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Curvino EJ, Woodruff ME, Roe EF, Freire Haddad H, Cordero Alvarado P, Collier JH. Supramolecular Peptide Self-Assemblies Facilitate Oral Immunization. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:3041-3056. [PMID: 38623037 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Oral immunization is a promising strategy for preventing and treating gastrointestinal (GI) infections and diseases, as it allows for direct access to the disease site. To elicit immune responses within the GI tract, however, there are many obstacles that oral vaccines must surmount, including proteolytic degradation and thick mucus barriers. Here, we employed a modular self-assembling peptide nanofiber platform to facilitate oral immunization against both peptide and small molecule epitopes. Synthesizing nanofibers with d-amino acids rendered them resistant to proteases in vitro, whereas l-amino acid nanofibers were rapidly degraded. Additionally, the inclusion of peptide sequences rich in proline, alanine, and serine (PAS), increased nanofiber muco-penetration, and accelerated nanofiber transport through the GI tract. Oral immunization with PASylated nanofibers and mucosal adjuvant generated local and systemic immune responses to a peptide epitope but only for l-amino acid nanofibers. Further, we were able to apply this design to also enable oral immunization against a small molecule epitope and illustrated the therapeutic and prophylactic effectiveness of these immunizations in mouse models of colitis. These findings demonstrate that supramolecular peptide self-assemblies have promise as oral vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Curvino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Mia E Woodruff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Emily F Roe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Helena Freire Haddad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Pablo Cordero Alvarado
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Joel H Collier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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2
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Curvino EJ, Roe EF, Freire Haddad H, Anderson AR, Woodruff ME, Votaw NL, Segura T, Hale LP, Collier JH. Engaging natural antibody responses for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease via phosphorylcholine-presenting nanofibres. Nat Biomed Eng 2024; 8:628-649. [PMID: 38012308 PMCID: PMC11128482 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease lacks a long-lasting and broadly effective therapy. Here, by taking advantage of the anti-infection and anti-inflammatory properties of natural antibodies against the small-molecule epitope phosphorylcholine (PC), we show in multiple mouse models of colitis that immunization of the animals with self-assembling supramolecular peptide nanofibres bearing PC epitopes induced sustained levels of anti-PC antibodies that were both protective and therapeutic. The strength and type of immune responses elicited by the nanofibres could be controlled through the relative valency of PC epitopes and exogenous T-cell epitopes on the nanofibres and via the addition of the adjuvant CpG. The nanomaterial-assisted induction of the production of therapeutic antibodies may represent a durable therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily F Roe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Alexa R Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mia E Woodruff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicole L Votaw
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tatiana Segura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Laura P Hale
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joel H Collier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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3
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P. Singh R, S. Bischoff D, S Singh S, H. Hahn B. Peptide-based immunotherapy in lupus: Where are we now? RHEUMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2023; 4:139-149. [PMID: 37781681 PMCID: PMC10538607 DOI: 10.2478/rir-2023-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
In autoimmune rheumatic diseases, immune hyperactivity and chronic inflammation associate with immune dysregulation and the breakdown of immune self-tolerance. A continued, unresolved imbalance between effector and regulatory immune responses further exacerbates inflammation that ultimately causes tissue and organ damage. Many treatment modalities have been developed to restore the immune tolerance and immmunoregulatory balance in autoimmune rheumatic diseases, including the use of peptide-based therapeutics or the use of nanoparticles-based nanotechnology. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art therapeutic use of peptide-based therapies in autoimmune rheumatic diseases, with a specific focus on lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram P. Singh
- Research Service, Veteran Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, 90073 CA, USA
| | - David S. Bischoff
- Research Service, Veteran Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, 90073 CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095 CA, USA
| | | | - Bevra H. Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095 CA, USA
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4
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Dey S, Kaur H, Mazumder M, Brodsky E. Analysis of gene expression profiles to study malaria vaccine dose efficacy and immune response modulation. Genomics Inform 2022; 20:e32. [PMID: 36239109 PMCID: PMC9576474 DOI: 10.5808/gi.22049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2002] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening disease, and Africa is still one of the most affected endemic regions despite years of policy to limit infection and transmission rates. Further, studies into the variable efficacy of the vaccine are needed to provide a better understanding of protective immunity. Thus, the current study is designed to delineate the effect of each dose of vaccine on the transcriptional profiles of subjects to determine its efficacy and understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the protection this vaccine provides. Here, we used gene expression profiles of pre and post-vaccination patients after various doses of RTS,S based on samples collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. Subsequently, differential gene expression analysis using edgeR revealed the significantly (false discovery rate < 0.005) 158 downregulated and 61 upregulated genes between control vs. controlled human malaria infection samples. Further, enrichment analysis of significant genes delineated the involvement of CCL8, CXCL10, CXCL11, XCR1, CSF3, IFNB1, IFNE, IL12B, IL22, IL6, IL27, etc., genes which found to be upregulated after earlier doses but downregulated after the 3rd dose in cytokine-chemokine pathways. Notably, we identified 13 cytokine genes whose expression significantly varied during three doses. Eventually, these findings give insight into the dual role of cytokine responses in malaria pathogenesis. The variations in their expression patterns after various doses of vaccination are linked to the protection as it decreases the severe inflammatory effects in malaria patients. This study will be helpful in designing a better vaccine against malaria and understanding the functions of cytokine response as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supantha Dey
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
- Pine Biotech, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Corresponding author: ,
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Shores LS, Kelly SH, Hainline KM, Suwanpradid J, MacLeod AS, Collier JH. Multifactorial Design of a Supramolecular Peptide Anti-IL-17 Vaccine Toward the Treatment of Psoriasis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1855. [PMID: 32973764 PMCID: PMC7461889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for chronic immune-mediated diseases such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, or Crohn's disease commonly rely on cytokine neutralization using monoclonal antibodies; however, such approaches have drawbacks. Frequent repeated dosing can lead to the formation of anti-drug antibodies and patient compliance issues, and it is difficult to identify a single antibody that is broadly efficacious across diverse patient populations. As an alternative to monoclonal antibody therapy, anti-cytokine immunization is a potential means for long-term therapeutic control of chronic inflammatory diseases. Here we report a supramolecular peptide-based approach for raising antibodies against IL-17 and demonstrate its efficacy in a murine model of psoriasis. B-cell epitopes from IL-17 were co-assembled with the universal T-cell epitope PADRE using the Q11 self-assembling peptide nanofiber system. These materials, with or without adjuvants, raised antibody responses against IL-17. Exploiting the modularity of the system, multifactorial experimental designs were used to select formulations maximizing titer and avidity. In a mouse model of psoriasis induced by imiquimod, unadjuvanted nanofibers had therapeutic efficacy, which could be enhanced with alum adjuvant but reversed with CpG adjuvant. Measurements of antibody subclass induced by adjuvanted and unadjuvanted formulations revealed strong correlations between therapeutic efficacy and titers of IgG1 (improved efficacy) or IgG2b (worsened efficacy). These findings have important implications for the development of anti-cytokine active immunotherapies and suggest that immune phenotype is an important metric for eliciting therapeutic anti-cytokine antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas S Shores
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sean H Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kelly M Hainline
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jutamas Suwanpradid
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Joel H Collier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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Peptide-Based Vaccination Therapy for Rheumatic Diseases. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:8060375. [PMID: 32258176 PMCID: PMC7104265 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8060375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic diseases are extremely heterogeneous diseases with substantial risks of morbidity and mortality, and there is a pressing need in developing more safe and cost-effective treatment strategies. Peptide-based vaccination is a highly desirable strategy in treating noninfection diseases, such as cancer and autoimmune diseases, and has gained increasing attentions. This review is aimed at providing a brief overview of the recent advances in peptide-based vaccination therapy for rheumatic diseases. Tremendous efforts have been made to develop effective peptide-based vaccinations against rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), while studies in other rheumatic diseases are still limited. Peptide-based active vaccination against pathogenic cytokines such as TNF-α and interferon-α (IFN-α) is shown to be promising in treating RA or SLE. Moreover, peptide-based tolerogenic vaccinations also have encouraging results in treating RA or SLE. However, most studies available now have been mainly based on animal models, while evidence from clinical studies is still lacking. The translation of these advances from experimental studies into clinical therapy remains impeded by some obstacles such as species difference in immunity, disease heterogeneity, and lack of safe delivery carriers or adjuvants. Nevertheless, advances in high-throughput technology, bioinformatics, and nanotechnology may help overcome these impediments and facilitate the successful development of peptide-based vaccination therapy for rheumatic diseases.
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Herman AP, Tomaszewska-Zaremba D, Kowalewska M, Szczepkowska A, Oleszkiewicz M, Krawczyńska A, Wójcik M, Antushevich H, Skipor J. Neostigmine Attenuates Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression in Preoptic Area but Not Choroid Plexus during Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Systemic Inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:9150207. [PMID: 30402044 PMCID: PMC6198615 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9150207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was designed to examine whether the administration of neostigmine (0.5 mg/animal), a peripheral inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), during an immune/inflammatory challenge provoked by intravenous injection of bacterial endotoxin-lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 400 ng/kg)-attenuates the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines in the ovine preoptic area (POA), the hypothalamic structure playing an essential role in the control of the reproduction process, and in the choroid plexus (CP), a multifunctional organ sited at the interface between the blood and cerebrospinal fluid in the ewe. Neostigmine suppressed (p < 0.05) LPS-stimulated synthesis of cytokines such as interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α in the POA, and this effect was similar to that induced by the treatment with systemic AChE inhibitor-donepezil (2.5 mg/animal). On the other hand, both AChE inhibitors did not influence the gene expression of these cytokines and their corresponding receptors in the CP. It was found that this structure seems to not express the neuronal acetylcholine (ACh) receptor subunit alpha-7, required for anti-inflammatory action of ACh. The mechanism of action involves inhibition of the proinflammatory cytokine synthesis on the periphery as well as inhibition of their de novo synthesis rather in brain microvessels and not in the CP. In conclusion, it is suggested that the AChE inhibitors incapable of reaching brain parenchyma might be used in the treatment of neuroinflammatory processes induced by peripheral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej P. Herman
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Dorota Tomaszewska-Zaremba
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Marta Kowalewska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szczepkowska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Oleszkiewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agata Krawczyńska
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Maciej Wójcik
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Hanna Antushevich
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Janina Skipor
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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Handono K, Pratama MZ, Sari DK, Hermawan HO, Agdana HM, Kawuningan KB, Nur'aini N, Hasanah D, Kalim H. Effect of active immunization with IL-17A on B cell function and infection risk in pristane-induced lupus model. Int J Rheum Dis 2018; 21:1277-1286. [DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kusworini Handono
- Department of Clinical Pathology; Universitas Brawijaya; Malang Indonesia
| | - Mirza Zaka Pratama
- Rheumatology and Immunology Division; Department of Internal Medicine; Universitas Brawijaya; Malang Indonesia
| | - Dita Kartika Sari
- Master Degrees of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Universitas Brawijaya; Malang Indonesia
| | - Hanestya Oky Hermawan
- Master Degrees of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Universitas Brawijaya; Malang Indonesia
| | | | | | - Nafisah Nur'aini
- Master Degrees of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Universitas Brawijaya; Malang Indonesia
| | - Dian Hasanah
- Rheumatology and Immunology Division; Department of Internal Medicine; Universitas Brawijaya; Malang Indonesia
| | - Handono Kalim
- Rheumatology and Immunology Division; Department of Internal Medicine; Universitas Brawijaya; Malang Indonesia
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Rodríguez-Álvarez Y, Morera-Díaz Y, Gerónimo-Pérez H, Castro-Velazco J, Martínez-Castillo R, Puente-Pérez P, Besada-Pérez V, Hardy-Rando E, Chico-Capote A, Martínez-Cordovez K, Santos-Savio A. Active immunization with human interleukin-15 induces neutralizing antibodies in non-human primates. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:30. [PMID: 27671547 PMCID: PMC5036325 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-15 is an immunostimulatory cytokine overexpressed in several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis, psoriasis and ulcerative colitis; thus, inhibition of IL-15-induced signaling could be clinically beneficial in these disorders. Our approach to neutralize IL-15 consisted in active immunization with structurally modified human IL-15 (mhIL-15) with the aim to induce neutralizing antibodies against native IL-15. In the present study, we characterized the antibody response in Macaca fascicularis, non-human primates that were immunized with a vaccine candidate containing mhIL-15 in Aluminum hydroxide (Alum), Montanide and Incomplete Freund’s Adjuvant. Results Immunization with mhIL-15 elicited a specific antibodies response that neutralized native IL-15-dependent biologic activity in a CTLL-2 cell proliferation assay. The highest neutralizing response was obtained in macaques immunized with mhIL-15 adjuvanted in Alum. This response, which was shown to be transient, also inhibited the activity of simian IL-15 and did not affect the human IL-2-induced proliferation of CTLL-2 cells. Also, in a pool of synovial fluid cells from two Rheumatoid Arthritis patients, the immune sera slightly inhibited TNF-α secretion. Finally, it was observed that this vaccine candidate neither affect animal behavior, clinical status, blood biochemistry nor the percentage of IL-15-dependent cell populations, specifically CD56+ NK and CD8+ T cells. Conclusion Our results indicate that vaccination with mhIL-15 induced neutralizing antibodies to native IL-15 in non-human primates. Based on this fact, we propose that this vaccine candidate could be potentially beneficial for treatment of diseases where IL-15 overexpression is associated with their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunier Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Pharmaceutical Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10 600, Cuba.
| | - Yanelys Morera-Díaz
- Pharmaceutical Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10 600, Cuba
| | - Haydee Gerónimo-Pérez
- Quality Control Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Jorge Castro-Velazco
- Animal Facility Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Rafael Martínez-Castillo
- Animal Facility Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Pedro Puente-Pérez
- Animal Facility Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Vladimir Besada-Pérez
- Chemistry and Physics Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Eugenio Hardy-Rando
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Study Center for Research and Biological Evaluations, Institute of Pharmacy and Foods, Havana University, Avenue 222, PO Box 13600, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Araceli Chico-Capote
- Rheumatology Department, Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital, San Lazaro 701, PO Box 6122, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Klaudia Martínez-Cordovez
- Pharmaceutical Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10 600, Cuba
| | - Alicia Santos-Savio
- Pharmaceutical Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10 600, Cuba
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Zhang H, Wang H, Yan M, Zhao T, Lu X, Zhu B, Gong Y, Li P. A recombinant TGF-β1 vaccine ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in OLETF rats. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:1045-57. [PMID: 27485077 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2015-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of a recombinant vaccine encoding TGF-β1 in OLETF rats with diabetic nephropathy (DN). METHODS OLETF rats were treated with vehicle or TGF-β1 vaccine. LETO rats were used as normal controls. At 42 weeks after immunization with vaccine, samples from blood, urine and kidney were collected for biochemical, histologic, immunohistochemical and molecular analyses. RESULTS OLETF rats treated with the vaccine reduced blood glucose levels, improved renal pathological changes, and inhibited overexpression of TGF-β1 and p-Smad3, as well as MCP-1, TNF-α and IL-1β. CONCLUSION TGF-β1 vaccine attenuated diabetic nephropathy in OLETF rats through reduction of inflammation, improvement of kidney fibrosis and partial correction of glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojun Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meihua Yan
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuewen Gong
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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Semerano L, Duvallet E, Belmellat N, Marival N, Schall N, Monteil M, Grouard-Vogel G, Bernier E, Lecouvey M, Hlawaty H, Muller S, Boissier MC, Assier E. Targeting VEGF-A with a vaccine decreases inflammation and joint destruction in experimental arthritis. Angiogenesis 2015; 19:39-52. [PMID: 26419779 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-015-9487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inflammation and angiogenesis are two tightly linked processes in arthritis, and therapeutic targeting of pro-angiogenic factors may contribute to control joint inflammation and synovitis progression. In this work, we explored whether vaccination against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS Anti-VEGF vaccines were heterocomplexes consisting of the entire VEGF cytokine (or a VEGF-derived peptide) linked to the carrier protein keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Two kinds of vaccines were separately tested in two independent experiments of CIA. In the first, we tested a kinoid of the murine cytokine VEGF (VEGF-K), obtained by conjugating VEGF-A to KLH. For the second, we selected two VEGF-A-derived peptide sequences to produce heterocomplexes (Vpep1-K and Vpep2-K). DBA/1 mice were immunized with either VEGF-K, Vpep1-K, or Vpep2-K, before CIA induction. Clinical and histological scores of arthritis, anti-VEGF, anti-Vpep Ab titers, and anti-VEGF Abs neutralizing capacity were determined. RESULTS Both VEGF-K and Vpep1-K significantly ameliorated clinical arthritis scores and reduced synovial inflammation and joint destruction at histology. VEGF-K significantly reduced synovial vascularization. None of the vaccines reduced anti-collagen Ab response in mice. Both VEGF-K and Vpep1-K induced persistently high titers of anti-VEGF Abs capable of inhibiting VEGF-A bioactivity. CONCLUSION Vaccination against the pro-angiogenic factor VEGF-A leads to the production of anti-VEGF polyclonal Abs and has a significant anti-inflammatory effect in CIA. Restraining Ab response to a single peptide sequence (Vpep1) with a peptide vaccine effectively protects immunized mice from joint inflammation and destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Semerano
- Inserm UMR 1125, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Université Paris 13, 74, rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France. .,Sorbonne Paris Cité - Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France. .,Service de Rhumatologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) Groupe hospitalier Avicenne - Jean Verdier - René Muret, 125 rue de Stalingrad, 93000, Bobigny, France.
| | - Emilie Duvallet
- Inserm UMR 1125, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Université Paris 13, 74, rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France. .,Sorbonne Paris Cité - Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France.
| | - Nadia Belmellat
- Inserm UMR 1125, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Université Paris 13, 74, rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France. .,Sorbonne Paris Cité - Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France.
| | - Nicolas Marival
- Sorbonne Paris Cité - Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France. .,Inserm UMR 1148, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France.
| | - Nicolas Schall
- CNRS, Immunopathologie et chimie thérapeutique/Laboratory of excellence Medalis, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 15 rue René Descartes, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Maëlle Monteil
- Sorbonne Paris Cité - Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France. .,CNRS UMR 7244, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France.
| | | | | | - Marc Lecouvey
- Sorbonne Paris Cité - Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France. .,CNRS UMR 7244, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France.
| | - Hanna Hlawaty
- Sorbonne Paris Cité - Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France. .,Inserm UMR 1148, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France.
| | - Sylviane Muller
- CNRS, Immunopathologie et chimie thérapeutique/Laboratory of excellence Medalis, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 15 rue René Descartes, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Marie-Christophe Boissier
- Inserm UMR 1125, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Université Paris 13, 74, rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France. .,Sorbonne Paris Cité - Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France. .,Service de Rhumatologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) Groupe hospitalier Avicenne - Jean Verdier - René Muret, 125 rue de Stalingrad, 93000, Bobigny, France.
| | - Eric Assier
- Inserm UMR 1125, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Université Paris 13, 74, rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France. .,Sorbonne Paris Cité - Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France.
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Liu C, Zhao Y, He W, Wang W, Chen Y, Zhang S, Ma Y, Gohda J, Ishida T, Walter TS, Owens RJ, Stuart DI, Ren J, Gao B. A RANKL mutant used as an inter-species vaccine for efficient immunotherapy of osteoporosis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14150. [PMID: 26412210 PMCID: PMC4585926 DOI: 10.1038/srep14150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-cytokine therapeutic antibodies have been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of several auto-immune disorders. However, The problems in antibody manufacture and the immunogenicity caused by multiple doses of antibodies inspire people to use auto-cytokine as immunogen to induce anti-cytokine antibodies. Nevertheless, the tolerance for inducing immune response against self-antigen has hindered the wide application of the strategy. To overcome the tolerance, here we proposed a strategy using the inter-species cytokine as immunogen for active immunization (TISCAI) to induce anti-cytokine antibody. As a proof of concept, an inter-species cytokine RANKL was successfully used as immunogen to induce anti-RANKL immune response. Furthermore, to prevent undesirable side-effects, the human RANKL was mutated based on the crystal structure of the complex of human RANKL and its rodent counterpart receptor RANK. We found, the antibodies produced blocked the osteoclast development in vitro and osteoporosis in OVX rat models. The results demonstrated this strategy adopted is very useful for general anti-cytokine immunotherapy for different diseases settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhen Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Research of Chinese Medicine on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, NO.16, Dongzhimennei South Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen Xilu, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wen He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen Xilu, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen Xilu, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen Xilu, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shiqian Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen Xilu, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yijing Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen Xilu, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin Gohda
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takaomi Ishida
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Thomas S Walter
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, The Henry Welcome Building for Genomic Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Raymond J Owens
- Oxford Protein Production Facility UK, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell, Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - David I Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, The Henry Welcome Building for Genomic Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, The Henry Welcome Building for Genomic Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
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Abstract
Type 2 immune responses are defined by the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, which can either be host protective or have pathogenic activity. Type 2 immunity promotes antihelminth immunity, suppresses type 1-driven autoimmune disease, neutralizes toxins, maintains metabolic homeostasis, and regulates wound repair and tissue regeneration pathways following infection or injury. Nevertheless, when type 2 responses are dysregulated, they can become important drivers of disease. Type 2 immunity induces a complex inflammatory response characterized by eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, IL-4-and/or IL-13-conditioned macrophages and T helper 2 (TH2) cells, which are crucial to the pathogenesis of many allergic and fibrotic disorders. As chronic type 2 immune responses promote disease, the mechanisms that regulate their maintenance are thought to function as crucial disease modifiers. This Review discusses the many endogenous negative regulatory mechanisms that antagonize type 2 immunity and highlights how therapies that target some of these pathways are being developed to treat type 2-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0425, USA
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Abstract
Type 2 immune responses are defined by the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, which can either be host protective or have pathogenic activity. Type 2 immunity promotes antihelminth immunity, suppresses type 1-driven autoimmune disease, neutralizes toxins, maintains metabolic homeostasis, and regulates wound repair and tissue regeneration pathways following infection or injury. Nevertheless, when type 2 responses are dysregulated, they can become important drivers of disease. Type 2 immunity induces a complex inflammatory response characterized by eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, IL-4-and/or IL-13-conditioned macrophages and T helper 2 (TH2) cells, which are crucial to the pathogenesis of many allergic and fibrotic disorders. As chronic type 2 immune responses promote disease, the mechanisms that regulate their maintenance are thought to function as crucial disease modifiers. This Review discusses the many endogenous negative regulatory mechanisms that antagonize type 2 immunity and highlights how therapies that target some of these pathways are being developed to treat type 2-mediated disease.
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Cytokine-modulating strategies and newer cytokine targets for arthritis therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 16:887-906. [PMID: 25561237 PMCID: PMC4307281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16010887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are the key mediators of inflammation in the course of autoimmune arthritis and other immune-mediated diseases. Uncontrolled production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-17 can promote autoimmune pathology, whereas anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-4, IL-10, and IL-27 can help control inflammation and tissue damage. The pro-inflammatory cytokines are the prime targets of the strategies to control rheumatoid arthritis (RA). For example, the neutralization of TNFα, either by engineered anti-cytokine antibodies or by soluble cytokine receptors as decoys, has proven successful in the treatment of RA. The activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines can also be downregulated either by using specific siRNA to inhibit the expression of a particular cytokine or by using small molecule inhibitors of cytokine signaling. Furthermore, the use of anti-inflammatory cytokines or cytokine antagonists delivered via gene therapy has proven to be an effective approach to regulate autoimmunity. Unexpectedly, under certain conditions, TNFα, IFN-γ, and few other cytokines can display anti-inflammatory activities. Increasing awareness of this phenomenon might help develop appropriate regimens to harness or avoid this effect. Furthermore, the relatively newer cytokines such as IL-32, IL-34 and IL-35 are being investigated for their potential role in the pathogenesis and treatment of arthritis.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal diseases with an incidence rate almost equal to the rate of mortality. Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that affects the pancreas. Epidemiological studies have identified CP to be a major risk factor for PC. SUMMARY A greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking CP and PC has identified several common pathways that provide targets for future interventions. This article reviews those components in the CP-PC connection, including the role of macrophages, the maintenance of genome stability, cytokines, and other nodal factors such as nuclear factor kappa B, COX-2 and reactive oxygen species. KEY MESSAGE The molecular mechanisms that underlie CP and PC provide novel targets for future therapies for PC. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The stromal-desmoplastic reaction plays an important role in initiating and sustaining chronic inflammation and tumor progression. Recently, two targeted anti-tumor agents, erlotinib and nab-paclitaxel, have shown promising therapeutic efficacy. Notably, both these agents target components (EGFR and SPARC) within the inflammatory stroma surrounding malignant cells, underscoring the importance of inflammation in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Identifying the common pathways linking CP and PC may help uncover additional novel targets for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanyang Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqi Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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17
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Attenuation of CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice by vaccinating against TGF-β1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82190. [PMID: 24349218 PMCID: PMC3859579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is the pivotal pro-fibrogenic cytokine in hepatic fibrosis. Reducing the over-produced expression of TGF-β1 or blocking its signaling pathways is considered to be a promising therapeutic strategy for hepatic fibrosis. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of attenuating hepatic fibrosis by vaccination against TGF-β1 with TGF-β1 kinoids. Two TGF-β1 kinoid vaccines were prepared by cross-linking TGF-β1-derived polypeptides (TGF-β1(25)-[41-65] and TGF-β1(30)-[83-112]) to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Immunization with the two TGF-β1 kinoids efficiently elicited the production of high-levels of TGF-β1-specific antibodies against in BALB/c mice as tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. The antisera neutralized TGF-β1-induced growth-inhibition on mink lung epithelial cells (Mv1Lu) and attenuated TGF-β1-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation, α-SMA, collagen type 1 alpha 2 (COL1A2), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) expression in the rat hepatic stellate cell (HSC) line, HSC-T6. Vaccination against TGF-β1 with the kinoids significantly suppressed CCl4-induced collagen deposition and the expression of α-SMA and desmin, attenuated hepatocyte apoptosis and accelerated hepatocyte proliferation in BALB/c mice. These results demonstrated that immunization with the TGF-β1 kinoids efficiently attenuated CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis and liver injury. Our study suggests that vaccination against TGF-β1 might be developed into a feasible therapeutic approach for the treatment of chronic fibrotic liver diseases.
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Schall N, Page N, Macri C, Chaloin O, Briand JP, Muller S. Peptide-based approaches to treat lupus and other autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2012; 39:143-53. [PMID: 22727561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
After a long period where the potential of therapeutic peptides was let into oblivion and even dismissed, there is a revival of interest in peptides as potential drug candidates. Novel strategies for limiting metabolism and improve their bioavailability, and alternative routes of administration have emerged. This resulted in a large number of peptide-based drugs that are now being marketed in different indications. Regarding autoimmunity, successful data have been reported in numerous mouse models of autoimmune inflammation, yet relatively few clinical trials based on synthetic peptides are currently underway. This review reports on peptides that show much promises in appropriate mouse models of autoimmunity and describes in more detail clinical trials based on peptides for treating autoimmune patients. A particular emphasis is given to the 21-mer peptide P140/Lupuzor that has completed successfully phase I, phase IIa and phase IIb clinical trials for systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Schall
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
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19
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Hao ZM, Fan XB, Li S, Lv YF, Su HQ, Jiang HP, Li HH. Vaccination with platelet-derived growth factor B kinoids inhibits CCl₄-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:835-42. [PMID: 22711911 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.194357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B) plays an essential role in hepatic fibrosis. Inhibition of the PDGF-B signaling in chronically injured livers might represent a potential therapeutic measure for hepatic fibrosis. In this study, we assessed the effects of vaccination against PDGF-B on CCl₄-induced liver fibrosis in BALB/c mice. The PDGF-B kinoid immunogens were prepared by cross-linking two PDGF-B-derived B-cell epitope peptides [PDGF-B¹⁶-(23-38) and PDGF-B¹⁶-(72-83)] to ovalbumin and keyhole limpet hemocyanin, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, and NIH3T3 cell proliferation assay verified that immunization with the PDGF-B kinoids elicited the production of high levels of neutralizing anti-PDGF-B autoantibodies. The vaccination markedly alleviated CCl₄-induced hepatic fibrosis, as indicated by the lessened morphological alternations and reduced hydroxyproline contents in the mouse livers. Moreover, immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen, α-smooth muscle actin, and desmin demonstrated that neutralization of PDGF-B inhibited both the proliferation and the activation of hepatic stellate cells in the fibrotic mouse livers. Taken together, this study demonstrated that vaccination with PDGF-B kinoids significantly suppressed CCl₄-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice. Our results suggest that vaccination against PDGF-B might be developed into an effective, convenient, and safe therapeutic measure for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ming Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yantaxilu, Xi'an 710061, China.
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20
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Le Buanec H, Bensussan A, Bagot M, Gallo RC, Zagury D. Active and passive anticytokine immune therapies: current status and development. Adv Immunol 2012; 115:187-227. [PMID: 22608260 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394299-9.00007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Anticytokine (AC) immune therapies derived from vaccine procedures aim at enhancing natural immune defense mechanisms ineffective to contain abnormally produced cytokines and counteract their pathogenic effects. Given their short half-life, cytokines, the production of which by effector immune cells (T and B lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), natural killer (NK) and endothelial cells) is inducible and controlled by negative feedback regulation, (1) exert locally their signaling to paracrine/autocrine target responder cells carrying high-affinity membrane receptors and (2) are commonly present at minimal concentration in the body fluid (lymph, serum). Aberrant signaling triggered by cytokines, uncontrolly released by effector immune cells or produced by cancer and other pathologic cells, contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases including cancer, viral infections, allergy, and autoimmunity. To block these ectopic cytokine signaling and prevent their pathogenic effects, AC Abs supplied either by injections (passive AC immune therapy) or elicited by immunization with cytokine-derived immunogenes called Kinoids (active AC immune therapy) proved to be experimentally effective and safe. In this review, we detailed the rationale and the requirements for the use of AC immunotherapies in humans, the proof of efficacy of these medications in animal disease models, and their current clinical development and outcome, including adverse side effects they may generate. We particularly show that, to date, the benefit:risk ratio of AC immune therapies is highly positive.
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21
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d'Ettorre G, Paiardini M, Ceccarelli G, Silvestri G, Vullo V. HIV-associated immune activation: from bench to bedside. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:355-64. [PMID: 21309730 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection is associated with a state of chronic, generalized immune activation that has been shown in many studies to be a key predictor of progression to AIDS. Consistent with this model, nonpathogenic SIV infections of natural hosts, such as the sooty mangabeys, are characterized by low levels of immune activation during the chronic phase of infection. The molecular, cellular, and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the HIV-associated immune activation are complex and still poorly understood. There is, however, growing consensus that both viral and host factors contribute to this phenotype, with emphasis on the role played by the mucosal immune dysfunction (and consequent microbial translocation) as well as the pattern of in vivo-infected CD4(+) T cells. The observation that antiretroviral therapy (ART)-induced suppression of HIV replication does not fully resolve immune activation provided the rationale for a number of exploratory studies of potential immune modulatory treatments to be used in HIV-infected individuals in addition to standard ART. This review provides an update on the causes and consequences of the HIV-associated immune activation, and a summary of the immune modulatory approaches that are currently under clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella d'Ettorre
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Vincenzo Vullo
- Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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22
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Bizzini B, Drouet B, Zagury D, Abitbol M, Burny A, Boissier MC. Kinoids: a family of immunogens for active anticytokine immunotherapy applied to autoimmune diseases and cancer. Immunotherapy 2010; 2:347-65. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex homeostasis of tissues is coordinated by the cytokine network and imbalances in this network may result in chronic immune disorders. Key specific cytokines, such as TNF-α, IFN-α, IL-4 or VEGF have been demonstrated to be overproduced or abnormally released in the microenvironment of pathologic tissues. These findings have opened up the way to passive immunotherapy with anticytokine monoclonal antibodies. Even though passive immunotherapy has proved to be efficient, it is hampered by specific limitations. The discovery of a family of immunogens, the kinoids, consisting of inactivated cytokine derivatives, has led some to propose them for active immunotherapy as an alternative to passive immunotherapy. This review focuses on kinoids – on their validation in experimental mouse models and ongoing clinical trials. The advantages offered by this active immune therapy in terms of efficacy, safety and patient compliance will be stressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Bizzini
- Honorary Head of Department of the Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Marie-Christophe Boissier
- CHU Avicenne (APHP), Rheumatology Department, Bobigny, France
- University of Paris 13, Li2P, EA 4222, Paris, France
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23
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Nam HJ, Song MY, Choi DH, Yang SH, Jin HT, Sung YC. Marked enhancement of antigen-specific T-cell responses by IL-7-fused nonlytic, but not lytic, Fc as a genetic adjuvant. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:351-8. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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24
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Facoetti A, Mariotti L, Ballarini F, Bertolotti A, Nano R, Pasi F, Ranza E, Ottolenghi A. Experimental and theoretical analysis of cytokine release for the study of radiation-induced bystander effect. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:690-9. [PMID: 19637080 DOI: 10.1080/09553000903020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify the experimental conditions that might influence the release of cytokines in the culture medium and give some basic input for building a model for cytokine (e.g., Interleukin-6, IL-6) regulation in the case of 'sham irradiation' and after ionising radiation exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS The influence of cell type, cell density, medium volume, medium storage temperature and other methodological aspects on IL-6 and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) release were investigated. In addition, the effects over the time of different doses of gamma irradiation on the clonogenic survival of bystander cells and on the secretion of these cytokines were studied. RESULTS We observed significant decreases of clonogenic survival in AG01522 and T98G cells after the transfer of medium collected 5 and 20 h after low doses of gamma irradiation. Concerning the Interleukins' measurements, our experiments showed that the aggregate removal modalities tested, and up to 10 freeze-thaw cycles, do not have significant influence on the measurements of IL-6 concentration in the medium. We also observed that the IL-6 accumulated in the medium of human fibroblasts is not degraded when maintained at 37 degrees C. Sets of experiments demonstrated that cell density or medium volume do not influence the release of IL-6. On the contrary, our results showed that IL-8 released by glioblastoma cells strongly depends on the amount of medium. Finally, the exposure of fibroblasts to gamma irradiation has influence on the release kinetics of both IL-6 and IL-8 with peculiar features. CONCLUSIONS This study solved some of the methodological doubts concerning the study of bystander effects by means of the medium transfer technique; moreover it also highlighted some experimental aspects that need to be considered when approaching this sort of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Facoetti
- Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica, Universita degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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25
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IFNalpha kinoid vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies prevent clinical manifestations in a lupus flare murine model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:5294-9. [PMID: 19279210 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900615106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A major involvement of IFNalpha in the etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus has been suggested by clinical observations, including the increase of serum levels of this cytokine in patients with active disease. Supporting this hypothesis, we have shown that expression of IFNalpha from a recombinant adenovirus (IFNalpha Adv) precipitates lupus manifestations in genetically susceptible New Zealand Black (NZB) x New Zealand White (NZW)F(1) mice (NZB/W) but not in BALB/c mice. In the present investigation, we have prepared an IFNalpha immunogen, termed IFNalpha kinoid, which, appropriately adjuvanted, induces transient neutralizing antibodies (Abs) but no cellular immune response to the cytokine and without apparent side effects. Using this preparation, we also showed that, in kinoid-vaccinated NZB/W mice, lupus manifestations, including proteinuria, histological renal lesions, and death triggered by IFNalpha Adv challenge were delayed/prevented as long as an effective threshold of anti-IFNalpha inhibitory capacity was present in the serum.
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26
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de Lemos Rieper C, Galle P, Hansen MB. Characterization and potential clinical applications of autoantibodies against cytokines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2009; 20:61-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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27
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Liang X, Huuskonen J, Hajivandi M, Manzanedo R, Predki P, Amshey JR, Pope RM. Identification and quantification of proteins differentially secreted by a pair of normal and malignant breast-cancer cell lines. Proteomics 2009; 9:182-93. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Culturing of human peripheral blood cells reveals unsuspected lymphocyte responses relevant to HIV disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:5111-6. [PMID: 18364393 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0712363105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant HIV-Tat (Tat) induces extensive apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) cultured in typical CO2 incubators, which are equilibrated with air (21% O2). However, as we show here, Tat apoptosis induction fails in PBMCs cultured at physiological oxygen levels (5% O2). Under these conditions, Tat induces PBMCs to divide, efficiently primes them for HIV infection, and supports virus production by the infected cells. Furthermore, Tat takes only 2 h to prime PBMCs under these conditions. In contrast, PHA/IL-2, which is widely used to prime cells for HIV infection, takes 2-3 days. These findings strongly recommend culturing primary cells at physiological oxygen levels. In addition, they suggest HIV-Tat as a key regulator of HIV disease progression.
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29
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Galle P, Jensen L, Andersson C, Cuzzocrea S, Di Paola R, Nicoletti F, Svenson M, Bendtzen K, Thomsen AR, Hansen MB. Vaccination with IL-6 analogues induces autoantibodies to IL-6 and influences experimentally induced inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:1704-13. [PMID: 17996680 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 is involved in inflammation and a therapeutic target. 0.1% of Danish blood donors have nanomolar plasma concentrations of polyclonal, picomolar affinity and in vitro as well as in vivo neutralizing IgG autoantibodies to IL-6 (aAb-IL-6). Such donors are assumed to be severely IL-6 deficient; yet they appear healthy and do not exhibit overt clinical or laboratory abnormalities. We induced comparable levels of aAb-IL-6 in different mouse strains by vaccination with immunogenic IL-6 analogues. We observed that the induced aAb-IL-6 protected against collagen-induced arthritis and experimental allergic encephalitis. Furthermore, aAb-IL-6 carrying mice displayed increased plasma TNFalpha concentrations upon challenge with LPS. Taken together, induction of IL-6 autoantibodies was possible in different mouse strains. The autoantibodies influenced experimental inflammation. This immunotherapeutic principle might be a viable alternative in immune competent humans suffering from disorders driven by IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Galle
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Le Buanec H, Delavallée L, Bessis N, Paturance S, Bizzini B, Gallo R, Zagury D, Boissier MC. TNFalpha kinoid vaccination-induced neutralizing antibodies to TNFalpha protect mice from autologous TNFalpha-driven chronic and acute inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:19442-7. [PMID: 17158801 PMCID: PMC1748245 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604827103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine TNFalpha is a potent mediator of septic shock and a therapeutic target for chronic inflammatory pathologies including rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. As an alternative to anti-human TNFalpha (hTNFalpha) mAbs and other hTNFalpha blocker approved drugs, we developed an active anti-hTNFalpha immunotherapy, based on a vaccine comprised of a keyhole limpet hemocyanin-hTNFalpha heterocomplex immunogen (hTNFalpha kinoid) adjuvanted in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. In mice transgenic for hTNFalpha (TTg mice), hTNFalpha kinoid vaccination elicited high titers of Abs that neutralized hTNFalpha bioactivities but did not result in a cellular response to hTNFalpha. The vaccine was safe and effective in two experimental models. Kinoid-immunized but not control TTg mice resisted hTNFalpha-driven shock in one model and were prevented from spontaneous arthritis, inflammatory synovitis, and articular destruction in a second model. These data demonstrate an anti-cytokine induction of autoimmune protection against both acute and chronic hTNFalpha exposure. They show that active vaccination against a human cytokine can be achieved, and that the immune response can be effective and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Le Buanec
- *Neovacs, Incorporated, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 96 Boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Laure Delavallée
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) ERI18, 74 Rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny, France
- Université de Paris 13, 93017 Bobigny, France
| | - Natacha Bessis
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) ERI18, 74 Rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny, France
- Université de Paris 13, 93017 Bobigny, France
| | - Sébastien Paturance
- *Neovacs, Incorporated, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 96 Boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Bernard Bizzini
- *Neovacs, Incorporated, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 96 Boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Robert Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, 725 West Lombard Street, Suite S307, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Daniel Zagury
- *Neovacs, Incorporated, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 96 Boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Marie-Christophe Boissier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) ERI18, 74 Rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny, France
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Rheumatology, Avicenne Hospital, 93009 Bobigny, France; and
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Guo YH, Hao ZM, Luo JY, Wang JH. Construction of prokaryotic expression system of TGF-β 1 epitope gene and identification of recombinant fusion protein immunity. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:6389-94. [PMID: 16419171 PMCID: PMC4320346 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i40.6389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To insert the constructed TGF-β1 epitope gene into the el loop of C-terminus of truncated hepatitis B core antigen to increase TGF-β1 antigenicity in its prokaryotic expression system and to identify immunity of the expressed recombinant protein in order to exploit the possibility for obtaining anti- TGF-β1 vaccine.
METHODS: The TGF-β1 encoding epitope gene (the mature TGF-β1 from 78-109 amino acid residues, TGF-β132) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction from the recombinant pGEM-7z/ TGF-β132 vector. The HBcAg gene fragments (encoding HBcAg from 1-71 and 89-144 amino acid residues) were amplified from PYTA1-HBcAg vector. The recombinant vector pGEMEX-1 was used to insert HBcAg1-71, TGF-β132 and HBcAg89-144 into restrictive endonuclease enzyme and ligated with T4 ligase. The fusion gene fragments HBcAg1-71-TGF-β132- HBcAg89-144 were recloned to pET28a(+) and the DNA sequence was confirmed by the dideoxy chain termination method. The recombinant vector pET28a (+)/CTC was transformed and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) under induction of IPTG. After purification with Ni+2-NTA agarose resins, the antigenicity of purified protein was detected by ELISA and Western blot and visualized under electron microscope.
RESULTS: Enzyme digestion analysis and sequencing showed that TGF-β1 epitope gene was inserted into the el loop of C-terminus of truncated hepatitis B core antigen. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that relative molecular mass (Mr) of the expressed product by pET28a (+)/CTC was Mr 24 600.The output of the target recombinant protein was approximately 34.8% of the total bacterial protein, mainly presented in the form of inclusion body. Western blotting and ELISA demonstrated that the fusion protein could combine with anti-TGF-β1 polyclonal IgG but not with anti-HBcAg. The purity of protein was about 90 % and the protein was in the form of self-assembling particles visualized under electron microscope. This fusion protein had good anti-TGF-β1 antigenicity and could be used as anti-TGF-β1 vaccine.
CONCLUSION: A recombinant prokaryotic expression system with high expression efficiency of the target TGF-β1 epitope gene was successfully established. The fusion protein is in the form of self-assembling particles and HBcAg can increase the antigenicity of TGF-β1. The expressed TGF-β1 epitope gene shows good immunogenicity and antigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hong Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China.
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Abstract
Allergy, autoimmunity and the pathogenesis of some chronic diseases are dependent on host innate and adaptative immune responses. Both responses are associated with abnormal cytokine production within pathologic tissues. Over the past two decades, the availability of purified cytokines and cytokine antibodies (Abs) has prompted a therapeutic approach that aims to supply neutralizing Abs against deleterious cytokines, through either passive immunization (administration of large quantities of high affinity Abs, prepared ex vivo) or active immunization (induction of specific Abs, using immunogenic cytokine derivatives). Both passive and active immunization can safely, transiently and effectively be used, as has been documented by animal experimentation and confirmed by clinical trials. Novel anti-cytokine therapeutic compounds, based on passive Ab immunization, are now available to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and have been shown to help control neoangiogenesis in cancer patients. Clinical trials using Abs to treat allergic disorders are also underway. However, the induction of anti-idiotypic Abs may restrict the long-term use of anti-cytokine immunotherapy using allogenic or humanized/chimeric Abs. We propose that greater consideration should be given to active immunization protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zagury
- NEOVACS--Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, 15, rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France.
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Thullen TD, Ashbaugh AD, Daly KR, Linke MJ, Steele PE, Walzer PD. Sensitized splenocytes result in deleterious cytokine cascade and hyperinflammatory response in rats with Pneumocystis pneumonia despite the presence of corticosteroids. Infect Immun 2004; 72:757-65. [PMID: 14742518 PMCID: PMC321630 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.2.757-765.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response to the opportunistic pulmonary pathogen Pneumocystis can have beneficial and harmful effects on the host despite the presence of corticosteroids. We hypothesized that this deleterious hyperinflammatory response is associated with exaggerated cytokine production. The adoptive transfer of at least 10(7) immune splenocytes reduced the cyst count in rats with corticosteroid-induced pneumocystosis. About 18% of these rats developed clinical illness, an increased lung weight/body weight (LW/BW) ratio, and elevated levels of interleukin 1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-1beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-5, IL-10, and gamma interferon in the lungs. This hyperinflammatory reaction was not observed in rats that remained clinically well or in control rats. Thus, in this model, corticosteroids have little effect on the cytokine cascade or other adverse effects of the host immune response to Pneumocystis.
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Zagury D, Le Buanec H, Bizzini B, Burny A, Lewis G, Gallo RC. Active versus passive anti-cytokine antibody therapy against cytokine-associated chronic diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2003; 14:123-37. [PMID: 12651224 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(03)00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current therapeutic vaccine trials in major chronic diseases including AIDS, cancer, allergy and autoimmunity, target antigenic pathogens but not the pathogenic stromal cytokines which can be major sources of histopathologic processes. Considering that the limited efficacy of these vaccines has been ascribed to local pathogen-induced cytokine dysfunction, we propose to antagonize pathogenic cytokine(s) by high affinity neutralizing auto-Abs triggered by specific anti-cytokine vaccines. As anticipated by theoretical considerations, animal experiments and initial clinical trials showed that anti-cytokine immunization was safe, well tolerated and triggered transient high titers Abs neutralizing pathogenic cytokines but, in contrast to conventional vaccines, no relevant cellular response was observed. Advantages of active versus passive anti-cytokine Ab therapy, particularly for long-term treatments, as those required in AIDS, cancer, allergy and autoimmunity include greater ease of maintaining high Ab titers, lack of anti-antibody responses and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zagury
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
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Abstract
Evolution to AIDS is characterized by a progressive cellular immune suppression. Although there is substantial evidence for several mechanisms involved in disrupting the immune response by induction of apoptosis in responder cells by contact with infected cells, we propose that humoral factors also play a role, and that one such factor is the extracellular form of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 Tat protein and another is IFN(alpha). Both Tat and interferon-alpha (IFN(alpha)) inhibit antigen-stimulate T-cell proliferation, and specific anti-Tat and/or anti-IFN(alpha) Abs prevent generation of HIV-1-induced suppressor cells. We propose that high titer anti-Tat and/or anti-IFN(alpha) Abs, neutralizing extracellular Tat, and/or IFN(alpha), induced by vaccines described here, antagonize HIV-1-induced immunosuppression. Innocuous vaccines were prepared by using inactivated but immunogenic Tat (Toxoid) and inactivated and immunogenic IFN(alpha) (kinoid) derivatives. Both Tat Toxoid and IFN(alpha) kinoid were well tolerated and elicited specific neutralizing antibodies (Abs) in mice, monkeys, and seronegative and HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1192, USA.
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Gallo RC. Human retroviruses after 20 years: a perspective from the past and prospects for their future control. Immunol Rev 2002; 185:236-65. [PMID: 12190935 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Among viruses the human retroviruses may be of special interest to immunologists, because they target cells of the immune system, particularly mature CD4+ T cells, impair their function and cause them to grow abnormally (human T-cell leukemia virus, HTLV) or to die (human immunodeficiency virus, HIV). Human retroviruses cause disease ranging from neurological disorders and leukemias (HTLV-1) to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency virus) (HIV) and promote development of several types of malignancies (HIV). They share many common features, but their contrasts are greater, especially the far greater replication and variation of HIV associated with its greater genomic complexity. Both have evolved striking redundancy for mechanisms which promote their survival. Thus, HTLV has redundant mechanisms for promoting growth of provirus containing T cells needed for virus continuity, because it is chiefly through its cellular DNA provirus that HTLV replicates and not through production of virions. Conversely, HIV has redundancy in its mechanisms for promoting virion replication and escape from the host immune system. It is via these redundant mechanisms that they produce disease: leukemias from mechanisms promoting T-cell proliferation (HTLV-1) and AIDS from mechanisms promoting virus replication and T-cell death (HIV). The practical challenges for the future are clear. For HTLV-1, education and control of breastfeeding. For HIV, the formidable tasks now ahead in part demand new kinds of talent, talents that will foster greater insights into the development of therapy for the developing countries, new forms of less toxic therapies for all infected persons, a continued and expanded commitment to education, and a persistent 'never say die' commitment to the development of a truly preventive vaccine with all the scientific and nonscientific challenges that these objectives face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Abstract
Vaccines are by definition prophylactic, but in recent years an interest has developed in therapeutic vaccines for infectious diseases such as AIDS and tuberculosis, as well as gastric ulcers, cancer (with different approaches to combat various types of malignancy) and autoimmune diseases (a definite success was the development of a vaccine against multiple sclerosis) and there are potential vaccines in development for myasthenia gravis, lupus and diabetes. Therapeutic vaccines are also being developed against cognitive diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases and Huntington's disease. All of these efforts are based on the therapeutic vaccine being closely related chemically to the etiological agent that causes the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sela
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor prognosis and the cellular mechanisms contributing to pancreatic cancer are relatively unknown. The goals of this review are to present the epidemiological and experimental data that supports inflammation as a key mediator of pancreatic cancer development, to explain how inflammatory pathways may create an environment that supports tumor formation, and to discuss how the use of novel agents directed at these pathways may be used for the treatment of pancreatic malignancy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Inflammation has been identified as a significant factor in the development of other solid tumor malignancies. Both hereditary and sporadic forms of chronic pancreatitis are associated with an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer. The combined increase in genomic damage and cellular proliferation, both of which are seen with inflammation, strongly favors malignant transformation of pancreatic cells. Cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and mediators of the inflammatory pathway (e.g., NF-kappaB and COX-2) have been shown to increase cell cycling, cause loss of tumor suppressor function, and stimulate oncogene expression; all of which may lead to pancreatic malignancy. Anti-cytokine vaccines, inhibitors of pro-inflammatory NF-kappaB and COX-2 pathways, thiazolidinediones, and anti-oxidants are potentially useful for the prevention or treatment of pancreatic cancer. Redirection of experimental interests toward pancreatic inflammation and mechanisms of carcinogenesis may identify other novel anti-inflammatory agents or other ways to screen for or prevent pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSION Pancreatic inflammation, mediated by cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and upregulated pro-inflammatory pathways, may play a key role in the early development of pancreatic malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buckminster Farrow
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston 77555, USA
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