1
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Optical control of PIEZO1 channels. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1269. [PMID: 36882406 PMCID: PMC9992513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PIEZO proteins are unusually large, mechanically-activated trimeric ion channels. The central pore features structural similarities with the pore of other trimeric ion channels, including purinergic P2X receptors, for which optical control of channel gating has been previously achieved with photoswitchable azobenzenes. Extension of these chemical optogenetics methods to mechanically-activated ion channels would provide tools for specific manipulation of pore activity alternative to non-specific mechanical stimulations. Here we report a light-gated mouse PIEZO1 channel, in which an azobenzene-based photoswitch covalently tethered to an engineered cysteine, Y2464C, localized at the extracellular apex of the transmembrane helix 38, rapidly triggers channel gating upon 365-nm-light irradiation. We provide evidence that this light-gated channel recapitulates mechanically-activated PIEZO1 functional properties, and show that light-induced molecular motions are similar to those evoked mechanically. These results push the limits of azobenzene-based methods to unusually large ion channels and provide a simple stimulation means to specifically interrogate PIEZO1 function.
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2
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Peverini L, Dunning K, Peralta FA, Grutter T. Photo-isomerizable tweezers to probe ionotropic receptor mechanisms. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 62:109-116. [PMID: 34965483 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-gated ion channels (LGIC, also referred to as ionotropic receptors) are important transmembrane proteins that open to allow ions to flow across the membrane and locally modify the membrane potential in response to the binding of a ligand. For more than a decade, a tremendous effort has been carried out in the determination of many LGIC structures in high resolution, leading to an unprecedented molecular description of channel gating. However, it is sometimes difficult to classify experimentally derived structures to their corresponding functional states, and alternative methods may help resolve or refine this issue. In this review, we focus on the application of photo-isomerizable tweezers (PIT) as a powerful strategy to interrogate molecular mechanisms of LGIC while assessing their functionality by electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Peverini
- Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3571, CNRS, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Kate Dunning
- CNM Team, Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, CAMB UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Francisco Andres Peralta
- CNM Team, Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, CAMB UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401, Illkirch, France; University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies (USIAS), 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Grutter
- CNM Team, Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, CAMB UMR 7199, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401, Illkirch, France; University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies (USIAS), 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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3
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Nin-Hill A, Mueller NPF, Molteni C, Rovira C, Alfonso-Prieto M. Photopharmacology of Ion Channels through the Light of the Computational Microscope. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12072. [PMID: 34769504 PMCID: PMC8584574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The optical control and investigation of neuronal activity can be achieved and carried out with photoswitchable ligands. Such compounds are designed in a modular fashion, combining a known ligand of the target protein and a photochromic group, as well as an additional electrophilic group for tethered ligands. Such a design strategy can be optimized by including structural data. In addition to experimental structures, computational methods (such as homology modeling, molecular docking, molecular dynamics and enhanced sampling techniques) can provide structural insights to guide photoswitch design and to understand the observed light-regulated effects. This review discusses the application of such structure-based computational methods to photoswitchable ligands targeting voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels. Structural mapping may help identify residues near the ligand binding pocket amenable for mutagenesis and covalent attachment. Modeling of the target protein in a complex with the photoswitchable ligand can shed light on the different activities of the two photoswitch isomers and the effect of site-directed mutations on photoswitch binding, as well as ion channel subtype selectivity. The examples presented here show how the integration of computational modeling with experimental data can greatly facilitate photoswitchable ligand design and optimization. Recent advances in structural biology, both experimental and computational, are expected to further strengthen this rational photopharmacology approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Nin-Hill
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.N.-H.); (C.R.)
| | - Nicolas Pierre Friedrich Mueller
- Institute for Advanced Simulations IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany;
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carla Molteni
- Physics Department, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK;
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.N.-H.); (C.R.)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08020 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto
- Institute for Advanced Simulations IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany;
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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4
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Wang T, Ulrich H, Semyanov A, Illes P, Tang Y. Optical control of purinergic signaling. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:385-392. [PMID: 34156578 PMCID: PMC8410941 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling plays a pivotal role in physiological processes and pathological conditions. Over the past decades, conventional pharmacological, biochemical, and molecular biology techniques have been utilized to investigate purinergic signaling cascades. However, none of them is capable of spatially and temporally manipulating purinergic signaling cascades. Currently, optical approaches, including optopharmacology and optogenetic, enable controlling purinergic signaling with low invasiveness and high spatiotemporal precision. In this mini-review, we discuss optical approaches for controlling purinergic signaling and their applications in basic and translational science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- International Collaborative Centre On Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Henning Ulrich
- International Collaborative Centre On Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter Illes
- International Collaborative Centre On Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China. .,Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Yong Tang
- International Collaborative Centre On Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China. .,Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
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5
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Tsai YH, Doura T, Kiyonaka S. Tethering-based chemogenetic approaches for the modulation of protein function in live cells. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7909-7923. [PMID: 34114579 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00059d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are the workhorse molecules performing various tasks to sustain life. To investigate the roles of a protein under physiological conditions, the rapid modulation of the protein with high specificity in a living system would be ideal, but achieving this is often challenging. To address this challenge, researchers have developed chemogenetic strategies for the rapid and selective modulation of protein function in live cells. Here, the target protein is modified genetically to become sensitive to a designer molecule that otherwise has no effect on other cellular biomolecules. One powerful chemogenetic strategy is to introduce a tethering point into the target protein, allowing covalent or non-covalent attachment of the designer molecule. In this tutorial review, we focus on tethering-based chemogenetic approaches for modulating protein function in live cells. We first describe genetic, optogenetic and chemical means to study protein function. These means lay the basis for the chemogenetic concept, which is explained in detail. The next section gives an overview, including advantages and limitations, of tethering tactics that have been employed for modulating cellular protein function. The third section provides examples of the modulation of cell-surface proteins using tethering-based chemogenetics through non-covalent tethering and covalent tethering for irreversible modulation or functional switching. The fourth section presents intracellular examples. The last section summarizes key considerations in implementing tethering-based chemogenetics and shows perspectives highlighting future directions and other applications of this burgeoning research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Tsai
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China.
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6
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Bregestovski PD, Ponomareva DN. Photochromic Modulation of Cys-loop
Ligand-gated Ion Channels. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Gutzeit VA, Acosta-Ruiz A, Munguba H, Häfner S, Landra-Willm A, Mathes B, Mony J, Yarotski D, Börjesson K, Liston C, Sandoz G, Levitz J, Broichhagen J. A fine-tuned azobenzene for enhanced photopharmacology in vivo. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1648-1663.e16. [PMID: 33735619 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the power of photopharmacology for interrogating signaling proteins, many photopharmacological systems are limited by their efficiency, speed, or spectral properties. Here, we screen a library of azobenzene photoswitches and identify a urea-substituted "azobenzene-400" core that offers bistable switching between cis and trans with improved kinetics, light sensitivity, and a red-shift. We then focus on the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), neuromodulatory receptors that are major pharmacological targets. Synthesis of "BGAG12,400," a photoswitchable orthogonal, remotely tethered ligand (PORTL), enables highly efficient, rapid optical agonism following conjugation to SNAP-tagged mGluR2 and permits robust optical control of mGluR1 and mGluR5 signaling. We then produce fluorophore-conjugated branched PORTLs to enable dual imaging and manipulation of mGluRs and highlight their power in ex vivo slice and in vivo behavioral experiments in the mouse prefrontal cortex. Finally, we demonstrate the generalizability of our strategy by developing an improved soluble, photoswitchable pore blocker for potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Gutzeit
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amanda Acosta-Ruiz
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hermany Munguba
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephanie Häfner
- Université Cote d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, iBV, Nice, France; Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Arnaud Landra-Willm
- Université Cote d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, iBV, Nice, France; Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Bettina Mathes
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Mony
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dzianis Yarotski
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Conor Liston
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Guillaume Sandoz
- Université Cote d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, iBV, Nice, France; Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Joshua Levitz
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Chemical Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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8
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Dunning K, Grutter T. Manipulation of ion channel gating with photoswitchable tweezers. Methods Enzymol 2021; 653:349-376. [PMID: 34099179 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The modulation of ion channel activity is of central importance within the nervous system, and an in-depth understanding of how such activity occurs on the molecular level is of prime importance for enhancing our understanding of neuronal systems in physiological and pathological states. The use of light as a stimulus has presented the unique opportunity to study these dynamic processes with exquisite spatiotemporal control. We have developed the photoswitchable tweezers method, an optogenetic pharmacology-based technique which relies on the use of a photoswitchable crosslinker as "tweezers" to manipulate the molecular movements involved in ion channel functionalities. Not only does this allow optical control of ion channel activity, but also investigation into the molecular motions and inter-residue distances implicated in such activity. In this chapter we discuss the principles behind the photoswitchable tweezers method, its strategic design and the key experimental steps involved in this technique, using purinergic P2X2 receptor as a case study system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Dunning
- University of Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Grutter
- University of Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies (USIAS), Strasbourg, France.
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9
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Du J, Guo J, Kang D, Li Z, Wang G, Wu J, Zhang Z, Fang H, Hou X, Huang Z, Li G, Lu X, Liu X, Ouyang L, Rao L, Zhan P, Zhang X, Zhang Y. New techniques and strategies in drug discovery. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Paoletti P, Ellis-Davies GCR, Mourot A. Optical control of neuronal ion channels and receptors. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 20:514-532. [PMID: 31289380 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Light-controllable tools provide powerful means to manipulate and interrogate brain function with relatively low invasiveness and high spatiotemporal precision. Although optogenetic approaches permit neuronal excitation or inhibition at the network level, other technologies, such as optopharmacology (also known as photopharmacology) have emerged that provide molecular-level control by endowing light sensitivity to endogenous biomolecules. In this Review, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of photocontrolling native neuronal signalling pathways, focusing on ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. We describe existing strategies for rendering receptors and channels light sensitive and provide an overview of the neuroscientific insights gained from such approaches. At the crossroads of chemistry, protein engineering and neuroscience, optopharmacology offers great potential for understanding the molecular basis of brain function and behaviour, with promises for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France.
| | | | - Alexandre Mourot
- Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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11
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Mutter NL, Volarić J, Szymanski W, Feringa BL, Maglia G. Reversible Photocontrolled Nanopore Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14356-14363. [PMID: 31469268 PMCID: PMC6743218 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Self-assembly
is a fundamental feature of biological systems, and
control of such processes offers fascinating opportunities to regulate
function. Fragaceatoxin C (FraC) is a toxin that upon binding to the
surface of sphingomyelin-rich cells undergoes a structural metamorphosis,
leading to the assembly of nanopores at the cell membrane and causing
cell death. In this study we attached photoswitchable azobenzene pendants
to various locations near the sphingomyelin binding pocket of FraC
with the aim of remote controlling the nanopore assembly using light.
We found several constructs in which the affinity of the toxin for
biological membranes could be activated or deactivated by irradiation,
thus enabling reversible photocontrol of pore formation. Notably,
one construct was completely inactive in the thermally adapted state;
it however induced full lysis of cultured cancer cells upon light
irradiation. Selective irradiation also allowed isolation of individual
nanopores in artificial lipid membranes. Photocontrolled FraC might
find applications in photopharmacology for cancer therapeutics and
has potential to be used for the fabrication of nanopore arrays in
nanopore sensing devices, where the reconstitution, with high spatiotemporal
precision, of single nanopores must be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wiktor Szymanski
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiology , University of Groningen , Hanzeplein 1 , 9713 GZ , Groningen , The Netherlands
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12
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Mondoloni S, Durand-de Cuttoli R, Mourot A. Cell-Specific Neuropharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:696-710. [PMID: 31400823 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal communication involves a multitude of neurotransmitters and an outstanding diversity of receptors and ion channels. Linking the activity of cell surface receptors and ion channels in defined neural circuits to brain states and behaviors has been a key challenge in neuroscience, since cell targeting is not possible with traditional neuropharmacology. We review here recent technologies that enable the effect of drugs to be restricted to specific cell types, thereby allowing acute manipulation of the brain's own proteins with circuit specificity. We highlight the importance of developing cell-specific neuropharmacology strategies for decoding the nervous system with molecular and circuit precision, and for developing future therapeutics with reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mondoloni
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Romain Durand-de Cuttoli
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Center for Affective Neuroscience, and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandre Mourot
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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13
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Luchkina NV, Bolshakov VY. Diminishing fear: Optogenetic approach toward understanding neural circuits of fear control. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 174:64-79. [PMID: 28502746 PMCID: PMC5681900 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding complex behavioral processes, both learned and innate, requires detailed characterization of the principles governing signal flow in corresponding neural circuits. Previous studies were hampered by the lack of appropriate tools needed to address the complexities of behavior-driving micro- and macrocircuits. The development and implementation of optogenetic methodologies revolutionized the field of behavioral neuroscience, allowing precise spatiotemporal control of specific, genetically defined neuronal populations and their functional connectivity both in vivo and ex vivo, thus providing unprecedented insights into the cellular and network-level mechanisms contributing to behavior. Here, we review recent pioneering advances in behavioral studies with optogenetic tools, focusing on mechanisms of fear-related behavioral processes with an emphasis on approaches which could be used to suppress fear when it is pathologically expressed. We also discuss limitations of these methodologies as well as review new technological developments which could be used in future mechanistic studies of fear behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Luchkina
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Vadim Y Bolshakov
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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14
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Schmid R, Evans RJ. ATP-Gated P2X Receptor Channels: Molecular Insights into Functional Roles. Annu Rev Physiol 2018; 81:43-62. [PMID: 30354932 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the nervous system, ATP is co-stored in vesicles with classical transmitters and released in a regulated manner. ATP from the intracellular compartment can also exit the cell through hemichannels and following shear stress or membrane damage. In the past 30 years, the action of ATP as an extracellular transmitter at cell-surface receptors has evolved from somewhat of a novelty that was treated with skepticism to purinergic transmission being accepted as having widespread important functional roles mediated by ATP-gated ionotropic P2X receptors (P2XRs). This review focuses on work published in the last five years and provides an overview of ( a) structural studies, ( b) the molecular basis of channel properties and regulation of P2XRs, and ( c) the physiological and pathophysiological roles of ATP acting at defined P2XR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Schmid
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; .,Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Evans
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom;
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15
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Durand-de Cuttoli R, Mondoloni S, Marti F, Lemoine D, Nguyen C, Naudé J, d'Izarny-Gargas T, Pons S, Maskos U, Trauner D, Kramer RH, Faure P, Mourot A. Manipulating midbrain dopamine neurons and reward-related behaviors with light-controllable nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. eLife 2018; 7:37487. [PMID: 30176987 PMCID: PMC6122951 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) integrate cholinergic inputs to regulate key functions such as motivation and goal-directed behaviors. Yet the temporal dynamic range and mechanism of action of acetylcholine (ACh) on the modulation of VTA circuits and reward-related behaviors are not known. Here, we used a chemical-genetic approach for rapid and precise optical manipulation of nicotinic neurotransmission in VTA neurons in living mice. We provide direct evidence that the ACh tone fine-tunes the firing properties of VTA DA neurons through β2-containing (β2*) nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs). Furthermore, locally photo-antagonizing these receptors in the VTA was sufficient to reversibly switch nicotine reinforcement on and off. By enabling control of nicotinic transmission in targeted brain circuits, this technology will help unravel the various physiological functions of nAChRs and may assist in the design of novel therapies relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Durand-de Cuttoli
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Mondoloni
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Fabio Marti
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Damien Lemoine
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Claire Nguyen
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Naudé
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Thibaut d'Izarny-Gargas
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Pons
- Unité de Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Uwe Maskos
- Unité de Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Richard H Kramer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Philippe Faure
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Mourot
- Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hüll
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003-6699, United States
| | - Johannes Morstein
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003-6699, United States
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003-6699, United States
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17
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Abstract
Extracellular ATP-gated P2X receptors are trimeric non-selective cation channels important for many physiological events including immune response and neural transmission. These receptors belong to a unique class of ligand-gated ion channels composed of only six transmembrane helices and a relatively small extracellular domain that harbors three ATP-binding pockets. The crystal structures of P2X receptors, including the recent P2X3 structures representing three different stages of the gating cycle, have provided a compelling structural foundation for understanding how this class of ligand-gated ion channels function. These structures, in combination with numerous functional studies ranging from classic mutagenesis and electrophysiology to modern optogenetic pharmacology, have uncovered unique molecular mechanisms of P2X receptor function. This review article summarizes the current knowledge in P2X receptor activation, especially focusing on the mechanisms underlying ATP-binding, conformational changes in the extracellular domain, and channel gating and desensitization.
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18
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Lin WC, Kramer RH. Light-Switchable Ion Channels and Receptors for Optogenetic Interrogation of Neuronal Signaling. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:861-869. [PMID: 29465988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics is an emerging technique that enables precise and specific control of biological activities in defined space and time. This technique employs naturally occurring or engineered light-responsive proteins to manipulate the physiological processes of the target cells. To better elucidate the molecular bases of neural functions, substantial efforts have been made to confer light sensitivity onto ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors that mediate signaling events within and between neurons. The chemical strategies for engineering light-switchable channels/receptors and the neuronal implementation of these tools are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chen Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of California, Berkeley , 121 Life Sciences Addition , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Richard H Kramer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of California, Berkeley , 121 Life Sciences Addition , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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19
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Zhu M, Zhou H. Azobenzene-based small molecular photoswitches for protein modulation. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:8434-8445. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02157k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the design strategies of azobenzene photoswitches as well as their applications in the manipulation of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Huchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
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20
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Abstract
The voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 is expressed in various human cell types, including macrophages, epithelial cells, and sperm. Hv1 opening leads to proton efflux that alkalizes the cytosol. Here, we describe light-activated Hv1 inhibitors (photoswitches) that allow controlling its activity with high spatiotemporal precision. The photoswitches comprise a light-sensitive azobenzene moiety and 2-guanidinobenzimidazole (2GBI), a known Hv1 inhibitor. In the dark, photoGBI inhibits heterologously expressed Hv1 channels. Blue light, which isomerizes the azobenzene group from trans to cis conformation, releases inhibition. We demonstrate photocontrol of native proton currents in human macrophages and sperm using photoGBI, underlining their use as valuable optochemical tools to study the function of Hv1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rennhack
- Department of Molecular Sensory
Systems, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Elena Grahn
- Department of Molecular Sensory
Systems, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - U. Benjamin Kaupp
- Department of Molecular Sensory
Systems, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas K. Berger
- Department of Molecular Sensory
Systems, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), 53175 Bonn, Germany
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21
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Pokladek Z, Dudek M, Mongin O, Métivier R, Mlynarz P, Samoc M, Matczyszyn K, Paul F. Linear and Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Triazobenzene-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione (Isocyanurate) Derivatives. Chempluschem 2017; 82:1372-1383. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziemowit Pokladek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group; Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Marta Dudek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group; Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Olivier Mongin
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, CNRS (UMR 6226); Université de Rennes 1; Campus de Beaulieu 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Rémi Métivier
- PPSM; ENS Cachan; CNRS; Université Paris-Saclay; 94235 Cachan France
| | - Piotr Mlynarz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Marek Samoc
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group; Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group; Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Frédéric Paul
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, CNRS (UMR 6226); Université de Rennes 1; Campus de Beaulieu 35042 Rennes Cedex France
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22
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North RA. P2X receptors. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0427. [PMID: 27377721 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) activates cell surface P2X and P2Y receptors. P2X receptors are membrane ion channels preferably permeable to sodium, potassium and calcium that open within milliseconds of the binding of ATP. In molecular architecture, they form a unique structural family. The receptor is a trimer, the binding of ATP between subunits causes them to flex together within the ectodomain and separate in the membrane-spanning region so as to open a central channel. P2X receptors have a widespread tissue distribution. On some smooth muscle cells, P2X receptors mediate the fast excitatory junction potential that leads to depolarization and contraction. In the central nervous system, activation of P2X receptors allows calcium to enter neurons and this can evoke slower neuromodulatory responses such as the trafficking of receptors for the neurotransmitter glutamate. In primary afferent nerves, P2X receptors are critical for the initiation of action potentials when they respond to ATP released from sensory cells such as taste buds, chemoreceptors or urothelium. In immune cells, activation of P2X receptors triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1β. The development of selective blockers of different P2X receptors has led to clinical trials of their effectiveness in the management of cough, pain, inflammation and certain neurodegenerative diseases.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolution brings Ca(2+) and ATP together to control life and death'.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alan North
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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23
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Leippe P, Koehler Leman J, Trauner D. Specificity and Speed: Tethered Photopharmacology. Biochemistry 2017; 56:5214-5220. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Leippe
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Koehler Leman
- Center
for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
- Department
of Biology and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, Silver Center, 100 Washington Square
East, Room 712, New York, New York 10003, United States
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24
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Klippenstein V, Hoppmann C, Ye S, Wang L, Paoletti P. Optocontrol of glutamate receptor activity by single side-chain photoisomerization. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28534738 PMCID: PMC5441875 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering light-sensitivity into proteins has wide ranging applications in molecular studies and neuroscience. Commonly used tethered photoswitchable ligands, however, require solvent-accessible protein labeling, face structural constrains, and are bulky. Here, we designed a set of optocontrollable NMDA receptors by directly incorporating single photoswitchable amino acids (PSAAs) providing genetic encodability, reversibility, and site tolerance. We identified several positions within the multi-domain receptor endowing robust photomodulation. PSAA photoisomerization at the GluN1 clamshell hinge is sufficient to control glycine sensitivity and activation efficacy. Strikingly, in the pore domain, flipping of a M3 residue within a conserved transmembrane cavity impacts both gating and permeation properties. Our study demonstrates the first detection of molecular rearrangements in real-time due to the reversible light-switching of single amino acid side-chains, adding a dynamic dimension to protein site-directed mutagenesis. This novel approach to interrogate neuronal protein function has general applicability in the fast expanding field of optopharmacology. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25808.001 Nerve cells communicate with each other by releasing chemicals, also known as neurotransmitters, from one cell to the next. Once released, these neurotransmitters bind to specific docking stations, called receptors, which are located on the surface of the neighboring cell. Due to changes in neurotransmitter release or the receptor number, the connections between neurons can either strengthen or weaken over time. This process, called synaptic plasticity, forms the basis of learning and memory. One of the key players in synaptic plasticity are NMDA receptors, and if these receptors are faulty, it can cause disorders such as schizophrenia or epilepsy. NMDAs are a large family of receptors that have many receptor subtypes, each with specific properties. Every subtype is composed of four varying subunits. It is still unclear how these different receptor subtypes contribute to synaptic plasticity and new methods are needed to resolve this puzzle. An emerging strategy to study brain receptors is to engineer them so that they can be controlled with light. One approach to provide light-sensitivity uses molecules that act as ‘light switches’. These switches change their shape when exposed to specific colors of light and this way, turn a receptor on or off. However, commonly used light switches are often very large, meaning that they can only be introduced at specific sites in a receptor, and have limited ability to change the shape of a receptor. Klippenstein et al. have now generated a small light switch molecule with the size of a single amino acid side-chain that, in theory, could replace any of the usual amino acids in the NMDA receptor. Different locations for the light switch were tested to identify those that changed the activity of the receptor. When the receptors were stimulated with light, the light switch changed its shape, which in turn influenced the shape of the receptor. This meant that, depending on which amino acid in the receptor had been replaced with the light switch, light could be used to control the receptor activity in different ways. This new approach of using integrated light switches allows NMDA receptors to be controlled in a fast and reversible manner using something as simple as a beam of light. Further research will use the toolset of light-controllable receptors to study how the different NMDA receptor subtypes affect synaptic plasticity in the normal and diseased brain. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25808.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Klippenstein
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Christian Hoppmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Shixin Ye
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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25
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Berlin S, Isacoff EY. Synapses in the spotlight with synthetic optogenetics. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:677-692. [PMID: 28396573 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane receptors and ion channels respond to various stimuli and relay that information across the plasma membrane by triggering specific and timed processes. These include activation of second messengers, allowing ion permeation, and changing cellular excitability, to name a few. Gaining control over equivalent processes is essential to understand neuronal physiology and pathophysiology. Recently, new optical techniques have emerged proffering new remote means to control various functions of defined neuronal populations by light, dubbed optogenetics. Still, optogenetic tools do not typically address the activity of receptors and channels native to neurons (or of neuronal origin), nor gain access to their signaling mechanisms. A related method-synthetic optogenetics-bridges this gap by endowing light sensitivity to endogenous neuronal receptors and channels by the appending of synthetic, light-receptive molecules, or photoswitches. This provides the means to photoregulate neuronal receptors and channels and tap into their native signaling mechanisms in select regions of the neurons, such as the synapse. This review discusses the development of synthetic optogenetics as a means to study neuronal receptors and channels remotely, in their natural environment, with unprecedented spatial and temporal precision, and provides an overview of tool design, mode of action, potential clinical applications and insights and achievements gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Berlin
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ehud Y Isacoff
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Physical Bioscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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26
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Wang J, Sun LF, Cui WW, Zhao WS, Ma XF, Li B, Liu Y, Yang Y, Hu YM, Huang LD, Cheng XY, Li L, Lu XY, Tian Y, Yu Y. Intersubunit physical couplings fostered by the left flipper domain facilitate channel opening of P2X4 receptors. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7619-7635. [PMID: 28302727 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.771121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are ATP-gated trimeric channels with important roles in diverse pathophysiological functions. A detailed understanding of the mechanism underlying the gating process of these receptors is thus fundamentally important and may open new therapeutic avenues. The left flipper (LF) domain of the P2X receptors is a flexible loop structure, and its coordinated motions together with the dorsal fin (DF) domain are crucial for the channel gating of the P2X receptors. However, the mechanism underlying the crucial role of the LF domain in the channel gating remains obscure. Here, we propose that the ATP-induced allosteric changes of the LF domain enable it to foster intersubunit physical couplings among the DF and two lower body domains, which are pivotal for the channel gating of P2X4 receptors. Metadynamics analysis indicated that these newly established intersubunit couplings correlate well with the ATP-bound open state of the receptors. Moreover, weakening or strengthening these physical interactions with engineered intersubunit metal bridges remarkably decreased or increased the open probability of the receptors, respectively. Further disulfide cross-linking and covalent modification confirmed that the intersubunit physical couplings among the DF and two lower body domains fostered by the LF domain at the open state act as an integrated structural element that is stringently required for the channel gating of P2X4 receptors. Our observations provide new mechanistic insights into P2X receptor activation and will stimulate development of new allosteric modulators of P2X receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine of Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Liang-Fei Sun
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine of Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wen-Wen Cui
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine of Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wen-Shan Zhao
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine of Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xue-Fei Ma
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine of Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,the College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China, and
| | - Bin Li
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine of Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,the College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China, and
| | - Yan Liu
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine of Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yang Yang
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine of Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - You-Min Hu
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine of Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Li-Dong Huang
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine of Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Cheng
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine of Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lingyong Li
- the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Xiang-Yang Lu
- the College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China, and
| | - Yun Tian
- the College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China, and
| | - Ye Yu
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences and Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine of Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China, .,the College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China, and
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27
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Berlin S, Szobota S, Reiner A, Carroll EC, Kienzler MA, Guyon A, Xiao T, Trauner D, Isacoff EY. A family of photoswitchable NMDA receptors. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26929991 PMCID: PMC4786437 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors, which regulate synaptic strength and are implicated in learning and memory, consist of several subtypes with distinct subunit compositions and functional properties. To enable spatiotemporally defined, rapid and reproducible manipulation of function of specific subtypes, we engineered a set of photoswitchable GluN subunits ('LiGluNs'). Photo-agonism of GluN2A or GluN2B elicits an excitatory drive to hippocampal neurons that can be shaped in time to mimic synaptic activation. Photo-agonism of GluN2A at single dendritic spines evokes spine-specific calcium elevation and expansion, the morphological correlate of LTP. Photo-antagonism of GluN2A alone, or in combination with photo-antagonism of GluN1a, reversibly blocks excitatory synaptic currents, prevents the induction of long-term potentiation and prevents spine expansion. In addition, photo-antagonism in vivo disrupts synaptic pruning of developing retino-tectal projections in larval zebrafish. By providing precise and rapidly reversible optical control of NMDA receptor subtypes, LiGluNs should help unravel the contribution of specific NMDA receptors to synaptic transmission, integration and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Berlin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Stephanie Szobota
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Andreas Reiner
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Carroll
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Michael A Kienzler
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Alice Guyon
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Tong Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Integrated Protein Science, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ehud Y Isacoff
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Physical Bioscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States
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28
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Levitz J, Popescu AT, Reiner A, Isacoff EY. A Toolkit for Orthogonal and in vivo Optical Manipulation of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:2. [PMID: 26869877 PMCID: PMC4735401 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to optically manipulate specific neuronal signaling proteins with genetic precision paves the way for the dissection of their roles in brain function, behavior, and disease. Chemical optogenetic control with photoswitchable tethered ligands (PTLs) enables rapid, reversible and reproducible activation or block of specific neurotransmitter-gated receptors and ion channels in specific cells. In this study, we further engineered and characterized the light-activated GluK2 kainate receptor, LiGluR, to develop a toolbox of LiGluR variants. Low-affinity LiGluRs allow for efficient optical control of GluK2 while removing activation by native glutamate, whereas variant RNA edited versions enable the synaptic role of receptors with high and low Ca2+ permeability to be assessed and spectral variant photoswitches provide flexibility in illumination. Importantly, we establish that LiGluR works efficiently in the cortex of awake, adult mice using standard optogenetic techniques, thus opening the door to probing the role of specific synaptic receptors and cellular signals in the neural circuit operations of the mammalian brain in normal conditions and in disease. The principals developed in this study are widely relevant to the engineering and in vivo use of optically controllable proteins, including other neurotransmitter receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Levitz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andrei T Popescu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Reiner
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA; Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University BochumBochum, Germany
| | - Ehud Y Isacoff
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA; Physical Bioscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, CA, USA
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29
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Habermacher C, Martz A, Calimet N, Lemoine D, Peverini L, Specht A, Cecchini M, Grutter T. Photo-switchable tweezers illuminate pore-opening motions of an ATP-gated P2X ion channel. eLife 2016; 5:e11050. [PMID: 26808983 PMCID: PMC4739762 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors function by opening a transmembrane pore in response to extracellular ATP. Recent crystal structures solved in apo and ATP-bound states revealed molecular motions of the extracellular domain following agonist binding. However, the mechanism of pore opening still remains controversial. Here we use photo-switchable cross-linkers as ‘molecular tweezers’ to monitor a series of inter-residue distances in the transmembrane domain of the P2X2 receptor during activation. These experimentally based structural constraints combined with computational studies provide high-resolution models of the channel in the open and closed states. We show that the extent of the outer pore expansion is significantly reduced compared to the ATP-bound structure. Our data further reveal that the inner and outer ends of adjacent pore-lining helices come closer during opening, likely through a hinge-bending motion. These results provide new insight into the gating mechanism of P2X receptors and establish a versatile strategy applicable to other membrane proteins. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11050.001 Protein receptors in the cell membrane play an important role transmitting signals from outside to inside the cell. Members of the P2X family of receptors are ion channels that form pores through the membrane. When a molecule of ATP binds to the external region of the receptor, it activates it and causes the receptor to change from a closed to an open shape. Once opened, ions flow through the channel’s pore and trigger a response inside the cell. P2X receptors are found on most animal cells (including nerve cells) and are involved in both normal cellular activity and processes linked to disease, including inflammation and chronic pain. The P2X receptor has three parts or subunits, and each contributes to the channel’s pore. Recent research using a technique called X-ray crystallography has revealed how ATP binding causes shape changes in the external region of the receptor. But these three-dimensional structures did not reveal details of how the subunits move to open or close the channel’s pore. Habermacher et al. have now added light-sensitive linkers onto the P2X receptor in a way that meant that different colors of light could be used to force parts of the receptor to come closer together or move apart. This allowed the pore to be opened and closed in response to changes in light. Habermacher et al. then studied the behavior of these modified receptors within a natural membrane and found that the light stimulated movements were similar to those seen with ATP. When the behavior of the receptor and light-sensitive linkers was studied using computer simulations, it led to new models of the P2X pore in the open and closed state. In these models, the open channel was more tightly packed than in the previous structure and an unexpected hinge-bending movement was seen to accompany the opening of the channel. It is hoped that this new approach will also be useful for probing how other membrane proteins change their shape when activated. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11050.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Habermacher
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7199, Équipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Adeline Martz
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7199, Équipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Nicolas Calimet
- ISIS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7006, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Fonctions Moléculaires, Strasbourg, France
| | - Damien Lemoine
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7199, Équipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Laurie Peverini
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7199, Équipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Alexandre Specht
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7199, Équipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Marco Cecchini
- ISIS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7006, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Fonctions Moléculaires, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Grutter
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7199, Équipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Illkirch, France
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30
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Manipulation of P2X Receptor Activities by Light Stimulation. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7852168. [PMID: 26884649 PMCID: PMC4739260 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7852168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are involved in amplification of inflammatory responses in peripheral nociceptive fibers and in mediating pain-related signals to the CNS. Control of P2X activation has significant importance in managing unwanted hypersensitive neuron responses. To overcome the limitations of chemical ligand treatment, optical stimulation methods of optogenetics and photoswitching achieve efficient control of P2X activation while allowing specificity at the target site and convenient stimulation by light illumination. There are many potential applications for photosensitive elements, such as improved uncaging methods, photoisomerizable ligands, photoswitches, and gold nanoparticles. Each technique has both advantages and downsides, and techniques are selected according to the purpose of the application. Technical advances not only provide novel approaches to manage inflammation or pain mediated by P2X receptors but also suggest a similar approach for controlling other ion channels.
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31
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Lemoine D, Durand-de Cuttoli R, Mourot A. Optogenetic Control of Mammalian Ion Channels with Chemical Photoswitches. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1408:177-93. [PMID: 26965123 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3512-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In neurons, ligand-gated ion channels decode the chemical signal of neurotransmitters into an electric response, resulting in a transient excitation or inhibition. Neurotransmitters act on multiple receptor types and subtypes, with spatially and temporally precise patterns. Hence, understanding the neural function of a given receptor requires methods for its targeted, rapid activation/inactivation in defined brain regions. To address this, we have developed a versatile optochemical genetic strategy, which allows the reversible control of defined receptor subtypes in designated cell types, with millisecond and micrometer precision. In this chapter, we describe the engineering of light-activated and -inhibited neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, as well as their characterization and use in cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Lemoine
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM 119, 9 Quai St Bernard, 75005, Paris, France.,Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS, UMR 8246, 75005, Paris, France.,Neuroscience Paris Seine, INSERM, U1130, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Romain Durand-de Cuttoli
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM 119, 9 Quai St Bernard, 75005, Paris, France.,Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS, UMR 8246, 75005, Paris, France.,Neuroscience Paris Seine, INSERM, U1130, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Mourot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM 119, 9 Quai St Bernard, 75005, Paris, France. .,Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS, UMR 8246, 75005, Paris, France. .,Neuroscience Paris Seine, INSERM, U1130, 75005, Paris, France.
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32
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Insights into the channel gating of P2X receptors from structures, dynamics and small molecules. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:44-55. [PMID: 26725734 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors, as ATP-gated non-selective trimeric ion channels, are permeable to Na(+), K(+) and Ca(2+). Comparing with other ligand-gated ion channel families, P2X receptors are distinct in their unique gating properties and pathophysiological roles, and have attracted attention as promising drug targets for a variety of diseases, such as neuropathic pain, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and thrombus. Several small molecule inhibitors for distinct P2X subtypes have entered into clinical trials. However, many questions regarding the gating mechanism of P2X remain unsolved. The structural determinations of P2X receptors at the resting and ATP-bound open states revealed that P2X receptor gating is a cooperative allosteric process involving multiple domains, which marks the beginning of the post-structure era of P2X research at atomic level. Here, we review the current knowledge on the structure-function relationship of P2X receptors, depict the whole picture of allosteric changes during the channel gating, and summarize the active sites that may contribute to new strategies for developing novel allosteric drugs targeting P2X receptors.
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33
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Broichhagen J, Damijonaitis A, Levitz J, Sokol KR, Leippe P, Konrad D, Isacoff EY, Trauner D. Orthogonal Optical Control of a G Protein-Coupled Receptor with a SNAP-Tethered Photochromic Ligand. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2015; 1:383-393. [PMID: 27162996 PMCID: PMC4827557 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The covalent attachment of synthetic photoswitches is a general approach to impart light sensitivity onto native receptors. It mimics the logic of natural photoreceptors and significantly expands the reach of optogenetics. Here we describe a novel photoswitch design-the photoswitchable orthogonal remotely tethered ligand (PORTL)-that combines the genetically encoded SNAP-tag with photochromic ligands connected to a benzylguanine via a long flexible linker. We use the method to convert the G protein-coupled receptor mGluR2, a metabotropic glutamate receptor, into a photoreceptor (SNAG-mGluR2) that provides efficient optical control over the neuronal functions of mGluR2: presynaptic inhibition and control of excitability. The PORTL approach enables multiplexed optical control of different native receptors using distinct bioconjugation methods. It should be broadly applicable since SNAP-tags have proven to be reliable, many SNAP-tagged receptors are already available, and photochromic ligands on a long leash are readily designed and synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Broichhagen
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Arunas Damijonaitis
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Joshua Levitz
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin R. Sokol
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Philipp Leippe
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - David Konrad
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Ehud Y. Isacoff
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Helen
Wills Neuroscience Institute, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Physical
Bioscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 München, Germany
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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34
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Hausmann R, Kless A, Schmalzing G. Key sites for P2X receptor function and multimerization: overview of mutagenesis studies on a structural basis. Curr Med Chem 2015; 22:799-818. [PMID: 25439586 PMCID: PMC4460280 DOI: 10.2174/0929867322666141128163215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
P2X receptors constitute a seven-member family (P2X1-7) of extracellular ATP-gated cation
channels of widespread expression. Because P2X receptors have been implicated in neurological, inflammatory
and cardiovascular diseases, they constitute promising drug targets. Since the first P2X cDNA sequences
became available in 1994, numerous site-directed mutagenesis studies have been conducted to disclose
key sites of P2X receptor function and oligomerization. The publication of the 3-Å crystal structures of the zebrafish
P2X4 (zfP2X4) receptor in the homotrimeric apo-closed and ATP-bound open states in 2009 and 2012, respectively, has
ushered a new era by allowing for the interpretation of the wealth of molecular data in terms of specific three-dimensional
models and by paving the way for designing more-decisive experiments. Thanks to these structures, the last five years
have provided invaluable insight into our understanding of the structure and function of the P2X receptor class of ligandgated
ion channels. In this review, we provide an overview of mutagenesis studies of the pre- and post-crystal structure
eras that identified amino acid residues of key importance for ligand binding, channel gating, ion flow, formation of the
pore and the channel gate, and desensitization. In addition, the sites that are involved in the trimerization of P2X receptors
are reviewed based on mutagenesis studies and interface contacts that were predicted by the zfP2X4 crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gunther Schmalzing
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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35
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Habermacher C, Dunning K, Chataigneau T, Grutter T. Molecular structure and function of P2X receptors. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:18-30. [PMID: 26231831 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ATP-gated P2X receptors are trimeric ion channels selective to cations. Recent progress in the molecular biophysics of these channels enables a better understanding of their function. In particular, data obtained from biochemical, electrophysiogical and molecular engineering in the light of recent X-ray structures now allow delineation of the principles of ligand binding, channel opening and allosteric modulation. However, although a picture emerges as to how ATP triggers channel opening, there are a number of intriguing questions that remain to be answered, in particular how the pore itself opens in response to ATP and how the intracellular domain, for which structural information is limited, moves during activation. In this review, we provide a summary of functional studies in the context of the post-structure era, aiming to clarify our understanding of the way in which P2X receptors function in response to ATP binding, as well as the mechanism by which allosteric modulators are able to regulate receptor function. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Habermacher
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7199, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Équipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, F-67400, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Kate Dunning
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7199, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Équipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, F-67400, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Thierry Chataigneau
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7199, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Équipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, F-67400, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Thomas Grutter
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7199, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Équipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, F-67400, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-67400, Illkirch, France.
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36
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Wu Y, Zhu W, Wan W, Xie Y, Tian H, Li ADQ. Reversible photoswitching specifically responds to mercury(II) ions: the gated photochromism of bis(dithiazole)ethene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:14205-8. [PMID: 25283709 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06372d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photoswitching of bis(dithiazole)ethene can be regulated by Hg(II) ions and EDTA in a "lock-and-unlock" manner. The molecular photoswitch provides an enzyme-like binding pocket that selectively binds specifically to mercury ions, thus modulating the degree of photoswitching in its presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
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37
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Damijonaitis A, Broichhagen J, Urushima T, Hüll K, Nagpal J, Laprell L, Schönberger M, Woodmansee DH, Rafiq A, Sumser MP, Kummer W, Gottschalk A, Trauner D. AzoCholine Enables Optical Control of Alpha 7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Neural Networks. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:701-7. [PMID: 25741856 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are essential for cellular communication in higher organisms. Even though a vast pharmacological toolset to study cholinergic systems has been developed, control of endogenous neuronal nAChRs with high spatiotemporal precision has been lacking. To address this issue, we have generated photoswitchable nAChR agonists and re-evaluated the known photochromic ligand, BisQ. Using electrophysiology, we found that one of our new compounds, AzoCholine, is an excellent photoswitchable agonist for neuronal α7 nAChRs, whereas BisQ was confirmed to be an agonist for the muscle-type nAChR. AzoCholine could be used to modulate cholinergic activity in a brain slice and in dorsal root ganglion neurons. In addition, we demonstrate light-dependent perturbation of behavior in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunas Damijonaitis
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Tatsuya Urushima
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Katharina Hüll
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Jatin Nagpal
- Buchmann
Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt D-60438, Germany
| | - Laura Laprell
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Matthias Schönberger
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - David H. Woodmansee
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Amir Rafiq
- Institute
for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-Universität, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen D-35385, Germany
| | - Martin P. Sumser
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kummer
- Institute
for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-Universität, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen D-35385, Germany
| | - Alexander Gottschalk
- Buchmann
Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt D-60438, Germany
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Munich D-81377, Germany
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38
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Controlling ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors with light: principles and potential. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 20:135-43. [PMID: 25573450 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Light offers unique advantages for studying and manipulating biomolecules and the cellular processes that they control. Optical control of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors has garnered significant interest, since these receptors are central to signaling at neuronal synapses and only optical approaches provide the spatial and temporal resolution required to directly probe receptor function in cells and tissue. Following the classical method of glutamate photo-uncaging, recently developed methods have added other forms of remote control, including those with high molecular specificity and genetic targeting. These tools open the door to the direct optical control of synaptic transmission and plasticity, as well as the probing of native receptor function in intact neural circuits.
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39
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Flipping the Photoswitch: Ion Channels Under Light Control. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 869:101-17. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2845-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Chevalier A, Renard PY, Romieu A. Straightforward synthesis of bioconjugatable azo dyes. Part 1: Black Hole Quencher-1 (BHQ-1) scaffold. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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41
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Optical control of insulin release using a photoswitchable sulfonylurea. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5116. [PMID: 25311795 PMCID: PMC4208094 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonylureas are widely prescribed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Through their actions on ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, sulfonylureas boost insulin release from the pancreatic beta cell mass to restore glucose homeostasis. A limitation of these compounds is the elevated risk of developing hypoglycemia and cardiovascular disease, both potentially fatal complications. Here, we describe the design and development of a photoswitchable sulfonylurea, JB253, which reversibly and repeatedly blocks KATP channel activity following exposure to violet-blue light. Using in situ imaging and hormone assays, we further show that JB253 bestows light sensitivity upon rodent and human pancreatic beta cell function. Thus, JB253 enables the optical control of insulin release and may offer a valuable research tool for the interrogation of KATP channel function in health and T2DM.
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42
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Fryatt AG, Evans RJ. Kinetics of conformational changes revealed by voltage-clamp fluorometry give insight to desensitization at ATP-gated human P2X1 receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 86:707-15. [PMID: 25296688 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP acts as an extracellular signaling molecule at cell-surface P2X receptors, mediating a variety of important physiologic and pathophysiologic roles. Homomeric P2X1 receptors open on binding ATP and then transition to an ATP-bound closed, desensitized state that requires an agonist-free washout period to recover. Voltage-clamp fluorometry was used to record ion channel activity and conformational changes simultaneously at defined positions in the extracellular loop of the human P2X1 receptor during not only agonist binding and desensitization but also during recovery. ATP evoked distinct conformational changes adjacent to the agonist binding pocket in response to channel activation and desensitization. The speed of recovery of the conformational change on agonist washout was state-dependent, with a faster time constant from the open (5 seconds) compared with the desensitized (75 seconds) form of the channel. The ability of ATP to evoke channel activity on washout after desensitization was not dependent on the degree of conformational rearrangement in the extracellular loop, and desensitization was faster from the partially recovered state. An intracellular mutation in the carboxyl terminus that slowed recovery of P2X1 receptor currents (7-fold less recovery at 30 seconds) had no effect on the time course of the extracellular conformational rearrangements. This study highlights that the intracellular portion of the receptor can regulate recovery and shows for the first time that this is by a mechanism independent of changes in the extracellular domain, suggesting the existence of a distinct desensitization gate in this novel class of ligand gated ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair G Fryatt
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Evans
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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43
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Wang B, Yuan H, Liu Z, Nie C, Liu L, Lv F, Wang Y, Wang S. Cationic oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) materials for combating drug resistance of cancer cells by light manipulation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:5986-5990. [PMID: 25044102 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An unconventional strategy that can be temporally and remotely activated with light to combat the drug resistance of cancer cells is developed. A cell-membrane-anchored photosensitizer (OPV) is used to enhance anticancer drug uptake and restore toxicity in resistant cancer cells. This method recovers the activity of the already established anticancer drugs, and provides a new strategy for the development of light manipulation to combat anticancer resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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44
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Broichhagen J, Trauner D. The in vivo chemistry of photoswitched tethered ligands. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 21:121-7. [PMID: 25108802 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nature's photoreceptors are typically composed of a chromophore that is covalently bound to a receptor protein at the top of a signaling cascade. The protein can function as a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), an ion channel, or as an enzyme. This logic can be mimicked with synthetic photoswitches, such as azobenzenes, that are linked to naturally 'blind' transmembrane proteins using in vivo-chemistry. The resulting semisynthetic receptors can be employed to optically control cellular functions, especially in neurons, and influence the behavior of animals with the exquisite temporal and spatial precision of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Broichhagen
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany.
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45
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Xu J, Chai H, Ehinger K, Egan TM, Srinivasan R, Frick M, Khakh BS. Imaging P2X4 receptor subcellular distribution, trafficking, and regulation using P2X4-pHluorin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 144:81-104. [PMID: 24935743 PMCID: PMC4076521 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201411169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A P2X4 receptor labeled with the pH-sensitive GFP superecliptic pHluorin represents a useful probe to investigate P2X4 receptor distribution, trafficking, and up-regulation. P2X4 receptors are adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-gated cation channels present on the plasma membrane (PM) and also within intracellular compartments such as vesicles, vacuoles, lamellar bodies (LBs), and lysosomes. P2X4 receptors in microglia are up-regulated in epilepsy and in neuropathic pain; that is to say, their total and/or PM expression levels increase. However, the mechanisms underlying up-regulation of microglial P2X4 receptors remain unclear, in part because it has not been possible to image P2X4 receptor distribution within, or trafficking between, cellular compartments. Here, we report the generation of pH-sensitive fluorescently tagged P2X4 receptors that permit evaluations of cell surface and total receptor pools. Capitalizing on information gained from zebrafish P2X4.1 crystal structures, we designed a series of mouse P2X4 constructs in which a pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein, superecliptic pHluorin (pHluorin), was inserted into nonconserved regions located within flexible loops of the P2X4 receptor extracellular domain. One of these constructs, in which pHluorin was inserted after lysine 122 (P2X4-pHluorin123), functioned like wild-type P2X4 in terms of its peak ATP-evoked responses, macroscopic kinetics, calcium flux, current–voltage relationship, and sensitivity to ATP. P2X4-pHluorin123 also showed pH-dependent fluorescence changes, and was robustly expressed on the membrane and within intracellular compartments. P2X4-pHluorin123 identified cell surface and intracellular fractions of receptors in HEK-293 cells, hippocampal neurons, C8-B4 microglia, and alveolar type II (ATII) cells. Furthermore, it showed that the subcellular fractions of P2X4-pHluorin123 receptors were cell and compartment specific, for example, being larger in hippocampal neuron somata than in C8-B4 cell somata, and larger in C8-B4 microglial processes than in their somata. In ATII cells, P2X4-pHluorin123 showed that P2X4 receptors were secreted onto the PM when LBs undergo exocytosis. Finally, the use of P2X4-pHluorin123 showed that the modulator ivermectin did not increase the PM fraction of P2X4 receptors and acted allosterically to potentiate P2X4 receptor responses. Collectively, our data suggest that P2X4-pHluorin123 represents a useful optical probe to quantitatively explore P2X4 receptor distribution, trafficking, and up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Xu
- Department of Physiology and Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hua Chai
- Department of Physiology and Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | | | - Terrance M Egan
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science and The Center for Excellence in Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130 Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science and The Center for Excellence in Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Rahul Srinivasan
- Department of Physiology and Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Baljit S Khakh
- Department of Physiology and Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095Department of Physiology and Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Kellenberger S, Grutter T. Architectural and functional similarities between trimeric ATP-gated P2X receptors and acid-sensing ion channels. J Mol Biol 2014; 427:54-66. [PMID: 24937752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ATP-gated P2X receptors and acid-sensing ion channels are two distinct ligand-gated ion channels that assemble into trimers. They are involved in many important physiological functions such as pain sensation and are recognized as important therapeutic targets. They have unrelated primary structures and respond to different ligands (ATP and protons) and are thus considered as two different ion channels. As a consequence, comparisons of the biophysical properties and underlying mechanisms have only been rarely made between these two channels. However, the recent determination of their molecular structures by X-ray crystallography has revealed unexpected parallels in the architecture of the two pores, providing a basis for possible functional analogies. In this review, we analyze the structural and functional similarities that are shared by these trimeric ion channels, and we outline key unanswered questions that, if addressed experimentally, may help us to elucidate how two unrelated ion channels have adopted a similar fold of the pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kellenberger
- Département de Pharmacologie et de Toxicologie, Université de Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Grutter
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7199, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Équipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, F-67400 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-67400 Illkirch, France.
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47
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More channels under the spotlight. Nat Methods 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Bautista-Barrufet A, Izquierdo-Serra M, Gorostiza P. Photoswitchable Ion Channels and Receptors. NOVEL APPROACHES FOR SINGLE MOLECULE ACTIVATION AND DETECTION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-43367-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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