1
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Jiang YN, Gao Y, Lai X, Li X, Liu G, Ding M, Wang Z, Guo Z, Qin Y, Li X, Sun L, Wang ZQ, Zhou ZW. Microcephaly Gene Mcph1 Deficiency Induces p19ARF-Dependent Cell Cycle Arrest and Senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4597. [PMID: 38731817 PMCID: PMC11083351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
MCPH1 has been identified as the causal gene for primary microcephaly type 1, a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by reduced brain size and delayed growth. As a multifunction protein, MCPH1 has been reported to repress the expression of TERT and interact with transcriptional regulator E2F1. However, it remains unclear whether MCPH1 regulates brain development through its transcriptional regulation function. This study showed that the knockout of Mcph1 in mice leads to delayed growth as early as the embryo stage E11.5. Transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) revealed that the deletion of Mcph1 resulted in changes in the expression levels of a limited number of genes. Although the expression of some of E2F1 targets, such as Satb2 and Cdkn1c, was affected, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were not significantly enriched as E2F1 target genes. Further investigations showed that primary and immortalized Mcph1 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibited cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence phenotype. Interestingly, the upregulation of p19ARF was detected in Mcph1 knockout MEFs, and silencing p19Arf restored the cell cycle and growth arrest to wild-type levels. Our findings suggested it is unlikely that MCPH1 regulates neurodevelopment through E2F1-mediated transcriptional regulation, and p19ARF-dependent cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence may contribute to the developmental abnormalities observed in primary microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nan Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Yizhen Gao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafety, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Xianxin Lai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinjie Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Gen Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafety, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Mingmei Ding
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Zixiang Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Yinying Qin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafety, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Xin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Litao Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes and Biosafety, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.-N.J.); (X.L.)
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2
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Cao X, Yan Z, Chen Z, Ge Y, Hu X, Peng F, Huang W, Zhang P, Sun R, Chen J, Ding M, Zong D, He X. The Emerging Role of Deubiquitinases in Radiosensitivity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024; 118:1347-1370. [PMID: 38092257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a primary treatment for cancer, but radioresistance remains a significant challenge in improving efficacy and reducing toxicity. Accumulating evidence suggests that deubiquitinases (DUBs) play a crucial role in regulating cell sensitivity to ionizing radiation. Traditional small-molecule DUB inhibitors have demonstrated radiosensitization effects, and novel deubiquitinase-targeting chimeras (DUBTACs) provide a promising strategy for radiosensitizer development by harnessing the ubiquitin-proteasome system. This review highlights the mechanisms by which DUBs regulate radiosensitivity, including DNA damage repair, the cell cycle, cell death, and hypoxia. Progress on DUB inhibitors and DUBTACs is summarized, and their potential radiosensitization effects are discussed. Developing drugs targeting DUBs appears to be a promising alternative approach to overcoming radioresistance, warranting further research into their mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenyu Yan
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zihan Chen
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yizhi Ge
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyu Hu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fanyu Peng
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenxuan Huang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pingchuan Zhang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruozhou Sun
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiazhen Chen
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingjun Ding
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Zong
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xia He
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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3
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Bolhuis DL, Emanuele MJ, Brown NG. Friend or foe? Reciprocal regulation between E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:BST20230454. [PMID: 38414432 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that entails the covalent attachment of the small protein ubiquitin (Ub), which acts as a signal to direct protein stability, localization, or interactions. The Ub code is written by a family of enzymes called E3 Ub ligases (∼600 members in humans), which can catalyze the transfer of either a single ubiquitin or the formation of a diverse array of polyubiquitin chains. This code can be edited or erased by a different set of enzymes termed deubiquitinases (DUBs; ∼100 members in humans). While enzymes from these distinct families have seemingly opposing activities, certain E3-DUB pairings can also synergize to regulate vital cellular processes like gene expression, autophagy, innate immunity, and cell proliferation. In this review, we highlight recent studies describing Ub ligase-DUB interactions and focus on their relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek L Bolhuis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, U.S.A
| | - Michael J Emanuele
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Care Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas G Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Care Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, U.S.A
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4
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Baumann C, Zhang X, Kandasamy MK, Mei X, Chen S, Tehrani KF, Mortensen LJ, Watford W, Lall A, De La Fuente R. Acute irradiation induces a senescence-like chromatin structure in mammalian oocytes. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1258. [PMID: 38086992 PMCID: PMC10716162 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms leading to changes in mesoscale chromatin organization during cellular aging are unknown. Here, we used transcriptional activator-like effectors, RNA-seq and superresolution analysis to determine the effects of genotoxic stress on oocyte chromatin structure. Major satellites are organized into tightly packed globular structures that coalesce into chromocenters and dynamically associate with the nucleolus. Acute irradiation significantly enhanced chromocenter mobility in transcriptionally inactive oocytes. In transcriptionally active oocytes, irradiation induced a striking unfolding of satellite chromatin fibers and enhanced the expression of transcripts required for protection from oxidative stress (Fermt1, Smg1), recovery from DNA damage (Tlk2, Rad54l) and regulation of heterochromatin assembly (Zfp296, Ski-oncogene). Non-irradiated, senescent oocytes exhibit not only high chromocenter mobility and satellite distension but also a high frequency of extra chromosomal satellite DNA. Notably, analysis of biological aging using an oocyte-specific RNA clock revealed cellular communication, posttranslational protein modifications, chromatin and histone dynamics as the top cellular processes that are dysregulated in both senescent and irradiated oocytes. Our results indicate that unfolding of heterochromatin fibers following acute genotoxic stress or cellular aging induced the formation of distended satellites and that abnormal chromatin structure together with increased chromocenter mobility leads to chromosome instability in senescent oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Baumann
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Biosciences Center (RBC), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Biosciences Center (RBC), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Xiaohan Mei
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Division of Surgical Research, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shiyou Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Division of Surgical Research, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kayvan F Tehrani
- Regenerative Biosciences Center (RBC), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Luke J Mortensen
- Regenerative Biosciences Center (RBC), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Wendy Watford
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ashley Lall
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Biosciences Center (RBC), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rabindranath De La Fuente
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Regenerative Biosciences Center (RBC), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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5
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Sha B, Sun Y, Zhao S, Li M, Huang W, Li Z, Shi J, Han X, Li P, Hu T, Chen P. USP8 inhibitor-induced DNA damage activates cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2011-2032. [PMID: 35022897 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09686-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that targeting ubiquitin-specific peptidase 8 (USP8) serves as an attractive anti-cancer strategy. However, the role of USP8 inhibitor, DUB-IN-1, in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells still needs to be explored. Here, immunohistochemistry was employed to examine the expression of USP8 in ESCC tissues. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to evaluate cell proliferation ability, and propidium iodide (PI) was selected to test the effect of DUB-IN-1 on cell cycle. AnnexinV-FITC/PI staining and the activity of caspase 3 were detedcted to evaluate apoptosis. Transmission electron microscope, microtubule-associated protein 1 light-chain 3 (LC3) expression, and acridine orange (AO) staining were selected to check if there was autophagy. Comet assay and γ-H2AX immunofluorescence was used to monitor DNA damage. Rescue experiment was used to determine the key role of of p53 in cell cycle, apoptosis, and autophagy. Results revealed that the leve of USP8 was higher in ESCC tissues than that in tissues adjacent to carcinoma. DUB-IN-1, an USP8 inhibitor, caused DNA damage, led to G2/M phase block by p53-p21 axis, and triggered apoptosis by regulating the p53 target proteins including Bax, Noxa, and Puma. Besides, DUB-IN-1 could stimulate autophagy through p53-dependent adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. Taken together, this study revealed the cytotoxic effects and the mechanism of DUB-IN-1, which indicated that DUB-IN-1 may be a novel inhibitor targeting USP8 that can kill ESCC cells. USP8 inhibitor, DUB-IN-1, treatment could inhibit esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell growth and induce G2/M cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy by DNA damage-induced p53 activation. DUB-IN-1 treatment led to G2/M cell cycle arrest by upregulating the protein level of p21 and triggered apoptosis by modulating the p53 target proteins including Bax, Noxa, and Puma. Meanwhile, DUB-IN-1 treatment stimulated protective autophagy through p53-dependent AMPK activation. Collectively, these findings suggested that DNA damage-triggered p53 activation, p53-Puma/Noxa/Bax, p53-p21, and p53-AMPK pathways were all involved in the effect of DUB-IN-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Sha
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yaxin Sun
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wenjing Huang
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zheng Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jianxiang Shi
- Precision Medicine Center, Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xuefei Han
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Pei Li
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Ping Chen
- Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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6
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Ehrmann JF, Grabarczyk DB, Heinke M, Deszcz L, Kurzbauer R, Hudecz O, Shulkina A, Gogova R, Meinhart A, Versteeg GA, Clausen T. Structural basis for regulation of apoptosis and autophagy by the BIRC6/SMAC complex. Science 2023; 379:1117-1123. [PMID: 36758105 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade8873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) bind to pro-apoptotic proteases, keeping them inactive and preventing cell death. The atypical ubiquitin ligase BIRC6 is the only essential IAP, additionally functioning as a suppressor of autophagy. We performed a structure-function analysis of BIRC6 in complex with caspase-9, HTRA2, SMAC, and LC3B, which are critical apoptosis and autophagy proteins. Cryo-electron microscopy structures showed that BIRC6 forms a megadalton crescent shape that arcs around a spacious cavity containing receptor sites for client proteins. Multivalent binding of SMAC obstructs client binding, impeding ubiquitination of both autophagy and apoptotic substrates. On the basis of these data, we discuss how the BIRC6/SMAC complex can act as a stress-induced hub to regulate apoptosis and autophagy drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian F Ehrmann
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel B Grabarczyk
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Heinke
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luiza Deszcz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Kurzbauer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Otto Hudecz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Shulkina
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rebeca Gogova
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton Meinhart
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gijs A Versteeg
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Clausen
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Fang YZ, Jiang L, He Q, Cao J, Yang B. Commentary: Deubiquitination complex platform: a plausible mechanism for regulating the substrate specificity of deubiquitinating enzymes. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023. [PMID: 37521861 PMCID: PMC10372820 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) or deubiquitinases facilitate the escape of multiple proteins from ubiquitin‒proteasome degradation and are critical for regulating protein expression levels in vivo. Therefore, dissecting the underlying mechanism of DUB recognition is needed to advance the development of drugs related to DUB signaling pathways. To data, extensive studies on the ubiquitin chain specificity of DUBs have been reported, but substrate protein recognition is still not clearly understood. As a breakthrough, the scaffolding role may be significant to substrate protein selectivity. From this perspective, we systematically characterized the scaffolding proteins and complexes contributing to DUB substrate selectivity. Furthermore, we proposed a deubiquitination complex platform (DCP) as a potentially generic mechanism for DUB substrate recognition based on known examples, which might fill the gaps in the understanding of DUB substrate specificity.
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8
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Yin X, Liu Q, Liu F, Tian X, Yan T, Han J, Jiang S. Emerging Roles of Non-proteolytic Ubiquitination in Tumorigenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:944460. [PMID: 35874839 PMCID: PMC9298949 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.944460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a critical type of protein post-translational modification playing an essential role in many cellular processes. To date, more than eight types of ubiquitination exist, all of which are involved in distinct cellular processes based on their structural differences. Studies have indicated that activation of the ubiquitination pathway is tightly connected with inflammation-related diseases as well as cancer, especially in the non-proteolytic canonical pathway, highlighting the vital roles of ubiquitination in metabolic programming. Studies relating degradable ubiquitination through lys48 or lys11-linked pathways to cellular signaling have been well-characterized. However, emerging evidence shows that non-degradable ubiquitination (linked to lys6, lys27, lys29, lys33, lys63, and Met1) remains to be defined. In this review, we summarize the non-proteolytic ubiquitination involved in tumorigenesis and related signaling pathways, with the aim of providing a reference for future exploration of ubiquitination and the potential targets for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Yin
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Qingbin Liu
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xinchen Tian
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tinghao Yan
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Shulong Jiang
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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9
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Liu Y, Fu K, Wier EM, Lei Y, Hodgson A, Xu D, Xia X, Zheng D, Ding H, Sears CL, Yang J, Wan F. Bacterial genotoxin accelerates transient infection-driven murine colon tumorigenesis. Cancer Discov 2021; 12:236-249. [PMID: 34479870 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic and low-grade inflammation associated with persistent bacterial infections has been linked to colon tumor development; however, the impact of transient and self-limited infections in bacterially-driven colon tumorigenesis has remained enigmatic. Here we report that UshA is a novel genotoxin in attaching/effacing (A/E) pathogens, which includes the human pathogens enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), and their murine equivalent Citrobacter rodentium (CR). UshA harbors direct DNA digestion activity with a catalytic histidine-aspartic acid dyad. Injected via the Type III Secretion System (T3SS) into host cells, UshA triggers DNA damage and initiates tumorigenic transformation during infections in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, UshA plays an indispensable role in CR infection-accelerated colon tumorigenesis in genetically susceptible ApcMinΔ716/+ mice. Collectively, our results reveal that UshA, functioning as a bacterial T3SS-dependant genotoxin, plays a critical role in prompting transient and noninvasive bacterial infection-accelerated colon tumorigenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Kai Fu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Eric M Wier
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Yifan Lei
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Andrea Hodgson
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Dongqing Xu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Xue Xia
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Dandan Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Hua Ding
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | | | - Jian Yang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Fengyi Wan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
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10
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Snyder NA, Silva GM. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs): Regulation, homeostasis, and oxidative stress response. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101077. [PMID: 34391779 PMCID: PMC8424594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin signaling is a conserved, widespread, and dynamic process in which protein substrates are rapidly modified by ubiquitin to impact protein activity, localization, or stability. To regulate this process, deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) counter the signal induced by ubiquitin conjugases and ligases by removing ubiquitin from these substrates. Many DUBs selectively regulate physiological pathways employing conserved mechanisms of ubiquitin bond cleavage. DUB activity is highly regulated in dynamic environments through protein-protein interaction, posttranslational modification, and relocalization. The largest family of DUBs, cysteine proteases, are also sensitive to regulation by oxidative stress, as reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly modify the catalytic cysteine required for their enzymatic activity. Current research has implicated DUB activity in human diseases, including various cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. Due to their selectivity and functional roles, DUBs have become important targets for therapeutic development to treat these conditions. This review will discuss the main classes of DUBs and their regulatory mechanisms with a particular focus on DUB redox regulation and its physiological impact during oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Snyder
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gustavo M Silva
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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11
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Vilfranc CL, Che LX, Patra KC, Niu L, Olowokure O, Wang J, Shah SA, Du CY. BIR repeat-containing ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (BRUCE) regulation of β-catenin signaling in the progression of drug-induced hepatic fibrosis and carcinogenesis. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:343-361. [PMID: 33815677 PMCID: PMC8006081 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i3.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BIR repeat-containing ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (BRUCE) is a liver tumor suppressor, which is downregulated in a large number of patients with liver diseases. BRUCE facilitates DNA damage repair to protect the mouse liver against the hepatocarcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-dependent acute liver injury and carcinogenesis. While there exists an established pathologic connection between fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), DEN exposure alone does not induce robust hepatic fibrosis. Further studies are warranted to identify new suppressive mechanisms contributing to DEN-induced fibrosis and HCC.
AIM To investigate the suppressive mechanisms of BRUCE in hepatic fibrosis and HCC development.
METHODS Male C57/BL6/J control mice [loxp/Loxp; albumin-cre (Alb-cre)-] and BRUCE Alb-Cre KO mice (loxp/Loxp; Alb-Cre+) were injected with a single dose of DEN at postnatal day 15 and sacrificed at different time points to examine liver disease progression.
RESULTS By using a liver-specific BRUCE knockout (LKO) mouse model, we found that BRUCE deficiency, in conjunction with DEN exposure, induced hepatic fibrosis in both premalignant as well as malignant stages, thus recapitulating the chronic fibrosis background often observed in HCC patients. Activated in fibrosis and HCC, β-catenin activity depends on its stabilization and subsequent translocation to the nucleus. Interestingly, we observed that livers from BRUCE KO mice demonstrated an increased nuclear accumulation and elevated activity of β-catenin in the three stages of carcinogenesis: Pre-malignancy, tumor initiation, and HCC. This suggests that BRUCE negatively regulates β-catenin activity during liver disease progression. β-catenin can be activated by phosphorylation by protein kinases, such as protein kinase A (PKA), which phosphorylates it at Ser-675 (pSer-675-β-catenin). Mechanistically, BRUCE and PKA were colocalized in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes where PKA activity is maintained at the basal level. However, in BRUCE deficient mouse livers or a human liver cancer cell line, both PKA activity and pSer-675-β-catenin levels were observed to be elevated.
CONCLUSION Our data support a “BRUCE-PKA-β-catenin” signaling axis in the mouse liver. The BRUCE interaction with PKA in hepatocytes suppresses PKA-dependent phosphorylation and activation of β-catenin. This study implicates BRUCE as a novel negative regulator of both PKA and β-catenin in chronic liver disease progression. Furthermore, BRUCE-liver specific KO mice serve as a promising model for understanding hepatic fibrosis and HCC in patients with aberrant activation of PKA and β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystelle L Vilfranc
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Li-Xiao Che
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Krushna C Patra
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Liang Niu
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Olugbenga Olowokure
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Shimul A Shah
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Chun-Ying Du
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
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12
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Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 and Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins in Colorectal Cancer-A Promising Signaling Network for Therapeutic Interventions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040624. [PMID: 33557398 PMCID: PMC7916307 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor suppressor 53 (p53) is a multifunctional protein that regulates cell cycle, DNA repair, apoptosis and metabolic pathways. In colorectal cancer (CRC), mutations of the gene occur in 60% of patients and are associated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype and resistance to anti-cancer therapy. In addition, inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are distinguished biomarkers overexpressed in CRC that impact on a diverse set of signaling pathways associated with the regulation of apoptosis/autophagy, cell migration, cell cycle and DNA damage response. As these mechanisms are further firmly controlled by p53, a transcriptional and post-translational regulation of IAPs by p53 is expected to occur in cancer cells. Here, we aim to review the molecular regulatory mechanisms between IAPs and p53 and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting their interrelationship by multimodal treatment options. Abstract Despite recent advances in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), patient’s individual response and clinical follow-up vary considerably with tumor intrinsic factors to contribute to an enhanced malignancy and therapy resistance. Among these markers, upregulation of members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family effects on tumorigenesis and radiation- and chemo-resistance by multiple pathways, covering a hampered induction of apoptosis/autophagy, regulation of cell cycle progression and DNA damage response. These mechanisms are tightly controlled by the tumor suppressor p53 and thus transcriptional and post-translational regulation of IAPs by p53 is expected to occur in malignant cells. By this, cellular IAP1/2, X-linked IAP, Survivin, BRUCE and LIVIN expression/activity, as well as their intracellular localization is controlled by p53 in a direct or indirect manner via modulating a multitude of mechanisms. These cover, among others, transcriptional repression and the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 pathway. In addition, p53 mutations contribute to deregulated IAP expression and resistance to therapy. This review aims at highlighting the mechanistic and clinical importance of IAP regulation by p53 in CRC and describing potential therapeutic strategies based on this interrelationship.
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Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 8 regulates the trafficking and stability of the human organic anion transporter 1. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129701. [PMID: 32818533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) plays a vital role in avoiding the potential toxicity of various anionic drugs through the involvement of kidney elimination. We previously demonstrated that ubiquitin conjugation to OAT1 led to OAT1 internalization from cell surface, followed by degradation. Ubiquitination is a dynamic process, where deubiquitination is catalyzed by a class of ubiquitin-specific peptidases. Methods The role of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 8 (USP8) in hOAT1 function, expression and ubiquitination was assessed by conducting transporter uptake assay, biotinylation assay and ubiquitination assay. Results We demonstrated that USP8 overexpression in hOAT1-expressing cells led to an increased hOAT1 transporter activity and expression, which correlated well with a reduced hOAT1 ubiquitination. Such phenomenon was not observed in inactive USP8 mutant-transfected cells. In addition, the knockdown of endogenous USP8 by USP8-specific siRNA resulted in an increased hOAT1 ubiquitination, which correlated well with a decrease in hOAT1 expression and transport activity. Biotinylation experiments demonstrated that USP8-induced increase in hOAT1 expression and transport activity occurred through a deceleration of the rates of hOAT1 internalization and degradation. Conclusions These results indicated the regulatory role of USP8 in OAT1 function, expression, trafficking, and stability. General significance USP8 could be a new target for modulating OAT1-mediated drug transport.
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Buljan M, Ciuffa R, van Drogen A, Vichalkovski A, Mehnert M, Rosenberger G, Lee S, Varjosalo M, Pernas LE, Spegg V, Snijder B, Aebersold R, Gstaiger M. Kinase Interaction Network Expands Functional and Disease Roles of Human Kinases. Mol Cell 2020; 79:504-520.e9. [PMID: 32707033 PMCID: PMC7427327 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are essential for signal transduction and control of most cellular processes, including metabolism, membrane transport, motility, and cell cycle. Despite the critical role of kinases in cells and their strong association with diseases, good coverage of their interactions is available for only a fraction of the 535 human kinases. Here, we present a comprehensive mass-spectrometry-based analysis of a human kinase interaction network covering more than 300 kinases. The interaction dataset is a high-quality resource with more than 5,000 previously unreported interactions. We extensively characterized the obtained network and were able to identify previously described, as well as predict new, kinase functional associations, including those of the less well-studied kinases PIM3 and protein O-mannose kinase (POMK). Importantly, the presented interaction map is a valuable resource for assisting biomedical studies. We uncover dozens of kinase-disease associations spanning from genetic disorders to complex diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Buljan
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Rodolfo Ciuffa
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Audrey van Drogen
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anton Vichalkovski
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Mehnert
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - George Rosenberger
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Columbia University Department of Systems Biology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sohyon Lee
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Lucia Espona Pernas
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Spegg
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Berend Snijder
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Gstaiger
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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15
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Li F, Mladenov E, Mortoga S, Iliakis G. SCF SKP2 regulates APC/C CDH1-mediated degradation of CTIP to adjust DNA-end resection in G 2-phase. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:548. [PMID: 32683422 PMCID: PMC7368859 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cell cycle-dependent engagement of DNA-end resection at DSBs is regulated by phosphorylation of CTIP by CDKs, the central regulators of cell cycle transitions. Cell cycle transitions are also intimately regulated by protein degradation via two E3 ubiquitin ligases: SCFSKP2 and APC/CCDH1 complex. Although APC/CCDH1 regulates CTIP in G1– and G2-phase, contributions by SCFSKP2 have not been reported. We demonstrate that SCFSKP2 is a strong positive regulator of resection. Knockdown of SKP2, fully suppresses resection in several cell lines. Notably, this suppression is G2-phase specific and is not observed in S-phase or G1–phase cells. Knockdown of SKP2 inactivates SCFSKP2 causing APC/CCDH1 activation, which degrades CTIP. The stabilizing function of SCFSKP2 on CTIP promotes resection and supports gene conversion (GC), alternative end joining (alt-EJ) and cell survival. We propose that CDKs and SCFSKP2-APC/CCDH1 cooperate to regulate resection and repair pathway choice at DSBs in G2-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghua Li
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Emil Mladenov
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Sharif Mortoga
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - George Iliakis
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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16
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Enikanolaiye A, Ruston J, Zeng R, Taylor C, Schrock M, Buchovecky CM, Shendure J, Acar E, Justice MJ. Suppressor mutations in Mecp2-null mice implicate the DNA damage response in Rett syndrome pathology. Genome Res 2020; 30:540-552. [PMID: 32317254 PMCID: PMC7197480 DOI: 10.1101/gr.258400.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) cause Rett syndrome (RTT). To identify functional pathways that could inform therapeutic entry points, we carried out a genetic screen for secondary mutations that improved phenotypes in Mecp2/Y mice after mutagenesis with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). Here, we report the isolation of 106 founder animals that show suppression of Mecp2-null traits from screening 3177 Mecp2/Y genomes. Whole-exome sequencing, genetic crosses, and association analysis identified 22 candidate genes. Additional lesions in these candidate genes or pathway components associate variant alleles with phenotypic improvement in 30 lines. A network analysis shows that 63% of the genes cluster into the functional categories of transcriptional repression, chromatin modification, or DNA repair, delineating a pathway relationship with MECP2. Many mutations lie in genes that modulate synaptic signaling or lipid homeostasis. Mutations in genes that function in the DNA damage response (DDR) also improve phenotypes in Mecp2/Y mice. Association analysis was successful in resolving combinatorial effects of multiple loci. One line, which carries a suppressor mutation in a gene required for cholesterol synthesis, Sqle, carries a second mutation in retinoblastoma binding protein 8, endonuclease (Rbbp8, also known as CtIP), which regulates a DDR choice in double-stranded break (DSB) repair. Cells from Mecp2/Y mice have increased DSBs, so this finding suggests that the balance between homology-directed repair and nonhomologous end joining is important for neuronal cells. In this and other lines, two suppressor mutations confer greater improvement than one alone, suggesting that combination therapies could be effective in RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebola Enikanolaiye
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Julie Ruston
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Rong Zeng
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Christine Taylor
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Marijke Schrock
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Christie M Buchovecky
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Elif Acar
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada
- Department of Statistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Monica J Justice
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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Che L, Alavattam KG, Stambrook PJ, Namekawa SH, Du C. BRUCE preserves genomic stability in the male germline of mice. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2402-2416. [PMID: 32139899 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BRUCE is a DNA damage response protein that promotes the activation of ATM and ATR for homologous recombination (HR) repair in somatic cells, making BRUCE a key protector of genomic stability. Preservation of genomic stability in the germline is essential for the maintenance of species. Here, we show that BRUCE is required for the preservation of genomic stability in the male germline of mice, specifically in spermatogonia and spermatocytes. Conditional knockout of Bruce in the male germline leads to profound defects in spermatogenesis, including impaired maintenance of spermatogonia and increased chromosomal anomalies during meiosis. Bruce-deficient pachytene spermatocytes frequently displayed persistent DNA breaks. Homologous synapsis was impaired, and nonhomologous associations and rearrangements were apparent in up to 10% of Bruce-deficient spermatocytes. Genomic instability was apparent in the form of chromosomal fragmentation, translocations, and synapsed quadrivalents and hexavalents. In addition, unsynapsed regions of rearranged autosomes were devoid of ATM and ATR signaling, suggesting an impairment in the ATM- and ATR-dependent DNA damage response of meiotic HR. Taken together, our study unveils crucial functions for BRUCE in the maintenance of spermatogonia and in the regulation of meiotic HR-functions that preserve the genomic stability of the male germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiao Che
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Kris G Alavattam
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Peter J Stambrook
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Satoshi H Namekawa
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Chunying Du
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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18
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Ubiquitin-specific protease 8 (USP8/UBPy): a prototypic multidomain deubiquitinating enzyme with pleiotropic functions. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1867-1879. [PMID: 31845722 PMCID: PMC6925526 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein modification by ubiquitin is one of the most versatile posttranslational regulations and counteracted by almost 100 deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). USP8 was originally identified as a growth regulated ubiquitin-specific protease and is like many other DUBs characterized by its multidomain architecture. Besides the catalytic domain, specific protein-protein interaction modules were characterized which contribute to USP8 substrate recruitment, regulation and targeting to distinct protein complexes. Studies in mice and humans impressively showed the physiological relevance and non-redundant function of USP8 within the context of the whole organism. USP8 knockout (KO) mice exhibit early embryonic lethality while induced deletion in adult animals rapidly causes lethal liver failure. Furthermore, T-cell specific ablation disturbs T-cell development and function resulting in fatal autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease. In human patients, somatic mutations in USP8 were identified as the underlying cause of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) releasing pituitary adenomas causing Cushing's disease (CD). Here we provide an overview of the versatile molecular, cellular and pathology associated function and regulation of USP8 which appears to depend on specific protein binding partners, substrates and the cellular context.
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19
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Beyond reversal: ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteases and the orchestration of the DNA double strand break repair response. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1881-1893. [PMID: 31769469 PMCID: PMC6925521 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cellular response to genotoxic DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) uses a multitude of post-translational modifications to localise, modulate and ultimately clear DNA repair factors in a timely and accurate manner. Ubiquitination is well established as vital to the DSB response, with a carefully co-ordinated pathway of histone ubiquitination events being a central component of DSB signalling. Other ubiquitin-like modifiers (Ubl) including SUMO and NEDD8 have since been identified as playing important roles in DSB repair. In the last five years ∼20 additional Ub/Ubl proteases have been implicated in the DSB response. The number of proteases identified highlights the complexity of the Ub/Ubl signal present at DSBs. Ub/Ubl proteases regulate turnover, activity and protein-protein interactions of DSB repair factors both catalytically and non-catalytically. This not only ensures efficient repair of breaks but has a role in channelling repair into the correct DSB repair sub-pathways. Ultimately Ub/Ubl proteases have essential roles in maintaining genomic stability. Given that deficiencies in many Ub/Ubl proteases promotes sensitivity to DNA damaging chemotherapies, they could be attractive targets for cancer treatment.
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20
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Cheung CHA, Chang YC, Lin TY, Cheng SM, Leung E. Anti-apoptotic proteins in the autophagic world: an update on functions of XIAP, Survivin, and BRUCE. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:31. [PMID: 32019552 PMCID: PMC7001279 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-0627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), survivin, and BRUCE are members of the inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein (IAP) family known for their inhibitory effects on caspase activity and dysregulation of these molecules has widely been shown to cause embryonic defects and to promote tumorigenesis in human. Besides the anti-apoptotic functions, recent discoveries have revealed that XIAP, survivin, and BRUCE also exhibit regulatory functions for autophagy in cells. As the role of autophagy in human diseases has already been discussed extensively in different reviews; in this review, we will discuss the emerging autophagic role of XIAP, survivin, and BRUCE in cancer cells. We also provide an update on the anti-apoptotic functions and the roles in maintaining DNA integrity of these molecules. Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac) is a pro-apoptotic protein and IAPs are the molecular targets of various Smac mimetics currently under clinical trials. Better understanding on the functions of XIAP, survivin, and BRUCE can enable us to predict possible side effects of these drugs and to design a more “patient-specific” clinical trial for Smac mimetics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hei Antonio Cheung
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Chieh Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Siao Muk Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Euphemia Leung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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21
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Ge C, Vilfranc CL, Che L, Pandita RK, Hambarde S, Andreassen PR, Niu L, Olowokure O, Shah S, Waltz SE, Zou L, Wang J, Pandita TK, Du C. The BRUCE-ATR Signaling Axis Is Required for Accurate DNA Replication and Suppression of Liver Cancer Development. Hepatology 2019; 69:2608-2622. [PMID: 30693543 PMCID: PMC6541504 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Replication fork stability during DNA replication is vital for maintenance of genomic stability and suppression of cancer development in mammals. ATR (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated [ATM] and RAD3-related) is a master regulatory kinase that activates the replication stress response to overcome replication barriers. Although many downstream effectors of ATR have been established, the upstream regulators of ATR and the effect of such regulation on liver cancer remain unclear. The ubiquitin conjugase BRUCE (BIR Repeat containing Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme) is a guardian of chromosome integrity and activator of ATM signaling, which promotes DNA double-strand break repair through homologous recombination. Here we demonstrate the functions for BRUCE in ATR activation in vitro and liver tumor suppression in vivo. BRUCE is recruited to induced DNA damage sites. Depletion of BRUCE inhibited multiple ATR-dependent signaling events during replication stress, including activation of ATR itself, phosphorylation of its downstream targets CHK1 and RPA, and the mono-ubiquitination of FANCD2. Consequently, BRUCE deficiency resulted in stalled DNA replication forks and increased firing of new replication origins. The in vivo impact of BRUCE loss on liver tumorigenesis was determined using the hepatocellular carcinoma model induced by genotoxin diethylnitrosamine. Liver-specific knockout of murine Bruce impaired ATR activation and exacerbated inflammation, fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which exhibited a trabecular architecture, closely resembling human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In humans, the clinical relevance of BRUCE down-regulation in liver disease was found in hepatitis, cirrhosis, and HCC specimens, and deleterious somatic mutations of the Bruce gene was found in human hepatocellular carcinoma in the Cancer Genome Atlas database. Conclusion: These findings establish a BRUCE-ATR signaling axis in accurate DNA replication and suppression of liver cancer in mice and humans and provides a clinically relevant HCC mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmin Ge
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | | | - Lixiao Che
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Raj K. Pandita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Texas 77030
| | - Shashank Hambarde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Texas 77030
| | - Paul R. Andreassen
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Liang Niu
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Olugbenga Olowokure
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Shimul Shah
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Susan E. Waltz
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Lee Zou
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Tej K. Pandita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Texas 77030
| | - Chunying Du
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267,Corresponding author: Chunying Du, Ph.D. Phone: (513) 558-4803,
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Che L, Yang X, Ge C, El-Amouri SS, Wang QE, Pan D, Herzog TJ, Du C. Loss of BRUCE reduces cellular energy level and induces autophagy by driving activation of the AMPK-ULK1 autophagic initiating axis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216553. [PMID: 31091257 PMCID: PMC6519829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic system. It delivers cellular components to lysosomes for degradation and supplies nutrients that promote cell survival under stress conditions. Although much is known regarding starvation-induced autophagy, the regulation of autophagy by cellular energy level is less clear. BRUCE is an ubiquitin conjugase and ligase with multi-functionality. It has been reported that depletion of BRUCE inhibits starvation-induced autophagy by blockage of the fusion step. Herein we report a new function for BRUCE in the dual regulation of autophagy and cellular energy. Depletion of BRUCE alone (without starvation) in human osteosarcoma U2OS cells elevated autophagic activity as indicted by the increased LC3B-II protein and its autophagic puncta as well as further increase of both by chloroquine treatment. Such elevation results from enhanced induction of autophagy since the numbers of both autophagosomes and autolysosomes were increased, and recruitment of ATG16L onto the initiating membrane structure phagophores was increased. This concept is further supported by elevated lysosomal enzyme activities. In contrast to starvation-induced autophagy, BRUCE depletion did not block fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes as indicated by increased lysosomal cleavage of the GFP-LC3 fusion protein. Mechanistically, BRUCE depletion lowered the cellular energy level as indicated by both a higher ratio of AMP/ATP and the subsequent activation of the cellular energy sensor AMPK (pThr-172). The lower energy status co-occurred with AMPK-specific phosphorylation and activation of the autophagy initiating kinase ULK1 (pSer-555). Interestingly, the higher autophagic activity by BRUCE depletion is coupled with enhanced cisplatin resistance in human ovarian cancer PEO4 cells. Taken together, BRUCE depletion promotes induction of autophagy by lowering cellular energy and activating the AMPK-ULK1-autophagy axis, which could contribute to ovarian cancer chemo-resistance. This study establishes a BRUCE-AMPK-ULK1 axis in the regulation of energy metabolism and autophagy, as well as provides insights into cancer chemo-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiao Che
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xingyuan Yang
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chunmin Ge
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Salim S. El-Amouri
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Qi-En Wang
- Department of Radiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dao Pan
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Herzog
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chunying Du
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Hormaechea-Agulla D, Kim Y, Song MS, Song SJ. New Insights into the Role of E2s in the Pathogenesis of Diseases: Lessons Learned from UBE2O. Mol Cells 2018; 41:168-178. [PMID: 29562734 PMCID: PMC5881090 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular communication via ubiquitin (Ub) signaling impacts all aspects of cell biology and regulates pathways critical to human development and viability; therefore aberrations or defects in Ub signaling can contribute to the pathogenesis of human diseases. Ubiquitination consists of the addition of Ub to a substrate protein via coordinated action of E1-activating, E2-conjugating and E3-ligating enzymes. Approximately 40 E2s have been identified in humans, and most are thought to be involved in Ub transfer; although little information is available regarding the majority of them, emerging evidence has highlighted their importance to human health and disease. In this review, we focus on recent insights into the pathogenetic roles of E2s (particularly the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2O [UBE2O]) in debilitating diseases and cancer, and discuss the tantalizing prospect that E2s may someday serve as potential therapeutic targets for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hormaechea-Agulla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,
USA
| | - Youngjo Kim
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151,
Korea
| | - Min Sup Song
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,
USA
- Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,
USA
| | - Su Jung Song
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151,
Korea
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24
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Rathore R, McCallum JE, Varghese E, Florea AM, Büsselberg D. Overcoming chemotherapy drug resistance by targeting inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). Apoptosis 2018; 22:898-919. [PMID: 28424988 PMCID: PMC5486846 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) are a family of proteins that play a significant role in the control of programmed cell death (PCD). PCD is essential to maintain healthy cell turnover within tissue but also to fight disease or infection. Uninhibited, IAPs can suppress apoptosis and promote cell cycle progression. Therefore, it is unsurprising that cancer cells demonstrate significantly elevated expression levels of IAPs, resulting in improved cell survival, enhanced tumor growth and subsequent metastasis. Therapies to target IAPs in cancer has garnered substantial scientific interest and as resistance to anti-cancer agents becomes more prevalent, targeting IAPs has become an increasingly attractive strategy to re-sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapies, antibody based-therapies and TRAIL therapy. Antagonism strategies to modulate the actions of XIAP, cIAP1/2 and survivin are the central focus of current research and this review highlights advances within this field with particular emphasis upon the development and specificity of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC) mimetics (synthetic analogs of endogenously expressed inhibitors of IAPs SMAC/DIABLO). While we highlight the potential of SMAC mimetics as effective single agent or combinatory therapies to treat cancer we also discuss the likely clinical implications of resistance to SMAC mimetic therapy, occasionally observed in cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Rathore
- College of Literature, Sciences and the Arts, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | | | - Ana-Maria Florea
- Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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25
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Zhu X, Shen X, Qu J, Straubinger RM, Jusko WJ. Proteomic Analysis of Combined Gemcitabine and Birinapant in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29520231 PMCID: PMC5827530 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is characterized by mutated signaling pathways and a high incidence of drug resistance. Comprehensive, large-scale proteomic analysis can provide a system-wide view of signaling networks, assist in understanding drug mechanisms of action and interactions, and serve as a useful tool for pancreatic cancer research. In this study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis was applied to characterize the combination of gemcitabine and birinapant in pancreatic cancer cells, which was shown previously to be synergistic. A total of 4069 drug-responsive proteins were identified and quantified in a time-series proteome analysis. This rich dataset provides broad views and accurate quantification of signaling pathways. Pathways relating to DNA damage response regulations, DNA repair, anti-apoptosis, pro-migration/invasion were implicated as underlying mechanisms for gemcitabine resistance and for the beneficial effects of the drug combination. Promising drug targets were identified for future investigation. This study also provides a database for systems mathematical modeling to relate drug effects and interactions in various signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Xiaomeng Shen
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Robert M Straubinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
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26
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Okumu DO, East MP, Levine M, Herring LE, Zhang R, Gilbert TSK, Litchfield DW, Zhang Y, Graves LM. BIRC6 mediates imatinib resistance independently of Mcl-1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177871. [PMID: 28520795 PMCID: PMC5433768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculoviral IAP repeat containing 6 (BIRC6) is a member of the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), a family of functionally and structurally related proteins that inhibit apoptosis. BIRC6 has been implicated in drug resistance in several different human cancers, however mechanisms regulating BIRC6 have not been extensively explored. Our phosphoproteomic analysis of an imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cell line (MYL-R) identified increased amounts of a BIRC6 peptide phosphorylated at S480, S482, and S486 compared to imatinib-sensitive CML cells (MYL). Thus we investigated the role of BIRC6 in mediating imatinib resistance and compared it to the well-characterized anti-apoptotic protein, Mcl-1. Both BIRC6 and Mcl-1 were elevated in MYL-R compared to MYL cells. Lentiviral shRNA knockdown of BIRC6 in MYL-R cells increased imatinib-stimulated caspase activation and resulted in a ~20-25-fold increase in imatinib sensitivity, without affecting Mcl-1. Treating MYL-R cells with CDK9 inhibitors decreased BIRC6 mRNA, but not BIRC6 protein levels. By contrast, while CDK9 inhibitors reduced Mcl-1 mRNA and protein, they did not affect imatinib sensitivity. Since the Src family kinase Lyn is highly expressed and active in MYL-R cells, we tested the effects of Lyn inhibition on BIRC6 and Mcl-1. RNAi-mediated knockdown or inhibition of Lyn (dasatinib/ponatinib) reduced BIRC6 protein stability and increased caspase activation. Inhibition of Lyn also increased formation of an N-terminal BIRC6 fragment in parallel with reduced amount of the BIRC6 phosphopeptide, suggesting that Lyn may regulate BIRC6 phosphorylation and stability. In summary, our data show that BIRC6 stability is dependent on Lyn, and that BIRC6 mediates imatinib sensitivity independently of Mcl-1 or CDK9. Hence, BIRC6 may be a novel target for the treatment of drug-resistant CML where Mcl-1 or CDK9 inhibitors have failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis O. Okumu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael P. East
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Merlin Levine
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Herring
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Raymond Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas S. K. Gilbert
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David W. Litchfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lee M. Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Luk ISU, Shrestha R, Xue H, Wang Y, Zhang F, Lin D, Haegert A, Wu R, Dong X, Collins CC, Zoubeidi A, Gleave ME, Gout PW, Wang Y. BIRC6 Targeting as Potential Therapy for Advanced, Enzalutamide-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:1542-1551. [PMID: 27663589 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Enzalutamide resistance has emerged as a major problem in the management of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Research on therapy resistance of CRPCs has primarily focused on the androgen receptor pathway. In contrast, there is limited information on antiapoptotic mechanisms that may facilitate the treatment resistance. The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) family is well recognized for its role in promoting treatment resistance of cancers by inhibiting drug-induced apoptosis. Here, we examined whether BIRC6, an IAP family member, has a role in enzalutamide resistance of CRPCs and could provide a therapeutic target for enzalutamide-resistant CRPC.Experimental Design: Use of enzalutamide-resistant CRPC models: (i) the transplantable, first high-fidelity LTL-313BR patient-derived enzalutamide-resistant CRPC tissue xenograft line showing primary enzalutamide resistance, (ii) MR42D and MR49F CRPC cells/xenografts showing acquired enzalutamide resistance. Specific BIRC6 downregulation in these models was produced using a BIRC6-targeting antisense oligonucleotide (ASO-6w2). Gene expression was determined by qRT-PCR and gene expression profiling. Molecular pathways associated with growth inhibition were assessed via gene enrichment analysis.Results: Of eight IAPs examined, BIRC6 was the only one showing elevated expression in both enzalutamide-resistant CRPC models. Treatment with ASO-6w2 markedly suppressed growth of LTL-313BR xenografts and increased tumor apoptosis without inducing major host toxicity. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that GPCR and matrisome signaling were the most significantly altered pathways. Furthermore, ASO-6w2 inhibited expression of prosurvival genes that were upregulated in the LTL-313BR line.Conclusions:BIRC6 targeting inhibited the growth of enzalutamide-resistant CRPC models and may represent a new option for clinical treatment of advanced, enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 23(6); 1542-51. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Sze Ue Luk
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Raunak Shrestha
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hui Xue
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dong Lin
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anne Haegert
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rebecca Wu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colin C Collins
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter W Gout
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. .,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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28
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Pinto-Fernandez A, Kessler BM. DUBbing Cancer: Deubiquitylating Enzymes Involved in Epigenetics, DNA Damage and the Cell Cycle As Therapeutic Targets. Front Genet 2016; 7:133. [PMID: 27516771 PMCID: PMC4963401 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling cell proliferation is one of the hallmarks of cancer. A number of critical checkpoints ascertain progression through the different stages of the cell cycle, which can be aborted when perturbed, for instance by errors in DNA replication and repair. These molecular checkpoints are regulated by a number of proteins that need to be present at the right time and quantity. The ubiquitin system has emerged as a central player controlling the fate and function of such molecules such as cyclins, oncogenes and components of the DNA repair machinery. In particular, proteases that cleave ubiquitin chains, referred to as deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs), have attracted recent attention due to their accessibility to modulation by small molecules. In this review, we describe recent evidence of the critical role of DUBs in aspects of cell cycle checkpoint control, associated DNA repair mechanisms and regulation of transcription, representing pathways altered in cancer. Therefore, DUBs involved in these processes emerge as potentially critical targets for the treatment of not only hematological, but potentially also solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adan Pinto-Fernandez
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
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29
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Drouin J. 60 YEARS OF POMC: Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of POMC gene expression. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:T99-T112. [PMID: 26792828 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene integrates numerous inputs that reflect the developmental history of POMC-expressing cells of the pituitary and hypothalamus, as well as their critical role in the endocrine system. These inputs are integrated at specific regulatory sequences within the promoter and pituitary or hypothalamic enhancers of the POMC locus. Investigations of developmental mechanisms and transcription factors (TFs) responsible for pituitary activation of POMC transcription led to the discovery of the Pitx factors that have critical roles in pituitary development and striking patterning functions in embryonic development. Terminal differentiation of the two pituitary POMC lineages, the corticotrophs and melanotrophs, is controlled by Tpit; mutations of the human TPIT gene cause isolated adrenocorticotrophic hormone deficiency. Intermediate lobe and melanotroph identity is provided by the pioneer TF Pax7 that remodels chromatin to reveal a new repertoire of enhancers for Tpit action. Many signaling pathways regulate POMC transcription including activation by hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing hormone acting through the orphan nuclear receptors of the Nur family and feedback repression by glucocorticoids and their glucocorticoid receptor. TFs of the basic helix-loop-helix, Smad, Stat, Etv, and nuclear factor-B families also mediate signals for control of POMC transcription. Whereas most of these regulatory processes are conserved in different species, there are also notable differences between specific targets for regulation of the human compared with mouse POMC genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Drouin
- Laboratoire de génétique moléculaireInstitut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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30
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The UBC Domain Is Required for BRUCE to Promote BRIT1/MCPH1 Function in DSB Signaling and Repair Post Formation of BRUCE-USP8-BRIT1 Complex. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144957. [PMID: 26683461 PMCID: PMC4684287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BRUCE is implicated in the regulation of DNA double-strand break response to preserve genome stability. It acts as a scaffold to tether USP8 and BRIT1, together they form a nuclear BRUCE-USP8-BRIT1 complex, where BRUCE holds K63-ubiquitinated BRIT1 from access to DSB in unstressed cells. Following DSB induction, BRUCE promotes USP8 mediated deubiquitination of BRIT1, a prerequisite for BRIT1 to be released from the complex and recruited to DSB by binding to γ-H2AX. BRUCE contains UBC and BIR domains, but neither is required for the scaffolding function of BRUCE mentioned above. Therefore, it remains to be determined whether they are required for BRUCE in DSB response. Here we show that the UBC domain, not the BIR domain, is required for BRUCE to promote DNA repair at a step post the formation of BRUCE-USP8-BRIT1 complex. Mutation or deletion of the BRUCE UBC domain did not disrupt the BRUCE-USP8-BRIT1 complex, but impaired deubiquitination and consequent recruitment of BRIT1 to DSB. This leads to impaired chromatin relaxation, decreased accumulation of MDC1, NBS1, pATM and RAD51 at DSB, and compromised homologous recombination repair of DNA DSB. These results demonstrate that in addition to the scaffolding function in complex formation, BRUCE has an E3 ligase function to promote BRIT1 deubiquitination by USP8 leading to accumulation of BRIT1 at DNA double-strand break. These data support a crucial role for BRUCE UBC activity in the early stage of DSB response.
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31
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Magraoui FE, Reidick C, Meyer HE, Platta HW. Autophagy-Related Deubiquitinating Enzymes Involved in Health and Disease. Cells 2015; 4:596-621. [PMID: 26445063 PMCID: PMC4695848 DOI: 10.3390/cells4040596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily-conserved process that delivers diverse cytoplasmic components to the lysosomal compartment for either recycling or degradation. This involves the removal of protein aggregates, the turnover of organelles, as well as the elimination of intracellular pathogens. In this situation, when only specific cargoes should be targeted to the lysosome, the potential targets can be selectively marked by the attachment of ubiquitin in order to be recognized by autophagy-receptors. Ubiquitination plays a central role in this process, because it regulates early signaling events during the induction of autophagy and is also used as a degradation-tag on the potential autophagic cargo protein. Here, we review how the ubiquitin-dependent steps of autophagy are balanced or counteracted by deubiquitination events. Moreover, we highlight the functional role of the corresponding deubiquitinating enzymes and discuss how they might be involved in the occurrence of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases or infection with pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouzi El Magraoui
- Biomedizinische Forschung, Human Brain Proteomics II, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS -e.V. 44139 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Christina Reidick
- Biochemie Intrazellulärer Transportprozesse, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Hemut E Meyer
- Biomedizinische Forschung, Human Brain Proteomics II, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS -e.V. 44139 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Harald W Platta
- Biochemie Intrazellulärer Transportprozesse, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
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32
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Garrison JB, Ge C, Che L, Pullum DA, Peng G, Khan S, Ben-Jonathan N, Wang J, Du C. Knockdown of the Inhibitor of Apoptosis BRUCE Sensitizes Resistant Breast Cancer Cells to Chemotherapeutic Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 7:121-126. [PMID: 26191375 PMCID: PMC4504245 DOI: 10.4172/1948-5956.1000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives Management of patients with breast cancer often fails because of inherent or acquired resistance to chemotherapy. BRUCE (BIR repeat containing ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme) is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family. It has various cellular functions including suppression of apoptosis and promotion of cytokinesis. Furthermore, it pays a critical role in promotion of DNA damage repair and preservation of genome stability, a new function recently reported by our group. Although BRUCE is expressed in breast cancer cell lines, its expression in human primary breast tumors and its contribution to chemoresistance in breast cancers has not been explored. Chemotherapeutic drugs are used in the treatment of breast cancer patients. However, they are not effective to all patients and patients often develop resistance. Consequently we explored if BRUCE protein level, as judged by immunohistochemistry (IHC), is higher in primary breast tumors than normal breast tissue. We also examined if depletion of BRUCE, using a lentiviral shRNA approach, enhances cell sensitivity to multiple chemotherapeutic agents, including cisplatin, an agent that induces DNA damage by generating DNA cross-links, and taxol, a microtubule stabilizer and mitotic inhibitor. The reason for including these two chemotherapeutic agents in this study is that they hit two essential cellular processes of DNA repair and cytokinesis in which BRUCE plays critical roles. Results and methods IHC analysis of BRUCE revealed significantly higher levels of BRUCE in primary breast tumors than normal breast tissue. Knockdown of BRUCE protein expression by lentiviral shRNA resulted in increased sensitivity to cisplatin in the resistant breast cancer MDB-MD-231 cell line. Moreover, depletion of BRUCE in this cell line achieved a more profound level of cell killing when coupled to low doses of cisplatin and taxol combined, rather than either drug used alone. Conclusions Our data suggest that elevated protein levels of BRUCE in breast tumors may contribute to chemoresistance in breast cancer patients. In support of this suggestion, our data demonstrate that a reduction in BRUCE expression in breast cancer cell lines increases the toxicity of several chemotherapeutic agents. In all likelihood, the contribution of increased BRUCE levels to chemoresistance are likely due to its roles in suppression of apoptosis, promotion of cytokinesis and facilitation of DNA damage repair. These observations suggest that therapeutic suppression of BRUCE could improve chemosensitivity in chemo-resistant breast cancer patients. Therefore, future development of effective inhibitors of BRUCE could benefit patients with high BRUCE expression and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Garrison
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Chunmin Ge
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Lixiao Che
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Derek A Pullum
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Guang Peng
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Sohaib Khan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Nira Ben-Jonathan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Chunying Du
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
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