1
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Huang Z, Li L, Yin T, Brown KA, Wang Y. Rational Structural Design of Polymer Pens for Energy-Efficient Photoactuation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3595. [PMID: 37688221 PMCID: PMC10490353 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoactuated pens have emerged as promising tools for expedient, mask-free, and versatile nanomanufacturing. However, the challenge of effectively controlling individual pens in large arrays for high-throughput patterning has been a significant hurdle. In this study, we introduce novel generations of photoactuated pens and explore the impact of pen architecture on photoactuation efficiency and crosstalk through simulations and experiments. By introducing a thermal insulating layer and incorporating an air ap in the architecture design, we have achieved the separation of pens into independent units. This new design allowed for improved control over the actuation behavior of individual pens, markedly reducing the influence of neighboring pens. The results of our research suggest novel applications of photoactive composite films as advanced actuators across diverse fields, including lithography, adaptive optics, and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Taishan Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Keith A. Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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2
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Localized Photoactuation of Polymer Pens for Nanolithography. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031171. [PMID: 36770838 PMCID: PMC9919257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Localized actuation is an important goal of nanotechnology broadly impacting applications such as programmable materials, soft robotics, and nanolithography. Despite significant recent advances, actuation with high temporal and spatial resolution remains challenging to achieve. Herein, we demonstrate strongly localized photoactuation of polymer pens made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and surface-functionalized short carbon nanotubes based on a fundamental understanding of the nanocomposite chemistry and device innovations in directing intense light with digital micromirrors to microscale domains. We show that local illumination can drive a small group of pens (3 × 3 over 170 μm × 170 μm) within a massively two-dimensional array to attain an out-of-plane motion by more than 7 μm for active molecular printing. The observed effect marks a striking three-order-of-magnitude improvement over the state of the art and suggests new opportunities for active actuation.
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3
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Patterning-mediated supramolecular assembly of lipids into nanopalms. iScience 2022; 25:105344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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4
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Jiao K, Becerra-Mora N, Russell B, Migone A, Gemeinhardt ME, Goodson BM, Kohli P. Simultaneous Writing and Erasing Using Probe Lithography Synchronized Erasing and Deposition (PLiSED). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:12630-12643. [PMID: 36201686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous writing and erasing of two and three molecules in one single step at the microscale using Polymeric Lithography Editor (PLE) probes is demonstrated. Simultaneous writing and erasing of three molecules was accomplished by rastering a nanoporous probe that was loaded with rhodamine B and fluorescein over a quinine-coated glass substrate. The solvated quinine molecules were erased and transported into the probe matrix, whereas both rhodamine and fluorescein molecules were simultaneously deposited and aligned with the path of the erased quinine on the substrate. The simultaneous writing and erasing of molecules is referred to as PLiSED. The writing and erasing speed can be easily tuned by adjusting the probe speed to as large as 10,000 μm2/s. The microscale patterns on the orders of square millimeter area were fabricated by erasing fluorescein with an efficiency (ηe) > 95% while simultaneously depositing rhodamine molecules at the erased spots. The roles of the probe porosity, transport medium, and kinetics of solvation for editing were also investigated─the presence of a transport medium at the probe-substrate interface is required for the transport of the molecules into and out of the probe. The physical and mechanical properties of the polymeric probes influenced molecular editing. Young's modulus values of the hydrated hydrogels composed of varying monomer/cross-linker ratios were estimated using atomic force microscopy. Probes with the highest observed erasing capacity were used for further experiments to investigate the effects of relative humidity and erasing time on editing. Careful control over experimental conditions provided high-quality editing of microscale patterns at high editing speed. Combining erasing and deposition of multiple molecules in one single step offers a unique opportunity to significantly improve the efficiency and the accuracy of lithographic editing at the microscale. PLiSED enables rapid on-site lithographic rectification and has considerable application values in high-quality lithography and solid surface modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Jiao
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Nathalie Becerra-Mora
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Brice Russell
- School of Physics and Applied Physics, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Aldo Migone
- School of Physics and Applied Physics, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Max E Gemeinhardt
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Boyd M Goodson
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
- Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Punit Kohli
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
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5
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Zhao W, Yan Y, Chen X, Wang T. Combining printing and nanoparticle assembly: Methodology and application of nanoparticle patterning. Innovation (N Y) 2022; 3:100253. [PMID: 35602121 PMCID: PMC9117940 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional nanoparticles (NPs) with unique photoelectric, mechanical, magnetic, and chemical properties have attracted considerable attention. Aggregated NPs rather than individual NPs are generally required for sensing, electronics, and catalysis. However, the transformation of functional NP aggregates into scalable, controllable, and affordable functional devices remains challenging. Printing is a promising additive manufacturing technology for fabricating devices from NP building blocks because of its capabilities for rapid prototyping and versatile multifunctional manufacturing. This paper reviews recent advances in NP patterning based on the combination of self-assembly and printing technologies (including two-, three-, and four-dimensional printing), introduces the basic characteristics of these methods, and discusses various fields of NP patterning applications. Nanoparticles (NPs) printing assembly is a good solution for patterned devices NPs assembly can be combined with 2D, 3D, and 4D printing technologies A variety of ink-dispersed NPs are available for printing assembly NPs printing assembly technology is applied for nanosensing, energy storage, photodetector
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Life and Health Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yanling Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Province Industrial Technology Research Institute of Resources and Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Material Processing & Mold (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Life and Health Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Life and Health Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Tie Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Life and Health Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
- Corresponding author
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6
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Arrabito G, Gulli D, Alfano C, Pignataro B. "Writing biochips": high-resolution droplet-to-droplet manufacturing of analytical platforms. Analyst 2022; 147:1294-1312. [PMID: 35275148 DOI: 10.1039/d1an02295d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-resolution molecular printing allows the engineering of analytical platforms enabling applications at the interface between chemistry and biology, i.e. in biosensing, electronics, single-cell biology, and point-of-care diagnostics. Their successful implementation stems from the combination of large area printing at resolutions from sub-100 nm up to macroscale, whilst controlling the composition and volume of the ink, and reconfiguring the deposition features in due course. Similar to handwriting pens, the engineering of continuous writing systems tackles the issue of the tedious ink replenishment between different printing steps. To this aim, this review article provides an unprecedented analysis of the latest continuous printing methods for bioanalytical chemistry, focusing on ink deposition systems based on specific sets of technologies that have been developed to this aim, namely nanofountain probes, microcantilever spotting, capillary-based polymer pens and continuous 3D printing. Each approach will be discussed revealing the most important applications in the fields of biosensors, lab-on-chips and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Arrabito
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | - Daniele Gulli
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | - Caterina Alfano
- Structural Biology and Biophysics Unit, Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Bruno Pignataro
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
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7
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Massively parallel cantilever-free atomic force microscopy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:393. [PMID: 33452253 PMCID: PMC7810748 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolution and field-of-view often represent a fundamental tradeoff in microscopy. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), in which a cantilevered probe deflects under the influence of local forces as it scans across a substrate, is a key example of this tradeoff with high resolution imaging being largely limited to small areas. Despite the tremendous impact of AFM in fields including materials science, biology, and surface science, the limitation in imaging area has remained a key barrier to studying samples with intricate hierarchical structure. Here, we show that massively parallel AFM with >1000 probes is possible through the combination of a cantilever-free probe architecture and a scalable optical method for detecting probe-sample contact. Specifically, optically reflective conical probes on a comparatively compliant film are found to comprise a distributed optical lever that translates probe motion into an optical signal that provides sub-10 nm vertical precision. The scalability of this approach makes it well suited for imaging applications that require high resolution over large areas.
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8
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Liu G, Petrosko SH, Zheng Z, Mirkin CA. Evolution of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN): From Molecular Patterning to Materials Discovery. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6009-6047. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textile and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Sarah Hurst Petrosko
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textile and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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9
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Zhang XA, Chen IT, Chang CH. Recent progress in near-field nanolithography using light interactions with colloidal particles: from nanospheres to three-dimensional nanostructures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:352002. [PMID: 31100738 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The advance of nanotechnology is firmly rooted in the development of cost-effective, versatile, and easily accessible nanofabrication techniques. The ability to pattern complex two-dimensional and three-dimensional nanostructured materials are particularly desirable, since they can have novel physical properties that are not found in bulk materials. This review article will report recent progress in utilizing self-assembly of colloidal particles for nanolithography. In these techniques, the near-field interactions of light and colloids are the sole mechanisms employed to generate the intensity distributions for patterning. Based on both 'bottom-up' self-assembly and 'top-down' lithography approaches, these processes are highly versatile and can take advantage of a number of optical effects, allowing the complex 3D nanostructures to be patterned using single exposures. There are several key advantages including low equipment cost, facile structure design, and patterning scalability, which will be discussed in detail. We will outline the underlying optical effects, review the geometries that can be fabricated, discuss key limitations, and highlight potential applications in nanophotonics, optoelectronic devices, and nanoarchitectured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu A Zhang
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America
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10
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Liu G, Hirtz M, Fuchs H, Zheng Z. Development of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN) and Its Derivatives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900564. [PMID: 30977978 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is a unique nanofabrication tool that can directly write a variety of molecular patterns on a surface with high resolution and excellent registration. Over the past 20 years, DPN has experienced a tremendous evolution in terms of applicable inks, a remarkable improvement in fabrication throughput, and the development of various derivative technologies. Among these developments, polymer pen lithography (PPL) is the most prominent one that provides a large-scale, high-throughput, low-cost tool for nanofabrication, which significantly extends DPN and beyond. These developments not only expand the scope of the wide field of scanning probe lithography, but also enable DPN and PPL as general approaches for the fabrication or study of nanostructures and nanomaterials. In this review, a focused summary and historical perspective of the technological development of DPN and its derivatives, with a focus on PPL, in one timeline, are provided and future opportunities for technological exploration in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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11
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Li L, Huang Z, Wang Y, Brown KA. Design of Elastomer-CNT Film Photoactuators for Nanolithography. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E314. [PMID: 30960297 PMCID: PMC6419169 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer pen lithography (PPL) is an approach to multiplexing scanning probe lithography, in which an array of probes on a compliant film-coated rigid substrate are used to write patterns on a surface. Recently, it was shown that these nominally passive pen arrays can be rendered photo-active by making them out of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)⁻carbon nanotube (CNT) composite. While such photoactuated pens in principle represent a rapid, maskless, and versatile nanomanufacturing strategy, a key challenge that remains is learning how to effectively control the writing of each pen, individually. In this research, we studied the design of PDMS⁻CNT thin-film photoactuators and experimentally explored the role of illumination radius, film thickness, and CNT concentration. Additionally, we have proposed a model that predicts actuation efficiency, actuation time, and the crosstalk between pens. Based upon these results, we have generated a map of working efficiency to elucidate the ideal choice for specific actuation requirements. This work lays the foundation for studying further photoactuatable composite films as actuators in applications beyond lithography including soft robotics and adaptive optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Zhongjie Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Keith A Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering and Physics Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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12
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Brown KA, Hedrick JL, Eichelsdoerfer DJ, Mirkin CA. Nanocombinatorics with Cantilever-Free Scanning Probe Arrays. ACS NANO 2019; 13:8-17. [PMID: 30561191 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of combinatorial experiments is determined by the rate at which distinct experimental conditions can be prepared and interrogated. This has been particularly limiting at the intersection of nanotechnology and soft materials research, where structures are difficult to reliably prepare and materials are incompatible with conventional lithographic techniques. For example, studying nanoparticle-based heterogeneous catalysis or the interaction between biological cells and abiotic surfaces requires precise tuning of materials composition on the nanometer scale. Scanning probe techniques are poised to be major players in the combinatorial nanoscience arena because they allow one to directly deposit materials at high resolution without any harsh processing steps that limit material compatibility. The chief limitation of scanning probe techniques is throughput, as patterning with single probes is prohibitively slow in the context of large-scale combinatorial experiments. A recent paradigm shift circumvents this problem by fundamentally altering the architecture of scanning probes by replacing the conventionally used cantilever with a soft compliant film on a rigid substrate, a substitution that allows a densely packed array of probes to function in parallel in an inexpensive format. This is a major lithographic advance in terms of scalability, throughput, and versatility that, when combined with the development of approaches to actuate individual probes in cantilever-free arrays, sets the stage for scanning-probe-based tools to address scientific questions through nanocombinatorial studies in biology and materials science. In this review, we outline the development of cantilever-free scanning probe lithography and prospects for nanocombinatorial studies enabled by these tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Materials Science & Engineering, and Physics Department , Boston University , 110 Cummington Mall , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | | | | | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Materials Science & Engineering, and Physics Department , Boston University , 110 Cummington Mall , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
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13
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Huang Z, Li L, Zhang XA, Alsharif N, Wu X, Peng Z, Cheng X, Wang P, Brown KA, Wang Y. Photoactuated Pens for Molecular Printing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1705303. [PMID: 29271507 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The photoactuation of pen arrays made of polydimethylsiloxane carbon nanotube composites is explored, and the first demonstration of photoactuated pens for molecular printing is reported. Photoactuation of these composites is characterized using atomic force microscopy and found to produce microscale motion in response to modest illumination, with an actuation efficiency as high as 200 nm mW-1 on the sub-1 s time scale. Arrays of composite pens are synthesized and it is found that local illumination is capable of moving selected pens by more than 3 µm out of the plane, bringing them into contact to perform controllable and high quality printing while completely shutting off the nonilluminated counterparts. In light of the scalability limitations of nanolithography, this work presents an important step and paves the way for arbitrary control of individual pens in massive arrays. As an example of a scalable soft actuator, this approach can also aid progress in other fields such as soft robotics and microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Le Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xu A Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Nourin Alsharif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Zhiwei Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Xiyuan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Keith A Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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14
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Ma X, Li F, Xie Z, Xue M, Zheng Z, Zhang X. Size-tunable, highly sensitive microelectrode arrays enabled by polymer pen lithography. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:3685-3689. [PMID: 28492664 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02791a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
By combining polymer pen lithography (PPL) patterning with in situ polymerization, we report a straightforward and bottom-up approach for bench-top fabrication of microelectrode arrays (MEAs) with well-controlled dimensions. The as-fabricated MEAs can be used to electrodeposit prussian blue in situ and work as a biosensor for H2O2 with a detection limit as low as 5 nM at a sensitivity of 0.7 A cm-2 M-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Ma
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, P. R. China.
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15
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Hedrick JL, Brown KA, Kluender EJ, Cabezas MD, Chen PC, Mirkin CA. Hard Transparent Arrays for Polymer Pen Lithography. ACS NANO 2016; 10:3144-8. [PMID: 26928012 PMCID: PMC4888776 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Patterning nanoscale features across macroscopic areas is challenging due to the vast range of length scales that must be addressed. With polymer pen lithography, arrays of thousands of elastomeric pyramidal pens can be used to write features across centimeter-scales, but deformation of the soft pens limits resolution and minimum feature pitch, especially with polymeric inks. Here, we show that by coating polymer pen arrays with a ∼175 nm silica layer, the resulting hard transparent arrays exhibit a force-independent contact area that improves their patterning capability by reducing the minimum feature size (∼40 nm), minimum feature pitch (<200 nm for polymers), and pen to pen variation. With these new arrays, patterns with as many as 5.9 billion features in a 14.5 cm(2) area were written using a four hundred thousand pyramid pen array. Furthermore, a new method is demonstrated for patterning macroscopic feature size gradients that vary in feature diameter by a factor of 4. Ultimately, this form of polymer pen lithography allows for patterning with the resolution of dip-pen nanolithography across centimeter scales using simple and inexpensive pen arrays. The high resolution and density afforded by this technique position it as a broad-based discovery tool for the field of nanocombinatorics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Hedrick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Keith A. Brown
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Edward J. Kluender
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Maria D. Cabezas
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peng-Cheng Chen
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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16
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He S, Xie Z, Park DJ, Liao X, Brown KA, Chen PC, Zhou Y, Schatz GC, Mirkin CA. Liquid-Phase Beam Pen Lithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:988-993. [PMID: 26743998 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Beam pen lithography (BPL) in the liquid phase is evaluated. The effect of tip-substrate gap and aperture size on patterning performance is systematically investigated. As a proof-of-concept experiment, nanoarrays of nucleotides are synthesized using BPL in an organic medium, pointing toward the potential of using liquid phase BPL to perform localized photochemical reactions that require a liquid medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu He
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Zhuang Xie
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Daniel J Park
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xing Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Keith A Brown
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Peng-Cheng Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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17
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Liu X, Zheng Y, Peurifoy SR, Kothari EA, Braunschweig AB. Optimization of 4D polymer printing within a massively parallel flow-through photochemical microreactor. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00283h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brush polymer patterns, where the position (x,y), height (z), and chemical composition of each feature in an array were controlled independently, were prepared by combining massively parallel tip-based photolithography, microfluidics, and photochemical radical polymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Miami
- Coral Gables
- USA
| | - Yeting Zheng
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Miami
- Coral Gables
- USA
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18
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Sadeghian H, Herfst R, Winters J, Crowcombe W, Kramer G, van den Dool T, van Es MH. Development of a detachable high speed miniature scanning probe microscope for large area substrates inspection. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:113706. [PMID: 26628143 DOI: 10.1063/1.4936270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a high speed, miniature scanning probe microscope (MSPM) integrated with a Positioning Unit (PU) for accurately positioning the MSPM on a large substrate. This combination enables simultaneous, parallel operation of many units on a large sample for high throughput measurements. The size of the MSPM is 19 × 45 × 70 mm(3). It contains a one-dimensional flexure stage with counter-balanced actuation for vertical scanning with a bandwidth of 50 kHz and a z-travel range of more than 2 μm. This stage is mechanically decoupled from the rest of the MSPM by suspending it on specific dynamically determined points. The motion of the probe, which is mounted on top of the flexure stage is measured by a very compact optical beam deflection (OBD). Thermal noise spectrum measurements of short cantilevers show a bandwidth of 2 MHz and a noise of less than 15 fm/Hz(1/2). A fast approach and engagement of the probe to the substrate surface have been achieved by integrating a small stepper actuator and direct monitoring of the cantilever response to the approaching surface. The PU has the same width as the MSPM, 45 mm and can position the MSPM to a pre-chosen position within an area of 275×30 mm(2) to within 100 nm accuracy within a few seconds. During scanning, the MSPM is detached from the PU which is essential to eliminate mechanical vibration and drift from the relatively low-resonance frequency and low-stiffness structure of the PU. Although the specific implementation of the MSPM we describe here has been developed as an atomic force microscope, the general architecture is applicable to any form of SPM. This high speed MSPM is now being used in a parallel SPM architecture for inspection and metrology of large samples such as semiconductor wafers and masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Sadeghian
- Department of Optomechatronics, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Applied Research, TNO, Stieltjesweg 1, 2628 CK Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Rodolf Herfst
- Department of Optomechatronics, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Applied Research, TNO, Stieltjesweg 1, 2628 CK Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Winters
- Department of Optomechatronics, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Applied Research, TNO, Stieltjesweg 1, 2628 CK Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Will Crowcombe
- Department of Optomechatronics, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Applied Research, TNO, Stieltjesweg 1, 2628 CK Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Geerten Kramer
- Department of Optomechatronics, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Applied Research, TNO, Stieltjesweg 1, 2628 CK Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Teun van den Dool
- Department of Optomechatronics, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Applied Research, TNO, Stieltjesweg 1, 2628 CK Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten H van Es
- Department of Optomechatronics, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Applied Research, TNO, Stieltjesweg 1, 2628 CK Delft, The Netherlands
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19
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Xie Z, Zhou Y, Hedrick JL, Chen PC, He S, Shahjamali MM, Wang S, Zheng Z, Mirkin CA. On-Tip Photo-Modulated Molecular Printing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Xie Z, Zhou Y, Hedrick JL, Chen P, He S, Shahjamali MM, Wang S, Zheng Z, Mirkin CA. On‐Tip Photo‐Modulated Molecular Printing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12894-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Xie
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
- Nanotechnology Center, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR (China)
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - James L. Hedrick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Peng‐Cheng Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Shu He
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Mohammad M. Shahjamali
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Shunzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Nanotechnology Center, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR (China)
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
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21
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Chen PC, Liu G, Zhou Y, Brown KA, Chernyak N, Hedrick JL, He S, Xie Z, Lin QY, Dravid VP, O’Neill-Slawecki SA, Mirkin CA. Tip-Directed Synthesis of Multimetallic Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9167-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stacy A. O’Neill-Slawecki
- Advanced
Manufacturing Technologies, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
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22
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Ricoult SG, Kennedy TE, Juncker D. Substrate-bound protein gradients to study haptotaxis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:40. [PMID: 25870855 PMCID: PMC4378366 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells navigate in response to inhomogeneous distributions of extracellular guidance cues. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying migration in response to gradients of chemical cues have been investigated for over a century. Following the introduction of micropipettes and more recently microfluidics for gradient generation, much attention and effort was devoted to study cellular chemotaxis, which is defined as guidance by gradients of chemical cues in solution. Haptotaxis, directional migration in response to gradients of substrate-bound cues, has received comparatively less attention; however, it is increasingly clear that in vivo many physiologically relevant guidance proteins - including many secreted cues - are bound to cellular surfaces or incorporated into extracellular matrix and likely function via a haptotactic mechanism. Here, we review the history of haptotaxis. We examine the importance of the reference surface, the surface in contact with the cell that is not covered by the cue, which forms a gradient opposing the gradient of the protein cue and must be considered in experimental designs and interpretation of results. We review and compare microfluidics, contact printing, light patterning, and 3D fabrication to pattern substrate-bound protein gradients in vitro. The range of methods to create substrate-bound gradients discussed herein makes possible systematic analyses of haptotactic mechanisms. Furthermore, understanding the fundamental mechanisms underlying cell motility will inform bioengineering approaches to program cell navigation and recover lost function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien G. Ricoult
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Timothy E. Kennedy
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Juncker
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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23
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Zhou Y, Xie Z, Brown KA, Park DJ, Zhou X, Chen PC, Hirtz M, Lin QY, Dravid VP, Schatz GC, Zheng Z, Mirkin CA. Apertureless cantilever-free pen arrays for scanning photochemical printing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:913-918. [PMID: 25315252 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201402195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel, apertureless, cantilever-free pen array can be used for dual scanning photochemical and molecular printing. Serial writing with light is enabled by combining self-focusing pyramidal pens with an opaque backing between pens. The elastomeric pens also afford force-tuned illumination and simultaneous delivery of materials and optical energy. These attributes make the technique a promising candidate for maskless high-resolution photopatterning and combinatorial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA
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24
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Tsang B, Yu C, Granick S. Polymers zippered-up by electric charge reveal themselves. ACS NANO 2014; 8:11030-11034. [PMID: 25402433 DOI: 10.1021/nn506082e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the current issue of ACS Nano, Löbling, Haataja et al. craft polymeric nanoparticles with a hierarchy of nontrivial surface structures by combining conventional interpolyelectrolyte complexation with steric control from an uncharged copolymer block. Remarkable cylindrical and lamellar nanodomains are produced on the polyionic coronae of spherical micelles. Here, we discuss generalizing this elegant self-assembly strategy and provide speculative perspectives for its future potential for new nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyce Tsang
- Departments of Physics, ‡Materials Science and Engineering, and §Chemistry, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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25
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Eichelsdoerfer DJ, Brown KA, Wang MX, Mirkin CA. Role of Absorbed Solvent in Polymer Pen Lithography. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:16363-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp410494g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Eichelsdoerfer
- Department of Chemistry, §International Institute for Nanotechnology, ∥Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Keith A. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, §International Institute for Nanotechnology, ∥Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mary X. Wang
- Department of Chemistry, §International Institute for Nanotechnology, ∥Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, §International Institute for Nanotechnology, ∥Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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26
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Abstract
The challenge of constructing surfaces with nanostructured chemical functionality is central to many areas of biology and biotechnology. This protocol describes the steps required for performing molecular printing using polymer pen lithography (PPL), a cantilever-free scanning probe-based technique that can generate sub-100-nm molecular features in a massively parallel fashion. To illustrate how such molecular printing can be used for a variety of biologically relevant applications, we detail the fabrication of the lithographic apparatus and the deposition of two materials, an alkanethiol and a polymer onto a gold and silicon surface, respectively, and show how the present approach can be used to generate nanostructures composed of proteins and metals. Finally, we describe how PPL enables researchers to easily create combinatorial arrays of nanostructures, a powerful approach for high-throughput screening. A typical protocol for fabricating PPL arrays and printing with the arrays takes 48-72 h to complete, including two overnight waiting steps.
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