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Barrat J, Cherbunin R, Sedov E, Aladinskaia E, Liubomirov A, Litvyak V, Petrov M, Zhou X, Hatzopoulos Z, Kavokin A, Savvidis PG. Stochastic circular persistent currents of exciton polaritons. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12953. [PMID: 38839986 PMCID: PMC11153513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63725-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
We monitor the orbital degree of freedom of exciton-polariton condensates confined within an optical trap and unveil the stochastic switching of persistent annular polariton currents under pulse-periodic excitation. Within an elliptical trap, the low-lying in energy polariton current states manifest as a two-petaled density distribution with a swirling phase. In the stochastic regime, the density distribution, averaged over multiple excitation pulses, becomes homogenized in the azimuthal direction. Meanwhile, the weighted phase, extracted from interference experiments, exhibits two compensatory jumps when varied around the center of the trap. Introducing a supplemental control optical pulse to break the reciprocity of the system enables the transition from a stochastic to a deterministic regime, allowing for controlled polariton circulation direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Barrat
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Roman Cherbunin
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Evgeny Sedov
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China.
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
- Stoletov Vladimir State University, Gorky str. 87, Vladimir, 600000, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Aladinskaia
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Alexey Liubomirov
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Valentina Litvyak
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Mikhail Petrov
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Xiaoqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Z Hatzopoulos
- FORTH-IESL, P.O. Box 1527, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Alexey Kavokin
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
- Abrikosov Center for Theoretical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy per. 9, Moscow Region, Dolgoprudnyi, 141701, Russia
| | - P G Savvidis
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- FORTH-IESL, P.O. Box 1527, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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2
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Alnatah H, Comaron P, Mukherjee S, Beaumariage J, Pfeiffer LN, West K, Baldwin K, Szymańska M, Snoke DW. Critical fluctuations in a confined driven-dissipative quantum condensate. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi6762. [PMID: 38517958 PMCID: PMC10959404 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi6762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Phase fluctuations determine the low-energy properties of quantum condensates. However, at the condensation threshold, both density and phase fluctuations are relevant. While strong emphasis has been given to the investigation of phase fluctuations, which dominate the physics of the quantum system away from the critical point, number fluctuations have been much less explored even in thermal equilibrium. In this work, we report experimental observation and theoretical description of fluctuations in a circularly confined nonequilibrium Bose-Einstein condensate of polaritons near the condensation threshold. We observe critical fluctuations, which combine the number fluctuations of a single-mode condensate state and competition between different states. The latter is analogous to mode hopping in photon lasers. Our theoretical analysis indicates that this phenomenon is of a quantum character, while classical noise of the pump is not sufficient to explain the experiments. The manifestation of a critical quantum state competition unlocks possibilities for the study of condensate formation while linking to practical realizations in photonic lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Alnatah
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
| | - Paolo Comaron
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shouvik Mukherjee
- Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jonathan Beaumariage
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
| | - Loren N. Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ken West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Kirk Baldwin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Marzena Szymańska
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David W. Snoke
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
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3
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de Oliveira R, Colombano M, Malabat F, Morassi M, Lemaître A, Favero I. Whispering-Gallery Quantum-Well Exciton Polaritons in an Indium Gallium Arsenide Microdisk Cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:126901. [PMID: 38579217 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.126901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Despite appealing high-symmetry properties that enable strong spatial confinement and ultrahigh-Q, optical whispering-gallery modes of spherical and circular resonators have been absent from the field of quantum-well exciton polaritons. Here we observe whispering-gallery exciton polaritons in a gallium arsenide microdisk cavity filled with indium gallium arsenide quantum wells, the test bed materials of polaritonics. Strong coupling is evidenced in photoluminescence and resonant spectroscopy accessed through concomitant confocal microscopy and near-field optical techniques. Excitonic and optical resonances are tuned by varying temperature and disk radius, revealing Rabi splittings between 5 and 10 meV. A dedicated analytical quantum model for such circular whispering-gallery polaritons is developed, which reproduces the measured values. At high power, lasing is observed and accompanied by a blueshift of the emission consistent with the regime of polariton lasing. With experimental methods and theory now established, whispering-gallery-mode polaritons in round dielectric resonators appear as a new viable platform toward low loss polaritonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain de Oliveira
- 1Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Martin Colombano
- 1Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Florent Malabat
- 1Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Martina Morassi
- 2Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- 2Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- 1Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
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4
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Liu P, Yan J, Afanasev A, Benson SV, Hao H, Mikhailov SF, Popov VG, Wu YK. Generation of superposed orbital angular momentum beams using a free-electron laser oscillator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:2235-2244. [PMID: 38297758 DOI: 10.1364/oe.510649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
With wavelength tunability, free-electron lasers (FELs) are well-suited for generating orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams in a wide photon energy range. We report here the first experimental demonstration of OAM beam generation using an oscillator FEL with the tens of picosecond pulse duration. Lasing around 458 nm, we have produced the four lowest orders of superposed Laguerre-Gaussian beams using a very long FEL resonator of 53.73 m. The produced beams have good beam quality, excellent stability, and substantial average power. We have also developed a pulsed operation mode for these beams with a highly reproducible temporal structure for a range of repetition rate of 1-30 Hz. This development can be extended to short wavelengths, for example to x-rays using a future x-ray FEL oscillator. The OAM operation of such a storage-ring FEL also paves the way for the generation of OAM gamma-ray beams via inverse Compton scattering.
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Lukoshkin V, Sedov E, Kalevich V, Hatzopoulos Z, Savvidis PG, Kavokin A. Steady state oscillations of circular currents in concentric polariton condensates. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4607. [PMID: 36944664 PMCID: PMC10030576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Concentric ring exciton polariton condensates emerging under non-resonant laser pump in an annular trapping potential support persistent circular currents of polaritons. The trapping potential is formed by a cylindrical micropillar etched in a semiconductor microcavity with embedded quantum wells and a repulsive cloud of optically excited excitons under the pump spot. The symmetry of the potential is subject to external control via manipulation by its pump-induced component. In the manuscript, we demonstrate excitation of concentric ring polariton current states with predetermined vorticity which we trace using interferometry measurements with a spherical reference wave. We also observe the polariton condensate dynamically changing its vorticity during observation, which results in pairs of fork-like dislocations on the time-averaged interferogram coexisting with azimuthally homogeneous photoluminescence distribution in the micropillar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lukoshkin
- Ioffe Institute,Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Politechnicheskaya, St-Petersburg, Russia, 194021
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, Russia, 198504
| | - Evgeny Sedov
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, Russia, 198504.
- Russian Quantum Center, 100 Novaya Street, Skolkovo, Moscow, Russia, 143025.
- Stoletov Vladimir State University, Gorky str. 87, Vladimir, Russia, 600000.
| | - Vladimir Kalevich
- Ioffe Institute,Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Politechnicheskaya, St-Petersburg, Russia, 194021
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, Russia, 198504
| | - Z Hatzopoulos
- FORTH-IESL, P.O. Box 1527, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - P G Savvidis
- FORTH-IESL, P.O. Box 1527, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Rd, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Alexey Kavokin
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, St. Petersburg, Russia, 198504
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Rd, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy per., 9, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia, 141701
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6
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Jheng SD, Chen TW, Cheng SC. Spontaneous giant vortices and circular supercurrents in a trapped exciton-polariton condensate. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:35325-35337. [PMID: 36258486 DOI: 10.1364/oe.468330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically study an exciton-polariton condensate trapped in a harmonic potential with an annular pump. With a circular pump, predictions were made for a spontaneous rotating vortex lattice packed by singly quantized vortices. If the circular pump is replaced by an annular pump, singly quantized vortices are absorbed into the central hole and form a multiply quantized vortex. For a sufficiently narrow annular width, all vortices are absorbed into the central hole, ultimately forming a giant vortex with supersonic circular supercurrents flowing around it. Vortex-antivortex pairs can be generated if a defect is present in these supersonic circular supercurrents. We further discover that the motion of the vortex-antivortex pairs depends on the position at which they were generated. We suggest that this property can be used to control whether the velocity of the circular supercurrents is above or below the sound velocity.
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7
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Wang J, Xu H, Su R, Peng Y, Wu J, Liew TCH, Xiong Q. Spontaneously coherent orbital coupling of counterrotating exciton polaritons in annular perovskite microcavities. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:45. [PMID: 33649295 PMCID: PMC7921445 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00478-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Exciton-polariton condensation is regarded as a spontaneous macroscopic quantum phenomenon with phase ordering and collective coherence. By engineering artificial annular potential landscapes in halide perovskite semiconductor microcavities, we experimentally and theoretically demonstrate the room-temperature spontaneous formation of a coherent superposition of exciton-polariton orbital states with symmetric petal-shaped patterns in real space, resulting from symmetry breaking due to the anisotropic effective potential of the birefringent perovskite crystals. The lobe numbers of such petal-shaped polariton condensates can be precisely controlled by tuning the annular potential geometry. These petal-shaped condensates form in multiple orbital states, carrying locked alternating π phase shifts and vortex-antivortex superposition cores, arising from the coupling of counterrotating exciton-polaritons in the confined circular waveguide. Our geometrically patterned microcavity exhibits promise for realizing room-temperature topological polaritonic devices and optical polaritonic switches based on periodic annular potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huawen Xu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rui Su
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yutian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinqi Wu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Timothy C H Liew
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- MajuLab, International Joint Research Unit UMI 3654, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Sorbonne Université, National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Qihua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China.
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8
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Paschos GG, Tzimis A, Tsintzos SI, Savvidis PG. Polariton condensate trapping by parametric pair scattering. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:36LT02. [PMID: 32396883 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab9267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spatially confined, trapped polariton condensates have been shown to exhibit strong stochastic on-site spin polarization and in longer polariton condensate chains, distance controlled ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic spin couplings. Until now, little is known, on how such polariton condensates spatially separated from their exciton reservoirs are trapped and formed. Here, we investigate the properties and formation dynamics of two main families of polariton condensates, those overlapping with the pump reservoir and those in confined geometries, under pulsed nonresonant excitation. The observed reduction in polariton condensation threshold and energy blueshift in trapped case is attributed to exciton reservoir-condensate spatial separation, whereas time-resolved photoluminescence measurements, reveal distinct relaxation and condensate formation dynamics with pair parametric scattering process being the dominant relaxation mechanism in trapped geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Paschos
- Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Rd, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Westlake Inst Adv Study, National Institute of Sciences, 18 Shilongshan Rd, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - A Tzimis
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - S I Tsintzos
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Eulambia Advanced Technologies Ltd., Ag. Ioannou 24, 15342, Athens, Greece
| | - P G Savvidis
- Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Rd, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Westlake Inst Adv Study, National Institute of Sciences, 18 Shilongshan Rd, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Nanophotonics and Metamaterials, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
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9
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Jie Q, Zhang K, Lai CW, Hsu FK, Zhang W, Luo S, Lee YS, Lin SD, Chen Z, Xie W. Room-Temperature Macroscopic Coherence of Two Electron-Hole Plasmas in a Microcavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:157402. [PMID: 32357015 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.157402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Macroscopic coherence of Bose condensates is a fundamental and practical phenomenon in many-body systems, such as the long-range correlation of exciton-polariton condensates with a dipole density typically below the exciton Mott-transition limit. Here we extend the macroscopic coherence of electron-hole-photon interacting systems to a new region in the phase diagram-the high-density plasma region, where long-range correlation is generally assumed to be broken due to the rapid dephasing. Nonetheless, a cooperative state of electron-hole plasma does emerge through the sharing of the superfluorescence field in an optical microcavity. In addition to the in situ coherence of e-h plasma, a long-range correlation is formed between two 8-μm-spaced plasma ensembles even at room temperature. Quantized and self-modulated correlation modes are generated for e-h ensembles in the plasma region. By controlling the distance between the two ensembles, multiple coupling regimes are revealed, from strong correlation to perturbative phase correlation and finally to an incoherent classical case, which has potential implications for tunable and high-temperature-compatible quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Keye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chih-Wei Lai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Feng-Kuo Hsu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Weiping Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, and Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Shanxi 030006, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Song Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi-Shan Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Di Lin
- Department of Electronics Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Zhanghai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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10
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Barkhausen F, Schumacher S, Ma X. Multistable circular currents of polariton condensates trapped in ring potentials. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:1192-1195. [PMID: 32108803 DOI: 10.1364/ol.386250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the formation and trapping of different stationary solutions, oscillatory solutions, and rotating solutions of a polariton condensate in a planar semiconductor microcavity with a built-in ring-shaped potential well. Multistable ring-shaped solutions are trapped in shallow potential wells. These solutions have the same ring-shaped density distribution but different topological charges, corresponding to different orbital angular momentum (OAM) of the emitted light. For stronger confinement potentials, besides the fundamental modes, higher excited (dipole) modes can also be trapped. If two modes are excited simultaneously, their beating produces a complex oscillation or rotation dynamics. When the two modes have the same OAM, a double-ring solution forms for which the density oscillates between the inner and the outer ring. When the two modes have different OAM, a rotating solution with fractional OAM is created.
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11
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Ma X, Berger B, Aßmann M, Driben R, Meier T, Schneider C, Höfling S, Schumacher S. Realization of all-optical vortex switching in exciton-polariton condensates. Nat Commun 2020; 11:897. [PMID: 32060289 PMCID: PMC7021691 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vortices are topological objects representing the circular motion of a fluid. With their additional degree of freedom, the vorticity, they have been widely investigated in many physical systems and different materials for fundamental interest and for applications in data storage and information processing. Vortices have also been observed in non-equilibrium exciton-polariton condensates in planar semiconductor microcavities. There they appear spontaneously or can be created and pinned in space using ring-shaped optical excitation profiles. However, using the vortex state for information processing not only requires creation of a vortex but also efficient control over the vortex after its creation. Here we demonstrate a simple approach to control and switch a localized polariton vortex between opposite states. In our scheme, both the optical control of vorticity and its detection through the orbital angular momentum of the emitted light are implemented in a robust and practical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuekai Ma
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany.
| | - Bernd Berger
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marc Aßmann
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rodislav Driben
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Torsten Meier
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Christian Schneider
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Stefan Schumacher
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany.,College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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12
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Cristofolini P, Hatzopoulos Z, Savvidis PG, Baumberg JJ. Generation of Quantized Polaritons below the Condensation Threshold. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:067401. [PMID: 30141674 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.067401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exciton polaritons in high quality semiconductor microcavities can travel long macroscopic distances (>100 μm) due to their ultralight effective mass. The polaritons are repelled from optically pumped exciton reservoirs where they are formed; however, their spatial dynamics is not as expected for pointlike particles. Instead we show polaritons emitted into waveguides travel orthogonally to the repulsive potential gradient and can only be explained if they are emitted as macroscopic delocalized quantum particles, even before they form Bose condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Cristofolini
- Nanophotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | | | - Pavlos G Savvidis
- FORTH, IESL, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Spin Optics Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg State University, 198504, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- Nanophotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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13
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Tang B, Tian C, Xu C, Dong H, Zhou W. Realization of an all-optically controlled dynamic superlattice for exciton-polaritons. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:14082-14089. [PMID: 29999095 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02190b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons, formed by the strong coupling between excitons and cavity-confined photons, are the building blocks of polaritonic devices. In this work, we report experimental realization of an all-optically controlled dynamic superlattice for polaritons working in the ultraviolet wavelength range at room temperature. The optical superlattice was realized on a one-dimensional (1D) ZnO microrod using an array of periodically arranged laser spots. Polaritonic mini-band features were clearly observed by both momentum- and real-space imaging spectroscopy. By controlling the periodicity of the laser spots, we demonstrated that the band structures of polaritons can be well controlled by external lasers. Theoretically, by extending the Kronig-Penney model to the polariton system, we calculated the polaritonic mini-bands and found it to be in good agreement with our experimental observations. By imaging the polariton flow in real space, the lifetime of polaritons and their relationship with their exitonic fractions were also extracted. The polaritonic superlattices demonstrated in this work are fully reconfigurable and optically controlled, and our results could thus stimulate the development of polaritonic all-optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Zhang
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xinhan Zhang
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Bing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chuan Tian
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Chunyan Xu
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Hongxing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weihang Zhou
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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14
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Pinsker F, Ruan X, Alexander TJ. Effects of the non-parabolic kinetic energy on non-equilibrium polariton condensates. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1891. [PMID: 28507290 PMCID: PMC5432531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the study of non-equilibrium polariton condensates it is usually assumed that the dispersion relation of polaritons is parabolic in nature. We show that considering the true non-parabolic kinetic energy of polaritons leads to significant changes in the behaviour of the condensate due to the curvature of the dispersion relation and the possibility of transfer of energy to high wavenumber components in the condensate spatial profile. We present explicit solutions for plane waves and linear excitations, and identify the differences in the theoretical predictions between the parabolic and non-parabolic mean-field models, showing the possibility of symmetry breaking in the latter. We then consider the evolution of wavepackets and show that self-localisation effects may be observed due to the curvature of the dispersion relation. Finally, we revisit the dynamics of dark soliton trains and show that additional localized density excitations may emerge in the dynamics due to the excitation of high frequency components, mimicking the appearance of near-bright solitary waves over short timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pinsker
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.
| | - X Ruan
- Department of Mathematics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - T J Alexander
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, UNSW Canberra, Canberra ACT, 2600, Australia
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15
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Dreismann A, Ohadi H, Del Valle-Inclan Redondo Y, Balili R, Rubo YG, Tsintzos SI, Deligeorgis G, Hatzopoulos Z, Savvidis PG, Baumberg JJ. A sub-femtojoule electrical spin-switch based on optically trapped polariton condensates. NATURE MATERIALS 2016; 15:1074-1078. [PMID: 27500807 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Practical challenges to extrapolating Moore's law favour alternatives to electrons as information carriers. Two promising candidates are spin-based and all-optical architectures, the former offering lower energy consumption, the latter superior signal transfer down to the level of chip-interconnects. Polaritons-spinor quasi-particles composed of semiconductor excitons and microcavity photons-directly couple exciton spins and photon polarizations, combining the advantages of both approaches. However, their implementation for spintronics has been hindered because polariton spins can be manipulated only optically or by strong magnetic fields. Here we use an external electric field to directly control the spin of a polariton condensate, bias-tuning the emission polarization. The nonlinear spin dynamics offers an alternative route to switching, allowing us to realize an electrical spin-switch exhibiting ultralow switching energies below 0.5 fJ. Our results lay the foundation for development of devices based on the electro-optical control of coherent spin ensembles on a chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dreismann
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Hamid Ohadi
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | | | - Ryan Balili
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Yuri G Rubo
- Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos 62580, Mexico
| | - Simeon I Tsintzos
- CCQCN, Department of Physics, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George Deligeorgis
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Zacharias Hatzopoulos
- CCQCN, Department of Physics, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Pavlos G Savvidis
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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16
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Pinsker F, Flayac H. Bright solitons in non-equilibrium coherent quantum matter. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2016; 472:20150592. [PMID: 26997892 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2015.0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We theoretically demonstrate a mechanism for bright soliton generation in spinor non-equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensates made of atoms or quasi-particles such as polaritons in semiconductor microcavities. We give analytical expressions for bright (half) solitons as minimizing functions of a generalized non-conservative Lagrangian elucidating the unique features of inter and intra-competition in non-equilibrium systems. The analytical results are supported by a detailed numerical analysis that further shows the rich soliton dynamics inferred by their instability and mutual cross-interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pinsker
- Clarendon Laboratory , University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - H Flayac
- Institute of Theoretical Physics , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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17
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Ohadi H, Del Valle-Inclan Redondo Y, Dreismann A, Rubo YG, Pinsker F, Tsintzos SI, Hatzopoulos Z, Savvidis PG, Baumberg JJ. Tunable Magnetic Alignment between Trapped Exciton-Polariton Condensates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:106403. [PMID: 27015497 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.106403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tunable spin correlations are found to arise between two neighboring trapped exciton-polariton condensates which spin polarize spontaneously. We observe a crossover from an antiferromagnetic to a ferromagnetic pair state by reducing the coupling barrier in real time using control of the imprinted pattern of pump light. Fast optical switching of both condensates is then achieved by resonantly but weakly triggering only a single condensate. These effects can be explained as the competition between spin bifurcations and spin-preserving Josephson coupling between the two condensates, and open the way to polariton Bose-Hubbard ladders.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ohadi
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | | | - A Dreismann
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Y G Rubo
- Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos 62580, Mexico
| | - F Pinsker
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S I Tsintzos
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Z Hatzopoulos
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- CCQCN, Department of Physics, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - P G Savvidis
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - J J Baumberg
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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18
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Dominici L, Dagvadorj G, Fellows JM, Ballarini D, De Giorgi M, Marchetti FM, Piccirillo B, Marrucci L, Bramati A, Gigli G, Szymańska MH, Sanvitto D. Vortex and half-vortex dynamics in a nonlinear spinor quantum fluid. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500807. [PMID: 26665174 PMCID: PMC4672757 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Vortices are archetypal objects that recur in the universe across the scale of complexity, from subatomic particles to galaxies and black holes. Their appearance is connected with spontaneous symmetry breaking and phase transitions. In Bose-Einstein condensates and superfluids, vortices are both point-like and quantized quasiparticles. We use a two-dimensional (2D) fluid of polaritons, bosonic particles constituted by hybrid photonic and electronic oscillations, to study quantum vortex dynamics. Polaritons benefit from easiness of wave function phase detection, a spinor nature sustaining half-integer vorticity, strong nonlinearity, and tuning of the background disorder. We can directly generate by resonant pulsed excitations a polariton condensate carrying either a full or half-integer vortex as initial condition and follow their coherent evolution using ultrafast imaging on the picosecond scale. The observations highlight a rich phenomenology, such as the spiraling of the half-vortex and the joint path of the twin charges of a full vortex, until the moment of their splitting. Furthermore, we observe the ordered branching into newly generated secondary couples, associated with the breaking of radial and azimuthal symmetries. This allows us to devise the interplay of nonlinearity and sample disorder in shaping the fluid and driving the vortex dynamics. In addition, our observations suggest that phase singularities may be seen as fundamental particles whose quantized events span from pair creation and recombination to 2D+t topological vortex strings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Dominici
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio de Giorgi,” Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | | | - Dario Ballarini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Milena De Giorgi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesca M. Marchetti
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Piccirillo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marrucci
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alberto Bramati
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL, Research University, Collàge de France, 4 place Jussieu, case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio de Giorgi,” Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marzena H. Szymańska
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E6BT London, UK
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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19
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Laptyeva TV, Tikhomirov AA, Kanakov OI, Ivanchenko MV. Anderson attractors in active arrays. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13263. [PMID: 26304462 PMCID: PMC4548239 DOI: 10.1038/srep13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In dissipationless linear media, spatial disorder induces Anderson localization of matter, light, and sound waves. The addition of nonlinearity causes interaction between the eigenmodes, which results in a slow wave diffusion. We go beyond the dissipationless limit of Anderson arrays and consider nonlinear disordered systems that are subjected to the dissipative losses and energy pumping. We show that the Anderson modes of the disordered Ginsburg-Landau lattice possess specific excitation thresholds with respect to the pumping strength. When pumping is increased above the threshold for the band-edge modes, the lattice dynamics yields an attractor in the form of a stable multi-peak pattern. The Anderson attractor is the result of a joint action by the pumping-induced mode excitation, nonlinearity-induced mode interactions, and dissipative stabilization. The regimes of Anderson attractors can be potentially realized with polariton condensates lattices, active waveguide or cavity-QED arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana V Laptyeva
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Theory of Control and Dynamical Systems Department, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Andrey A Tikhomirov
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Theory of Oscillations Department, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Oleg I Kanakov
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Theory of Oscillations Department, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Ivanchenko
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Department of Applied Mathematics, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
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20
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Pinsker F, Alexander TJ. Nonlinear eigenmodes of a non-equilibrium harmonic oscillator. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2015.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate theoretically the quantum oscillator-like states recently observed experimentally in polariton condensates. We consider a complex Gross–Pitaevskii-type model that includes the effects of self-interactions, and creation and decay of exciton-polaritons. We develop a perturbation theory for approximate solutions to this non-equilibrium condensate model and compare the results with numerically calculated solutions for both repulsive and attractive polariton–polariton interactions. While the nonlinearity has a weak effect on the mode selection, the condensate density profiles are modified at moderate gain strengths. We find the nonlinearity becomes more dominant when a very large gain of polaritons leads to an extended cloud with high condensate densities. Finally, we identify the relation of the observed patterns to the input pump configuration, and suggest this may serve as a generalized NOR gate in the tradition of optical computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pinsker
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Tristram J. Alexander
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, UNSW Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
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21
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Boulier T, Terças H, Solnyshkov DD, Glorieux Q, Giacobino E, Malpuech G, Bramati A. Vortex chain in a resonantly pumped polariton superfluid. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9230. [PMID: 25784592 PMCID: PMC4363862 DOI: 10.1038/srep09230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons are light-matter mixed states interacting via their exciton fraction. They can be excited, manipulated, and detected using all the versatile techniques of modern optics. An exciton-polariton gas is therefore a unique platform to study out-of-equilibrium interacting quantum fluids. In this work, we report the formation of a ring-shaped array of same sign vortices after injection of angular momentum in a polariton superfluid. The angular momentum is injected by a ℓ = 8 Laguerre-Gauss beam. In the linear regime, a spiral interference pattern containing phase defects is visible. In the nonlinear (superfluid) regime, the interference disappears and eight vortices appear, minimizing the energy while conserving the quantized angular momentum. The radial position of the vortices evolves in the region between the two pumps as a function of the density. Hydrodynamic instabilities resulting in the spontaneous nucleation of vortex-antivortex pairs when the system size is sufficiently large confirm that the vortices are not constrained by interference when nonlinearities dominate the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Boulier
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4, place Jussieu Case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - H. Terças
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Université Clermont Auvergne, Blaise Pascal University, CNRS, 24 Avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - D. D. Solnyshkov
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Université Clermont Auvergne, Blaise Pascal University, CNRS, 24 Avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Q. Glorieux
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4, place Jussieu Case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - E. Giacobino
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4, place Jussieu Case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - G. Malpuech
- Institut Pascal, PHOTON-N2, Université Clermont Auvergne, Blaise Pascal University, CNRS, 24 Avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - A. Bramati
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4, place Jussieu Case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
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22
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A new type of half-quantum circulation in a macroscopic polariton spinor ring condensate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:2676-81. [PMID: 25730875 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424549112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the observation of coherent circulation in a macroscopic Bose-Einstein condensate of polaritons in a ring geometry. Because they are spinor condensates, half-quanta are allowed in where there is a phase rotation of π in connection with a polarization vector rotation of π around a closed path. This half-quantum behavior is clearly seen in the experimental observations of the polarization rotation around the ring. In our ring geometry, the half-quantum state that we see is one in which the handedness of the spin flips from one side of the ring to the other side in addition to the rotation of the linear polarization component; such a state is allowed in a ring geometry but will not occur in a simply connected geometry. This state is lower in energy than a half-quantum state with no change of the spin direction and corresponds to a superposition of two different elementary half-quantum states. The direction of circulation of the flow around the ring fluctuates randomly between clockwise and counterclockwise from one shot to the next; this fluctuation corresponds to spontaneous breaking of time-reversal symmetry in the system. This type of macroscopic polariton ring condensate allows for the possibility of direct control of the circulation to excite higher quantized states and the creation of Josephson junction tunneling barriers.
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