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de Oliveira R, Colombano M, Malabat F, Morassi M, Lemaître A, Favero I. Whispering-Gallery Quantum-Well Exciton Polaritons in an Indium Gallium Arsenide Microdisk Cavity. Phys Rev Lett 2024; 132:126901. [PMID: 38579217 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.126901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Despite appealing high-symmetry properties that enable strong spatial confinement and ultrahigh-Q, optical whispering-gallery modes of spherical and circular resonators have been absent from the field of quantum-well exciton polaritons. Here we observe whispering-gallery exciton polaritons in a gallium arsenide microdisk cavity filled with indium gallium arsenide quantum wells, the test bed materials of polaritonics. Strong coupling is evidenced in photoluminescence and resonant spectroscopy accessed through concomitant confocal microscopy and near-field optical techniques. Excitonic and optical resonances are tuned by varying temperature and disk radius, revealing Rabi splittings between 5 and 10 meV. A dedicated analytical quantum model for such circular whispering-gallery polaritons is developed, which reproduces the measured values. At high power, lasing is observed and accompanied by a blueshift of the emission consistent with the regime of polariton lasing. With experimental methods and theory now established, whispering-gallery-mode polaritons in round dielectric resonators appear as a new viable platform toward low loss polaritonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain de Oliveira
- 1Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Martin Colombano
- 1Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Florent Malabat
- 1Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Martina Morassi
- 2Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- 2Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- 1Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
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2
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Sentre-Arribas E, Aparicio-Millán A, Lemaître A, Favero I, Tamayo J, Calleja M, Gil-Santos E. Simultaneous Optical and Mechanical Sensing Based on Optomechanical Resonators. ACS Sens 2024; 9:371-378. [PMID: 38156765 PMCID: PMC10825865 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Optical and mechanical resonators have each been abundantly employed in sensing applications, albeit following separate development. Here we show that bringing together optical and mechanical resonances in a unique sensing device significantly improves the sensor performance. To that purpose, we employ nanoscale optomechanical disk resonators that simultaneously support high quality optical and mechanical modes localized in tiny volumes, which provide extraordinary sensitivities. We perform environmental sensing, but the conclusions of our work extend to other sensing applications. First, we determine optical and mechanical responsivities to temperature and relative humidity changes. Second, by characterizing mechanical and optical frequency stabilities, we determine the corresponding limits of detection. Mechanical modes appear more sensitive to relative humidity changes, while optical modes appear more sensitive to temperature ones, reaching, respectively, 0.05% and 0.6 mK of independent resolution. We then prove that simultaneous optical and mechanical monitoring enables disentangling both effects and demonstrates 0.1% and 1 mK resolution, even considering that both parameters may change at the same time. Finally, we highlight the importance of actively tracking the optical mode when optomechanical sensor devices. Not doing so enforces tedious independent calibration, influences the device sensitivity during the experiment, and shortens the sensing range. The present work hence clarifies the requirements for the optimal operation of optomechanical sensors, which will be of importance for chemical and biological sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sentre-Arribas
- OptoMechanicalSensors
Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
| | - Alicia Aparicio-Millán
- OptoMechanicalSensors
Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- Centre
de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR 9001, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Matériaux
et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Bionanomechanics
Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología,
IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
| | - Montserrat Calleja
- Bionanomechanics
Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología,
IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
| | - Eduardo Gil-Santos
- OptoMechanicalSensors
Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
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3
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Carlon Zambon N, Denis Z, De Oliveira R, Ravets S, Ciuti C, Favero I, Bloch J. Enhanced Cavity Optomechanics with Quantum-Well Exciton Polaritons. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:093603. [PMID: 36083685 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.093603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor microresonators embedding quantum wells can host tightly confined and mutually interacting excitonic, optical, and mechanical modes at once. We theoretically investigate the case where the system operates in the strong exciton-photon coupling regime, while the optical and excitonic resonances are parametrically modulated by the interaction with a mechanical mode. Owing to the large exciton-phonon coupling at play in semiconductors, we predict an enhancement of polariton-phonon interactions by 2 orders of magnitude with respect to mere optomechanical coupling: a near-unity single-polariton quantum cooperativity is within reach for current semiconductor resonator platforms. We further analyze how polariton nonlinearities affect dynamical backaction, modifying the capability to cool or amplify the mechanical motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Carlon Zambon
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Z Denis
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - R De Oliveira
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - S Ravets
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - C Ciuti
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - I Favero
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - J Bloch
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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4
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Lamberti FR, Palanchoke U, Geurts TPJ, Gely M, Regord S, Banniard L, Sansa M, Favero I, Jourdan G, Hentz S. Real-Time Sensing with Multiplexed Optomechanical Resonators. Nano Lett 2022; 22:1866-1873. [PMID: 35170318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoelectromechanical resonators have been successfully used for a variety of sensing applications. Their extreme resolution comes from their small size, which strongly limits their capture area. This leads to a long analysis time and the requirement for large sample quantity. Moreover, the efficiency of the electrical transductions commonly used for silicon resonators degrades with increasing frequency, limiting the achievable mechanical bandwidth and throughput. Multiplexing a large number of high-frequency resonators appears to be a solution, but this is complex with electrical transductions. We propose here a route to solve these issues, with a multiplexing scheme for very high-frequency optomechanical resonators. We demonstrate the simultaneous frequency measurement of three silicon microdisks fabricated with a 200 mm wafer large-scale process. The readout architecture is simple and does not degrade the sensing resolutions. This paves the way toward the realization of sensors for multiparametric analysis with an extremely low limit of detection and response time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marc Gely
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Louise Banniard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Sansa
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS UMR 7162, Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Sébastien Hentz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Abstract
We demonstrate multimode optomechanical sensing of individual nanoparticles with a radius between 75 and 150 nm. A semiconductor optomechanical disk resonator is optically driven and detected under ambient conditions, as nebulized nanoparticles land on it. Multiple mechanical and optical resonant signals of the disk are tracked simultaneously, providing access to several pieces of physical information about the landing analyte in real time. Thanks to a fast camera registering the time and position of landing, these signals can be employed to weight each nanoparticle with precision. Sources of error and deviation are discussed and modeled, indicating a path to evaluate the elasticity of the nanoparticles on top of their mere mass. The device is optimized for the future investigation of biological particles in the high megadalton range, such as large viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Sbarra
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France
| | - Louis Waquier
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France
| | - Stephan Suffit
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France
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Schwab L, Allain PE, Mauran N, Dollat X, Mazenq L, Lagrange D, Gély M, Hentz S, Jourdan G, Favero I, Legrand B. Very-high-frequency probes for atomic force microscopy with silicon optomechanics. Microsyst Nanoeng 2022; 8:32. [PMID: 35371536 PMCID: PMC8931076 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been consistently supporting nanosciences and nanotechnologies for over 30 years and is used in many fields from condensed matter physics to biology. It enables the measurement of very weak forces at the nanoscale, thus elucidating the interactions at play in fundamental processes. Here, we leverage the combined benefits of micro/nanoelectromechanical systems and cavity optomechanics to fabricate a sensor for dynamic mode AFM at a frequency above 100 MHz. This frequency is two decades above the fastest commercial AFM probes, suggesting an opportunity for measuring forces at timescales unexplored thus far. The fabrication is achieved using very-large-scale integration technologies derived from photonic silicon circuits. The probe's optomechanical ring cavity is coupled to a 1.55 μm laser light and features a 130 MHz mechanical resonance mode with a quality factor of 900 in air. A limit of detection in the displacement of 3 × 10-16 m/√Hz is obtained, enabling the detection of the Brownian motion of the probe and paving the way for force sensing experiments in the dynamic mode with a working vibration amplitude in the picometer range. When inserted in a custom AFM instrument embodiment, this optomechanical sensor demonstrates the capacity to perform force-distance measurements and to maintain a constant interaction strength between the tip and sample, an essential requirement for AFM applications. Experiments indeed show a stable closed-loop operation with a setpoint of 4 nN/nm for an unprecedented subpicometer vibration amplitude, where the tip-sample interaction is mediated by a stretched water meniscus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Schwab
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR 8001, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - P. E. Allain
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France
| | - N. Mauran
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR 8001, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - X. Dollat
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR 8001, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - L. Mazenq
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR 8001, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - D. Lagrange
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR 8001, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - M. Gély
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - S. Hentz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - G. Jourdan
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - I. Favero
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France
| | - B. Legrand
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR 8001, 31031 Toulouse, France
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7
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Vinel V, Li Z, Borne A, Bensemhoun A, Favero I, Ciuti C, Leo G. Non-Hermitian bath model for arrays of coupled nanoresonators. Opt Express 2021; 29:34015-34023. [PMID: 34809200 DOI: 10.1364/oe.436125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonics systems have recently been studied under the perspective of non-Hermitian physics. Given their potential for wavefront control, nonlinear optics and quantum optics, it is crucial to develop predictive tools to assist their design. We present here a simple model relying on the coupling to an effective bath consisting of a continuum of modes to describe systems of coupled resonators, and test it on dielectric nanocylinder chains accessible to experiments. The effective coupling constants, which depend non-trivially on the distance between resonators, are extracted from numerical simulations in the case of just two coupled elements. The model predicts successfully the dispersive and reactive nature of modes for configurations with multiple resonators, as validated by numerical solutions. It can be applied to larger systems, which are hardly solvable with finite-element approaches.
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Allain PE, Guha B, Baker C, Parrain D, Lemaître A, Leo G, Favero I. Electro-Optomechanical Modulation Instability in a Semiconductor Resonator. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:243901. [PMID: 34213944 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.243901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In semiconductor nano-optomechanical resonators, several forms of light-matter interaction can enrich the canonical radiation pressure coupling of light and mechanical motion and give rise to new dynamical regimes. Here, we observe an electro-optomechanical modulation instability in a gallium arsenide disk resonator. The regime is evidenced by the concomitant formation of regular and dense combs in the radio-frequency and optical spectrums of the resonator associated with a permanent pulsatory dynamics of the mechanical motion and optical intensity. The mutual coupling between light, mechanical oscillations, carriers, and heat, notably through photothermal interactions, stabilizes an extended mechanical comb in the ultrahigh frequency range that can be controlled optically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Etienne Allain
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Biswarup Guha
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Baker
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - David Parrain
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Giuseppe Leo
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
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Gili VF, Carletti L, Locatelli A, Rocco D, Finazzi M, Ghirardini L, Favero I, Gomez C, Lemaître A, Celebrano M, De Angelis C, Leo G. Monolithic AlGaAs second-harmonic nanoantennas: erratum. Opt Express 2021; 29:11132. [PMID: 33820231 DOI: 10.1364/oe.425110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Figure 1(b) in [V. F. Gili et al, Opt. Express24, 15965 (2016)10.1364/OE.24.015965] is corrupted and is corrected in this erratum.
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10
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Gil-Santos E, Ruz JJ, Malvar O, Favero I, Lemaître A, Kosaka PM, García-López S, Calleja M, Tamayo J. Publisher Correction: Optomechanical detection of vibration modes of a single bacterium. Nat Nanotechnol 2020; 15:724. [PMID: 32350439 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Gil-Santos
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose J Ruz
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Malvar
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Priscila M Kosaka
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio García-López
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Calleja
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Sansa M, Defoort M, Brenac A, Hermouet M, Banniard L, Fafin A, Gely M, Masselon C, Favero I, Jourdan G, Hentz S. Optomechanical mass spectrometry. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3781. [PMID: 32728047 PMCID: PMC7391691 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomechanical mass spectrometry has proven to be well suited for the analysis of high mass species such as viruses. Still, the use of one-dimensional devices such as vibrating beams forces a trade-off between analysis time and mass resolution. Complex readout schemes are also required to simultaneously monitor multiple resonance modes, which degrades resolution. These issues restrict nanomechanical MS to specific species. We demonstrate here single-particle mass spectrometry with nano-optomechanical resonators fabricated with a Very Large Scale Integration process. The unique motion sensitivity of optomechanics allows designs that are impervious to particle position, stiffness or shape, opening the way to the analysis of large aspect ratio biological objects of great significance such as viruses with a tail or fibrils. Compared to top-down beam resonators with electrical read-out and state-of-the-art mass resolution, we show a three-fold improvement in capture area with no resolution degradation, despite the use of a single resonance mode. The use of one dimensional devices in nanomechanical mass spectrometry leads to a trade-off between analysis time and resolution. Here, the authors report single-particle mass spectrometry using integrated optomechanical resonators, impervious to particle position, stiffness or shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Sansa
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Martial Defoort
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMA, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Ariel Brenac
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG-Spintec, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Maxime Hermouet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Louise Banniard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Alexandre Fafin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Gely
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Masselon
- CEA, IRIG, Biologie à Grande Echelle, F-38054, Grenoble, France.,Inserm, Unité 1038, F-38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS UMR 7162, Université de Paris, 75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Sébastien Hentz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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12
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Gil-Santos E, Ruz JJ, Malvar O, Favero I, Lemaître A, Kosaka PM, García-López S, Calleja M, Tamayo J. Optomechanical detection of vibration modes of a single bacterium. Nat Nanotechnol 2020; 15:469-474. [PMID: 32284570 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Low-frequency vibration modes of biological particles, such as proteins, viruses and bacteria, involve coherent collective vibrations at frequencies in the terahertz and gigahertz domains. These vibration modes carry information on their structure and mechanical properties, which are good indicators of their biological state. In this work, we harnessed a particular regime in the physics of coupled mechanical resonators to directly measure these low-frequency mechanical resonances of a single bacterium. We deposit the bacterium on the surface of an ultrahigh frequency optomechanical disk resonator in ambient conditions. The vibration modes of the disk and bacterium hybridize when their associated frequencies are similar. We developed a general theoretical framework to describe this coupling, which allows us to retrieve the eigenfrequencies and mechanical loss of the bacterium low-frequency vibration modes (quality factor). Additionally, we analysed the effect of hydration on these vibrational modes. This work demonstrates that ultrahigh frequency optomechanical resonators can be used for vibrational spectrometry with the unique capability to obtain information on single biological entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Gil-Santos
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose J Ruz
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Malvar
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Priscila M Kosaka
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio García-López
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Calleja
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Roland I, Borne A, Ravaro M, De Oliveira R, Suffit S, Filloux P, Lemaître A, Favero I, Leo G. Frequency doubling and parametric fluorescence in a four-port aluminum gallium arsenide photonic chip. Opt Lett 2020; 45:2878-2881. [PMID: 32412491 DOI: 10.1364/ol.392417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report on the fabrication and characterization of a monolithic III-V semiconductor photonic chip, designed to perform nonlinear parametric optical processes for frequency conversion and non-classical state generation. This chip co-integrates an AlGaAs microdisk that is evanescently coupled to two distinct suspended waveguides designed for light injection and collection around 1600 nm and 800 nm, respectively. Quasi-phase matching provided by the resonator geometry and material symmetry, resonant field enhancement, and confinement ensure efficient nonlinear interactions. We demonstrate second-harmonic generation efficiency of 5%W-1 and a biphoton generation rate of 1.2 kHz/µW through spontaneous down-conversion.
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14
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Denis Z, Biella A, Favero I, Ciuti C. Permanent Directional Heat Currents in Lattices of Optomechanical Resonators. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:083601. [PMID: 32167363 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.083601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We study the phonon dynamics in lattices of optomechanical resonators where the mutually coupled photonic modes are coherently driven and the mechanical resonators are uncoupled and connected to independent thermal baths. We present a general procedure to obtain the effective Lindblad dynamics of the phononic modes for an arbitrary lattice geometry, where the light modes play the role of an effective reservoir that mediates the phonon nonequilibrium dynamics. We show how to stabilize stationary states exhibiting directional heat currents over arbitrary distance, despite the absence of thermal gradient and of direct coupling between the mechanical resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakari Denis
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Alberto Biella
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Cristiano Ciuti
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
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15
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Roland I, Ravaro M, Suffit S, Filloux P, Lemaître A, Favero I, Leo G. Second-Harmonic Generation in Suspended AlGaAs Waveguides: A Comparative Study. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:E229. [PMID: 32102241 PMCID: PMC7074691 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to adjustable modal birefringence, suspended AlGaAs optical waveguides with submicron transverse sections can support phase-matched frequency mixing in the whole material transparency range, even close to the material bandgap, by tuning the width-to-height ratio. Furthermore, their single-pass conversion efficiency is potentially huge, thanks to the extreme confinement of the interacting modes in the highly nonlinear and high-refractive-index core, with scattering losses lower than in selectively oxidized or quasi-phase-matched AlGaAs waveguides. Here we compare the performances of two types of suspended waveguides made of this material, designed for second-harmonic generation (SHG) in the telecom range: (a) a nanowire suspended in air by lateral tethers and (b) an ultrathin nanorib, made of a strip lying on a suspended membrane of the same material. Both devices have been fabricated from a 123 nm thick AlGaAs epitaxial layer and tested in terms of SHG efficiency, injection and propagation losses. Our results point out that the nanorib waveguide, which benefits from a far better mechanical robustness, performs comparably to the fully suspended nanowire and is well-suited for liquid sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iännis Roland
- MPQ, Université de Paris & CNRS, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France; (I.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.); (P.F.); (I.F.)
| | - Marco Ravaro
- MPQ, Université de Paris & CNRS, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France; (I.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.); (P.F.); (I.F.)
| | - Stéphan Suffit
- MPQ, Université de Paris & CNRS, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France; (I.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.); (P.F.); (I.F.)
| | - Pascal Filloux
- MPQ, Université de Paris & CNRS, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France; (I.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.); (P.F.); (I.F.)
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- C2N, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 10 boulevard T. Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France;
| | - Ivan Favero
- MPQ, Université de Paris & CNRS, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France; (I.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.); (P.F.); (I.F.)
| | - Giuseppe Leo
- MPQ, Université de Paris & CNRS, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France; (I.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.); (P.F.); (I.F.)
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16
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Allain PE, Schwab L, Mismer C, Gely M, Mairiaux E, Hermouet M, Walter B, Leo G, Hentz S, Faucher M, Jourdan G, Legrand B, Favero I. Optomechanical resonating probe for very high frequency sensing of atomic forces. Nanoscale 2020; 12:2939-2945. [PMID: 31974536 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09690f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force spectroscopy and microscopy are invaluable tools to characterize nanostructures and biological systems. State-of-the-art experiments use resonant driving of mechanical probes, whose frequency reaches MHz in the fastest commercial instruments where cantilevers are driven at nanometer amplitude. Stiffer probes oscillating at tens of picometers provide a better access to short-range interactions, yielding images of molecular bonds, but they are little amenable to high-speed operation. Next-generation investigations demand combining very high frequency (>100 MHz) with deep sub-nanometer oscillation amplitude, in order to access faster (below microsecond) phenomena with molecular resolution. Here we introduce a resonating optomechanical atomic force probe operated fully optically at a frequency of 117 MHz, two decades above cantilevers, with a Brownian motion amplitude four orders below. Based on Silicon-On-Insulator technology, the very high frequency probe demonstrates single-pixel sensing of contact and non-contact interactions with sub-picometer amplitude, breaking open current limitations for faster and finer force spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Etienne Allain
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, Paris, France.
| | - Lucien Schwab
- Laboratoire d'Analyse et d'Architecture des Systèmes, CNRS UPR 8001, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Colin Mismer
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, Université de Lille, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS UMR 8520, Lille, France
| | - Marc Gely
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Maxime Hermouet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Giuseppe Leo
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, Paris, France.
| | - Sébastien Hentz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Faucher
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, Université de Lille, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CNRS UMR 8520, Lille, France
| | - Guillaume Jourdan
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, Grenoble, France
| | - Bernard Legrand
- Laboratoire d'Analyse et d'Architecture des Systèmes, CNRS UPR 8001, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, Paris, France.
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17
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Guha B, Mariani S, Lemaître A, Combrié S, Leo G, Favero I. High frequency optomechanical disk resonators in III-V ternary semiconductors: erratum. Opt Express 2019; 27:12182. [PMID: 31052762 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.012182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An erratum is presented to correct for a typo in the appendix of the original article.
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18
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Ghirardini L, Marino G, Gili VF, Favero I, Rocco D, Carletti L, Locatelli A, De Angelis C, Finazzi M, Celebrano M, Neshev DN, Leo G. Shaping the Nonlinear Emission Pattern of a Dielectric Nanoantenna by Integrated Holographic Gratings. Nano Lett 2018; 18:6750-6755. [PMID: 30277790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the shaping of the second-harmonic (SH) radiation pattern from a single AlGaAs nanodisk antenna using coplanar holographic gratings. The SH radiation emitted from the antenna toward the-otherwise forbidden-normal direction can be effectively redirected by suitably shifting the phase of the grating pattern in the azimuthal direction. The use of such gratings allows increasing the SH power collection efficiency by 2 orders of magnitude with respect to an isolated antenna and demonstrates the possibility of intensity-tailoring for an arbitrary collection angle. Such reconstruction of the nonlinear emission from nanoscale antennas represents the first step toward the application of all-dielectric nanostructures for nonlinear holography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Ghirardini
- Department of Physics , Politecnico di Milano , Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marino
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS UMR 7162 , Université Paris Diderot , 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet , 75013 Paris , France
| | - Valerio F Gili
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS UMR 7162 , Université Paris Diderot , 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet , 75013 Paris , France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS UMR 7162 , Université Paris Diderot , 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet , 75013 Paris , France
| | - Davide Rocco
- Department of Information Engineering , University of Brescia , Via Branze 38 , Brescia 25123 , Italy
| | - Luca Carletti
- Department of Information Engineering , University of Brescia , Via Branze 38 , Brescia 25123 , Italy
| | - Andrea Locatelli
- Department of Information Engineering , University of Brescia , Via Branze 38 , Brescia 25123 , Italy
| | - Costantino De Angelis
- Department of Information Engineering , University of Brescia , Via Branze 38 , Brescia 25123 , Italy
- National Institute of Optics (INO) , Via Branze 45 , Brescia 25123 , Italy
| | - Marco Finazzi
- Department of Physics , Politecnico di Milano , Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Michele Celebrano
- Department of Physics , Politecnico di Milano , Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Dragomir N Neshev
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Giuseppe Leo
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS UMR 7162 , Université Paris Diderot , 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet , 75013 Paris , France
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19
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Gili VF, Ghirardini L, Rocco D, Marino G, Favero I, Roland I, Pellegrini G, Duò L, Finazzi M, Carletti L, Locatelli A, Lemaître A, Neshev D, De Angelis C, Leo G, Celebrano M. Metal-dielectric hybrid nanoantennas for efficient frequency conversion at the anapole mode. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2018; 9:2306-2314. [PMID: 30202699 PMCID: PMC6122063 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Background: Dielectric nanoantennas have recently emerged as an alternative solution to plasmonics for nonlinear light manipulation at the nanoscale, thanks to the magnetic and electric resonances, the strong nonlinearities, and the low ohmic losses characterizing high refractive-index materials in the visible/near-infrared (NIR) region of the spectrum. In this frame, AlGaAs nanoantennas demonstrated to be extremely efficient sources of second harmonic radiation. In particular, the nonlinear polarization of an optical system pumped at the anapole mode can be potentially boosted, due to both the strong dip in the scattering spectrum and the near-field enhancement, which are characteristic of this mode. Plasmonic nanostructures, on the other hand, remain the most promising solution to achieve strong local field confinement, especially in the NIR, where metals such as gold display relatively low losses. Results: We present a nonlinear hybrid antenna based on an AlGaAs nanopillar surrounded by a gold ring, which merges in a single platform the strong field confinement typically produced by plasmonic antennas with the high nonlinearity and low loss characteristics of dielectric nanoantennas. This platform allows enhancing the coupling of light to the nanopillar at coincidence with the anapole mode, hence boosting both second- and third-harmonic generation conversion efficiencies. More than one order of magnitude enhancement factors are measured for both processes with respect to the isolated structure. Conclusion: The present results reveal the possibility to achieve tuneable metamixers and higher resolution in nonlinear sensing and spectroscopy, by means of improved both pump coupling and emission efficiency due to the excitation of the anapole mode enhanced by the plasmonic nanoantenna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio F Gili
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot - Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Lavinia Ghirardini
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Rocco
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marino
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot - Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot - Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Iännis Roland
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot - Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Pellegrini
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Lamberto Duò
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Finazzi
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Carletti
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Locatelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS-UMR9001, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Dragomir Neshev
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, 2601 ACT Canberra, Australia
| | - Costantino De Angelis
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Leo
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot - Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue A. Domon et L. Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Michele Celebrano
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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20
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Hamoumi M, Allain PE, Hease W, Gil-Santos E, Morgenroth L, Gérard B, Lemaître A, Leo G, Favero I. Microscopic Nanomechanical Dissipation in Gallium Arsenide Resonators. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:223601. [PMID: 29906180 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.223601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on a systematic study of nanomechanical dissipation in high-frequency (≈300 MHz) gallium arsenide optomechanical disk resonators, in conditions where clamping and fluidic losses are negligible. Phonon-phonon interactions are shown to contribute with a loss background fading away at cryogenic temperatures (3 K). Atomic layer deposition of alumina at the surface modifies the quality factor of resonators, pointing towards the importance of surface dissipation. The temperature evolution is accurately fitted by two-level systems models, showing that nanomechanical dissipation in gallium arsenide resonators directly connects to their microscopic properties. Two-level systems, notably at surfaces, appear to rule the damping and fluctuations of such high-quality crystalline nanomechanical devices, at all temperatures from 3 to 300 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hamoumi
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - P E Allain
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - W Hease
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - E Gil-Santos
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - L Morgenroth
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, UMR CNRS 8520, Avenue Poincaré, 59652, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - B Gérard
- III-V Lab, 1 Avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Lemaître
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N-Marcoussis, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - G Leo
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - I Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
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21
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Belacel C, Todorov Y, Barbieri S, Gacemi D, Favero I, Sirtori C. Optomechanical terahertz detection with single meta-atom resonator. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1578. [PMID: 29146939 PMCID: PMC5691196 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01840-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the common technologies for detecting terahertz photons (>1 THz) at room temperature rely on slow thermal devices. The realization of fast and sensitive detectors in this frequency range is indeed a notoriously difficult task. Here we propose a novel device consisting of a subwavelength terahertz meta-atom resonator, which integrates a nanomechanical element and allows energy exchange between the mechanical motion and the electromagnetic degrees of freedom. An incident terahertz wave thus produces a nanomechanical signal that can be read out optically with high precision. We exploit this concept to demonstrate a terahertz detector that operates at room temperature with high sensitivity and a much higher frequency response compared to standard detectors. Beyond the technological issue of terahertz detection, our architecture opens up new perspectives for fundamental science of light–matter interaction at terahertz frequencies, combining optomechanical approaches with semiconductor quantum heterostructures. Achieving fast, sensitive and room temperature detection of terahertz waves remains a formidable scientific and technological challenge. Here, the authors propose a compact terahertz device combining concepts from metamaterial resonators, optomechanics and semiconductor nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherif Belacel
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domont et Léonie Duquet, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Yanko Todorov
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domont et Léonie Duquet, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Stefano Barbieri
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domont et Léonie Duquet, 75013, Paris, France.,IEMN (Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology), University of Lille and CNRS, UMR 8520, 59652, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Djamal Gacemi
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domont et Léonie Duquet, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domont et Léonie Duquet, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Carlo Sirtori
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domont et Léonie Duquet, 75013, Paris, France
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22
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Morais N, Roland I, Ravaro M, Hease W, Lemaître A, Gomez C, Wabnitz S, De Rosa M, Favero I, Leo G. Directionally induced quasi-phase matching in homogeneous AlGaAs waveguides. Opt Lett 2017; 42:4287-4290. [PMID: 29088145 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.004287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the experimental observation of quasi-phase matching in a homogeneous waveguide. By fabricating a monolithic snake-shaped suspended AlGaAs nanowire on a (001) GaAs wafer, we demonstrate the unraveled version of a χ(2) whispering-gallery-mode microdisk, obtaining second-harmonic generation in the optical telecom wavelength range. With a radius of curvature of 50 μm and four spatial oscillations along the (110) average direction, a splitting of the second-harmonic spectrum occurs around the phase-matching wavelength of the corresponding straight waveguide. This splitting, which increases as the radius of curvature decreases, provides a useful degree of freedom for the design of small-footprint nonlinear photonic devices on-chip.
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23
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Lamberti FR, Yao Q, Lanco L, Nguyen DT, Esmann M, Fainstein A, Sesin P, Anguiano S, Villafañe V, Bruchhausen A, Senellart P, Favero I, Lanzillotti-Kimura ND. Optomechanical properties of GaAs/AlAs micropillar resonators operating in the 18 GHz range. Opt Express 2017; 25:24437-24447. [PMID: 29041388 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.024437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments demonstrated that GaAs/AlAs based micropillar cavities are promising systems for quantum optomechanics, allowing the simultaneous three-dimensional confinement of near-infrared photons and acoustic phonons in the 18-100 GHz range. Here, we investigate through numerical simulations the optomechanical properties of this new platform. We evidence how the Poisson's ratio and semiconductor/vacuum boundary conditions lead to very distinct features in the mechanical and optical three-dimensional confinement. We find a strong dependence of the mechanical quality factor and strain distribution on the micropillar radius, in great contrast to what is predicted and observed in the optical domain. The derived optomechanical coupling constants g0 reach ultra-large values in the 106 rad/s range.
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Guha B, Mariani S, Lemaître A, Combrié S, Leo G, Favero I. High frequency optomechanical disk resonators in III-V ternary semiconductors. Opt Express 2017; 25:24639-24649. [PMID: 29041409 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.024639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Optomechanical systems based on nanophotonics are advancing the field of precision motion measurement, quantum control and nanomechanical sensing. In this context III-V semiconductors offer original assets like the heteroepitaxial growth of optimized metamaterials for photon/phonon interactions. GaAs has already demonstrated high performances in optomechanics but suffers from two photon absorption (TPA) at the telecom wavelength, which can limit the cooperativity. Here, we investigate TPA-free III-V semiconductor materials for optomechanics applications: GaAs lattice-matched In0.5Ga0.5P and Al0.4Ga0.6As. We report on the fabrication and optical characterization of high frequency (500-700 MHz) optomechanical disks made out of these two materials, demonstrating high optical and mechanical Q in ambient conditions. Finally we achieve operating these new devices as laser-sustained optomechanical self-oscillators, and draw a first comparative study with existing GaAs systems.
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25
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Anguiano S, Bruchhausen AE, Jusserand B, Favero I, Lamberti FR, Lanco L, Sagnes I, Lemaître A, Lanzillotti-Kimura ND, Senellart P, Fainstein A. Micropillar Resonators for Optomechanics in the Extremely High 19-95-GHz Frequency Range. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:263901. [PMID: 28707938 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.263901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Strong confinement, in all dimensions, and high mechanical frequencies are highly desirable for quantum optomechanical applications. We show that GaAs/AlAs micropillar cavities fully confine not only photons but also extremely high frequency (19-95 GHz) acoustic phonons. A strong increase of the optomechanical coupling upon reducing the pillar size is observed, together with record room-temperature Q-frequency products of 10^{14}. These mechanical resonators can integrate quantum emitters or polariton condensates, opening exciting perspectives at the interface with nonlinear and quantum optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anguiano
- Centro Atómico Bariloche & Instituto Balseiro, C.N.E.A., CONICET, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - A E Bruchhausen
- Centro Atómico Bariloche & Instituto Balseiro, C.N.E.A., CONICET, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - B Jusserand
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, UMR 7588 C.N.R.S.-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75015 Paris, France
| | - I Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS-UMR 7162, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - F R Lamberti
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS-UMR 7162, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, C.N.R.S., Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N Marcoussis, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - L Lanco
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, C.N.R.S., Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N Marcoussis, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - I Sagnes
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, C.N.R.S., Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N Marcoussis, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - A Lemaître
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, C.N.R.S., Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N Marcoussis, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - N D Lanzillotti-Kimura
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, C.N.R.S., Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N Marcoussis, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - P Senellart
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, C.N.R.S., Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N Marcoussis, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - A Fainstein
- Centro Atómico Bariloche & Instituto Balseiro, C.N.E.A., CONICET, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
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Carletti L, Rocco D, Locatelli A, De Angelis C, Gili VF, Ravaro M, Favero I, Leo G, Finazzi M, Ghirardini L, Celebrano M, Marino G, Zayats AV. Controlling second-harmonic generation at the nanoscale with monolithic AlGaAs-on-AlOx antennas. Nanotechnology 2017; 28:114005. [PMID: 28205510 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa5645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We review recent achievements in the field of nanoscale nonlinear AlGaAs photonics based on all-dielectric optical antennas. After discussing the motivation and main technological challenges for the development of an AlGaAs monolithic platform for χ (2) nonlinear nanophotonics, we present numerical and experimental investigations of the second-order nonlinear response and physical reasons for high efficiency of second-order nonlinear interactions in the AlGaAs nano-antennas. In particular, we emphasize the role of the dipolar resonances at the fundamental frequency and the multipolar resonances at the second harmonic wavelength. We also discuss second-harmonic generation directionality and show possible strategies to engineer the radiation pattern of nonlinear antennas.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carletti
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Gil-Santos E, Labousse M, Baker C, Goetschy A, Hease W, Gomez C, Lemaître A, Leo G, Ciuti C, Favero I. Light-Mediated Cascaded Locking of Multiple Nano-Optomechanical Oscillators. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:063605. [PMID: 28234503 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.063605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Collective phenomena emerging from nonlinear interactions between multiple oscillators, such as synchronization and frequency locking, find applications in a wide variety of fields. Optomechanical resonators, which are intrinsically nonlinear, combine the scientific assets of mechanical devices with the possibility of long distance controlled interactions enabled by traveling light. Here we demonstrate light-mediated frequency locking of three distant nano-optomechanical oscillators positioned in a cascaded configuration. The oscillators, integrated on a chip along a common coupling waveguide, are optically driven with a single laser and oscillate at gigahertz frequency. Despite an initial mechanical frequency disorder of hundreds of kilohertz, the guided light locks them all with a clear transition in the optical output. The experimental results are described by Langevin equations, paving the way to scalable cascaded optomechanical configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gil-Santos
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162 Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - M Labousse
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162 Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - C Baker
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162 Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - A Goetschy
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162 Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS UMR 7587, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - W Hease
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162 Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, CNRS UMR 7587, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - C Gomez
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N-Marcoussis, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - A Lemaître
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N-Marcoussis, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - G Leo
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162 Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - C Ciuti
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162 Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - I Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162 Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
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28
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Ghirardini L, Carletti L, Gili V, Pellegrini G, Duò L, Finazzi M, Rocco D, Locatelli A, De Angelis C, Favero I, Ravaro M, Leo G, Lemaître A, Celebrano M. Polarization properties of second-harmonic generation in AlGaAs optical nanoantennas. Opt Lett 2017; 42:559-562. [PMID: 28146527 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating light at the nanoscale by means of dielectric nanoantennas recently received renewed attention thanks to the development of key enabling fabrication tools in semiconductor technology, combined with the extremely low losses exhibited by dielectrics in the optical regime. Nanostructures based on III-V type semiconductors, characterized by an intrinsic broken symmetry down to a single elementary cell, has already demonstrated remarkable nonlinear conversion efficiencies at scales well below the operating wavelength. In this Letter, we thoroughly investigate the emission properties of second-harmonic generation (SHG) in AlGaAs monolithic nanoantennas. Our findings point toward the pivotal role of volume susceptibility in SHG, further unraveling the physics behind the nonlinear processes in these systems. The extremely high SHG efficiency attained, together with the control over the polarized emission in these nanoantennas, constitute key ingredients for the development of tunable nonlinear metasurfaces.
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29
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Gili VF, Carletti L, Locatelli A, Rocco D, Finazzi M, Ghirardini L, Favero I, Gomez C, Lemaître A, Celebrano M, De Angelis C, Leo G. Monolithic AlGaAs second-harmonic nanoantennas. Opt Express 2016; 24:15965-71. [PMID: 27410864 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.015965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate monolithic aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) optical nanoantennas. Using a selective oxidation technique, we fabricated epitaxial semiconductor nanocylinders on an aluminum oxide substrate. Second harmonic generation from AlGaAs nanocylinders of 400 nm height and varying radius pumped with femtosecond pulses delivered at 1554-nm wavelength has been measured, revealing a peak conversion efficiency exceeding 10-5 for nanocylinders with an optimized geometry.
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Gil-Santos E, Baker C, Nguyen DT, Hease W, Gomez C, Lemaître A, Ducci S, Leo G, Favero I. High-frequency nano-optomechanical disk resonators in liquids. Nat Nanotechnol 2015; 10:810-6. [PMID: 26237347 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nano- and micromechanical resonators are the subject of research that aims to develop ultrasensitive mass sensors for spectrometry, chemical analysis and biomedical diagnosis. Unfortunately, their merits generally diminish in liquids because of an increased dissipation. The development of faster and lighter miniaturized devices would enable improved performances, provided the dissipation was controlled and novel techniques were available to drive and readout their minute displacement. Here we report a nano-optomechanical approach to this problem using miniature semiconductor disks. These devices combine a mechanical motion at high frequencies (gigahertz and above) with an ultralow mass (picograms) and a moderate dissipation in liquids. We show that high-sensitivity optical measurements allow their Brownian vibrations to be resolved directly, even in the most-dissipative liquids. We investigate their interaction with liquids of arbitrary properties, and analyse measurements in light of new models. Nano-optomechanical disks emerge as probes of rheological information of unprecedented sensitivity and speed, which opens up applications in sensing and fundamental science.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gil-Santos
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France
| | - C Baker
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France
| | - D T Nguyen
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France
| | - W Hease
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France
| | - C Gomez
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures, CNRS, Route de Nozay, Marcoussis 91460, France
| | - A Lemaître
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures, CNRS, Route de Nozay, Marcoussis 91460, France
| | - S Ducci
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France
| | - G Leo
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France
| | - I Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France
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31
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Parrain D, Baker C, Wang G, Guha B, Santos EG, Lemaitre A, Senellart P, Leo G, Ducci S, Favero I. Origin of optical losses in gallium arsenide disk whispering gallery resonators. Opt Express 2015; 23:19656-19672. [PMID: 26367623 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.019656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Whispering gallery modes in GaAs disk resonators reach half a million of optical quality factor. These high Qs remain still well below the ultimate design limit set by bending losses. Here we investigate the origin of residual optical dissipation in these devices. A Transmission Electron Microscope analysis is combined with an improved Volume Current Method to precisely quantify optical scattering losses by roughness and waviness of the structures, and gauge their importance relative to intrinsic material and radiation losses. The analysis also provides a qualitative description of the surface reconstruction layer, whose optical absorption is then revealed by comparing spectroscopy experiments in air and in different liquids. Other linear and nonlinear optical loss channels in the disks are evaluated likewise. Routes are given to further improve the performances of these miniature GaAs cavities.
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32
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Ozanam C, Savanier M, Lemaître A, Almuneau G, Carras M, Favero I, Ducci S, Leo G. AlGaAs guided-wave second-harmonic generation at 2.23 μm from a quantum cascade laser. Appl Opt 2014; 53:5615-5619. [PMID: 25321354 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.005615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the frequency doubling of a quantum cascade laser in a multilayered, partially oxidized GaAs/AlOx waveguide. Using the waveguide width to fulfill the phase-matching condition, the second harmonic is generated in the wavelength range between 2.2 and 2.4 μm, where not many semiconductor sources are commercially available to date. We discuss the impact of a few fabrication and experimental parameters on the conversion efficiency, an essential step toward the improvement and practical implementation of this proof-of-principle semiconductor microsystem.
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33
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Baker C, Hease W, Nguyen DT, Andronico A, Ducci S, Leo G, Favero I. Photoelastic coupling in gallium arsenide optomechanical disk resonators. Opt Express 2014; 22:14072-14086. [PMID: 24977505 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.014072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the magnitude of the radiation pressure and electrostrictive stresses exerted by light confined inside GaAs semiconductor WGM optomechanical disk resonators, through analytical and numerical means, and find the electrostrictive stress to be of prime importance. We investigate the geometric and photoelastic optomechanical coupling resulting respectively from the deformation of the disk boundary and from the strain-induced refractive index changes in the material, for various mechanical modes of the disks. Photoelastic optomechanical coupling is shown to be a predominant coupling mechanism for certain disk dimensions and mechanical modes, leading to total coupling gom and g(0) reaching respectively 3 THz/nm and 4 MHz. Finally, we point towards ways to maximize the photoelastic coupling in GaAs disk resonators, and we provide some upper bounds for its value in various geometries.
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Mariani S, Andronico A, Lemaître A, Favero I, Ducci S, Leo G. Second-harmonic generation in AlGaAs microdisks in the telecom range. Opt Lett 2014; 39:3062-3065. [PMID: 24978274 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.003062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on second-harmonic generation in whispering-gallery-mode AlGaAs microcavities suspended on a GaAs pedestal. Frequency doubling of a 1.58 μm pump is observed with 7×10(-4) W(-1) conversion efficiency. This device can be integrated in a monolithic photonic chip for classical and quantum applications in the telecom band.
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35
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Boitier F, Orieux A, Autebert C, Lemaître A, Galopin E, Manquest C, Sirtori C, Favero I, Leo G, Ducci S. Electrically injected photon-pair source at room temperature. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:183901. [PMID: 24856696 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.183901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the main challenges for future quantum information technologies is the miniaturization and integration of high performance components in a single chip. In this context, electrically driven sources of nonclassical states of light have a clear advantage over optically driven ones. Here we demonstrate the first electrically driven semiconductor source of photon pairs working at room temperature and telecom wavelengths. The device is based on type-II intracavity spontaneous parametric down-conversion in an AlGaAs laser diode and generates pairs at 1.57 μm. Time-correlation measurements of the emitted pairs give an internal generation efficiency of 7×10(-11) pairs/injected electron. The capability of our platform to support the generation, manipulation, and detection of photons opens the way to the demonstration of massively parallel systems for complex quantum operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Boitier
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR 7162, Case courrier 7021, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Adeline Orieux
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR 7162, Case courrier 7021, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Claire Autebert
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR 7162, Case courrier 7021, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures, CNRS-UPR20, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Elisabeth Galopin
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Nanostructures, CNRS-UPR20, Route de Nozay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Christophe Manquest
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR 7162, Case courrier 7021, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Carlo Sirtori
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR 7162, Case courrier 7021, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR 7162, Case courrier 7021, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Giuseppe Leo
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR 7162, Case courrier 7021, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Sara Ducci
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR 7162, Case courrier 7021, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Abstract
This Letter investigates a hybrid quantum system combining cavity quantum electrodynamics and optomechanics. The Hamiltonian problem of a photon mode coupled to a two-level atom via a Jaynes-Cummings coupling and to a mechanical mode via radiation pressure coupling is solved analytically. The atom-cavity polariton number operator commutes with the total Hamiltonian leading to an exact description in terms of tripartite atom-cavity-mechanics polarons. We demonstrate the possibility to obtain cooling of mechanical motion at the single-polariton level and describe the peculiar quantum statistics of phonons in such an unconventional regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Restrepo
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Cristiano Ciuti
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS UMR 7162, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
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37
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Mariani S, Andronico A, Mauguin O, Lemaître A, Favero I, Ducci S, Leo G. AlGaAs microdisk cavities for second-harmonic generation. Opt Lett 2013; 38:3965-3968. [PMID: 24081100 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.003965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on the design, the fabrication, and the optical characterization of AlGaAs microdisks suspended on a GaAs pedestal, conceived for second-harmonic generation with a pump in the third telecom window. We discuss the results concerning the linear characterization of whispering gallery modes at fundamental and second-harmonic wavelengths, an essential step prior to the investigation of quasi-phase-matched processes in this type of microcavity.
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38
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Andronico A, Favero I, Ducci S, Gérard JM, Leo G. Tunable quantum dot parametric source. Opt Express 2013; 21:22367-22373. [PMID: 24104126 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.022367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on the modeling of an electrically pumped nonlinear source for spontaneous parametric down-conversion in an AlGaAs single-sided Bragg waveguide. Laser emission from InAs quantum dots embedded in the waveguide core is designed to excite a Bragg pump mode at 950 nm. This mode is phase matched with two cross-polarized total-internal-reflection fundamental signal and idler modes around 1900 nm. Besides numerically evaluating the source efficiency, we discuss the crucial role played by the quantum dots in the practical implementation of the phase-matching condition along with the tuning capabilities of this promising active device.
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39
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Orieux A, Eckstein A, Lemaître A, Filloux P, Favero I, Leo G, Coudreau T, Keller A, Milman P, Ducci S. Direct Bell states generation on a III-V semiconductor chip at room temperature. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:160502. [PMID: 23679588 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.160502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the direct generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs at room temperature and telecom wavelength in an AlGaAs semiconductor waveguide. The source is based on spontaneous parametric down-conversion with a counterpropagating phase-matching scheme. The quality of the two-photon state is assessed by the reconstruction of the density matrix giving a raw fidelity to a Bell state of 0.83; a theoretical model, taking into account the experimental parameters, provides ways to understand and control the amount of entanglement. Its compatibility with electrical injection, together with the high versatility of the generated two-photon state, make this source an attractive candidate for completely integrated quantum photonics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Orieux
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS-UMR 7162, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Case courrier 7021, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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40
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Baker C, Stapfner S, Parrain D, Ducci S, Leo G, Weig EM, Favero I. Optical instability and self-pulsing in silicon nitride whispering gallery resonators. Opt Express 2012; 20:29076-89. [PMID: 23263145 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.029076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report time domain observations of optical instability in high Q silicon nitride whispering gallery disk resonators. At low laser power the transmitted optical power through the disk looks chaotic. At higher power, the optical output settles into a stable self-pulsing regime with periodicity ranging from hundreds of milliseconds to hundreds of seconds. This phenomenon is explained by the interplay between a fast thermo-optic nonlinearity within the disk and a slow thermo-mechanic nonlinearity of the structure. A model for this interplay is developed which provides good agreement with experimental data and points out routes to control this instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Baker
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS-UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France.
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41
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Andronico A, Mariani S, Ghiglieno F, Claudon J, Munsch M, Gérard JM, Favero I, Ducci S, Leo G. Tuning of a nonlinear THz emitter. Opt Express 2012; 20:17678-17683. [PMID: 23038319 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.017678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We numerically study a passive THz source based on difference frequency generation between modes sustained by cylindrical AlGaAs microcavities. We show that ring-like structures are advantageous in that they provide additional degrees of freedom for tuning the nonlinear process and for maximizing the nonlinear overlap integral and conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Andronico
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cit´e, Laboratoire MPQ, CNRS-UMR 7162 Case courrier 7021, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Savanier M, Andronico A, Lemaître A, Manquest C, Favero I, Ducci S, Leo G. Nearly-degenerate three-wave mixing at 1.55 μm in oxidized AlGaAs waveguides. Opt Express 2011; 19:22582-22587. [PMID: 22109137 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.022582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on continuous-wave sum and difference frequency generation in selectively oxidized AlGaAs waveguides designed for degenerate spontaneous parametric down-conversion at 1.55 μm. Sum frequency generation with two pumps around this wavelength is observed with a conversion efficiency η = 1080%W-1cm-2. Difference frequency generation is also performed near degeneracy, with an external conversion efficiency η(ext) = 9.7%W-1cm-2 and a tunability of 570 nm. These results are promising for the feasibility of an integrated telecom source based on parametric fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Savanier
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS-UMR 7162, Case courrier 7021, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Savanier M, Andronico A, Lemaître A, Galopin E, Manquest C, Favero I, Ducci S, Leo G. Large second-harmonic generation at 1.55 μmin oxidized AlGaAs waveguides. Opt Lett 2011; 36:2955-2957. [PMID: 21808370 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.002955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on CW second-harmonic generation in selectively oxidized AlGaAs multilayer waveguides. Frequency doubling of a 1.55 μm pump is observed with 2.8% W(-1) conversion efficiency and a maximum second-harmonic power around 0.3 mW. This is the strongest second-harmonic generation ever reported in semiconductor waveguides and an encouraging result toward integrated spontaneous parametric downconversion in the telecom range.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Savanier
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS-UMR 7162, Case courrier 7021, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Ding L, Baker C, Senellart P, Lemaitre A, Ducci S, Leo G, Favero I. High frequency GaAs nano-optomechanical disk resonator. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105:263903. [PMID: 21231665 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.263903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Optomechanical coupling between a mechanical oscillator and light trapped in a cavity increases when the coupling takes place in a reduced volume. Here we demonstrate a GaAs semiconductor optomechanical disk system where both optical and mechanical energy can be confined in a subwavelength scale interaction volume. We observe a giant optomechanical coupling rate up to 100 GHz/nm involving picogram mass mechanical modes with a frequency between 100 MHz and 1 GHz. The mechanical modes are singled-out measuring their dispersion as a function of disk geometry. Their Brownian motion is optically resolved with a sensitivity of 10(-17) m/√Hz] at room temperature and pressure, approaching the quantum limit imprecision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ding
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, UMR 7162, Paris, France
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Caillet X, Orieux A, Lemaître A, Filloux P, Favero I, Leo G, Ducci S. Two-photon interference with a semiconductor integrated source at room temperature. Opt Express 2010; 18:9967-9975. [PMID: 20588851 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.009967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate an integrated semiconductor ridge microcavity source of counterpropagating twin photons at room temperature in the telecom range. Based on type II parametric down conversion with a counterpropagating phase-matching, pump photons generate photon pairs with an efficiency of about 10(-11) and a spectral linewidth of 0.3 nm for a 1 mm long sample. The indistiguishability of the photons of the pair is measured via a Hong-Ou-Mandel two-photon interference experiment showing a visibility of 85 %. This work opens a route towards new guided-wave semiconductor quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Caillet
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, UMR 7162 CNRS-Université Paris, Diderot, Paris Cedex 13, France
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Favero I, Stapfner S, Hunger D, Paulitschke P, Reichel J, Lorenz H, Weig EM, Karrai K. Fluctuating nanomechanical system in a high finesse optical microcavity. Opt Express 2009; 17:12813-12820. [PMID: 19654687 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.012813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The idea of extending cavity quantum electrodynamics experiments to sub-wavelength sized nanomechanical systems has been recently proposed in the context of optical cavity cooling and optomechanics of deformable cavities. Here we present an experiment involving a single nanorod consisting of about 10(9) atoms precisely positioned into the confined mode of a miniature high finesse Fabry-Pérot microcavity. We show that the optical transmission of the cavity is affected not only by the static position of the nanorod but also by its vibrational fluctuation. The Brownian motion of the nanorod is resolved with a displacement sensitivity of 200 fm/square root Hz at room temperature. Besides a broad range of sensing applications, cavity-induced manipulation of optomechanical nanosystems and back-action is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Favero
- Fakultät für Physik and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Geschwister Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany.
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Metzger C, Ludwig M, Neuenhahn C, Ortlieb A, Favero I, Karrai K, Marquardt F. Self-induced oscillations in an optomechanical system driven by bolometric backaction. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:133903. [PMID: 18851450 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.133903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have explored the nonlinear dynamics of an optomechanical system consisting of an illuminated Fabry-Perot cavity, one of whose end mirrors is attached to a vibrating cantilever. The backaction induced by the bolometric light force produces negative damping such that the system enters a regime of nonlinear oscillations. We study the ensuing attractor diagram describing the nonlinear dynamics. A theory is presented that yields quantitative agreement with experimental results. This includes the observation of a regime where two mechanical modes of the cantilever are excited simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Metzger
- Center for NanoScience and Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Semiconductor-based whispering-gallery-mode microcavities are very promising for nonlinear optics applications, thanks to the high optical quality factors attainable with today's technology. We propose to exploit this advantage to generate cw light through phase-matched difference frequency generation in a triply resonant GaAs microdisk. A proper choice of the microdisk radius and thickness allows one to select the generated wavelength in the band of 2.5-2.9 microm. Besides illustrating the design features, we numerically show that temperature can be effectively used to compensate for wavelength shifts induced on the generated field by fabrication errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Andronico
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS-UMR 7162, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Paris Cedex 13, France
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Abstract
A laser beam directed at a mirror attached onto a flexible mount adds friction to its mechanical motion by the Doppler effect. For a normal mirror the efficiency of this radiative Doppler friction is very weak and practically masked by laser shot noise. We find that it can become very efficient using a photonic crystal mirror near its photonic band gaps. As an example, a Bragg mirror used at the long wavelength edge of its band stop can be efficiently optically cooled using the Doppler friction. The opposite effect opens new routes for optical pumping of mechanical systems: a laser pointing at a Bragg mirror and tuned at its short wavelength edge induces amplification of the vibrational excitation of the mirror leading eventually to its self-oscillation. These new effects rely on the strong dependency of a photonic crystal reflectivity on the wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Karrai
- Center for Nanoscience and Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany.
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