1
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Valencia JE, Peter IS. Combinatorial regulatory states define cell fate diversity during embryogenesis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6841. [PMID: 39122679 PMCID: PMC11315938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50822-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell fate specification occurs along invariant species-specific trajectories that define the animal body plan. This process is controlled by gene regulatory networks that regulate the expression of the limited set of transcription factors encoded in animal genomes. Here we globally assess the spatial expression of ~90% of expressed transcription factors during sea urchin development from embryo to larva to determine the activity of gene regulatory networks and their regulatory states during cell fate specification. We show that >200 embryonically expressed transcription factors together define >70 cell fates that recapitulate the morphological and functional organization of this organism. Most cell fate-specific regulatory states consist of ~15-40 transcription factors with similarity particularly among functionally related cell types regardless of developmental origin. Temporally, regulatory states change continuously during development, indicating that progressive changes in regulatory circuit activity determine cell fate specification. We conclude that the combinatorial expression of transcription factors provides molecular definitions that suffice for the unique specification of cell states in time and space during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Valencia
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, MC156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Isabelle S Peter
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, MC156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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2
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Lee A, Wu S, Yim JE, Zhao B, Sheldon MT. Hot Electrons in a Steady State: Interband vs Intraband Excitation of Plasmonic Gold. ACS NANO 2024; 18:19077-19085. [PMID: 38996185 PMCID: PMC11271177 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of "hot", highly energetic electrons resulting from nonradiative plasmon decay is crucial for optimizing applications in photocatalysis and energy conversion. This study presents an analysis of electron kinetics within plasmonic metals, focusing on the steady-state behavior during continuous-wave (CW) illumination. Using an inelastic spectroscopy technique, we quantify the temperature and lifetimes of distinct carrier populations during excitation. A significant finding is the monotonic increase in hot electron lifetime with decreases in electronic temperature. We also observe a 1.22× increase in hot electron temperature during intraband excitation compared to interband excitation and a corresponding 2.34× increase in carrier lifetime. The shorter lifetimes during interband excitation are hypothesized to result from direct recombination of nonthermal holes and hot electrons, highlighting steady-state kinetics. Our results help bridge the knowledge gap between ultrafast and steady-state spectroscopies, offering critical insights for optimizing plasmonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Shengxiang Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ju Eun Yim
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Boqin Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Matthew T. Sheldon
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
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3
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Sivan Y, Un IW, Kalyan I, Lin KQ, Lupton JM, Bange S. Crossover from Nonthermal to Thermal Photoluminescence from Metals Excited by Ultrashort Light Pulses. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37289597 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photoluminescence from metal nanostructures following intense ultrashort illumination is a fundamental aspect of light-matter interactions. Surprisingly, many of its basic characteristics are under ongoing debate. Here, we resolve many of these debates by providing a comprehensive theoretical framework that describes this phenomenon and support it by an experimental confirmation. Specifically, we identify aspects of the emission that are characteristic to either nonthermal or thermal emission, in particular, differences in the spectral and electric field dependence of these two contributions to the emission. Overall, nonthermal emission is characteristic of the early stages of light emission, while the later stages show thermal characteristics. The former dominate only for moderately high illumination intensities for which the electron temperature reached after thermalization remains close to room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Sivan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ieng Wai Un
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Imon Kalyan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Kai-Qiang Lin
- Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - John M Lupton
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93051 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bange
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93051 Regensburg, Germany
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4
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Safiabadi Tali SA, Mudiyanselage RRHH, Qian Y, Smith NWG, Zhao Y, Morral A, Song J, Nie M, Magill BA, Khodaparast GA, Zhou W. Dual-Modal Nanoplasmonic Light Upconversion through Anti-Stokes Photoluminescence and Second-Harmonic Generation from Broadband Multiresonant Metal Nanocavities. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37154668 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanocavities can generate plasmon-enhanced light upconversion signals under ultrashort pulse excitations through anti-Stokes photoluminescence (ASPL) or nonlinear harmonic generation processes, offering various applications in bioimaging, sensing, interfacial science, nanothermometry, and integrated photonics. However, achieving broadband multiresonant enhancement of both ASPL and harmonic generation processes within the same metal nanocavities remains challenging, impeding applications based on dual-modal or wavelength-multiplexed operations. Here, we report a combined experimental and theoretical study on dual-modal plasmon-enhanced light upconversion through both ASPL and second-harmonic generation (SHG) from broadband multiresonant metal nanocavities in two-tier Ag/SiO2/Ag nanolaminate plasmonic crystals (NLPCs) that can support multiple hybridized plasmons with high spatial mode overlaps. Our measurements reveal the distinctions and correlations between the plasmon-enhanced ASPL and SHG processes under different modal and ultrashort pulsed laser excitation conditions, including incident fluence, wavelength, and polarization. To analyze the observed effects of the excitation and modal conditions on the ASPL and SHG emissions, we developed a time-domain modeling framework that simultaneously captures the mode coupling-enhancement characteristics, quantum excitation-emission transitions, and hot carrier population statistical mechanics. Notably, ASPL and SHG from the same metal nanocavities exhibit distinct plasmon-enhanced emission behaviors due to the intrinsic differences between the incoherent hot carrier-mediated ASPL sources with temporally evolving energy and spatial distributions and instantaneous SHG emitters. Mechanistic understanding of ASPL and SHG emissions from broadband multiresonant plasmonic nanocavities marks a milestone toward creating multimodal or wavelength-multiplexed upconversion nanoplasmonic devices for bioimaging, sensing, interfacial monitoring, and integrated photonics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seied Ali Safiabadi Tali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | - Yizhou Qian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ada Morral
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Junyeob Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Meitong Nie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Brenden A Magill
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Giti A Khodaparast
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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5
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Cui X, Ruan Q, Zhuo X, Xia X, Hu J, Fu R, Li Y, Wang J, Xu H. Photothermal Nanomaterials: A Powerful Light-to-Heat Converter. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37133878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
All forms of energy follow the law of conservation of energy, by which they can be neither created nor destroyed. Light-to-heat conversion as a traditional yet constantly evolving means of converting light into thermal energy has been of enduring appeal to researchers and the public. With the continuous development of advanced nanotechnologies, a variety of photothermal nanomaterials have been endowed with excellent light harvesting and photothermal conversion capabilities for exploring fascinating and prospective applications. Herein we review the latest progresses on photothermal nanomaterials, with a focus on their underlying mechanisms as powerful light-to-heat converters. We present an extensive catalogue of nanostructured photothermal materials, including metallic/semiconductor structures, carbon materials, organic polymers, and two-dimensional materials. The proper material selection and rational structural design for improving the photothermal performance are then discussed. We also provide a representative overview of the latest techniques for probing photothermally generated heat at the nanoscale. We finally review the recent significant developments of photothermal applications and give a brief outlook on the current challenges and future directions of photothermal nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qifeng Ruan
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhuo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Chips, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Xinyue Xia
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jingtian Hu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Runfang Fu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- School of Physics and Technology and School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
- Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, China
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6
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Lee SA, Kuhs CT, Searles EK, Everitt HO, Landes CF, Link S. d-Band Hole Dynamics in Gold Nanoparticles Measured with Time-Resolved Emission Upconversion Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3501-3506. [PMID: 37023287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The performance of photocatalysts and photovoltaic devices can be enhanced by energetic charge carriers produced from plasmon decay, and the lifetime of these energetic carriers greatly affects overall efficiencies. Although hot electron lifetimes in plasmonic gold nanoparticles have been investigated, hot hole lifetimes have not been as thoroughly studied in plasmonic systems. Here, we demonstrate time-resolved emission upconversion microscopy and use it to resolve the lifetime and energy-dependent cooling of d-band holes formed in gold nanoparticles by plasmon excitation and by following plasmon decay into interband and then intraband electron-hole pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Christopher T Kuhs
- U.S. Army DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory-South, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Emily K Searles
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Henry O Everitt
- U.S. Army DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory-South, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Christy F Landes
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Stephan Link
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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7
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Zhao Y, Xiao C, Mejia E, Garg A, Song J, Agrawal A, Zhou W. Voltage Modulation of Nanoplasmonic Metal Luminescence from Nano-Optoelectrodes in Electrolytes. ACS NANO 2023; 17:8634-8645. [PMID: 37093562 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanostructures supporting surface plasmon modes can concentrate optical fields and enhance luminescence processes from the metal surface at plasmonic hotspots. Such nanoplasmonic metal luminescence contributes to the spectral background in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) measurements and is helpful in bioimaging, nanothermometry and chemical reaction monitoring applications. Although there is growing interest in nanoplasmonic metal luminescence, its dependence on voltage modulation has received limited attention in research investigations. Also, the hyphenated electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC-SERS) technique typically ignores voltage-dependent spectral background information associated with nanoplasmonic metal luminescence due to limited mechanistic understanding and poor measurement reproducibility. Here, we report a combined experiment and theory study on dynamic voltage-modulated nanoplasmonic metal luminescence from hotspots at the electrode-electrolyte interface using multiresonant nanolaminate nano-optoelectrode arrays. Our EC-SERS measurements under 785 nm continuous wavelength laser excitation demonstrate that short-wavenumber nanoplasmonic metal luminescence associated with plasmon-enhanced electronic Raman scattering (PE-ERS) exhibits a negative voltage modulation slope (up to ≈30% V-1) in physiological ionic solutions. Furthermore, we have developed a phenomenological model to intuitively capture the plasmonic, electronic, and ionic characteristics at the metal-electrolyte interface to understand the observed dependence of the PE-ERS voltage modulation slope on voltage polarization and ionic strength. The current work represents a critical step toward the general application of nanoplasmonic metal luminescence signals in optical voltage biosensing, hybrid optical-electrical signal transduction, and interfacial electrochemical monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Chuan Xiao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Elieser Mejia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Aditya Garg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Junyeob Song
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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8
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Białek R, Vasileiadis T, Pochylski M, Graczykowski B. Fano meets Stokes: Four-order-of-magnitude enhancement of asymmetric Brillouin light scattering spectra. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 30:100478. [PMID: 37025113 PMCID: PMC10070932 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Observation of Fano resonances in various physical phenomena is usually ascribed to the coupling of discrete states with background continuum, as it has already been reported for various physical phenomena. Here, we report on Fano lineshapes of nonthermal GHz phonons generated and observed with pumped Brillouin light scattering in gold-silicon thin membranes, overlapping the broad zero-shift background of yet questionable origin. The system's broken mid-plane symmetry enabled the generation of coherent quasi-symmetric and quasi-antisymmetric Lamb acoustic waves/phonons, leading to the four orders-of-magnitude enhancement of Brillouin light scattering. Notably, the membrane asymmetry resulted also in the mode-dependent Stokes and anti-Stokes Fano lineshapes asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Białek
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Thomas Vasileiadis
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Pochylski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Graczykowski
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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9
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Dell'Ova F, Shakirova D, Brulé Y, Moreaud L, Colas-des-Francs G, Dujardin E, Bouhelier A. Coherent two-beam steering of delocalized nonlinear photoluminescence in a plasmon cavity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:17517-17528. [PMID: 36221572 DOI: 10.1364/oe.456599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We aim at controlling the spatial distribution of nonlinear photoluminescence in a shaped micrometer-size crystalline gold flake. Interestingly, the underlying surface plasmon modal landscape sustained by this mesoscopic structure can be advantageously used to generate nonlinear photoluminescence (nPL) in remote locations away from the excitation spot. By controlling the modal pattern, we show that the delocalized nonlinear photoluminescence intensity can be redistributed spatially. This is first accomplished by changing the polarization orientation of the pulsed laser excitation in order to select a subset of available surface plasmon modes within a continuum. We then propose a second approach to redistribute the nPL within the structure by implementing a phase control of the plasmon interference pattern arising from a coherent two-beam excitation. Control and engineering of the nonlinear photoluminescence spatial extension is a prerequisite for deploying the next generation of plasmonic-enabled integrated devices relying on hot carriers.
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10
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Cai YY, Tauzin LJ, Ostovar B, Lee S, Link S. Light emission from plasmonic nanostructures. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:060901. [PMID: 34391373 DOI: 10.1063/5.0053320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of light emission from metallic nanoparticles has been a subject of debate in recent years. Photoluminescence and electronic Raman scattering mechanisms have both been proposed to explain the observed emission from plasmonic nanostructures. Recent results from Stokes and anti-Stokes emission spectroscopy of single gold nanorods using continuous wave laser excitation carried out in our laboratory are summarized here. We show that varying excitation wavelength and power change the energy distribution of hot carriers and impact the emission spectral lineshape. We then examine the role of interband and intraband transitions in the emission lineshape by varying the particle size. We establish a relationship between the single particle emission quantum yield and its corresponding plasmonic resonance quality factor, which we also tune through nanorod crystallinity. Finally, based on anti-Stokes emission, we extract electron temperatures that further suggest a hot carrier based mechanism. The central role of hot carriers in our systematic study on gold nanorods as a model system supports a Purcell effect enhanced hot carrier photoluminescence mechanism. We end with a discussion on the impact of understanding the light emission mechanism on fields utilizing hot carrier distributions, such as photocatalysis and nanothermometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yu Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Lawrence J Tauzin
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Behnaz Ostovar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Stephen Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Stephan Link
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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11
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Abstract
We provide a complete quantitative theory for light emission from Drude metals under continuous wave illumination, based on our recently derived steady-state nonequilibrium electron distribution. We show that the electronic contribution to the emission exhibits a dependence on the emission frequency which is very similar to the energy dependence of the nonequilibrium distribution, and characterize different scenarios determining the measurable emission line shape. This enables the identification of experimentally relevant situations, where the emission lineshapes deviate significantly from predictions based on the standard theory (namely, on the photonic density of states), and enables the differentiation between cases where the emission scales with the metal object surface or with its volume. We also provide an analytic description (which is absent from the literature) of the (polynomial) dependence of the metal emission on the electric field, its dependence on the pump laser frequency, and its nontrivial exponential dependence on the electron temperature, both for the Stokes and anti-Stokes regimes. Our results imply that the emission does not originate from either Fermion statistics (due to e-e interactions), and even though one could have expected the emission to follow boson statistics due to involvement of photons (as in Planck's Black Body emission), it turns out that it deviates from that form as well. Finally, we resolve the arguments associated with the effects of electron and lattice temperatures on the emission, and which of them can be extracted from the anti-Stokes emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Sivan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er sheva, Israel 8410501
| | - Yonatan Dubi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er sheva, Israel 8410501
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12
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Abstract
Whereas heating nanoparticles with light is straightforward, measuring the resulting nanoscale temperature increase is intricate and still a matter of active research in plasmonics, with envisioned applications in nanochemistry, biomedicine, and solar light harvesting, among others. Interestingly, this research line mostly belongs to the optics community today because light is not only used for heating but also often for probing temperature. In this Perspective, I present and discuss recent advances in the search for efficient and reliable thermometry techniques for nanoplasmonic systems by the nano-optics community. I focus on the recently proposed approach based on the spectral measurement of anti-Stokes emission from the plasmonic nanoparticles themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Baffou
- Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Centrale Marseille, 13013 Marseille, France
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13
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Zhu Y, Natelson D, Cui L. Probing energy dissipation in molecular-scale junctions via surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy: vibrational pumping and hot carrier enhanced light emission. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:134001. [PMID: 33429369 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abda7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Experimentally resolving the microscopic energy dissipation and redistribution pathways in a molecular-scale junction, the smallest possible nanoelectronic device, is of great current interest. Here we report measurements of the vibrational pumping and light emission processes in current-carrying molecular junctions using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. We show that the heating of vibrational modes exhibits distinct features when the molecular junctions are driven by electrical bias or optical power. We further discuss the hot carrier origin of the broadband continuum emission observed in the Raman scattering spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxuan Zhu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Douglas Natelson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Longji Cui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
- Paul M Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
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14
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Vasileiadis T, Zhang H, Wang H, Bonn M, Fytas G, Graczykowski B. Frequency-domain study of nonthermal gigahertz phonons reveals Fano coupling to charge carriers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabd4540. [PMID: 33355135 PMCID: PMC11206219 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd4540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Telecommunication devices exploit hypersonic gigahertz acoustic phonons to mediate signal processing with microwave radiation, and charge carriers to operate various microelectronic components. Potential interactions of hypersound with charge carriers can be revealed through frequency- and momentum-resolved studies of acoustic phonons in photoexcited semiconductors. Here, we present an all-optical method for excitation and frequency-, momentum-, and space-resolved detection of gigahertz acoustic waves in a spatially confined model semiconductor. Lamb waves are excited in a bare silicon membrane using femtosecond optical pulses and detected with frequency-domain micro-Brillouin light spectroscopy. The population of photoexcited gigahertz phonons displays a hundredfold enhancement as compared with thermal equilibrium. The phonon spectra reveal Stokes-anti-Stokes asymmetry due to propagation, and strongly asymmetric Fano resonances due to coupling between the electron-hole plasma and the photoexcited phonons. This work lays the foundation for studying hypersonic signals in nonequilibrium conditions and, more generally, phonon-dependent phenomena in photoexcited nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vasileiadis
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Heng Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hai Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - George Fytas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Bartlomiej Graczykowski
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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15
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Nam W, Zhao Y, Song J, Tali SAS, Kang S, Zhu W, Lezec HJ, Agrawal A, Vikesland PJ, Zhou W. Plasmonic Electronic Raman Scattering as Internal Standard for Spatial and Temporal Calibration in Quantitative Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9543-9551. [PMID: 33115232 PMCID: PMC8141369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) still faces difficulties in quantitative analysis because of its susceptibility to local optical field variations at plasmonic hotspots in metallo-dielectric nanostructures. Current SERS calibration approaches using Raman tags have inherent limitations due to spatial occupation competition with analyte molecules, spectral interference with analyte Raman peaks, and photodegradation. Herein, we report that plasmon-enhanced electronic Raman scattering (ERS) signals from metal can serve as an internal standard for spatial and temporal calibration of molecular Raman scattering (MRS) signals from analyte molecules at the same hotspots, enabling rigorous quantitative SERS analysis. We observe a linear dependence between ERS and MRS signal intensities upon spatial and temporal variations of excitation optical fields, manifesting the |E|4 enhancements for both ERS and MRS processes at the same hotspots in agreement with our theoretical prediction. Furthermore, we find that the ERS calibration's performance limit can result from orientation variations of analyte molecules at hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonil Nam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Junyeob Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Seied Ali Safiabadi Tali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Seju Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science Sustainable Nanotechnology Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Wenqi Zhu
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Henri J. Lezec
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Peter J. Vikesland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Critical Technology and Applied Science Sustainable Nanotechnology Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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16
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Jollans T, Caldarola M, Sivan Y, Orrit M. Effective Electron Temperature Measurement Using Time-Resolved Anti-Stokes Photoluminescence. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6968-6976. [PMID: 32787000 PMCID: PMC7457233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c06671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Anti-Stokes photoluminescence of metal nanoparticles, in which emitted photons have a higher energy than the incident photons, is an indicator of the temperature prevalent within a nanoparticle. Previous work has shown how to extract the temperature from a gold nanoparticle under continuous-wave monochromatic illumination. We extend the technique to pulsed illumination and introduce pump-probe anti-Stokes spectroscopy. This new technique enables us not only to measure an effective electron temperature in a gold nanoparticle (∼103 K under our conditions), but also to measure ultrafast dynamics of a pulse-excited electron population, through its effect on the photoluminescence, with subpicosecond time resolution. We measure the heating and cooling, all within picoseconds, of the electrons and find that, with our subpicosecond pulses, the highest apparent temperature is reached 0.6 ps before the maximum change in magnitude of the extinction signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jollans
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martín Caldarola
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yonatan Sivan
- School
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Michel Orrit
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Cui L, Zhu Y, Abbasi M, Ahmadivand A, Gerislioglu B, Nordlander P, Natelson D. Electrically Driven Hot-Carrier Generation and Above-Threshold Light Emission in Plasmonic Tunnel Junctions. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6067-6075. [PMID: 32568541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Above-threshold light emission from plasmonic tunnel junctions, when emitted photons have energies significantly higher than the energy scale of incident electrons, has attracted much recent interest in nano-optics, while the underlying physics remains elusive. We examine above-threshold light emission in electromigrated tunnel junctions. Our measurements over a large ensemble of devices demonstrate a giant (∼104) material-dependent photon yield (emitted photons per incident electrons). This dramatic effect cannot be explained only by the radiative field enhancement due to localized plasmons in the tunneling gap. Emission is well described by a Boltzmann spectrum with an effective temperature exceeding 2000 K, coupled to a plasmon-modified photonic density of states. The effective temperature is approximately linear in the applied bias, consistent with a suggested theoretical model describing hot-carrier dynamics driven by nonradiative decay of electrically excited localized plasmons. Electrically generated hot carriers and nontraditional light emission could open avenues for active photochemistry, optoelectronics, and quantum optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longji Cui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yunxuan Zhu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Mahdiyeh Abbasi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Arash Ahmadivand
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Burak Gerislioglu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Douglas Natelson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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18
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Wang D, Koh YR, Kudyshev ZA, Maize K, Kildishev AV, Boltasseva A, Shalaev VM, Shakouri A. Spatial and Temporal Nanoscale Plasmonic Heating Quantified by Thermoreflectance. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3796-3803. [PMID: 31067061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The field of thermoplasmonics has thrived in the past decades because it uniquely provides remotely controllable nanometer-scale heat sources that have augmented numerous technologies. Despite the extensive studies on steady-state plasmonic heating, the dynamic behavior of the plasmonic heaters in the nanosecond regime has remained largely unexplored, yet such a time scale is indeed essential for a broad range of applications such as photocatalysis, optical modulators, and detectors. Here, we use two distinct techniques based on the temperature-dependent surface reflectivity of materials, optical thermoreflectance imaging (OTI) and time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR), to comprehensively investigate plasmonic heating in both spatial and temporal domains. Specifically, OTI enables the rapid visualization of plasmonic heating with sub-micron resolution, outperforming a standard thermal camera, and allows us to establish the connection between the optical absorptance and heating efficiency as well as to analyze plasmonic heating dynamics on the millisecond scale. Using the TDTR technique, we, for the first time, study the optical resonance-dependent heat-transfer dynamics of a nanometer-scale plasmonic structure in the nanosecond regime and use a detailed computational model to extract the impulse response and thermal interface conductance of a multilayer plasmonic structure. The study reveals a quantitative relationship between the dimensions of the nanopatterned structure and its spatiotemporal thermal response to the light pulse excitation, a thermoplasmonic effect resulting from the spatial distribution of the absorbed electromagnetic energy. We also conclude that the two thermoreflectance techniques provide necessary feedback to nanoscale thermoplasmonic heat management, for which optimization in either heating power or temperature decay speed is needed.
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19
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Jauffred L, Samadi A, Klingberg H, Bendix PM, Oddershede LB. Plasmonic Heating of Nanostructures. Chem Rev 2019; 119:8087-8130. [PMID: 31125213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The absorption of light by plasmonic nanostructures and their associated temperature increase are exquisitely sensitive to the shape and composition of the structure and to the wavelength of light. Therefore, much effort is put into synthesizing novel nanostructures for optimized interaction with the incident light. The successful synthesis and characterization of high quality and biocompatible plasmonic colloidal nanoparticles has fostered numerous and expanding applications, especially in biomedical contexts, where such particles are highly promising for general drug delivery and for tomorrow's cancer treatment. We review the thermoplasmonic properties of the most commonly used plasmonic nanoparticles, including solid or composite metallic nanoparticles of various dimensions and geometries. Common methods for synthesizing plasmonic particles are presented with the overall goal of providing the reader with a guide for designing or choosing nanostructures with optimal thermoplasmonic properties for a given application. Finally, the biocompatibility and biological tolerance of structures are critically discussed along with novel applications of plasmonic nanoparticles in the life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akbar Samadi
- Niels Bohr Institute , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Henrik Klingberg
- Niels Bohr Institute , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | | | - Lene B Oddershede
- Niels Bohr Institute , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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20
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Sullivan R, Adams MC, Naik RR, Milam VT. Analyzing Secondary Structure Patterns in DNA Aptamers Identified via CompELS. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081572. [PMID: 31010064 PMCID: PMC6515186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to sophisticated high-throughput sequencing tools for genomic DNA, analytical tools for comparing secondary structure features between multiple single-stranded DNA sequences are less developed. For single-stranded nucleic acid ligands called aptamers, secondary structure is widely thought to play a pivotal role in driving recognition-based binding activity between an aptamer sequence and its specific target. Here, we employ a competition-based aptamer screening platform called CompELS to identify DNA aptamers for a colloidal target. We then analyze predicted secondary structures of the aptamers and a large population of random sequences to identify sequence features and patterns. Our secondary structure analysis identifies patterns ranging from position-dependent score matrixes of individual structural elements to position-independent consensus domains resulting from global alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sullivan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0245, USA.
| | - Mary Catherine Adams
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0245, USA.
| | - Rajesh R Naik
- 711 Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA.
| | - Valeria T Milam
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0245, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, USA.
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21
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Cai YY, Sung E, Zhang R, Tauzin LJ, Liu JG, Ostovar B, Zhang Y, Chang WS, Nordlander P, Link S. Anti-Stokes Emission from Hot Carriers in Gold Nanorods. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1067-1073. [PMID: 30657694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The origin of light emission from plasmonic nanoparticles has been strongly debated lately. It is present as the background of surface-enhanced Raman scattering and, despite the low yield, has been used for novel sensing and imaging applications because of its photostability. Although the role of surface plasmons as an enhancing antenna is widely accepted, the main controversy regarding the mechanism of the emission is its assignment to either radiative recombination of hot carriers (photoluminescence) or electronic Raman scattering (inelastic light scattering). We have previously interpreted the Stokes-shifted emission from gold nanorods as the Purcell effect enhanced radiative recombination of hot carriers. Here we specifically focused on the anti-Stokes emission from single gold nanorods of varying aspect ratios with excitation wavelengths below and above the interband transition threshold while still employing continuous wave lasers. Analysis of the intensity ratios between Stokes and anti-Stokes emission yields temperatures that can only be interpreted as originating from the excited electron distribution and not a thermally equilibrated phonon population despite not using pulsed laser excitation. Consistent with this result as well as previous emission studies using ultrafast lasers, the power-dependence of the upconverted emission is nonlinear and gives the average number of participating photons as a function of emission wavelength. Our findings thus show that hot carriers and photoluminescence play a major role in the upconverted emission.
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22
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Szczerbiński J, Gyr L, Kaeslin J, Zenobi R. Plasmon-Driven Photocatalysis Leads to Products Known from E-beam and X-ray-Induced Surface Chemistry. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:6740-6749. [PMID: 30277787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic metal nanostructures can concentrate incident optical fields in nanometer-sized volumes, called hot spots. This leads to enhanced optical responses of molecules in such a hot spot but also to chemical transformations, driven by plasmon-induced hot carriers. Here, we employ tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) to study the mechanism of these reactions in situ at the level of a single hot spot. Direct spectroscopic measurements reveal the energy distribution of hot electrons, as well as the temperature changes due to plasmonic heating. Therefore, charge-driven reactions can be distinguished from thermal reaction pathways. The products of the hot-carrier-driven reactions are strikingly similar to the ones known from X-ray or e-beam-induced surface chemistry despite the >100-fold energy difference between visible and X-ray photons. Understanding the analogies between those two scenarios implies new strategies for rational design of plasmonic photocatalytic reactions and for the elimination of photoinduced damage in plasmon-enhanced spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Szczerbiński
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Luzia Gyr
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Kaeslin
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
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23
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Cheng Y, Zhang W, Zhao J, Wen T, Hu A, Gong Q, Lu G. Understanding photoluminescence of metal nanostructures based on an oscillator model. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:315201. [PMID: 29757167 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aac44f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Scattering and absorption properties of metal nanostructures have been well understood based on the classic oscillator theory. Here, we demonstrate that photoluminescence of metal nanostructures can also be explained based on a classic model. The model shows that inelastic radiation of an oscillator resembles its resonance band after external excitation, and is related to the photoluminescence from metallic nanostructures. The understanding based on the classic oscillator model is in agreement with that predicted by a quantum electromagnetic cavity model. Moreover, by correlating a two-temperature model and the electron distributions, we demonstrate that both one-photon and two-photon luminescence of the metal nanostructures undergo the same mechanism. Furthermore, the model explains most of the emission characteristics of the metallic nanostructures, such as quantum yield, spectral shape, excitation polarization and power dependence. The model based on an oscillator provides an intuitive description of the photoluminescence process and may enable rapid optimization and exploration of the plasmonic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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24
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Kravtsov V, AlMutairi S, Ulbricht R, Kutayiah AR, Belyanin A, Raschke MB. Enhanced Third-Order Optical Nonlinearity Driven by Surface-Plasmon Field Gradients. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:203903. [PMID: 29864315 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.203903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Efficient nonlinear optical frequency mixing in small volumes is key for future on-chip photonic devices. However, the generally low conversion efficiency severely limits miniaturization to nanoscale dimensions. Here we demonstrate that gradient-field effects can provide for an efficient, conventionally dipole-forbidden nonlinear response. We show that a longitudinal nonlinear source current can dominate the third-order optical nonlinearity of the free electron response in gold in the technologically important near-IR frequency range where the nonlinearities due to other mechanisms are particularly small. Using adiabatic nanofocusing to spatially confine the excitation fields, from measurements of the 2ω_{1}-ω_{2} four-wave mixing response as a function of detuning ω_{1}-ω_{2}, we find up to 10^{-5} conversion efficiency with a gradient-field contribution to χ_{Au}^{(3)} of up to 10^{-19} m^{2}/V^{2}. The results are in good agreement with the theory based on plasma hydrodynamics and underlying electron dynamics. The associated increase in the nonlinear conversion efficiency with a decreasing sample size, which can even overcompensate the volume decrease, offers a new approach for enhanced nonlinear nano-optics. This will enable more efficient nonlinear optical devices and the extension of coherent multidimensional spectroscopies to the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Kravtsov
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Sultan AlMutairi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Ronald Ulbricht
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - A Ryan Kutayiah
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Alexey Belyanin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Markus B Raschke
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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25
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Cai YY, Liu JG, Tauzin LJ, Huang D, Sung E, Zhang H, Joplin A, Chang WS, Nordlander P, Link S. Photoluminescence of Gold Nanorods: Purcell Effect Enhanced Emission from Hot Carriers. ACS NANO 2018; 12:976-985. [PMID: 29283248 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate, experimentally and theoretically, that the photon emission from gold nanorods can be viewed as a Purcell effect enhanced radiative recombination of hot carriers. By correlating the single-particle photoluminescence spectra and quantum yields of gold nanorods measured for five different excitation wavelengths and varied excitation powers, we illustrate the effects of hot carrier distributions evolving through interband and intraband transitions and the photonic density of states on the nanorod photoluminescence. Our model, using only one fixed input parameter, describes quantitatively both emission from interband recombination and the main photoluminescence peak coinciding with the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yu Cai
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ⊥Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jun G Liu
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ⊥Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Lawrence J Tauzin
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ⊥Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Da Huang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ⊥Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Eric Sung
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ⊥Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ⊥Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Anneli Joplin
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ⊥Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Wei-Shun Chang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ⊥Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ⊥Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Stephan Link
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ⊥Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and ∥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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26
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Light Emission from Plasmonic Nanostructures Enhanced with Fluorescent Nanodiamonds. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3605. [PMID: 29483560 PMCID: PMC5826936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In the surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF) process, it is well known that the plasmonic nanostructure can enhance the light emission of fluorescent emitters. With the help of atomic force microscopy, a hybrid system consisting of a fluorescent nanodiamond and a gold nanoparticle was assembled step-by-step for in situ optical measurements. We demonstrate that fluorescent emitters can also enhance the light emission from gold nanoparticles which is judged through the intrinsic anti-Stokes emission owing to the nanostructures. The light emission intensity, spectral shape, and lifetime of the hybrid system were dependent on the coupling configuration. The interaction between gold nanoparticles and fluorescent emitter was modelled based on the concept of a quantised optical cavity by considering the nanodiamond and the nanoparticle as a two-level energy system and a nanoresonator, respectively. The theoretical calculations reveal that the dielectric antenna effect can enhance the local field felt by the nanoparticle, which contributes more to the light emission enhancement of the nanoparticles rather than the plasmonic coupling effect. The findings reveal that the SEF is a mutually enhancing process. This suggests the hybrid system should be considered as an entity to analyse and optimise surface-enhanced spectroscopy.
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27
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Carattino A, Caldarola M, Orrit M. Gold Nanoparticles as Absolute Nanothermometers. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:874-880. [PMID: 29272135 PMCID: PMC5817619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanothermometry is a challenging field that can open the door to intriguing questions ranging from biology and medicine to material sciences. Gold nanorods are excellent candidates to act as nanoprobes because they are reasonably bright emitters upon excitation with a monochromatic source. Gold nanoparticles are commonly used in photothermal therapy as efficient transducers of electromagnetic radiation into heat. In this work we use the spectrum of the anti-Stokes emission from gold nanorods irradiated in resonance to measure the absolute temperature of the nanoparticles and their surrounding medium without the need for a previous calibration. We show a 4 K accuracy in the determination of the temperature of the medium with spectral measurements of 180 s integration time. This procedure can be easily implemented in any microscope capable of acquiring emission spectra, and it is not limited to any specific shape of nanoparticles.
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28
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Roloff L, Klemm P, Gronwald I, Huber R, Lupton JM, Bange S. Light Emission from Gold Nanoparticles under Ultrafast Near-Infrared Excitation: Thermal Radiation, Inelastic Light Scattering, or Multiphoton Luminescence? NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:7914-7919. [PMID: 29182344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles emit broad-band upconverted luminescence upon irradiation with pulsed infrared laser radiation. Although the phenomenon is widely observed, considerable disagreement still exists concerning the underlying physics, most notably over the applicability of concepts such as multiphoton absorption, inelastic scattering, and interband vs intraband electronic transitions. Here, we study single particles and small clusters of particles by employing a spectrally resolved power-law analysis of the irradiation-dependent emission as a sensitive probe of these physical models. Two regimes of emission are identified. At low irradiance levels of kW/cm2, the emission follows a well-defined integer-exponent power law suggestive of a multiphoton process. However, at higher irradiance levels of several kW/cm2, the nonlinearity exponent itself depends on the photon energy detected, a tell-tale signature of a radiating heated electron gas. We show that in this regime, the experiments are incompatible with both interband transitions and inelastic light scattering as the cause of the luminescence, whereas they are compatible with the notion of luminescence linked to intraband transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Roloff
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg , 93051 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Klemm
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg , 93051 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Imke Gronwald
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg , 93051 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rupert Huber
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg , 93051 Regensburg, Germany
| | - John M Lupton
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg , 93051 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bange
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg , 93051 Regensburg, Germany
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29
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Mertens J, Kleemann ME, Chikkaraddy R, Narang P, Baumberg JJ. How Light Is Emitted by Plasmonic Metals. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:2568-2574. [PMID: 28267346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism by which light is emitted from plasmonic metals such as gold and silver has been contentious, particularly at photon energies below direct interband transitions. Using nanoscale plasmonic cavities, blue-pumped light emission is found to directly track dark-field scattering on individual nanoconstructs. By exploiting slow atomic-scale restructuring of the nanocavity facets to spectrally tune the dominant gap plasmons, this correlation can be measured from 600 to 900 nm in gold, silver, and mixed constructs ranging from spherical to cube nanoparticles-on-mirror. We show that prompt electronic Raman scattering is responsible and confirm that "photoluminescence", which implies phase and energy relaxation, is not the right description. Our model suggests how to maximize light emission from metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mertens
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Elena Kleemann
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Rohit Chikkaraddy
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Prineha Narang
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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30
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Carattino A, Keizer VIP, Schaaf MJM, Orrit M. Background Suppression in Imaging Gold Nanorods through Detection of Anti-Stokes Emission. Biophys J 2016; 111:2492-2499. [PMID: 27926850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallic nanoparticles have opened the possibility of imaging, tracking, and manipulating biological samples without time limitations. Their low photoluminescence quantum yield, however, makes them hard to detect under high background conditions. In this study we show that it is possible to image gold nanorods by detecting their anti-Stokes emission under resonant excitation. We show that even in the membrane of a cell containing the fluorescent dye Atto 647N, the signal/background of the anti-Stokes emission can be >10, while it is impossible to image the particles with the Stokes emission. The main advantage of this technique is that it does not require any major change in existing fluorescence imaging setups, only the addition of an appropriate short-pass filter in the detection path.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veer I P Keizer
- Institute of Biology and Molecular Cell Biology, University of Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel J M Schaaf
- Institute of Biology and Molecular Cell Biology, University of Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Michel Orrit
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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31
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Haug T, Klemm P, Bange S, Lupton JM. Hot-Electron Intraband Luminescence from Single Hot Spots in Noble-Metal Nanoparticle Films. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:067403. [PMID: 26296132 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.067403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Disordered noble-metal nanoparticle films exhibit highly localized and stable nonlinear light emission from subdiffraction regions upon illumination by near-infrared femtosecond pulses. Such hot spot emission spans a continuum in the visible and near-infrared spectral range. Strong plasmonic enhancement of light-matter interaction and the resulting complexity of experimental observations have prevented the development of a universal understanding of the origin of light emission. Here, we study the dependence of emission spectra on excitation irradiance and provide the most direct evidence yet that the continuum emission observed from both silver and gold nanoparticle aggregate surfaces is caused by recombination of hot electrons within the conduction band. The electron gas in the emitting particles, which is effectively decoupled from the lattice temperature for the duration of emission, reaches temperatures of several thousand Kelvin and acts as a subdiffraction incandescent light source on subpicosecond time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Haug
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93051 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Klemm
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93051 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bange
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93051 Regensburg, Germany
| | - John M Lupton
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93051 Regensburg, Germany
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32
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Huang D, Byers CP, Wang LY, Hoggard A, Hoener B, Dominguez-Medina S, Chen S, Chang WS, Landes CF, Link S. Photoluminescence of a Plasmonic Molecule. ACS NANO 2015; 9:7072-9. [PMID: 26165983 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Photoluminescent Au nanoparticles are appealing for biosensing and bioimaging applications because of their non-photobleaching and non-photoblinking emission. The mechanism of one-photon photoluminescence from plasmonic nanostructures is still heavily debated though. Here, we report on the one-photon photoluminescence of strongly coupled 50 nm Au nanosphere dimers, the simplest plasmonic molecule. We observe emission from coupled plasmonic modes as revealed by single-particle photoluminescence spectra in comparison to correlated dark-field scattering spectroscopy. The photoluminescence quantum yield of the dimers is found to be surprisingly similar to the constituent monomers, suggesting that the increased local electric field of the dimer plays a minor role, in contradiction to several proposed mechanisms. Aided by electromagnetic simulations of scattering and absorption spectra, we conclude that our data are instead consistent with a multistep mechanism that involves the emission due to radiative decay of surface plasmons generated from excited electron-hole pairs following interband absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Huang
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Chad P Byers
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Lin-Yung Wang
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Anneli Hoggard
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ben Hoener
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Sergio Dominguez-Medina
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Sishan Chen
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Wei-Shun Chang
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Christy F Landes
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Stephan Link
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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33
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Hugall JT, Baumberg JJ. Demonstrating photoluminescence from Au is electronic inelastic light scattering of a plasmonic metal: the origin of SERS backgrounds. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:2600-4. [PMID: 25734469 PMCID: PMC4415038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-dependent surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is used to investigate the photoluminescence and background continuum always present in SERS but whose origin remains controversial. Both the Stokes and anti-Stokes background is found to be dominated by inelastic light scattering (ILS) from the electrons in the noble metal nanostructures supporting the plasmon modes. The anti-Stokes background is highly temperature dependent and is shown to be related to the thermal occupation of electronic states within the metal via a simple model. This suggests new routes to enhance SERS sensitivities, as well as providing ubiquitous and calibrated real-time temperature measurements of nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. Hugall
- NanoPhotonics Centre,
Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics Centre,
Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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34
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Ding D, Minnich AJ. Selective radiative heating of nanostructures using hyperbolic metamaterials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:A299-A308. [PMID: 25968795 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.00a299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic metamaterials (HMM) are of great interest due to their ability to break the diffraction limit for imaging and enhance near-field radiative heat transfer. Here we demonstrate that an annular, transparent HMM enables selective heating of a sub-wavelength plasmonic nanowire by controlling the angular mode number of a plasmonic resonance. A nanowire emitter, surrounded by an HMM, appears dark to incoming radiation from an adjacent nanowire emitter unless the second emitter is surrounded by an identical lens such that the wavelength and angular mode of the plasmonic resonance match. Our result can find applications in radiative thermal management.
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35
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He Y, Xia K, Lu G, Shen H, Cheng Y, Liu YC, Shi K, Xiao YF, Gong Q. Surface enhanced anti-Stokes one-photon luminescence from single gold nanorods. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:577-582. [PMID: 25418974 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04879b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anti-Stokes one-photon luminescence from a single gold nanorod is experimentally investigated. The anti-Stokes emission of gold nanorods is enhanced and strongly modulated by localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). It is found that the polarization dependence of the anti-Stokes emission is in strong correlation with that of the Stokes emission. Further experiments provide evidence that LSPR significantly enhanced both excitation and emission processes. Moreover, the line shape of the anti-Stokes emission is dependent on the surface temperature, which is related to the distribution of free electrons near the Fermi level. This discovery provides an effective method in principle to probe localized temperature at nanoscale dimension. Here, the reported results about the anti-Stokes emission provide more understanding for the photoemission process from the plasmonic nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo He
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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36
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Bayle M, Combe N, Sangeetha NM, Viau G, Carles R. Vibrational and electronic excitations in gold nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:9157-9165. [PMID: 24979073 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr02185a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An experimental analysis of all elementary excitations--phonons and electron-holes--in gold nanocrystals has been performed using plasmon resonance Raman scattering. Assemblies of monodisperse, single-crystalline gold nanoparticles, specific substrates and specific experimental configurations have been used. Three types of excitations are successively analyzed: collective quasi-acoustical vibrations of the particles (Lamb's modes), electron-hole excitations (creating the so-called "background" in surface-enhanced Raman scattering) and ensembles of atomic vibrations ("bulk" phonons). The experimental vibrational density of states extracted from the latter contribution is successfully compared with theoretical estimations performed using atomic simulations. The dominant role of surface atoms over the core ones on lattice dynamics is clearly demonstrated. Consequences on the thermodynamic properties of nanocrystals such as the decrease of the characteristic Debye temperature are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Bayle
- Université de Toulouse, CEMES CNRS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, 31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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