNA damage pathways and radical defense mechanisms mediate resistance to genotoxic stresses. Here, we investigated, in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the role of the H2O2-detoxifying enzyme cytosolic catalase T (Ctt1) and the Fe2+/Mn2+ symporter Pcl1 in protecting meiotic chromosome dynamics and gamete formation from radicals generated by ROS and IR. We found that wild-type and pcl1-deficient cells respond similarly to X ray doses of up to 300 Gy, while ctt1∆ meiocytes showed a moderate sensitivity to IR but a hypersensitivity to hydrogen peroxide with cells dying at >0.4 mM H2O2. Meiocytes deficient for pcl1, on the other hand, showed a resistance to hydrogen peroxide similar to that of the wild type, surviving doses >40 mM. In all, it appears that in the absence of the main H2O2-detoxifying pathway S. pombe meiocytes are able to survive significant doses of IR-induced radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Muhtadi
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verb. mit der Universität Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (R.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Alexander Lorenz
- Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (A.L.); (S.J.M.)
| | - Samantha J. Mpaulo
- Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (A.L.); (S.J.M.)
| | - Christian Siebenwirth
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verb. mit der Universität Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (R.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Harry Scherthan
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verb. mit der Universität Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (R.M.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-992692-2272
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Guardamagna I, Bassi E, Savio M, Perucca P, Cazzalini O, Prosperi E, Stivala LA. A functional in vitro cell-free system for studying DNA repair in isolated nuclei. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs240010. [PMID: 32376788 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of DNA repair is an important endpoint measurement when studying the biochemical mechanisms of the DNA damage response and when investigating the efficacy of chemotherapy, which often uses DNA-damaging compounds. Numerous in vitro methods to biochemically characterize DNA repair mechanisms have been developed so far. However, such methods have some limitations, which are mainly due to the lack of chromatin organization in the DNA templates used. Here we describe a functional cell-free system to study DNA repair synthesis in vitro, using G1-phase nuclei isolated from human cells treated with different genotoxic agents. Upon incubation in the corresponding damage-activated cytosolic extracts, containing biotinylated dUTP, nuclei were able to initiate DNA repair synthesis. The use of specific DNA synthesis inhibitors markedly decreased biotinylated dUTP incorporation, indicating the specificity of the repair response. Exogenously added human recombinant PCNA protein, but not the sensors of UV-DNA damage DDB2 and DDB1, stimulated UVC-induced dUTP incorporation. In contrast, a DDB2PCNA- mutant protein, unable to associate with PCNA, interfered with DNA repair synthesis. Given its responsiveness to different types of DNA lesions, this system offers an additional tool to study DNA repair mechanisms.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Guardamagna
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bassi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Monica Savio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Perucca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ornella Cazzalini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ennio Prosperi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare 'Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza', CNR, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Lucia A Stivala
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia generale, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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8
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Oxidized mitochondrial DNA sensing by STING signaling promotes the antitumor effect of an irradiated immunogenic cancer cell vaccine. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:2211-2223. [PMID: 32398808 PMCID: PMC8429462 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation, a physical treatment that inactivates live tumor cells, has been extensively applied to enhance the antitumor responses induced by cancer cell vaccines in both animal research and human clinical trials. However, the mechanisms by which irradiated cells function as immunogenic tumor vaccines and induce effective antitumor responses have not been fully explored. Here, we demonstrate that oxidized mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling play a key roles in the enhanced antitumor effect achieved with an irradiated tumor cell vaccine. Elevations in ROS and oxidized mtDNA 8-OHG content could be induced in irradiated tumor cells. Oxidized mtDNA derived from irradiated tumor cells gained access to the cytosol of dendritic cells (DCs). Oxidized mtDNA, as a DAMP or adjuvant, activated the STING-TBK1-IRF3-IFN-β pathway in DCs, which subsequently cross-presented irradiated tumor cell-derived antigens to CD8+ T cells and elicited antitumor immunity. The results of our study provide insight into the mechanism by which an irradiated cell vaccine mediates antitumor immunity, which may have implications for new strategies to improve the efficacy of irradiated vaccines.
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9
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Pastrana HF, Cartagena-Rivera AX, Raman A, Ávila A. Evaluation of the elastic Young's modulus and cytotoxicity variations in fibroblasts exposed to carbon-based nanomaterials. J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:32. [PMID: 30797235 PMCID: PMC6387485 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The conventional approaches to assess the potential cytotoxic effects of nanomaterials (NMs) mainly rely on in vitro biochemical assays. These assays are strongly dependent on the properties of the nanomaterials, for example; specific surface area (SSA), size, surface defects, and surface charge, and the host response. The NMs properties can also interfere with the reagents of the biochemical and optical assays leading to skewed interpretations and ambiguous results related to the NMs toxicity. Here, we proposed a structured approach for cytotoxicity assessment complemented with cells’ mechanical responses represented as the variations of elastic Young’s modulus in conjunction with conventional biochemical tests. Monitoring the mechanical properties responses at various times allowed understanding the effects of NMs to the filamentous actin cytoskeleton. The elastic Young’s modulus was estimated from the force volume maps using an atomic force microscope (AFM). Results Our results show a significant decrease on Young’s modulus, ~ 20%, in cells exposed to low concentrations of graphene flakes (GF), ~ 10% decrease for cells exposed to low concentrations of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) than the control cells. These considerable changes were directly correlated to the disruption of the cytoskeleton actin fibers. The length of the actin fibers in cells exposed to GF was 50% shorter than the fibers of the cells exposed to MWCNT. Applying both conventional biochemical approach and cells mechanics, we were able to detect differences in the actin networks induced by MWCNT inside the cells and GF outside the cell’s membrane. These results contrast with the conventional live/dead assay where we obtained viabilities greater than 80% after 24 h; while the elasticity dramatically decreased suggesting a fast-metabolic stress generation. Conclusions We confirmed the production of radical oxygen species (ROS) on cells exposed to CBNs, which is related to the disruption of the cytoskeleton. Altogether, the changes in mechanical properties and the length of F-actin fibers confirmed that disruption of the F-actin cytoskeleton is a major consequence of cellular toxicity. We evidenced the importance of not just nanomaterials properties but also the effect of the location to assess the cytotoxic effects of nanomaterials. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12951-019-0460-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homero F Pastrana
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.,Centro de Microelectrónica, Universidad de los Andes (CMUA), Bogotá D.C, Colombia.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexander X Cartagena-Rivera
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Section on Auditory Mechanics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arvind Raman
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alba Ávila
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia. .,Centro de Microelectrónica, Universidad de los Andes (CMUA), Bogotá D.C, Colombia.
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10
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Zhao H, Zhuang Y, Li R, Liu Y, Mei Z, He Z, Zhou F, Zhou Y. Effects of different doses of X-ray irradiation on cell apoptosis, cell cycle, DNA damage repair and glycolysis in HeLa cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:42-54. [PMID: 30655736 PMCID: PMC6313204 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the radiation biological response of cancer cells to different fractional irradiation doses and investigates the optimal fractional irradiation dose with improved biological effects. Radiobiological studies were performed at the molecular and cellular levels to provide insights into DNA damage and repair, and the apoptosis mechanism of cells that were exposed to different doses of X-ray irradiation (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12.5, 15 and 20 Gy). Evidence of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA double strand breaks (DSB), cellular apoptosis, G2/M phase proportion and inhibition of cell proliferation were observed following irradiation. Differences in the ROS amount and apoptotic percentages of cells between the 2 and 4 Gy groups were insignificant. Compared with 0 Gy, the expression of the apoptosis suppression protein B-cell lymphoma-2 was decreased following at increased irradiation doses. However, apoptosis-associated protein Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), caspase-9 and BH3 interacting domain death agonist (Bid) were elevated following irradiation, compared with the control group (0 Gy). Furthermore, the expression levels of Bax in the 6, 8, 10 and 12.5 Gy groups were significantly increased, compared with the other groups. Caspase-9 expression with 2, 4, 6 and 8 Gy were increased compared with other groups, and the Bid levels with 6 and 8 Gy were also increased compared with other groups. G2/M phase arrest was associated with the increase of checkpoint kinase 1 and reduction of cyclin dependent kinase 1. DNA damage repair was associated with the protein Ku70 in the 2, 8, 10, 12.5, 15 and 20 Gy groups were less than other group. Compared with other group, Ku80 levels were reduced in the 6 and 8 Gy groups, and Rad51 levels were reduced in the 2, 8 and 10 Gy groups. The expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α, c-Myc and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) demonstrated an increasing trend following irradiation in a dose-dependent manner, but the expression of pyruvate kinase M2, in the 2–10 Gy irradiation groups, and GLUT1, in the 12.5, 15 and 20 Gy irradiation groups, were reduced, compared with the other groups. Considering the DNA damage repair and apoptosis mechanisms at molecular and cellular levels, it was concluded that 2, 6, 8 and 10 Gy may be the optimal fractional dose that can promote cell apoptosis, and inhibit DNA damage repair and glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shangdong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Yafei Zhuang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Ruibin Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yinyin Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zijie Mei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zhongshi He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Fuxiang Zhou
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Zhou
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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11
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Live Dynamics of 53BP1 Foci Following Simultaneous Induction of Clustered and Dispersed DNA Damage in U2OS Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020519. [PMID: 29419809 PMCID: PMC5855741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells react differently to clustered and dispersed DNA double strand breaks (DSB). Little is known about the initial reaction to simultaneous induction of DSBs with different complexities. Here, we used live cell microscopy to analyse the behaviour of 53BP1-GFP (green fluorescence protein) foci formation at DSBs induced in U2OS cells by alpha particles, X-rays or mixed beams over a 75 min period post irradiation. X-ray-induced foci rapidly increased and declined over the observation interval. After an initial increase, mixed beam-induced foci remained at a constant level over the observation interval, similarly as alpha-induced foci. The average areas of radiation-induced foci were similar for mixed beams and X-rays, being significantly smaller than those induced by alpha particles. Pixel intensities were highest for mixed beam-induced foci and showed the lowest level of variability over time as compared to foci induced by alphas and X-rays alone. Finally, mixed beam-exposed foci showed the lowest level of mobility as compared to alpha and X-ray exposure. The results suggest paralysation of chromatin around foci containing clustered DNA damage.
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12
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Illner D, Lorenz A, Scherthan H. Meiotic chromosome mobility in fission yeast is resistant to environmental stress. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24222. [PMID: 27074839 PMCID: PMC4831013 DOI: 10.1038/srep24222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of healthy gametes requires pairing of homologous chromosomes (homologs) as a prerequisite for their correct segregation during meiosis. Initially, homolog alignment is promoted by meiotic chromosome movements feeding into intimate homolog pairing by homologous recombination and/or synaptonemal complex formation. Meiotic chromosome movements in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, depend on astral microtubule dynamics that drag the nucleus through the zygote; known as horsetail movement. The response of microtubule-led meiotic chromosome movements to environmental stresses such as ionizing irradiation (IR) and associated reactive oxygen species (ROS) is not known. Here, we show that, in contrast to budding yeast, the horsetail movement is largely radiation-resistant, which is likely mediated by a potent antioxidant defense. IR exposure of sporulating S. pombe cells induced misrepair and irreparable DNA double strand breaks causing chromosome fragmentation, missegregation and gamete death. Comparing radiation outcome in fission and budding yeast, and studying meiosis with poisoned microtubules indicates that the increased gamete death after IR is innate to fission yeast. Inhibition of meiotic chromosome mobility in the face of IR failed to influence the course of DSB repair, indicating that paralysis of meiotic chromosome mobility in a genotoxic environment is not a universal response among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Illner
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verbindung mit der Universität Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 München, Germany
| | - Alexander Lorenz
- Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Scherthan
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verbindung mit der Universität Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 München, Germany
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Shuryak I. Mechanistic Modeling of Dose and Dose Rate Dependences of Radiation-Induced DNA Double Strand Break Rejoining Kinetics in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146407. [PMID: 26741137 PMCID: PMC4711806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic modeling of DNA double strand break (DSB) rejoining is important for quantifying and medically exploiting radiation-induced cytotoxicity (e.g. in cancer radiotherapy). Most radiation-induced DSBs are quickly-rejoinable and are rejoined within the first 1–2 hours after irradiation. Others are slowly-rejoinable (persist for several hours), and yet others are essentially unrejoinable (persist for >24 hours). The dependences of DSB rejoining kinetics on radiation dose and dose rate remain incompletely understood. We hypothesize that the fraction of slowly-rejoinable and/or unrejoinable DSBs increases with increasing dose/dose rate. This radiation-dependent (RD) model was implemented using differential equations for three DSB classes: quickly-rejoinable, slowly-rejoinable and unrejoinable. Radiation converts quickly-rejoinable to slowly-rejoinable, and slowly-rejoinable to unrejoinable DSBs. We used large published data sets on DSB rejoining in yeast exposed to sparsely-ionizing (electrons and γ-rays, single or split-doses, high or low dose rates) and densely-ionizing (α-particles) radiation to compare the performances of the proposed RD formalism and the established two-lesion kinetic (TLK) model. These yeast DSB rejoining data were measured within the radiation dose range relevant for clonogenic cell survival, whereas in mammalian cells DSB rejoining is usually measured only at supra-lethal doses for technical reasons. The RD model described both sparsely-ionizing and densely-ionizing radiation data much better than the TLK model: by 217 and 14 sample-size-adjusted Akaike information criterion units, respectively. This occurred because: the RD (but not the TLK) model reproduced the observed upwardly-curving dose responses for slowly-rejoinable/unrejoinable DSBs at long times after irradiation; the RD model adequately described DSB yields at both high and low dose rates using one parameter set, whereas the TLK model overestimated low dose rate data. These results support the hypothesis that DSB rejoining is progressively impeded at increasing radiation doses/dose rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Comparative proteomics of mitosis and meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Proteomics 2014; 109:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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